ISSN 2051-848X (Print) ISSN 2051-8498 (Online) usiness Volume-4 Number-1 March - 2016 International Journal of Business & Economic Development is an Open Access Journal of the Academy of Business k Retail Management (ABRM) UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY International Journal of Business and Economic Development (IJBED) Vol. 4 Number 1 : March 2016 International Journal of Business & Economic Development (IJBED) Volume 4 Number 1 March 2016 www.ijbed.org Contents Editorial Page Articles no. The impact of globalization on economic conditions: empirical evidence from the Mena region 1 Marwa A. Elsherif The new requirements relating to going concern evaluation and disclosure provide a critical improvement to the financial statements taken as a whole 1 5 Achraf A. Seyam and Sharon Brickman A sluggish U.S. economy is no surprise: Declining the rate of growth of profits and other indicators in the last three quarters of 2015 predicted a slowdown in the US economy in the coming months 21 Bob Namvar Work-family balance dilemma among employed parents (An empirical study) 31 Sally Kamel Ali Omran The role of entrepreneurship in economic development in Saudi Arabia Nadia Yusuf; Nisreen Ismail Albanawi 47 The role of female entrepreneurial networks and small business development: a pilot study based on Sri Lankan migrant entrepreneurs of tourism industry in London 56 H.A.K.N.S.Surangi A historical analysis of the theories of money Farah Durani; Ishtiaq Qureshi 71 A study on impact of Job role stressors on Frontline employee role performance towards the customers 85 Kasturi Naik; Srini R. Srinivasan Assessment of knowledge and awareness of global warming among inhabitants of industrial areas of an urban community in Nigeria 99 Ruth Ochanya Adio-Moses; Aladejana J. A. The effects of audit value added on audit survival: Evidence from CPAs of Thailand Seerungrat Sudsomboon; Phaitoon Intakun 107 www.ijbed.org A Journal of the Academy of Business and Retail Management (ABRM) xii UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY International Journal of Business and Economic Development Vol. 4 Number 1 March 2016 Assessment of knowledge and awareness of global warming among inhabitants of industrial areas of an urban community in Nigeria Ruth Ochanya Adio-Moses Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education University of Ibadan, Nigeria Aladejana J. A. Department of Geology University of Ibadan, Nigeria Key words Knowledge, global warming, environment, greenhouse effect, atmosphere, Abstract Global warming with its attendant consequences such as extreme heat, natural disasters, poor air quality and allergens has increased health problems. The risk of injury, illness and resulting death among inhabitants are expected to be frequent and intense especially in areas with heavy industrial presence. The current low level o f literacy and the socio-economic situation of Nigerians could be responsible for their low consciousness of this unpreventable changes in our climate in one hand and lack of willingness on the part of people to seek environmental health and safety information on the causes, effect and how to mitigate global warming on the other hand f This study focuses on assessment of knowledge and awareness of causes, effects and mitigating measures of global warming among inhabitants of industrial areas of Ibadan southwestern Nigeria. In this descriptive survey, purposive sampling technique was used to select 200 respondents from among the inhabitants of this area. A questionnaire with reliability co-efficient (r) of 0.78 was used for data collection. Two research questions were answered and three hypotheses tested at 0.05 level o f significance. Statistical methods such as Chi-square, frequency count, simple percentage and pie chart were used for data analy sis. (Results showed that only 20% had 34.0% had negative attitude while 81 (40.5%) were indifferent, all the three hypotheses were rejected. Consequently, it was deduced that respondents have significant knowledge of global warming. In recommendation, people's environmental health seeking behaviour should be promoted through multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research and the development of inclusive environmental health and safety intervention strategies. Introduction Global Warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's surface, air and oceans. It is a global phenomenon that has the potential to adversely affect human lives if corrective measures are not taken. Global Warming occurs when Green House Gases in the atmosphere like, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen oxide are increased. Human activities such as exhaust from automobile and industrial combustion engine, gas flaring during hydrocarbon refinery and deforestation and overgrazing with resulting desertification are some of the main causes for increases in greenhouse gases (Oshuntokun, 2003). When any of these happen it releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (Titus, 2000). In global warming, the increase in average temperature of the earth's atmosphere is -especially sustained and great enough to cause changes in the global climate' (Peterson and Vose, 2007). The term global warming is also synonymous with enhanced greenhouse effect, leading to entrapment of more and more solar radiations, and thus increasing the overall temperature of the earth (Still, Foster & Schneider, 2009). www.iibed.org A Journal of the Academy of Business and Retail Management (ABRM) g|9 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY International Journal of Business and Economic Development Vol. 4 Number 1 March 2016 It is undisputed that the average temperature at the surface of the earth has increased over the past century by about 1°F (0.6°C), with both the air and the oceans warming up (National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), 2004). Since 1880, when people in many locations first began to keep temperature records, the 25 warmest years have all occurred within the last 28 years (Karl, 2008). While it has not yet been precisely determined how much of the recent warming was caused by human activities, the consensus among climate scientists is that most of the warming over the past 50 years was probably caused by human-produced greenhouse gases (International Panel on Climate Change. 2001). Indeed as the global temperature becomes hotter, heat waves will become regular, more severe, and persistent. The Physicians for Social Responsibility (2015) warned that unless greenhouse gas emissions are reduced, temperatures are projected to increase by an additional 2 to 11.5 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100. They further explained that already, rising temperatures have disrupted climate patterns around the world, resulting in more frequent intense storms and more intense heat waves. They also asserted that though heat waves normally affect broad geographic regions and resident populations, certain groups are particularly vulnerable. The very old and the very young tend to have reduced heat-regulating mechanisms and are at increased risk. The poor, the socially isolated, and those already suffering from chronic illness also are likely to be disproportionately affected by an increase in heat wave frequency and severity." heat cramps, heat syncope (fainting), heat exhaustion heatstroke In addition they also stressed that air pollution-related health impacts exacerbated by global warming are airborne allergens like pollen, higher occurrence and severity of asthma, aggravated chronic respiratory and cardiovascular disease, damaged lung tissue and premature death. Emergence of new diseases (30 previously unknown diseases since 1976), resurgence and/or redistribution of older diseases such as malaria, cholera, vectors and the disease-causing pathogens they transmit are impacted by higher temperatures. The fact is, many widely accepted, peer-reviewed scientific studies have also found evidence that global warming has already had major impacts on the ecosystems and societies across the world (union of concerned scientist, 2011; Odjugo, 2010; Folorunsho and Awosika, 2001). Likewise, a report by Onibukun (2015) shows that Nigerians are beginning to feel the realities caused by global warming while Lagos state has seen greater rainfall and experienced very heavy wind which caused lots of damage to public and private property. Severe drought is being felt in Kaduna state and other parts of Nigeria. Massive and destructive floods have also been reported in almost all parts of Nigeria (Okereke, 2011). Indeed during the 21st century, climatic disasters occurred five times as frequently and killed or affected seventy times as many people. The immense geological changes will continue their destruction unabated if steps to educate people on ways to mitigate global warming are not taken (Naurzbaev and Vaganov 2000) . Hastenrath, (2001) concluded that It may be too late to stop global warming altogether, but its effect can be controlled. There is a time lag between the addition of greenhouse gases and their effects. Also once these gasses have been added to the atmosphere it is not possible to easily remove them. In fact because the world's economy is built around the use of fossil fuels for energy, we cannot stop adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere (It will take a lot of efforts by every nation and many years to reduce the amount of extra carbon that is added into the atmosphere). Barnett, (2005) opined that humanity may have only a narrow window of time left, perhaps a decade or so, to begin the long process of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that can avert devastating and irreversible impacts from climate change. www.iibed.org A Journal of the Academy of Business and Retail Management (ABRM) 100 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY International Journal of Business and Economic Development Vol. 4 Number 1 f March 2016 In a developing country like Nigeria, the highest per capita greenhouse gas producers are seen in gas flaring in the oil producing states, fumes from power generating plants, automobiles and agricultural practices. Tunde, Adeleke and_Adeniyi,(2012) explained that activities like urbanization, population explosion, deforestation and industrialization aid the release of greenhouse gases which contribute highly to the depletion of the ozone layer and its associated global warming. Chukwu and Asiegbu (2011) stated that bush-burning and hunting, dumping of toxic materials and man's insatiable desires also aids global warming. The adverse outcome of global warming has increase environmental health problems and its attendant consequences. Disasters, violence and disease are expected to be more frequent and intense especially in areas with heavy industrial presence in Nigeria. Most environmental health education programmes targeted at people yield little or no result. The current low level of literacy and the socio-economic situation of Nigerians could be linked high level of poverty and lack of willingness on the part of people to seek environmental health and safety information on the causes and effect of global warming. The study area, Ibadan known as one of the largest and fast grow ing cities in Sub-Sahara Africa houses a large number of industries and some of the industrial areas also houses residential estates. The inhabitants of these industrial areas are not only exposed to pollutions from the industries but may likely feel the effect of extreme heat. The governments of Oyo state in collaboration with the Federal government have begun taking steps to mitigate the effects of global warming in Oyo state, however members of the public need to be more aware of this problem and start finding mitigating strategy to combat this unstoppable changes. All effort towards reducing the effect of global warming has been towards mitigation and adaptation as a result, neglecting what might be the most effective strategy for reducing global warming in our lifetimes which is educating people about causes, effect and possible solution. It is therefore important to assess the level of knowledge and awareness of the causes, effect and attitude of inhabitant of industrial areas in Ibadan Southwest towards global warming. In order to achieve this, answers was sought for the following research questions; 1. What is the level of awareness of global warming among inhabitants of industrial area in Ibadan South-West Local Government Area of Oyo State? 2. What is the attitude of inhabitants of industrial area in Ibadan South-West Local Government Area of Oyo State towards global warming? Also, the following hypotheses was tested among the inhabitants of the study area. 1. Inhabitants of industrial areas in Ibadan South-West Local Government Area of Oyo State do not have significant knowledge of the causes of global warming 2. Inhabitants of industrial areas in Ibadan South-West Local Government Area of Oyo State do not have significant knowledge of the effects of global warming 3. Inhabitants of industrial areas in Ibadan South-West Local Government Area of Oyo State do not have significant knowledge of the mitigating strategy against the effect of global warming Study Approach The study employed the use of descriptive survey design. Two hundred (200) inhabitants of industrial areas within Ibadan South-West Local Government Area of Oyo State were purposively selected. Two self-developed instrument were used for data collection. The first is the global warming awareness and attitude questionnaire, while the second is the knowledge of causes, effects and mitigating strategy of global warming questionnaire. Copies of the instrument were sent to experts in the field and their contributions were integrated into the final www.iibed.org A Journal of the Academy of Business and Retail Management (ABRM) 101 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY International Journal of Business and Economic Development Vol. 4 Number 1 March 2016 copy to guarantee face and content validity. The instrument was also subjected to a test-retest method which yielded a reliability coefficient (r) of 0.71 and 0.78 respectively. The descriptive statistics of frequency count, percentage and pie-chart were used in analysing the research questions, while inferential statistics of Chi-square was used in testing all the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Results and Discussions D e m o grap h ic Variables F req u e n cy i P e rce n ta g e A g e 2 1 -3 0 14 7 3 1 -4 0 100 5 0 4 1 -5 0 3 6 A s 5 1 -6 0 50 2 5 M a rital Status M a rried 160 80 N o t m arried 24 12 W idow ed 16 A T o t a l 2 0 0 lO O Table 1: demographic information of respondents The table above showed the demographic information of the respondents of our study. Figuie X. Level of Awareness of global warming The respondents within the age bracket of 31- 40 (50%) were more in this research. Married respondents were 160 representing 80% of the sample. Result of the research question 2 under three point scale (i.e, Positive, Negative and Indifferent) on assessment of the respondents attitude towards global warming is also presented in form of pie chart as shown in figure 2. It also revealed that the attitude of inhabitant of industrial areas in Ibadan Southwest towards global warming shows that 51 (25.5%) had positive attitude, 68 (34.0%) had negative attitude while 81 (40.5%) were indifferent, see figure 2. This shows that majority of inhabitant of industrial areas in Ibadan Southwest are indifferent towards global warming. «ndtffcce«TT Figure 2_ Attitude towards global warming Results of the three hypotheses testing 1 -3 are presented in table 2-4 respectively below www.iibed.org A Journal of the Academy of Business and Retail Management (ABRM) 102 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY International Journal of Business and Economic Development Vol. 4 Number 1 : March 2016 S A A D S D X2cal X2crit d f P T oo m uch of sm o k e from 61 119 20 - exh au st p ipe o f industrial 30.5 59.5 10.0 m achin es can lead to global w arm ing 270 12 ooo T o o m uch sm o k e from exh au st 70 120 io - p ipe o f cars can lead to global 35.5 60.0 5.0 w arm ing Burning o f in du strial w aste 51 119 29 1 can lead to global w arm ing 25.5 59.5 14.5 0.5 G lobal w arm ing is cau sed by 21 129 49 1 the presence o f too m uch 10.5 64.5 24.5 0 .5 carbon in the a tm osphere C on stan t Burning o f bush can 67 128 2 3 lead to global w arm ing 33.5 64.0 1.0 1.5 W hen fossil fu els are b urn t, it 59 139 1 1 could lead to g lobal w arm ing 29.5 69.5 0.5 0 .5 O n e o f the e ffects o f too m uch 39 147 13 1 industrial gases in the 19.5 73.5 6.5 0.5 atm osp h ere is g lobal w arm ing Fallin g o f trees w ithou t 20 101 78 1 rep lanting can lead to global 10.0 50.5 39.0 0.5 w arm ing Table 2: knowledge of the causes of global warming The result of hypothesis 1 revealed that inhabitants of industrial areas in Ibadan Southwest Local Government Area of Oyo State have significant knowledge of the causes of global warming (X2 Cal = 270.0, X2 critical = 31.64, df = 12, P = .000). This showed that X2 calculated is greater than X2 critical, therefore we reject the null hypothesis and consequently conclude that the respondents have significant of what causes global warming. S A A D S O XAcal XTorit i> f P G lo b a l w a r m in g c a n le a d to 4 9 79 71 1 e x tin c tio n o f s o m e s p e c ie s o f 2 4 .5 39 .5 3 5 .5 0 .5 a n im a ls 5 9 .8 4 13 .OOO G lo b a l w a rm in g c a u s e e x tr e m e 4 8 90 60 2 h e a t 2 4 .0 15.0 3 0 .0 1 . 0 G lo b a l w a rm in g is c a p a b le o f 7 8 88 32 1 c a u s in g g e n e tic m u ta tio n in 3 9 .0 4 4 .0 1 6 .0 1 .0 h u m a n b e in g G lo b a l w a rm in g c a n a ls o lead 4 0 9 7 60 3 to p ro lo n g e d d r o u g h ts 2 0 .0 4 8 .5 3 0 .0 1-5 G lo b a l w a rm in g h a s re su lte d S 3 8 7 3 0 - in th e in c re a s e in ra in fa il in 4 1 .5 4 3 .5 1 5 .0 NTigeria a n d o th e r p a r ts o f th e w o rld G lo b a l w a rm in g c a n le a d to 39 31 1 1 7 13 p o o r a ir q u a lity 19 .5 1 5 .5 5 8 .5 6 .5 H e a w flo o d s is a ls o o n e o f th e 29 71 8 7 13 e f fe c t o f g lo b a l w a rm in g 1 4 .5 3 5 .5 4 3 .5 6 5 G lo b a l w a rm in g c a n le a d to 51 39 9 7 13 a lle rg ie s 2 5 .5 19.5 4 8 .5 6 5 G lo b a l w a rm in g c a n le a d to 52 88 57 3 e x tin c tio n o f s o m e s p e c ie s o f 2 6 .0 4 4 -0 2 8 .5 1 3 p la n ts G lo b a l w a rm in g c a n le a d to 3 9 99 61 1 e a sy sp re a d o f d is e a s e 1 9 .5 4 9 .5 3 0 .5 0 3 ......... . Table 3: knowledge of the effect of global warming The result of hypothesis 2 showed that X2cal = 59.84, X2crit = 31.64, df = 13, P = .000). This showed that X2 calculated is greater than X2 critical, therefore the null hypothesis was rejected. The result revealed that knowledge of the effects of global warming is significant among inhabitants of industrial areas in Ibadan Southwest Local Government Area of Oyo State www.iibed.org A Journal of the Academy of Business and Retail Management (ABRM) 103 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY International Journal of Business and Economic Development Vol. 4 Number 1 March 2016 SA A E> S O X2cal X 2crit t > r P G lo b al w arm ing can be 69 91 40 - controlled through p lan ting o f 34.5 45.5 20.0 trees H u m an being m ust red u ce the 31 149 20 - 173.49 12 -O O O use o f fossil fuels 15.5 74.5 10.0 Ind iscrim in ate burning o f 43 127 29 1 bush m ust stop 21.5 63.5 14.5 0.5 Burning o f industrial w aste 92 s s 19 1 and industrial em ission m ust 46.0 44.0 9.5 0.5 be m inim ized C ars that are n ot fit for road 79 99 22 - should be rem oved 39.5 49.5 11.0 Illegal fallin g o f tress should 49 131 19 1 be erad icated 24.5 95.5 9.5 0.5 H elp ing to sw itch o f lights 107 93 - - w hen n ot in use w ill go a long 53.5 46.5 w ay in red u cin g global w arm ing Ed ucating people on the 94 106 - - causes 47.0 53.0 Table 4: knowledge on the methods to control global warming The result of hypothesis 2 revealed that X2cal = 173.49, X2 critical = 31.64, df = 12, P = .000). This showed that X2 calculated is greater than X2 critical, therefore the null hypothesis was rejected. The result revealed that knowledge of the methods to control global warming is significant among inhabitants of industrial areas in Ibadan Southwest Local Government Area of Oyo State Discussion The first hypothesis was rejected, showing that people have significant knowledge of what causes global warming. The findings of this study is in-line with the findings and views of NCDC (2004) which reported that people who live in industrial countries are aware of the causes of global warming in their everyday lives but often put on a negative attitude towards controlling it. People knew what global warming is, but they are not taking action to address the issue. Indeed people are not taking action because they either do not wish to, or are not sure of what action they should take. While it is essential to raise awareness, other feasible solutions should also be considered. The fact that the second hypothesis was rejected shows that people have significant knowledge of the effects of global warming. This suggested that people who live in industrial communities are aware of the effect of global warming on their everyday lives but often put on a negative attitude towards mitigating it. IPCC, (1999) was of the view that if a general attitude is maintained and more data is dutifully gathered and awareness is raised, good practices will be exhibited and this may help to reduce or solve the challenge of climate change. Parker, (2011) also stated that although not apparent at the moment, global warming will be ingrained into our daily lives and we will learn to live with it and the knowledge of its potential effects. Most importantly, we will learn to live in such a way that actively negates its effect. The third hypothesis was also rejected, indicating that the respondents have significant knowledge of the methods to mitigating against the unstoppable menace of global warming. This agreed with the findings of King, (2004) who stated that studies have indicated substantial potential for future reductions in emissions by a combination of emission-reducing activities such as energy conservation, increased energy efficiency, and satisfying more of society's power demands with renewable energy and/or nuclear energy sources. Parker, (2011) explained that adaptation to climate change may be planned, either in reaction to or anticipation of climate change, or spontaneous, without government intervention. They stated that though many are www.ijbed.org A Journal of the Academy of Business and Retail Management (ABRM) 104 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY International Journal of Business and Economic Development Vol. 4 Number 1 March 2016 aware of this and that planned adaptation is already occurring, but it is on a limited basis. The barriers, limits, and costs of future adaptation are however not fully understood. Conclusion/ Recommendation This study has revealed that awareness of global warming is poor and most people are indifferent in their attitude towards global warming. It also concludes that most people have knowledge of what global warming is and knew about the activities that could cause it as well as its effect and methods to control its effect and consequentially conclude that knowledge of global warming is significant and so not a problem. In spite of the significance in knowledge of global warning among the study population, the study has also established that knowledge is not the problem and the indifference in attitude may indicate that people have misconception about global warming and may see it as a distant threat, with consequences that will only be felt many decades from now. This can also be linked to high level of poverty and degree of illiteracy among the people of developing countries which has made it difficult to maintain a disciplined life style that will mitigate against the effect of global warming. Therefore, there is need for practical environmental health and safety education with the intention of improving health seeking behaviour among the study group. Health *practitioners should also have a paradigm shift from theoretical teaching to skill based environmental health education in order to improve their services to clients especially those in industrial areas. In addition to this, environmental health workers/teachers must have adequate training and knowledge of global warming for effective dissemination. Finally, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research, which would inform the development of intervention strategies, is also required and the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to develop interactive models and new stage-specific perspectives on global warming regarding human behavior, health, and illness. References Barnett F. 2005. Penetration of human induced warming into the world's oceans. Science, 309 284-287. Chukwu, G.U. & Asiegbu, A.D. 2011. Global warming and climate change: impacts and implications. International Journal of Current ResearchVol.33, Issue, 6, pp.112-115, Retrieved on 20/08/2015 from https://www.academia.edu/4879177/global_warming_and_climate_change_impac Folorunsho, R. & Awosika, L.F., 2001. 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