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Heavy metal accumulation in Corchorus olitorius L. and Talinum fruticosurp (Jacq) Wild grown on soil from abandoned battery dump site in Ile-Igbon, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, 2017) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Oyelakin, O.; Idowu, O. D.; Fadina, O. O.
Plants are essential component of the natural ecosystems and terrestrial food chains. They have the potential to accumulate toxic metals when grown on such polluted soil, which could have negative health effects on man and livestock, if consumed. This study was conducted to evaluate the heavy metal accumulation in Corchorus olitorius and Talinum fruticosurp grown on soil from abandoned automobile battery dumpsite in Ile-Igbon, Lagelu Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Mn, Fe and Ni) concentrations in the soil, and root and shoot of Corchorus olitorius and Talinum fruticosurp were evaluated and the Transfer Factor (TF) of heavy metals in plants were determined. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The treatments were battery polluted soil from Ile-Igbon and soil (control) from Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Seeds and stem cuttings of C. olitorius and T. fruticosurp, respectively were planted into 5 kg pot of polluted and control soils. Heavy metal concentrations of the soil, shoot and root were analysed in the laboratory. Heavy metal concentrations of polluted soil were: Pb (2928 mg/kg), Cd (17.4 mg/kg), Mn (4482 mg/kg) and Fe (1877 mg/kg) as compared to the control: Pb (124 mg/kg), Cd (undetected), Mn (5368 mg/kg) and Fe (25.8 mg/kg). Heavy metals in the root and shoot samples of Corchorus olitorius and Talinum fruticosurp were Pb and Fe. Cadmium, Fe and Pb showed TF>1 for both vegetables. The study concluded that vegetables planted around Ile-Igbon have high concentrations of Pb and Fe. Even though Fe in the vegetables was below WHO permissible level of 425 mg/kg, Pb concentration (3.0 mg/kg) was beyond WHO/FAO permissible level.
Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Celosia argentea L. Grown on Municipal Waste Soils in Ibadan, Nigeria.
(2017) Fadina, O. O.; Ibrahim, M. A.; Fayinminnu, O. O.; Ibrahim, M.; Bulama-Modu, M.; Gangpete, S. I.
This paper assessed the appropriateness of dumpsites in Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (UPA). The bioaccumulation and potential heavy metal-toxicity risk of consuming Celosia argentea L. grown on four different dumpsites soils (Ajibode, Sasa, Moniya and Akinyele) and reference soil from University of Ibadan Training and Research Farm was also evaluated. The soil samples were analysed for Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). None of the heavy metals was above European Union (EU) guidelines for safe limits of soil heavy metals in agricultural soils. The Pollution Load Indices (PLIS) were mostly>1, which indicated the deterioration of the sites quality in relation to specific heavy metal(s); ranging between 0.92-13.1. The daily intake of heavy metals (DIMs) and Health Risk Indices (HRIS) were evaluated based on the maximum recommended limit (MRL) by WHO/FAO standard. Most of the heavy metals were significantly low, but lead (Pb) was above the MRL. HRIS were between 0.02-0.03, 0.07- 0.11, 0.61-4.43 and 0.03-0.04 for Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn respectively, Ni was found to have insignificant level (<0.0001). Only lead (Pb) has potential health risk (HRI>1) in all the sites except Moniya (0.61; HRI<1, safe) which might be as a result of vehicular exhaust and type of waste disposed. Soil test to ascertain the pollution status and crop type to produce should precede cropping have been recommended
Potentials of Aqueous Extract of Pod Husk Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth as a Biopesticide in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) Production
(2017) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Adeniyi, O. O.; Alabi, O. Y.; Omobusuyi, D. O.
Aims: This study evaluated potentials of aqueous extract of pod husk of Parkia biglobosa as a biopesticide in okra production. Study Design: The study employed a radomized complete block design with seven treatments (5, 10, 15 and 20% Parkia biglobosa aqueous pod husk extract (PPHE), 2.5 ml dimethoate +cypermethrin (D+C) – recommended, 5.0 ml (D+C), control – 500 ml of water) and replicated three times. Place and Duration of Study: Crop Garden of Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan (7° 34’N and 3° 54’E) between April and July 2016. Methodology: The leaves, seeds, pod husks and bark of Parkia biglobosa were collected, authenticated and analyzed for their phytochemical compositions using standard procedures. Aqueous extract of the pod husk of the plant (PPHE) was found to contain the highest phytochemicals qualitatively and quantitatively which formed the basis of using it as a biopesticide. A field study was conducted at the crop garden of Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, to assess the potency of the extract as a biopesticide and a synthetic insecticide - Dimethoate 14.5% + Cypermethrin 5.5% (D+C) on the management of flea beetles on NHAe-47-4 okra variety. The seven treatments (5, 10, 15 and 20% Parkia biglobosa aqueous pod husk extract (PPHE), 2.5 ml dimethoate + cypermethrin (D+C) – recommended, 5.0 ml (D+C) (synthetic), control – 500 ml of water) were applied weekly on okra plants from two Weeks After Sowing (WAS) till 12 WAS. Data were collected on growth and yield parameters, dry matter accumulation of A. esculentus and flea beetle populations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at P = 0.05. Results: Results revealed that treatment 20% PPHE had relatively higher values of growth parameters which compared favorably (p≤0.05) with 2.5 ml and 5 ml (D+C). Yield parameters; Number of fruits and fruit weights from 20%PPHE also compared favorably with 2.5 ml and 5 ml (D+C) with no significant difference (P >0 .05) and with the same trend in dry root weight. While the dry shoot weight of 2.5 ml (D+C) treatment (p≤0.05) was different from other treatments. The control treatment however, revealed significant differences (p<0.05) in having reduced growth and low yield when compared with the treated plots. Conclusion: This study showed the efficacy and potency of Parkia biglobosa aqueous pod husk extract (PPHE) in suppressing the flea beetles due to its highest quantities of phytochemicals. The 20% concentration also enhanced the growth and yield of okra and performed relatively well with the recommended dose (2.5 ml) of D+C. The aqueous pod husk extract, therefore could serve as a biopesticide for food sustainability and safety.
Toxicity Assessment of Sub Lethal Doses of Chlorpyrifos on the Kidney and Liver Organs of Male Wistar Rats.
(2017) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Tijani, S. O.; Fadina, O. O.
Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide is an important neurotoxic and tissue damage agent. It is one of the most heavily used pesticides in domestic and agricultural applications globally. Repeated doses of chlorpyrifos have been able to cause significant disturbances on the biochemical and physiological functions of the blood, and histological abnormalities in livers and kidneys exposed to this insecticide. The toxicities of sub lethal oral administration of chlorpyrifos daily for 28 days were assessed using a completely randomized design. Twenty five albino Wistar rats weighing between 150-200 g divided into five groups containing five rats each were housed in the Central Animal house of College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. Chlorpyrifos at 0 (control), 18.9, 25.9, 32.2 and 39.2 mg/kg were orally administered to male rats, respectively for four weeks, between the months of May and June, 2014. At the end of the experimental period, the toxicities of chlorpyrifos were assessed in rats using haematology, serum liver enzymes and histopathological assays. Results revealed significant reduction in body weights compared to control. The packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and lymphocytes (Lymp) also showed significant reduction at39.2, 25.9 and 32.2 mg/kg (39.33, 45.40 and 44.80%), respectively compared to control (49.67%). Insecticide administration to rats resulted in significant elevation of serum transaminases (AST and ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from 32.2, 39.2 and 25.9 mg/kg dosages, (ranged from 294.94-542.00 u/L for AST and from 96.25-130.77 u/L for ALT), respectively. Also, experimental treated groups exhibited marked of total protein and altered albumin and globulin contents compared to control. Studies revealed dose dependent increase of histopathological alterations. The livers showed moderate vacuolar change of hepatocytes, having a finely reticulated cytoplasmic and congestion of central veins. The kidneys showed mild focal sloughing off of tubular epithelium of renal cortex, fluid in tubular lumen, tubules appearing dilated and cystic (nephrosis) and proteinaeceous fluid in Bowman`s capsule and compressing the glomerulus tufts (Esinophilic). Different concentrations of chlorpyrifos including the lowest tested dose produced marked alterations in the exposed animals in this study and thereby affecting the overall performance in terms of health and wellbeing. Thus, this could cause similar health and environmental risks to humans even at the lowest dose.
Assessment of heavy metals and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons accumulation in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) grown on Spent Oil polluted soil.
(Ecological Society of Nigeria, 2016) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Abimbola, M. O.
Oil-polluted soils make agricultural lands less productive and unsuitable for food production particularly increasing toxic levels of certain crops. The environmental concern is exacerbated by indiscriminate discharge of Spent Lubricating Oil (SLO) on agricultural land in Nigeria. This study evaluated the accumulation of heavy metals (Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni) and Lead (Pb)) and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) in tomato plants grown on spent oil- polluted soil. The treatments were 0, 75, 150 and 300 mls levels of pollution, replicated five times and laid out in a completely randomized design. Data were collected on plant growth and yield parameters and analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05. There were significant decrease in plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter with increase in levels of spent oil pollution. The control (0ml) recorded significant increase in plant height (40.10cm), number of leaves (15.00) and stem diameter (0.50cm). The average fruit weight in the control was 0.80g while there were no fruits in other treatments. The highest dry weight (0.87g) was from the control while the lowest (0.69 g) was recorded from 75 mls treated plot. There was a general reduction of heavy metal concentrations in the soil with Cu having (7.38mg/kg) and Pb (0.70mg/kg) at 300 mls treatment while Ni was not detected. The control recorded the lowest TPH of 200mg/kg while the 300mls treatment had the highest 2800 mg/kg. In the plant shoot and root; Cu was higher (16.30mg/kg) in the root than in shoot (6.84mg/kg) while Pb (0.41mg/kg) in the shoot was higher than the root (0.21mg/kg) at 300 mls. This study shows that tomato plants could not survive the lowest (75mls) level of pollution; which signifies that small amount of spent oil in soil is unsafe for food crop production and consumers due to high levels of heavy metals and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons.