I 
P .  
JOURNOFA ELN VIRONMEENXTTAELN SION 
ISSN: 1595-5125 
Vol. 6: Janoarv 2007 
For online access: 
African Journal Online (AJOL) 
httpllwww.ajol.info 
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
- 
I - Journal of Er,vrroi~nre,,fnlE ,  leiisiotl - Voliime 6 
' J O U R N A L  OF E N V I R O N M E N T A L  EXTENSION - V O L U M E  6: J A N U A R Y  2007 
CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME. PAGES 
THE HEAVY METALS IN THE MUSCLE OF SOME IMPORTED FROZEN FISI-I IN 
IBADAN NIGERIA 
Alan, E K and Avoola S O 1 -4 
FACTORS AFFECTING ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF AGROFORESTRY 
PRACTITIONERS IN ATISBO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. NIGERIA 
Areez 1 0 . S  O Jtmoh and T 0 Amusa 
ENERGY BASELINE FOR MONITORING VULNERABILITY OF THE ENERGY SECTOR 
TO THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE RWANDA CASE STUDY 
Nelson Lujara and Osrnund K a i i n d ~  
PROlvlOTlNG ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN NIGERIA THROUGH 
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION THE ROLE OF WOMEN 
Agbogld, O M 2nd Ofuchu. A U 
ACUTE POISONINS IN CATTLE DUE TO INSESTION OF RATTLEBOX WEED IN 
NIGERIAN PASTURE 
Kals l~ ingH~A.   Yaroio, I I Daya S Y Sadiliq M Ll Mohainrned A I Kntkabo A A 
CONTRIBUTIONS OF NON- TIMBER FORFST PRODUCTS TO I-h?IISEtiOLD FOOD 
SECURITY AND INCOME AROUND ONIGAMBARI FOREST RESFRVE OYO STATE 
NIGERIA 
Jlmoh. S 0 and E A Haruna 
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF NON TIMRER FOREST PROUUCTS AMONG 
RURAL RESIDENTS OF SHAKI AGRICULTURAL ZONE OF OYO STATE NlGERlA 
Kupon~ylF  A 
SUSTAINABILITY OF MARINE ARTISANAL. FISHING AS A LIVELIIiOOD AND THE 
ENVIRONMENT IN LAGOS STATE 
Fregene. B T and A E Falaye 
A STUDY OF MAGNETIC FIELD [Bz) AND IONOSPHERIC VARIATION DURING 
MAGNETIC ACTIVITIES AT LOW LATITUDE 
Adebesln, 8 0. Chukwuma V U Bakare N O and Davtd T W 
VULNERABILITY OF THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS 10 TtlE IMPACTS OF 
CLIMATE CHANGE IN RWANDA. COMMUNITY BASELINE 
Nelson Lulara and Osrnund Kaunde 
HOUSEHOLDS WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOP IFJPRrIVEfl S i iL lD WASTE 
MANAGEMENT IN IBADAN NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT APEA OF OYO STATE 
NIGERIA 
Yusuf S A 010 0 T and Sal~monuK  K 
INFLUENCE OF TRADITIONAL FARMING PRACTICES ON SOll. PRODLICTIVE 
POTENTIALS IN AGO-IWOYE ENCLAVE OGUN STATE NIGERIA 
B A Senjobl. 0 A Adeokun O A Dada and A O Ogunkunle 
THE FORCES O F  CHANGE DEFINING THE RLIEVANCE OF SOIL TO THE 
ECOSYSTEM OF KAINJI LAKE NATIONAL PARK K P N  11 KWARA 
CROP FARMERS' USE OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL 
PRACTICES IN OGUN STATE 
A S  Onasanya 
RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH WOMENS INVOLVEMENT IN WASTE 
MANAGEMENT PRACTICE FOCUS ON ABIA STATF NIGERIA 
FARMERS PCRCEPTION AND KNOWLEDGE OF ENVlllONMEilTAL PROBLEMS 
AFFFCTING SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION IN E D 0  S l A I E  
M T Alayi and T 0 A Banmeke 
LEARNING BY UOlNG AND SHARING PARTICIPATORY ENVIRONMENTAL 
APPRAISAL (A Case Study of  Sarahgamtsh V~llagein  Kurdlstan Prov~nceo l  Iran1 
Rezvanfar A and Vasy II 
'lleomah. H M . 'Alarape A A and "Ogogo A 1J 
UNIV
RSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Jouirlai 01 Ei~viro~l i i~eEix~llearl~ sio-~ lV olun~e6 : January 2007 
FACTOR3 AFFECTING ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF AQROFORESTRY PRACTITIONERS 
IN ATISEO LOCAL G O V € R N M N E ~A REA OF OYO STATE, NIGERIA 
"Azeez, I. O., 'S. 0. J imoh and **T. 0. Amusa 
" Department of Forest Resources Management. University of lbadan, Nigeria 
"College of Wildlife and Park Management, New Bussa. Nigeria. 
Corresponding Author: isma~l.azeez@maii.ui.edu.nqa: zeezismail2000@yahoo.conl: 
phone+2348055126 144 
ABSTRACT 
The importance of trees and shrubs in fallows or in food crop production systems cannot be 
overstressed in view of the fragile nature of  the tropical environment, increase in population 
density, rate of forest diminution and increasing land shortage. This has given rise to the 
technology of Agroforestry. Evolving technology to meet any need will be incomplete without 
taking cognizance of the end-users no matter how perfect. This study investigates the 
I3cto:s 2Yec11 17 a-lc~.!,oiiS eha ~'9t.ro f aqroforestry pracl :ioners in Atisbo local Government 
A~ re~ a of O- v,o  stsle Us :lo"  a D < J ~ D ? SV P s ma F. ranoonl fecnn~ouea,  rola of one hmdred and 1 
fifly questionnaires were administered t i s elected agrofor&try farmers in the study area 
based on membership of Alisbo Farmers' Association of Nigeria (AFAN). Data generated 
were analyzed using descriptive and inferential test statistics. Results reveal variants of 
agroforestry system among the respondents. These include; the tree crop system (67.3%); 
Mixed home gardening (22.7%); Alley cropping (7.3%); Bush fallow (2.0%); and Taungya 
(0.7%). Farmers incorrie levei and extension contact were two variables that significanlly 
associate with adoption of agroforestry technology ($; 7.651. 47. 680; P<0.05). There is 
also a positive and significant correlation between adoption And scale of farming, tolal farm 
size, socio status on land and type of agroforestry system. The financial implication of 
practicing agroforestry system is the most important determining factor affecling adoption 
and applicatioci. 
Key Words: agroforestry, adoption behaviour, farming scale, farmers, land use 
INTRODUCTION conservation areas. It also contributes to 
There is a bourgeoning of the literature sustained production of crops and livestock 
on the importance of trees and shrubs in either on fragile lands, or in areas of lull 
fallows or in association wilh food crop economic development and precedence of 
production systems in land and soil low external input magnitude. Aiso worthy of 
management in the tropics. This is against the note is the contribution of agroforestry to land 
backdrop of the fragile nature of the tropical rehabilitation and increased production on 
environment, increase in popuiation density, degraded lands. 
rate o f  forest diminution and increasing land Ail these goals illustrate that agroforestry 
shortage. Consequently, a land use system is expected to conlribute to sustained land 
which combines production of food and forest use by either maintaining or improving the 
products and services, has given rise to the ecological production capacity of lands, or by 
technology of Agroforestry. Agrolorestry is a prevenling over-exploitation of sensitive land 
land use system in which trees, shrubs, palms resources in adjacent areas (Kang and 
and bamboos are cultivated on the same land Wilson. 1987). 
as arabie crops or livestock for economic Nevertheless, the importance of 
reasons and for environmental improvement, technology is not its development but its 
to replenish wood stocks while upgrading land usage, which is dependent on adoplion by 
through diminishing erosion, water loss, and those for whom it is expected to positively 
other natural phenomena (Current et al. impact. However, there are several factors 
1995). relating to the adoption and applicability of 
Over the years, agroforestry has become agroforestry systems. Joyce (1992) listed 
more refined both in concept and practice. such factors as land and tree tenure. labour 
According to Budd ef nl (1990), agroforeslry requirement, management complexities, 
entaiis increasing diversified production, differential social prospect, profitability and 
especially under conditions of land shortage. gender consideration. Vergara and Nalr 
It is not only a means of improving the (1985) reported biophysical consideration and 
availability of agricultural tree products, but socio-economic factors which include 
also a way of relieving pressure on valuable pressure on land as inlluencing social 
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FACTORS AFFECTING ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR IN AGROFORESTRY 
acceptability of alley. Thus, land tenure significant relationship between fariiiers' 
systems that do not guarantee continued socio-stalus on land, scale of farming, folal 
ownarntilp and oontrol at land are lala llkaiy farnr alto as wall 0 1  typo of ryalom elid 
to favour the adoption of long-term ndoptlon of agroforestry technology was 
improvement strategies such as an advaticed for the study. 
agroforestry measure (Francis, 1989; 
Ogunwale, 2004) In the South east of METHODOLOGY 
Nigeria, Francis and Altar-krah (1989), 
identified the communal control of land The Study Area 
rotation as well as communal land tenure The study was conducted in Alisbo Local 
system as negatively influencing the adoption Government Area of Oyo State. Niger~a.T he 
of agroforestry systems. In certain parts of land area is estimated at 2,837,417 km' while 
south central Nigeria, tenure rules forbid the the1991 census pul the population at 97,646. 
planting of trees (Osemeobo, 1987). Apart Over 80% of the population are engaged in 
from land lenure, the rights over trees (tree farming and cultivate various food and tree 
tenure) has also been identified as capable of crops such as maize, yam, cassava, 
exerting great influence on the acceptability of sorghum, melons, cashew, Mar~gilera s p .  
agroforestry systems in many areas Cilrus sp., Teclo~lag ratldis. G~nel i r~snl,. arid 
(Fortman, 1988). In some areas. planting of Gliricidia sp. Atisbo Local Governmenl Area 
trees may give partners rights over land on (LGA) contributes significantly to the food 
which it is planted (Duncan, 1960; Meek, supply of the people of Oyo Stale and it is 
1968). often referred lo as the "food basket' 01 the 
Adoption of agroforestry system has also stale. 
been closely linked with economic feasibility 
of the system. In a survey carried out in Edo Sampling 
and Delta States, Osemeobo (1987), There are ten (10) cell groups in Alisbo 
concluded lhal the prospecls are high for the LGA according to the classification of the Oyo 
integration of tree planting into the lradilional State Agricultural Development Programme 
farming system However, its social (OYSADEP). These include: Tedc I, Tede II. 
acceptability apart from relying heavily on lrawo I, lrawo Ii, Alaga. Ofiki, Ago-Are I. Ago- 
cost-sharing devices between government Are II, SabelAgunregelOwo and BaasiICorner 
and rural farmers, as well as the availability of owo.  
an active extension servlce also depend on Based on the above, a purposive simple 
the potential of some direct economic output random technique was used to selecl 
from the tree component in the system. This respondents from the study population using 
was ie [~ ,~setd~ y0k ;jIi a r ~ ~?>l  urr~t,?rg( l:JI?5), lhr! medium of the b.tisho Farmers' 
who reported that agroforestry practice Association of Nigeria (AFAI'I) Fif lefn (15) 
particularly alley farming can be taken on by farmers practicing one form of agroforeslry 
farmers given a suppiy of seeds with variant or the other were selected froni each 
extension guidance, without any form of credit of the cell groups. This gives a total of one 
or financial support. hundred and fifly respondents. 
In South east Nigeria, acceptabiiity of Survey instruments used for the 
alley farming has been limited by a number of generation of primary data from the sampled 
edaphic, sociological and institutional factors. respondents include open and close-ended 
These include low fertility with high acidity structured questionnaire as well as Focus 
levels of soils; incompatibility of woody Group Discussion. Exlracts from bulletins. 
species tested on established cropping annual reports and magazines form the 
patterns and rotation practices; division of sources of secondary data collected. 
labour and the decision-making process 
within the household; as weil as land and tree Data Analysis 
tenure rules (Francis and Attar-krah. 1989). Descriptive statistics were specifically 
From all of the above, it is evidenl that the used lo  preserlt data on socio-econornic 
novelty of agroforestry development has slatus of respondents A non-pararnclric 
critical lmplicalions for the adoptlon of the statistic, the clil-square lesl of independence, 
technology. In the light of this, this study was was used to determine the degree ol 
designed to determine the relationship association between identified socio- 
between idenlined socio-economic factors economic variables and the farmers' adoption 
and adoption behaviour of farmers practicing behaviour, while correlation and n~ullrplc 
various agroforeslry syslems in Atisbo Local regression analysis were ..used lo lesl ilie 
Government Area of Oyo State. Nigeria. A study hypothesis. 
null hypothesis wliicli states that there as no 
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Jouinai of Envimnmenlal Exlension - Volunie 6: January 2007 
RESULT8 AND DISCU8810N 
Table 1: Frequency Distribution o f  Agroforestry system adopted in the Study Area 
Agroforestry System Adopted Frequency Percentage 
Taungya System 6 4.0 
Bush fallow system 3 2.0 
Tree Crop System 101 67.3 
Alley System 11 7.3 
~ i x e dtlo nie Garden System ... .  29 - 19.3 .- . . 
Total 150 . I 0 0  
Dala on Table 1 shows tile inventory o f  and shrubs with annual and perennial crops. 
agroforestry systems ainong practitioners in and invariably livestock within the farmers' 
the study area. Tree Crop Syslem (673%). compounds. The whole crop-tree-animal unit 
mixed home garden (19.3%). Alley cropping is managed by family labour. Extension 
(7.3%), Bush fallow sysleni (2.0%), and workslactivities introduced the technique of 
Taungya system (40%)  are the prevailing alley cropping in the study area. This was 
systems of agroforestry in the area. against the back drop of reduced fertility and 
The Taungya and Bush fallow systems output and the novelty of the system as 
arose as a result o f  farmers' encroachment developed by the International Instilute of 
Into the Opara foresl reserve This has led to Tropical Agrlcuiture (IITA) in Nigeria. The tree 
degradation of some parts o f  i i ie reserve a3 a crop system Is being exlensively pracllced 
result of slash and burn aclivities of the with the wagon cilliivation of cashew tree 
farmers However, concession of the foreslry intercrop with other food items. The financial 
department allows subsistence farmers to gains accruing from cashew tree cropping is 
raise annual crops within rows of regenerated the major reason for this dominance. This is 
tree crops. connected with the presence of a cashew 
Mixed horne garden is widely practiced as processing unit located in the area. 
an inllrnale association of mullipurpose trees 
Table 2: Variation i n  Respondent's Perception o f  Agroforestry Practice i n  the Study Area 
Identified Indices o f  Perception F Value Pr. 
Tree crops on farmland compete with arabie crops for nutrients and 
hence constitute a nuisance 1.13 r 0.32 
Procuring tree seedliiigs and other inotivating inputs is an onerous task 5.67 S 0 0 1  
All tree belong to government 1.24 r 0.29 
Getting information on agroforestry practice is more tedious than 
benefits derived there from 2.66 2 0.07 
Shade created by lrees impedes the development of arable crops 2.27 20.10 
Cropping tress require a long period of investment 0.01 r 0.99 
Credits are no1 available for agroforeslry practice. 0 53 2 0.58 
The study established variation (at 5% to tree seedlings and olher motivating 
confidence limit and degree of freedom 148) agroforestry practice inputs is the same 
in the perception of respondent's limitation to among respondents while other Identified 
agroforestry practice in the study area (Table indices of agroforestry practice perception 
2). However, variation did not exist on were perceived differently and hence affects 
farmer's access lo tree seedlings and other them differently. This finding is in line with 
molivaling inpuls. Invariably, level of access human nalure. 
Table 3: Level o f  Respondent's Perception o f  Problem Associated w i th  Agroforestry 
Practice ill the Sturly Area 
Identif ied Indices o f  Perception SA A U N  D SD 
~-~~ ~~~ ~ 
Shade crcaled by trees inipedes the development of arable 12.0 8 5 3  0 7 2 0 0 
crops 
Cropping lress requlre a long period o l  inveslmeljt 6.0 00.7 0.7 4.7 0 
Credits are not available for agroforestry practice. 2.7 94.0 0.7 2.7 0 
NB' SA = Stroi~giyA gree; A = Agree, UN = Undecided; D = Disagree; and SD = Strongly Disgaree 
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RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH WOMEN'S INVOLVEMENT IN WASTE MANAGEMENT 
- 
Although significant variations was socio-econornlc D.F X' C.V Decisir 
established In the level of respondant's Varlablo 
perception of agroforestry practice limitations Gender; 
- identified in the study area (Table 2), majority Male: 
of the response acknowledged the Identified Femwle; 1 1.064 3.64 N.S 
limitations (Table 3). invariably, credit Marital Status Married 
availability, long gestation period of tree Divorce 2 4.978 5.99 N.S 
crops, as well as their liniitation to arable crop Single . 
production among other factors are limiting Family Size 
the practice of agroforeslry in the study area. Large 
Average 2 1.027 6.99 N.S 
Table 3: Results Show ing  Re la t l ons l~ ip  Small 
Between Ident l l iod Socio-Econotnic Educatlo~Li eval 
Characterist ics o f  Farmers and  their Literale 
Adopt ion o f  Ayroforcstry Practices. Semi-Literate 
lllilerate 2 4.978 5 .99 N.S 
The analysis reveaied that farmers' income - - 
Religious 
level and extension contact were the only Background 
variables that were significantly associated Islam 2 1.027 5.99 N.S 
with their adoption o f  various agroforestry Chrislianily 
systems (P<0.05) Observed x2 values for AT.R 
these variables are 7.65, and 1 7  680 Age; 
respectively, with critical X 2  value of 5.99. The Old 
significant relationsiiip between farmers' Middle 2 1.771 5.99 N S  
income level and their adoption behavlour 
confirms the theory that a technology can be Income Level 
and is readily accepted and adopted once it is Higli 
affordable (Hook, 1983). The Income levels Average 
LOW 2 7.651 5.99 S 
indicate the risk ability of the farmers and his Exlenslon Contact 
readiness to tryout novel technologies, with High 
regards to extension contact, a higher Little 2 47.680 5.99 
frequency of contact implies more Low 
enlightenment for the farmers 
Table 4:  Correlation a n d  Mult iple Regresslon Analysls o f  Relationship between Adopted 
Variables and  Agroforestry pract ices 
Adopted Variables Correlation Co-elficlent 01 Regression T -  Vnlllr 
Coefliclcnt(r) Deterrnlriation Coelf1clet:t ( b )  lor 110 
(R'I 
Scale of Farming 
Total Farm Size 
Mode of Land acqulsllionl 0.2550 0 0710755 -0 004205 -0 112 
Socio Status on [.and 
Type of Agroforestry 
System adopled 
NB* Degree of freedom (d f )  = 100; Multiple R = 0.99288; R' = 0.98580. 
Adjusted R~ = 0.97842; Std Error = 0.17442; and r- value = 0.195 Q 0.05 
level of significance 
Data on Table I shows that there Is a positive adoption of agroforestry systems as explained 
- and significant correlation between adoption by each of the independent variables that 
of agroforestry systems and scale of farming have significant relationship with the 
(0.50); total farm size (0.23); mode of land technology in the study thus; the percenlage 
acquisitionlstatus on land (0.25); and type of variation could be attributed to the following 
agroforestry system (0.04). This implies that factors; scale of farming (2.5%); total farm 
l l icsc varial~lcsh ave direct relationship with size (56O/,): mode of land acouisitionlsocial 
the adoption of different agroforestry systems, stalus on land (7.1%); and agrolbresty systetn 
and this relationsiiip is significant. adopted (0.23%). 
The co-efficient of determination R' on The ' resulis of multiple regression 
Table 4 shows the percentage variation in analysis show the effect of each variable in 
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Ih8 r@lationgllip belwcetl the adoplion of Duncan, P. (1960): "Solho Laws and 
agroforestry practices and all the factors Customs"; Capetown. Oxford University 
inciuded in the study The regression co- Press. London. pp. 97. 
efficient was found to be positive only for Fortman, L. (1988). "Whose Trees - 
agrolorestry syslen? adopted (0 266) while if Proprietary dimensions of forestry" Westrlee 
was negative for total farm size (-0.009); press, Boulder. Colorado. pp. 149. 
scale of farming (-1.566). and mode of land 
acquisition/socio-status on land (-0.004). The Francls, P, A. and Atta-Krah, A. N. (1989): 
implication of these findings is that type of "Sociological and Ecological factors in 
agroforestry syslem has positive and direct Technology adoption: Fodder trees in 
relationship on the adoption of agroforestry Southeast Nigeria Experimental Agriculture" 
technoiogy in general. The farmers in the No. 25: pp. 1-10, 
study area could be said lo  adopt systerns Francis, P. A. (1989): "Alley Farming in the 
that brings in more return on their investments sub-humid tropics" in B. T. Kang and 
than any other corisideration Neverlheiess, Raynoids. L. (eds.) Alley farming in the humid 
the null hypothesis is thus rejected. and sub-humid tropics: Proceedings of an 
inlernationai workshop held at lbadan, 
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Nigeria, Agribook Store. 251pp. 
The results of this study have provided a 
basis for major conclusions. There are Hook, E. S. (1983): "Correlates of Adoption 
statistically significant associations between Behaviour: The case of Farm Technology". 
farmers' income level, extension contact and Rural Sociology. Vol. 48. No. 2 University of 
their adoption of agroforestry technologies. Kentucky, Kentucky, 308 - 323p. 
Similarly, farmers' socio-status on land, scale 
Jo ce, A. S. (1992): 'Diffusion and Adoption", 
of farming and types of agroforestry system 
2" X RNRIAFNETA AgroforeslryIAlley Farming 
are variables that influence their adoption of 
the practice More irnjlortantly. the economic for Development Training Course Kumasi, 
Ghana 10-21: August, 1992. 
implication in terms of financial gain accruing 
from the practice of any teclinology is the Kang, 8. T. and Wilson, G. F. (1987): "Alley 
most determining factor for its wholesale cropping maize (zea mays) and Ler~caena 
adoption and application. Leucocephelas In southern Nigeria. Plant and 
In the light of the above. the following soil 63.165-77. 
recommendations are proposed: 
1. In the designing and packaging of any 
Meek, C. K. (19686: "Land law and customs 
agroforestry technology, the economic in the colonies" 2"d. Frank class. London 
potential of the system should be seen as pp. 112. 
the most determining factor for its Ogunwale, A. 8 (2004): "Influence of land 
adoption. and Tree-use related Factors on the adoption 
2 .  Proper and adequate attenlion should be of Agroforstry system A case of Alley farming 
given to farmers' perception in regards to in South-Western Nigeria". lr~lernafior~al 
limitations of any system. Jour~ialo f  Food arid Agr~culluralR esearcll 
3. Frequency of extension contact shoulti Vol I : N o 1 & 2 pp 90-99. 
also be seen as a factor capable of 
influencing adoption. Okali, 0.a nd Suniberg, J. F. (1985): "Sheep 
4. Farmers should be kept abreast of and Goats, Men and Women". Household 
current information and stale-of-the-art relations and small ruminant develo~menti n 
technological improvement with respect South West Nigeria. Agricullural syslenls 
to the practice. 18:39-59. 
Osernsobo, G. J. (1987): "The role of on- 
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