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Changes in serum cytokine levels, hepatic and intestinal morphology in aflatoxin B1-induced injury: modulatory roles of melatonin and flavonoid-rich fractions from Chromolena odorata
(Springer, 2015) Akinrinmade, F. J.; Akinrinde, A. S.; Amid, A.
Aflatoxins are known to produce chronic carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects, as well as acute inflammatory effects, especially in the gastrointestinal tract. The potentials of the flavonoid-rich extract from Chromolena odorata (FCO) and melatonin (a standard anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent) against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced alterations in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and morphology of liver and small intestines were evaluated in this study. We utilized Wistar albino rats (200–230 g) randomly divided into five groups made up of group A, control rats; group B, rats given AFB1 (2.5 mg/kg, intraperitone al) twice on days 5 and 7; rats in groups C, D, and E were treated with melatonin (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) or oral doses of FCO1 (50 mg/kg) and FCO2 (100 mg/kg) for 7 days, respectively, along with AFB1 injection on days 5 and 7. Serum levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were determined using commercial ELISA kits and histopathological evaluation of the liver, duodenum, and ileum were also carried out. We observed significant elevation (p < 0.05) in serum IL-1β correlating with hemorrhages and leucocytic and lymphocytic infiltration in the liver and intestines as evidences of an acute inflammatory response to AFB1 administration. All treatments yielded significant reduction (p < 0.05) in IL-1β levels, although TNF-α levels were not significantly altered in all rats that received AFB1, irrespective of the treatments. Melatonin and FCO2 produced considerable protection of hepatic tissues, although melatonin was not quite effective in protecting the intestinal lesions. Our findings suggest a modulation of cytokine expression that may, in part, be responsible for the abilities of C. odorata or melatonin in amelioration of hepatic and intestinal lesions associated with aflatoxin B1 injury.
Production of capsules of oil palm pollen.
(Nova Science Pub Inc, 2021) Sowunmi, M. A.; Ademodi, Y. F.; Akin-Ajani, O. D
Prototype capsules of the pollen grains of the oil palm were produced with a view to their being used as a food supplement. Oil palm pollen was chosen because the tree is indigenous and popular, with numerous socio-economic uses including in local cuisine as palm oil and palm kernel oil. Proximate chemical and mineral analyses of the pollen showed its appreciable nutritive value as a supplement for Vitamin A and iron in particular. Vitamin A performs very important functions in the human body, especially regarding vision, reproduction, immunity, and the normal functioning of several major organs. The optimal utilization of vitamin A by the human body is enhanced by the inclusion of fat, protein, iron, and zinc in the diet; the occurrence of these nutrients in oil palm pollen reinforces its value as a Vitamin A supplement. Non-toxicity of the capsules in laboratory animals requires clinical validation for humans.
Changes in serum cytokine levels, hepatic and intestinal morphology in aflatoxin B1-induced injury: modulatory roles of melatonin and flavonoid-rich fractions from Chromolena odorata
(Springer, 2015) Akinrinmade, F. J.; Akinrinde, A. S.; Amid, A.
Aflatoxins are known to produce chronic carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects, as well as acute inflammatory effects, especially in the gastrointestinal tract. The potentials of the flavonoid-rich extract from Chromolena odorata (FCO) and melatonin (a standard anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent) against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced alterations in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and morphology of liver and small intestines were evaluated in this study. We utilized Wistar albino rats (200–230 g) randomly divided into five groups made up of group A, control rats; group B, rats given AFB1 (2.5 mg/kg, intraperitone al) twice on days 5 and 7; rats in groups C, D, and E were treated with melatonin (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) or oral doses of FCO1 (50 mg/kg) and FCO2 (100 mg/kg) for 7 days, respectively, along with AFB1 injection on days 5 and 7. Serum levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were determined using commercial ELISA kits and histopathological evaluation of the liver, duodenum, and ileum were also carried out. We observed significant elevation (p < 0.05) in serum IL-1β correlating with hemorrhages and leucocytic and lymphocytic infiltration in the liver and intestines as evidences of an acute inflammatory response to AFB1 administration. All treatments yielded significant reduction (p < 0.05) in IL-1β levels, although TNF-α levels were not significantly altered in all rats that received AFB1, irrespective of the treatments. Melatonin and FCO2 produced considerable protection of hepatic tissues, although melatonin was not quite effective in protecting the intestinal lesions. Our findings suggest a modulation of cytokine expression that may, in part, be responsible for the abilities of C. odorata or melatonin in amelioration of hepatic and intestinal lesions associated with aflatoxin B1 injury.
Pharmaceutical Applications of Pectin
(IntechOpen, 2021) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Okunlola, A.
Pectin, a natural ionic polysaccharide found in the cell wall of terrestrial plants undergoes chain–chain association to form hydrogels upon addition of divalent cations. Based on its degree of esterification, pectin has been classified into two main types. The high methoxyl pectin with a degree of esterification greater than 50%, which is mainly used for its thickening and gelling properties and the low methoxyl pectin, which is widely used for its low sugar-content in jams, both applications being in the food industry. Pectin is mostly derived from citrus fruit peels, but can also be found in other plants such as waterleaf leaves, cocoa husk, and potato pulps. Pectin has been used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations for various functions. This chapter will focus on the various applications to which pectin has been used in the pharmaceutical industry.
Gastrointestinal Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems and their Applications
(Scrivener Publishing LLC, MA, USA., 2020) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Odeku, O. A.
There are many routes of drug delivery but the gastrointestinal route is the oldest and most used due to ease of administration and patient compliance. However, this route has shortcomings such as hepatic first-pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which is a hindrance to the absorption of most groups of drugs. The mucosa of the GIT can be optimized for drug delivery by the use of adhesive dosage forms since the mucosa has a rich blood supply and it is relatively permeable. In the design of drug delivery systems, bioadhesion infers attachment of a drug carrier system to a specific epithelial tissue. A bioadhesive drug delivery system prolongs the retention time of the dosage form at the site of absorption, facilitates intimate contact of the dosage form with the absorption surface, and leads to better therapeutic outcomes of the drug. This chapter is on gastrointestinal drug delivery systems and their applications.