ORIGINAL PAPER Causes and implications of bovine organs/offal condemnations in some abattoirs in Western Nigeria S. I. B. Cadmus & H. K. Adesokan Accepted: 19 March 2009 /Published online: 31 March 2009 # Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009 Abstract Food animals though sources of protein and revenue to man, also serve as vehicles of disease transmission. This work reviews a three year record of slaughtered cattle in 12 abattoirs/slaughter slabs in western Nigeria to determine the economic and public health issues associated with their disease conditions. Out of 641,224 cattle slaughtered, 51,196 (7.98%) were attributable to 14 diseases/conditions including tuberculosis, pneumonia, fascioliasis, pimply gut, paramphistomosis, cysticercosis, dermatophilosis, ton- sillitis, taeniasis, ascariosis, abscess, mange, mastitis and immature fetuses. Pneumonia (21.38%), fascioliasis (20.28%) and tuberculosis (7.95%) were major reasons for condemnations; least being ascariosis (0.01%). The lungs (45.66%) and liver (32.94%) accounted for most organ condemned while the heart (0.02%) was the least affected. The proportions of pneumonia, fascioliasis and immature fetuses observed were not statistically different (Mean = 3895.7; 3654.0; 3467.3); however, a significant difference existed with other conditions (MeanA = 3895.7; 3654.0; 3467.3; MeanB = 1359.7; 1057.7; 510.3). Organs/offal condemnations constituted loss of revenue and animal protein as 124,333 kilo- grammes worth of meat valued in Naira at N41,613,043 ($332,904) was lost over the period giving an average of N13,871,014 ($110,968) annually. This, coupled with fetal wastage represented an economic loss; with associated public health implications. Keywords Abattoir records . Cattle . Condemnations . Disease . Nigeria . Public health Abbreviations EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAO Food and Agricultural Organization NPC National Population Commission Introduction An abattoir or slaughterhouse as a building for butchering can be a source of valuable information of the incidence of animal diseases and conditions, some of which may be zoonotic (Phiri 2006). It is a food factory whose primary aim is to produce healthy, wholesome and clean products which are safe for human consumption. Inadequate care of these food animals reduce their productivity and expose them to different forms of disease agents, which may become hazardous to man and his environment (Ocholi et al. 2005). In Nigeria, animal diseases have seriously affected the productivity of livestock population. As a result of devastating outcome of livestock diseases, animal protein output of livestock has not been able to Trop Anim Health Prod (2009) 41:1455–1463 DOI 10.1007/s11250-009-9334-7 S. I. B. Cadmus (*) :H. K. Adesokan Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria e-mail: sibcadmus@yahoo.com H. K. Adesokan e-mail: latterglory70@yahoo.co.in UNIV ERSITY O F I BADAN LI BRARY meet up with the national demand. The number of undernourished (low weight for age) people of all ages in sub-Saharan Africa increased from about 90 million in 1970 to 225 million in 2008 and was projected to add another 100 million by 2015, even before the current world food price hikes (Charles and Soumya 2009). The rate of increase in undernourish- ment in Africa vastly exceeds that of other developing regions. Today, one in three Africans is malnourished and about half of the continent's 700 million people live on less than $1 a day. Moreover, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) reports that the depth of hunger is greatest in sub- Saharan Africa, where 16 of the region's 40 countries are experiencing undernourishment rates of 35 per- cent or higher (Akinyele 2004). In Nigeria, one of the main problems associated with the undernourishment of the people is the inadequate development of the livestock sub-sector; major contrib- utory factors to this are the various diseases and conditions which lower the livestock output therefore limiting the protein available to the people. The abattoir is a source of invaluable information on the incidence of animal diseases and conditions including those of zoonotic importance. Animals showing no clinical signs of diseases are detected at slaughter and the true picture of these diseases and conditions could be obtained if well documented. Previous studies on the prevalence rates of diseases of public health and economic importance in Nigeria and Africa in general have been reported (Biu et al. 2006; Zinsstag et al. 2006; Ameni and Erkihun 2007; Tolossa and Tigre 2007; Cadmus et al. 2008a, b). Cadmus et al. (2008a) found that an average of 0.61% of cattle and 0.03% of goats slaughtered in some parts of western Nigeria were infected with tuberculosis. In the same vein, prevalence rates of 0.06%, 2.1% and 1.01% for cysticercosis were observed in cattle, goats and pigs respectively (Cadmus et al. 2008a). Biu et al. (2006) in major surveys of abattoirs from some parts of the country reported huge economic losses caused as a result of infection by fascioliasis, hydatidosis and cysticercosis with projection of financial losses based on average weight. Apart from having adverse effects on livestock production, these diseases have far reach- ing public health significance. Though little informa- tion is available regarding the evidence of the public health implications of some of these disease conditions especially in developing countries, risk factors for Mycobacterium bovis as a typical example in both animals and humans are present (Cadmus et al. 2006 and Mawak et al. 2006). Adesokan (2008) reported a similar case of M. bovis from cattle traders in western Nigeria. The dearth of useful information in most Nigerian abattoirs therefore, and the need to ascertain the wholesomeness or otherwise of cattle slaughtered for human consumption necessitated this study. This is with a view to evaluating the pathological conditions associated with the slaughtering of cattle and the possible health and economic implications they may have on man. Materials and methods Choice of study sites: Two states in western region of Nigeria namely Lagos and Ogun were chosen for this review because of their detailed abattoir records and more also, they account for about 60% of the entire slaughtered cattle in the region. In addition, the two states are contiguous in nature and Lagos State plays a central role in the affairs of the country being the second most populous in Nigeria (NPC 2006) and the economic nerve centre of the nation. The average consumption of cattle per day in the state is about 4,000 to 5, 000 heads of cattle (unpublished data); making beef a major source of protein for the people and equally a ready source of transmission of zoonotic diseases. Data collection and analysis: Records of animals slaughtered, diseases and various conditions for organ/offal condemnations identified based on gross pathology were reviewed over a period of three years (2005–2007) in 12 abattoirs/slaughter slabs. Evidence of specific pathological cases in these abattoirs was based on post-mortem examination of suspected characteristic lesions of organs at meat inspection as earlier described (Awah-Ndukum et al. 2007; Cadmus 2007). There was no ante-mortem inspection carried out on the animals due to non-cooperativeness of the cattle owners; likewise, no laboratory confirmation was done in cases recorded due to lack of these facilities. Qualitative data were analyzed manually and the percentages of the various causes of condemnations were calculated. Organs/offal condemnations were equally analyzed and their proportions calculated as a ratio of each cause over all the inspected items. Other 1456 Trop Anim Health Prod (2009) 41:1455–1463 UNIV ERSITY O F I BADAN LI BRARY unspecified conditions for condemnation were catego- rized as “others”. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test for level of significance and Duncan’s Multiple Range test was also used to compare the means of the different disease conditions across the study period and also the means of different conditions responsible for each organ/offal’s condemnation across the study period. Results A total of 641,224 cattle were slaughtered within the study period, out of which 51,196 (7.98%) carcasses were affected with one disease condition or the other. The results showed that the main causes of condem- nations of organs/offals were pneumonia (21.38%), fascioliasis (20.28%) and tuberculosis (7.95%); these, with the exception of tuberculosis were not statistically different from one another, but were different from other disease conditions (Table 1). Lungs (45.66%) and the liver (32.94%) were the most affected; the kidney (0.02%) and the heart (0.01%) being the least (Table 2). Higher percentages of lung condemnation were due to pneumonia (21.38%) and tuberculosis (7.95%) while that of the liver was as a result of fascioliasis (29.44%) and abscess (1.64%); whereas taeniasis (2.12%) and pimply gut (1.36%) accounted for this in the intestines. Furthermore, cysticercosis (2.24%) and tonsillitis (1.10%) were observed in the tongues while the major cause of skin condemnation was attributable to dermatophilosis (12.70%). Overall, the level of significance of each disease condition contributing to the condemnation of each organ/offal is shown in Table 2. The total quantity of all organs/ offal condemned amounted to 124,333 by weight (kg) with an economic loss value in Naira as N41,613,043 ($332,904) giving an average loss of N13,871,014 ($110,968) annually (Table 3). Meanwhile, immature fetuses accounted for 30.93% of the losses recorded in these abattoirs (Table 2). The trend of contributions of these major causes of condemnations in the abattoirs over the study period is as shown in Fig. 1. Discussion The major disease conditions observed in these abattoirs were pneumonia (21.38%), fascioliasis (20.28%) and tuberculosis (7.95%) (Table 1, Fig. 1). This is similar to a study conducted in the country (Cadmus et al. 2008a) in which pneumonia, fascioliasis and tuber- culosis constituted the main diseases reported. Apart from the prevalence of tuberculosis, differences among the proportions of pneumonia, fascioliasis and imma- ture fetuses were not statistically significant; however, a significant difference was observed with other disease conditions (Table 1). The result also reveals pneumonia significantly accounting for 31.02% of the pulmonary diseases recorded (Table 2). Pneumonic lungs in cattle could be attributable to stress factors (Radiostitis et al. 2007), including exposure to dust either in their environments or fatigue during long treks in search of pastures particularly in Nigeria. Similarly, feed contaminated with moulds fed to the animals in trucks during transportation or in cattle markets may also be responsible for this disease condition. Although, pneumonia is usually bacterial or viral in origin, penetration of the lung by a foreign body, adverse weather conditions or accidental inhalation of liquids may also cause this. Likewise, massive infestations of the respiratory tract with ascarid larvae and lungworm might also be responsible for this (Radiostitis et al. 2007). The above record shows that the proportion of lungs condemned in the affected animals constituted an economic loss to the traders and a depletion of the protein made available to the people judging from the level of poverty in the country. Fascioliasis (20.28%) was the next major cause of overall condemnations and the leading cause of liver condemned in this study (Tables 1 and 2). Our result is higher than some of the previous studies conducted in Africa including Nigeria (Haridy et al. 2006; Cadmus et al. 2008a), and that reported in Iran (Ansari-Lari and Moazzeni 2006). Various reasons could be adduced for the different prevalence ob- served, ranging from effective control strategies (in case of low prevalence) to favourable local environ- mental conditions like the presence of biotopes suitable for the development of the snail intermediate host of the parasite (which are usually in abundance during rainy season) which enhances the reproduc- ibility of this parasite. It is possible that this organism has developed resistance to the routine lines of treatment due to drug abuse by farmers. In the same vein, another plausible reason accounting for the high prevalence could be attributed to the failure of farmers Trop Anim Health Prod (2009) 41:1455–1463 1457 UNIV ERSITY O F I BADAN LI BRARY T ab le 1 C au se s of ca rc as s co nd em na tio ns in so m e ab at to ir s in w es te rn N ig er ia fr om 20 05 –2 00 7 C on di tio n N um be r an d ty pe of co nd em na tio n pe r ye ar T ot al (% ) 20 05 20 06 20 07 c M ea n d D un ca n gr ou pi ng T ot al (% ) P C a (% ) T C b (% ) To ta l (% ) P C a (% ) T C b (% ) To ta l (% ) P C a (% ) T C b (% ) A bs ce ss 49 0 (0 .9 6) 97 (0 .1 9) 39 3 (0 .7 7) 28 9 (0 .5 6) 10 6 (0 .2 1) 18 3 (0 .3 6) 75 2 (1 .4 7) 39 0 (0 .7 6) 36 2 (0 .7 1) 15 31 (2 .9 9) 51 0. 3 B T ub er cu lo si s 15 08 (2 .9 4) 14 (0 .0 3) 14 94 (2 .9 1) 98 5 (1 .9 2) 0 (0 .0 0) 98 5 (1 .9 2) 15 86 (3 .0 9) 69 9 (1 .3 6) 88 7 (1 .7 3) 40 79 (7 .9 5) 13 59 .7 B C ys tic er co si s 72 (0 .1 4) 64 (0 .1 3) 8 (0 .0 2) 58 0 (1 .1 3) 57 3 (1 .1 2) 7 (0 .0 1) 15 3 (0 .3 0) 16 (0 .0 3) 13 7 (0 .2 7) 80 5 (1 .5 7) 26 8. 3 B P ne um on ia 28 01 (5 .4 6) 25 43 (4 .9 6) 25 8 (0 .5 0) 35 26 (6 .8 8) 33 59 (6 .5 5) 16 7 (0 .3 3) 46 35 (9 .0 4) 45 00 (8 .7 8) 13 5 (0 .2 6) 10 96 2 (2 1. 38 ) 36 54 .0 A F as ci ol ia si s 44 96 (8 .7 7) 39 08 (7 .6 2) 58 8 (1 .1 5) 31 76 (6 .1 9) 30 15 (5 .8 8) 16 1 (0 .3 1) 27 30 (5 .3 2) 25 76 (5 .0 2) 15 4 (0 .3 0) 10 40 2 (2 0. 28 ) 34 67 .3 A P im pl y gu t 21 0 (0 .4 1) 19 1 (0 .3 7) 19 (0 .0 4) 15 1 (0 .2 9) 13 0 (0 .2 5) 21 (0 .0 4) 11 8 (0 .2 3) 11 5 (0 .2 2) 3 (0 .0 1) 47 9 (0 .9 3) 15 9. 7 B P ar am ph is to m os is 33 7 (0 .6 6) 33 0 (0 .6 4) 7 (0 .0 1) 36 9 (0 .7 2) 35 8 (0 .7 0) 11 (0 .0 2) 49 5 (0 .9 7) 48 0 (0 .9 4) 15 (0 .0 3) 12 01 (2 .3 4) 40 0. 3 B D er m at op hi lo si s 11 10 (2 .1 7) 10 72 (2 .0 9) 38 (0 .0 7) 12 09 (2 .3 6) 11 09 (2 .1 7) 10 0 (0 .2 0) 21 67 (4 .1 3) 20 95 (4 .0 8) 72 (0 .1 4) 44 86 (8 .7 5) 10 57 .7 B T on si lit is 18 1 (0 .3 5) 71 (0 .1 4) 11 0 (0 .2 1) 20 6 (0 .4 0) 17 6 (0 .3 4) 30 (0 .0 6) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 38 7 (0 .7 6) 12 9. 0 B Im m at ur e fo et us es 63 66 (1 2. 41 ) 0 (0 .0 0) 63 66 (1 2. 41 ) 52 79 (1 0. 29 ) 0 (0 .0 0) 52 79 (1 0. 29 ) 42 15 (8 .2 2) 0 (0 .0 0) 42 15 (8 .2 2) 15 86 0 (3 0. 93 ) 38 95 .7 A T ae ni as is 30 6 (0 .6 0) 30 6 (0 .6 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 22 2 (0 .4 3) 22 2 (0 .4 3) 0 (0 .0 0) 22 2 (0 .4 3) 22 2 (0 .4 3) 0 (0 .0 0) 75 0 (1 .4 6) 25 0. 0 B A sc ar io si s 6( 0. 01 ) 6 (0 .0 1) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 7 (0 .0 1) 2. 3 B M an ge 76 (0 .1 5) 76 (0 .1 5) 0 (0 .0 0) 52 (0 .1 0) 52 (0 .1 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 6 (0 .0 1) 6 (0 .0 1) 0 (0 .0 0) 13 4 (0 .2 6) 44 .7 B M as tit is 30 (0 .0 6) 0 (0 .0 0) 30 (0 .0 6) 43 (0 .0 8) 0 (0 .0 0) 43 (0 .0 8) 40 (0 .0 8) 6 (0 .0 1) 34 (0 .0 7) 11 3 (0 .2 2) 37 .7 B T ot al 17 98 9 (3 5. 08 ) 86 78 (1 6. 92 ) 93 11 (1 8. 16 ) 16 08 7 (3 1. 37 ) 91 00 (1 7. 75 ) 69 87 (1 3. 63 ) 17 12 0 (3 3. 38 ) 11 10 5 (2 1. 65 ) 60 15 (1 1. 73 ) 51 19 6 (1 00 .0 0) a = P ar tia l co nd em na tio n b = T ot al co nd em na tio n c = M ea n va lu es of th e di ff er en t di se as e co nd iti on s co m pa re d d = D is ea se co nd iti on s w ith m ea ns of th e sa m e le tte rs ar e no t st at is tic al ly di ff er en t, bu t ar e si gn if ic an tly di ff er en t fr om di se as e co nd iti on s w ith m ea ns of di ff er en t le tte rs 1458 Trop Anim Health Prod (2009) 41:1455–1463 UNIV ERSITY O F I BADAN LI BRARY T ab le 2 C au se s of co nd em na tio ns w ith re sp ec t to or ga ns /o ff al s in so m e ab at to ir s in W es te rn N ig er ia fr om 20 05 –2 00 7 O ff al s/ or ga ns C on di tio ns 20 05 20 06 20 07 To ta l c D un ca n gr ou pi ng d % or ga n/ of fa l F va lu e To ta l (% ) P C a ( % ) T C b (% ) T ot al (% ) P C a (% ) T C b (% ) To ta l (% ) P C a (% ) T C b (% ) L un gs P ne um on ia 28 01 (7 .9 3) 25 43 (7 .2 0) 25 8 (0 .7 3) 35 26 (9 .9 8) 33 59 (9 .5 1) 16 7 (0 .4 7) 46 35 (1 3. 12 ) 45 00 (1 2. 73 ) 13 5 (0 .3 8) 10 96 2 (3 1. 02 ) A 45 .6 6 34 .4 6 (P < 0. 05 ) A bs ce ss 24 4 (0 .6 9) 52 (0 .1 5) 19 2( 0. 54 ) 18 4 (0 .5 2) 60 (0 .1 7) 12 4 (0 .3 5) 46 8 (1 .3 2) 30 3 (0 .8 6) 16 5 (0 .4 7) 89 6 (2 .5 4) B T ub er cu lo si s 13 05 (3 .6 9) 10 (0 .0 3) 12 95 (3 .6 6) 86 2 (2 .4 4) 0 (0 .0 0) 86 2 (2 .4 4) 14 83 (4 .2 0) 68 7 (1 .9 4) 79 6 (2 .2 5) 36 50 (1 0. 33 ) C C ys tic er co si s 0( 0. 00 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) C O th er s 11 8( 0. 33 ) 79 (0 .2 2) 39 (0 .1 1) 13 0 (0 .3 7) 10 0 (0 .2 8) 30 (0 .0 8) 37 6 (1 .0 6) 27 6 (0 .7 8) 10 0 (0 .2 8) 62 4 (1 .7 7) C L iv er A bs ce ss 24 0( 0. 68 ) 43 (0 .1 2) 19 7( 0. 56 ) 10 3 (0 .2 9) 44 (0 .1 3) 59 (0 .1 7) 23 7 (0 .6 7) 81 (0 .2 3) 15 6 (0 .4 4) 58 0 (1 .6 4) B 32 .9 4 39 .9 3 (P < 0. 05 ) T ub er cu lo si s 19 3( 0. 55 ) 4( 0. 01 ) 18 9( 0. 54 ) 12 3 (0 .3 5) 0 (0 .0 0) 12 3 0. 35 ) 10 2 (0 .2 9) 11 (0 .0 3) 91 (0 .2 6) 41 8 (1 .1 9) B C ys tic er co si s 1( 0. 00 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 1( 0. 00 ) 1 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 6 (0 .0 2) 4 (0 .0 1) 2 (0 .0 1) 8 (0 .0 2) B F as ci ol ia si s 44 96 (1 2. 72 ) 39 08 (1 1. 06 ) 58 8 (1 .6 6) 31 76 (8 .9 9) 30 15 (8 .5 3) 16 1 (0 .4 6) 27 30 (7 .7 3) 25 76 (7 .2 9) 15 4 (0 .4 4) 10 40 2 (2 9. 44 ) A O th er s 64 (0 .1 8) 54 (0 .1 5) 10 (0 .0 3) 67 (0 .1 9) 60 (0 .1 7) 7 (0 .0 2) 10 0 (0 .2 8) 93 (0 .2 6) 7 (0 .0 2) 23 1 (0 .6 5) B In te st in e T ae ni as is 30 6( 0. 87 ) 30 6 (0 .8 7) 0( 0. 00 ) 22 2 (0 .6 3) 22 2 (0 .6 3) 0 (0 .0 0) 22 2 (0 .6 3) 22 2 (0 .6 3) 0 (0 .0 0) 75 0 (2 .1 2) A 4. 07 23 .6 5 (P < 0. 05 ) P im pl y gu t 21 0( 0. 59 ) 19 1 (0 .5 4) 19 (0 .0 5) 15 1 (0 .4 3) 13 0 (0 .3 7) 21 (0 .0 6) 11 8 (0 .3 3) 11 5 (0 .3 3) 3 (0 .0 1) 47 9 (1 .3 6) B A sc ar io si s 6( 0. 02 ) 6( 0. 02 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 7 (0 .0 2) C O th er s 11 0( 0. 31 ) 10 6 (0 .3 0) 4( 0. 01 ) 41 (0 .1 2) 20 (0 .0 6) 21 (0 .0 6) 50 (0 .1 4) 37 (0 .1 1) 13 (0 .0 4) 20 1 (0 .5 7) C S pl ee n A bs ce ss 2( 0. 01 ) 2( 0. 01 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 1 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 7 (0 .0 2) 6 (0 .0 2) 1 (0 .0 0) 10 (0 .0 3) A 0. 06 0. 74 (P > 0. 05 ) T ub er cu lo si s 10 (0 .0 3) 0( 0. 00 ) 10 (0 .0 3) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 11 (0 .0 3) A O th er s 0( 0. 00 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) A K id ne y A bs ce ss 0( 0. 00 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) A 0. 02 2. 50 (P > 0. 05 ) O th er s 0( 0. 00 ) 0 (0 .0 0) 0( 0. 00 ) 3 (0 .0 1) 3 (0 .0 1) 0 (0 .0 0) 3 (0 .0 1) 1 (0 .0 0) 2 (0 .0 1) 6 (0 .0 2) A H ea rt A bs ce ss 0( 0. 00 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) A 0. 01 0. 50 (P > 0. 05 ) C ys tic er co si s 4( 0. 01 ) 3( 0. 01 ) 1( 0. 00 ) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 4 (0 .0 1) A O th er s 0( 0. 00 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) A T on gu e C ys tic er co si s 67 (0 .1 9) 61 (0 .1 7) 6( 0. 02 ) 57 9 (1 .6 4) 57 3 (1 .6 2) 6 (0 .0 2) 14 6 (0 .4 1) 12 (0 .0 3) 13 4 (0 .3 8) 79 2 (2 .2 4) A 3. 34 1. 77 (P > 0. 05 ) T on si lit is 18 1( 0. 51 ) 71 (0 .2 0) 11 0( 0. 31 ) 20 6 (0 .5 8) 17 6 (0 .5 0) 30 (0 .0 8) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 38 7 (1 .1 0) A O th er s 0( 0. 00 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) A U dd er M as tit is 30 (0 .0 8) 0( 0. 00 ) 30 (0 .0 8) 43 (0 .1 2) 0 (0 .0 0) 43 (0 .1 2) 40 (0 .1 1) 6 (0 .0 2) 34 (0 .1 0) 11 3 (0 .3 2) A 0. 34 82 .3 8 (P < 0. 05 ) Trop Anim Health Prod (2009) 41:1455–1463 1459 UNIV ERSITY O F I BADAN LI BRARY to schedule strategic deworming programmes for their animals. Hence, the timing of treatments can be recommended with the help of detailed epidemi- ological studies. However, climatic conditions vary from region to region and from year to year and therefore the strategic and economic application of antihelmintics has to be simplified for the farming community. Meanwhile, the economic impact of fasci- oliasis on the farmers and the livestock industry cannot be over-emphasized. Tuberculosis accounted for 7.95% loss of the overall condemnations recorded (Table 1). This is higher than the 4.3% previously reported in Nigeria (Cadmus et al. 2008b) and 0.82% in Cameroon (Awah-Ndukum et al. 2007). The higher value obtained in this study may be due to the fact that diagnosis was based on meat inspection instead of culture; a situation which may confuse Nocardia, Corynebacteria and other granuloma causing organisms with tuberculosis. Hence, the need for bacteriological and modern diagnostics for confir- mation instead of using granulamatous lesions as a proxy test for tuberculosis at the abattoir. However, the significance of this finding cannot be underestimated considering the zoonotic implication of this disease and the husbandry system being practised by the farmers. For instance, many of the Fulanis share the same micro-environments and water source, especially during the dry seasons and drought, thereby increas- ing the risk of tuberculosis being spread from an infected to an uninfected herd. The figure obtained in this study notwithstanding; there have been various reports on the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in different parts of the country. For instance, in a study conducted in the northern part of Nigeria (Yakubu 2008), a 1.25% prevalence rate was recorded whereas 8.8% and 1.4% were obtained in the southwestern and north central parts of the country respectively (Cadmus 2007; Ofukwu et al. 2008). Similarly, a 7.3% rate was reported in a Chadian abattoir (Diguimbaye-Djaibe et al. 2006) that shares the same cattle source with Nigeria. It must be appreciated that in Nigerian abattoirs where veterinary services are available, efforts are made to condemn and dispose off infected meat and meat products; however, due to the uncooperative behaviors of the butchers, some cases are completely missed. Despite this, following the conventional method of thorough cooking of meat and meat products practiced in the country, this reduces theT ab le 2 (c on tin ue d) O ff al s/ or ga ns C on di tio ns 20 05 20 06 20 07 To ta l c D un ca n gr ou pi ng d % or ga n/ of fa l F va lu e To ta l (% ) P C a ( % ) T C b (% ) T ot al (% ) P C a (% ) T C b (% ) To ta l (% ) P C a (% ) T C b (% ) A bs ce ss 4( 0. 01 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 4( 0. 01 ) 1 (0 .0 0) 1 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 2 (0 .0 1) 0 (0 .0 0) 2 (0 .0 1) 7 (0 .0 2) B O th er s 0( 0. 00 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 0( 0. 00 ) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) B S ki n D er m at op hi lo si s 11 10 (3 .1 4) 10 72 (3 .0 4) 38 (0 .1 1) 12 09 (3 .4 2) 11 09 (3 .1 4) 10 0 (0 .2 8) 21 67 (6 .1 3) 20 95 (5 .9 2) 72 (0 .2 1) 44 86 (1 2. 70 ) A 13 .4 8 5. 49 (P < 0. 05 ) M an ge 76 (0 .2 2) 76 (0 .2 2) 0( 0. 00 ) 52 (0 .1 5) 52 (0 .1 5) 0 (0 .0 0) 6 (0 .0 2) 6 (0 .0 2) 0 (0 .0 0) 13 4 (0 .3 8) B O th er s 44 (0 .1 3) 34 (0 .1 0) 10 (0 .0 3) 12 8 (0 .3 6) 12 2 (0 .3 5) 6 (0 .0 2) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 0 (0 .0 0) 17 2 (0 .4 9) B T ot al 11 62 3 (3 2. 89 ) 86 21 (2 4. 40 ) 30 02 (8 .5 0) 10 80 8 (3 0. 59 ) 90 47 (2 5. 60 ) 17 61 (4 .9 9) 12 90 5 (3 6. 52 ) 11 03 3 (3 1. 22 ) 18 72 (5 .3 0) 35 33 6 (1 00 .0 0) a = P ar tia l co nd em na tio n b = T ot al co nd em na tio n c = M ea ns w ith th e sa m e le tte rs fo r ea ch pa rt ic ul ar or ga n ar e no t st at is tic al ly di ff er en t, bu t ar e si gn if ic an tly di ff er en t fr om m ea ns w ith di ff er en t le tte rs w ith in th e or ga n d = P er ce nt ag e to ta l co nt ri bu tio n of ea ch or ga n/ of fa l to th e ov er al l or ga n/ of fa l co nd em ne d ov er th e th re e- ye ar pe ri od 1460 Trop Anim Health Prod (2009) 41:1455–1463 UNIV ERSITY O F I BADAN LI BRARY public health impact of some of these diseases. This notwithstanding, people still get exposed to these diseases. One of the reasons include several cases of un-inspected meat and its products used in the preparation of local barbecues called “suya” and kilichi (i.e. roasted meat products with temperature and time grossly inadequate to reach thermal death point of viable cysticerci in tissues and organs during preparation (Faleke and Ogundipe 2003)). Another is the unhygienic practices of the butchers where meat processing is done on bare floors and with limited amount of potable water (Cadmus et al. 2008a). Coupled with these are the habits of directly eating uncooked meat and meat offals (mostly by the butchers within the slaughtering floors). In Nigeria like many other African countries, there have been reports of human infections caused by M. bovis (Cadmus et al. 2006; Mawak et al. 2006; Adesokan 2008). Mycobacterium bovis is mainly acquired through drinking of raw milk and consump- tion of contaminated meat from tuberculous cattle; hence, there is the need to intensify the screening of dairy and beef animals for this disease with the aim of reducing human risk. Organ/offal aDisease condition Condemnable weight (Kg) bNaira loss value (#) Lungs Pneumonia 20,245 3,036,750 Abscess 4,131 619,650 Tuberculosis 16,856 2,528,400 Cysticercosis 5 750 Others 1,755 1,755,150 Liver Abscess 2,976 1,488,000 Tuberculosis 2,448 1,224,000 Cysticercosis 32 512,000 Fascioliasis 33915 16,957,500 Others 765 382,500 Intestine Taeniasis 1500 187,500 Pimply gut 2874 359,250 Ascariosis 35 4,375 Others 1024 128,000 Spleen Abscess 10.5 1,470 Tuberculosis 15 2,100 Others 1.5 210 Kidney Abscess 1.2 168 Others 4 500 Heart Abscess 3 600 Cysticercosis 11.5 2,300 Others 2 400 Tongue Cysticercosis 821.2 287,420 Tonsilitis 415 145,250 Others 0 0 Udder Mastitis 340 40,800 Abscess 15 1,800 Others 0 0 Skin Dermatophilosis 32242 11,284,700 Mange 934 326,900 Others 956 334,600 Total 124,333 41,613,043 Table 3 Values and conditions for organ/offal condemnations (2005–2007) a Conditions of major economic and public health importance b N125=$1 Trop Anim Health Prod (2009) 41:1455–1463 1461 UNIV ERSITY O F I BADAN LI BRARY Dermatophilosis remains the most notable skin conditions found in cattle in Nigeria and therefore the proportion of skin condemnations (12.70%) (Table 2) attributed to this disease is of great economic impor- tance to the leather industry and the consumers who derive pleasure in eating the skin. The 1.57% prevalence of cysticercosis in this study is lower than the 26.2% earlier reported in southern Nigeria (Opara et al. 2006); 2.7% in Zambia (Phiri 2006), 5.98% in Cameroon (Awah-Ndukum et al. 2007) and 26.25% in Ethopia (Abunna et al. 2008). This may be due to missed or light cases of cysticerci infection as a result of the uncooperative attitude of the butchers in ensuring thorough meat inspection. Hence, a significant public health risk to the consumer might exist. Immature fetuses accounted for 30.93% of the losses recorded in these abattoirs. The effect of this fetal wastage on the availability of animal protein to the consumers in Nigeria where acute protein malnutrition is endemic is of importance. In the same vein, the future of the national economy is compromised as the country looses a tangible proportion of her productive herd to indiscriminate slaughtering of pregnant animals. In general, organ/offal condemnations as seen in this study impact negatively on the economic status of the traders and particularly the livestock industry as an average sum of N13, 871,014.3 was lost annually (Table 3). This constituted a substantial loss to the economy of the states under study as such an amount of money would have been harnessed into developing them. Though infected meat were condemned and rendered unfit for human consumption, there exist some public health threats from animals slaughtered at these abattoirs due to the possibility of some missed cases owing to non-cooperativeness of the butchers and other sharp practices including hiding of infected meat from meat inspectors. Some of the limitations, however; encountered in this study included the use of only gross pathology in the diagnosis of the diseases, thus only those diseases with gross pathological lesions that are pathogno- monic were likely to be diagnosed Again, due to lack of laboratory facilities in all these abattoirs, evidence for confirmatory diagnosis was also lacking . The records may also have been under-estimated judging from the possibility of some missing cases due to the uncooperative attitude of the butchers in allowing detailed meat inspection. Coupled with these is the general poor record keeping in most abattoirs in the country due to shortage of staff and laziness on the part of the officers. The above limitations notwithstanding, the public health implications of the quantity of infected organs/ offal condemned at these abattoirs on the consumers and the role which post-mortem inspection plays in safeguarding the health of the public cannot be over- emphasized. In conclusion therefore, there is a need Contribution of each condition for condemnation between 2005 and 2007 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N *Conditions for condemnation P e r c e n ta g e c o n tr ib u ti o n s o f e a c h c o n d it io n 2005 2006 2007 Fig. 1 Graph showing the trends of contributions of major causes of condemnations in some abattoirs inWestern Nigeria. *: A-Abscess, B- Tuberculosis, C- Cysticercosis, D- Pneumonia, E- Fascioliasis, F- Pimply gut, G- Paramphistomosis, H- Dermatophilosis, I- Tonsilitis, J- Immature fetuses, K- Taeniasis, L- Ascariosis, M- Mange, N- Mastitis 1462 Trop Anim Health Prod (2009) 41:1455–1463 UNIV ERSITY O F I BADAN LI BRARY for adequate meat inspection in Nigerian abattoirs in order to reduce wastages, identify diseases and thereby minimize associated public health risks. References Abunna, F., Tilahun, G., Megersa, B., Regassa, A. and Kumsa, B., 2008. 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Gilsdorf (eds), Mycobacterium bovis infection in animals and humans, Ames, Iowa, USA, (Blackwell Publishing Professional), 199–210 Trop Anim Health Prod (2009) 41:1455–1463 1463 UNIV ERSITY O F I BADAN LI BRARY http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.08.023 http://www.prb.org Causes and implications of bovine organs/offal condemnations in some abattoirs in Western Nigeria Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion References << /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /None /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile (None) /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CalCMYKProfile (ISO Coated v2 300% \050ECI\051) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error /CompatibilityLevel 1.3 /CompressObjects /Off /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages true /CreateJDFFile false /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Perceptual /DetectBlends true /ColorConversionStrategy /sRGB /DoThumbnails true /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 524288 /LockDistillerParams true /MaxSubsetPct 100 /Optimize true /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /PreserveOPIComments false /PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts false /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /ColorImageResolution 150 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages false /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.76 /HSamples [2 1 1 2] /VSamples [2 1 1 2] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.76 /HSamples [2 1 1 2] /VSamples [2 1 1 2] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 150 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.76 /HSamples [2 1 1 2] /VSamples [2 1 1 2] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 600 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects false /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org?) /PDFXTrapped /False /SyntheticBoldness 1.000000 /Description << /ENU /DEU >> >> setdistillerparams << /HWResolution [2400 2400] /PageSize [5952.756 8418.897] >> setpagedevice