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In-vitro bactericidal kinetics of chlorhexidine gluconate disinfectant/antiseptic formulations containing different additives
(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2014) Idowu, P. A.; Idowu, O. S.
Chlorhexidine gluconate(CHG) is a popular disinfectant/antiseptic which is often formulated with additives. We investigated the effect of additives type on the in vitro bactericidal kinetics of CHG in three commercially available formulations: Hibiscrub®, Savlon® and Purit® commonly used as household and hospital disinfectants/antiseptics. The bactericidal kinetics of the products was determined by time-survival curve method using Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 6750 and Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571 as model organisms. Best-fit rate constant and half-life was computed by exponential decay curve-fitting. Half-life was; 76.5, 65.5, 66 and 74 (min) for Control solution, Hibiscrub®, Savlon® and Purit® respectively, against Ps. aeruginosa. The corresponding values obtained against Staph. aureus are 51.0, 61.7, 29.3, and 49.0 (min) (95% CI). Presence of alcohol (e.g. Hibiscrub® and Savlon®) caused an insignificant increase in the rate of killing of Ps. aeruginosa relative to preparations that are devoid of alcohol. (p>0.05, 1-way ANOVA). Toward Staphylococcus aureus, the combined effect of cetrimide and alcohol (e.g. Savlon®) is higher than any enhancement due to combination of alcohol and surfactant (e.g. Hibiscrub). Savlon® show a significantly higher bactericidal effect of all the preparations (P<0.0001, 1-way ANOVA). The choice of additives in the formulation of chlorhexidine antiseptic solutions significantly alters the kinetics and overall bactericidal effect of CHG towards Staphylococcus aureus but not Pseudomonas areruginosa.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among dyspepsia patients in Ibadan, South West Nigeria
(Academic Journals, 2012) Adeniyi, B. A.; Otegbayo, J. A.; Lawal, T. O.; Oluwasola, A. O.; Odaibo, G. N.; Okolo, C.; Ola, S. O.; Idowu, P. A.; Akere, A.; Kehinde, A. O.
Helicobacter pylori infection is typically acquired shortly after birth in both low and high-income regions of the world and once the infection is established, it commonly persists life long unless treated. This infection has been identified as an important risk factor for the development of peptic ulcer disease and is probably the most important cause of relapse in those previously treated for peptic ulcer disease. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with peptic ulcer disease at the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan; South West Nigeria. Fifty-two (52) patients who had symptoms of dyspepsia were recruited for the study and each of them went through endoscopy. Forty-three (43) (82.7%) of the patients were diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease while nine (9) (17.3%) patients were diagnosed normal. The presence of H. pylori was determined using culture and Urease Breath Test (UBT). The culture result showed that thirty-five (35) (81.4%) of the patients diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease had H. pylori infection also, eight (8) (88.9%) of the normal patients were culture positive for H. pylori. The UBT result showed that 65.1% of the diagnosed peptic ulcer patients were positive for H. pylori, also 55.6% of the normal patients were found UBT positive for H. pylori. In all, H. pylori infection is very common among dyspepsia patients and the organism is closely associated with the disease in South West Nigeria.
HIV and AIDS in Workplace: The role of behaviour antecedents on behavioural intentions.
(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2014) Dipeolu I. O.
Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV and AIDS) constitutes one of the major challenges to development worldwide. Actions taken by employers of labour against staff or applicants living with HIV have great impacts on the labour force and in the fight to mitigate the impact of the disease condition. In Nigeria, there's a paucity of documented work about employers of labour's behavioural intentions when they are faced with staff/applicant living with the virus. This study explored the behavioural antecedents and intentions of employers of labour in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Methods: The study was a cross-sectional survey in design. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 400 study respondents (38 public and 362 private sectors) for the interviews. The instrument for data collection was a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The attitude was categorised as negative (score 54) and positive (score 55). Data were analysed and presented using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: There were more males (68.2%) respondents than females (31.8%). A large majority, 79.0%, in the public sector (PuS) and 72.9% in the private sector (PrS) knew that an infected healthy-looking person could harbor and transmit HIV to others. A majority, 80.0%, of which 2.3% with no formal education, 1.0% primary education, 13.5% high school education, 41.5% bachelor, 21.0% postgraduate and 0.8% with other qualifications were of the view that workers infected with HIV should not be sacked. Slightly less than half (48.0%) would keep their staffs HIV status secret while more than half, 57.0%, would not recruit a PLWHA. More PrS respondents (47.8%) claimed to have ever organised HIV/AIDS-related educational programmes for staff than PuS (42.1 %) (p<0.05). Almost equal respondents (PuS 36.8%) and (PrS 36.2%) would require a mandatory test for HIV before employment. Only 1.8% (PuS) and 6% (PrS) reported that their organisations had a workplace HIV and AIDS policy (p<0.05).
Conclusions: Although the respondents would tolerate staff with HIV/AIDS, their attitudinal disposition are indicative of limited knowledge about the mode of transmission and prevention of
HIV including workplace policy on HIV and AIDS. Health education strategies such as training and workplace HIV/AIDS education are needed to address these shortcomings.
Antimicrobial, phytochemical and cytoxicity activities of exxtracts of Lannea welwitschii (Hiern) Engl. (Annacardiaceae
(Ibadan University Press for the Science Association of Nigeria, 2012) Idowu, P. A.; Idowu, D. O.
Towards discovering new agents to treat microbial infections, methanolic extracts of leaves, stem and roots of Lannea welwitschii were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 6380), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Rhizopus spp. (Lab Stock) and Candida albicans (ATCC 18804). Agar cup diffusion method was used to determine zone of inhibition while Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) on Staph. aureus and E. coli were determined by agar dilution method. Phytochemical screening was done to determine the type of secondary metabolite while cytotoxicity was determined by Brine- Shrimps Lethality (BSL) assay. All the plant parts showed antimicrobial activity against all the test organisms with zone of inhibition of 11.0-20.0 mm, and MIC of 0.31 and 0.62mg/ml on Staph. aureus (ATCC 25923) and E. coli (ATCC 25922) respectively. The LC,, from the cytotoxicity test (BSL) were 196.49 and 100.00 μg/mL for the leaves and stem extracts respectively. Saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides (steroids) and flavonoids were detected. Therefore L. welwitschii as a medicinal plant contains metabolites having broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, and the methanolic extracts were relatively non-toxic.
Antibacterial activity of crude extracts and Alkaloidal fractions of Argemone mexicana Linn. (Papaveraceae)
(Ibadan University Press for the Science Association of Nigeria, 2012) Idowu, P. A.
Emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogens has necessitated the need for continuous research to discover and develop new and more effective antimicrobial drugs. Medicinal plants have always been a potential source of antimicrobial drugs and varieties of lead compounds. Argemone mexicana, a tropical shrub traditionally used to treat eye infections, inflammation and infertility was investigated for antibacterial activity. Crude chloroform and methanol extracts of leaves and stems, as well as fractions and crystals from chromatographic column were screened for in-vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) Escherichia coli (NCTC. 9001) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCTC 6570) using agar-cup diffusion method. Phytochemical screening for secondary metabolites revealed the presence of alkaloids (opium and indole types) and tannins. The crude extracts showed good activity at 100mg/ml against the bacterial strains tested while at 10mg/ml only E. coli and B. subtilis were susceptible. Ten fractions were isolated from column chromatography (nine of which were alkaloidal in nature), and they all showed varying but significant degree of activity on most of the tested organisms at 100μg/ml. The needle-like crystals recovered from methanol extract showed weak antibacterial activity on some of the test organisms. The study has shown that A. mexicana leaves and stem bark has antibacterial activity which justified the use of this plant in traditional medicine as anti-infective agent. Further, the fact that most fractions showed antibacterial activity is an indication that Argemone mexicana leaf and bark has many antibacterial constituents that are mainly alkaloidal.