ISSN: 0189 - 904X
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
WEST AFRICAN
JOURNAL
OF
PHYSICAL and 
HEALTH EDUCATION
VOLUME 9______ No. 1______________ January 2005
Editorial Board
Eklitor-in- Chief
Professor J.A. Ajala 
University of Ibadan. Ibadan
Managing Editor
B.O. Ogundele, PhD
Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education 
University of Ibadan. Ibadan
Members
A.O. Ariegbesan. PhD
Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education 
University o f Ibadan. Ibadan
K.O. Omolawon. PhD 
Department of Human Kinetics 
University of Ibadan. Ibadan
Editorial Advisers/  Consultants
Professor Jimmy Colloway (Georgia)
Professor William Chen (Florida))
Professor Gudrun Doll-Tepper (Berlin)
Professor M. Kamil Ozer (Turkey)
Professor L. Zaichkowsky (Massachusetts)
Professor J.A. Ajala (Ibadan)
Professor E.O. Ojeme (Benin City)
Professor S.A. Adeyanju (Ile-lfe)
Professor L.O. Amusa (South Africa)
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Editorial
This volume of the West African Journal o f Physical and Health 
Education (WAHOPHE) contains stimulating and illuminating 
articles in the areas of physical and health education, recreation, 
sports and dance and related disciplines. I want to place on record 
the unalloyed support of the current head of department and editor- 
in-chief of the journal. Professor James A. Ajala and members of the 
editorial board in making the publication of this edition possible. 
Special thanks also go to the various contributors for their educative 
articles and prompt response to the corrected manuscripts.
B.O. Ogundele, PhD
Manaqinq Editor
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Content
Part 1: Human Kinetics
1. The Use of exercise in the management of coronary heart 
diseases
J. F. Babalola and P.O. Oyeniyi 1
2. Opinions of Atheletes, Sports Administrators and Sports 
Philanthropists on Privatization of Sports
K. O. Omolawon and T.O. Ibraheem 10
3. Effects of Dietary Fat on Metabolic Adjustment to Maximal VO2 
and Endurance in Runners
AM. Adesola and M. Akin-Taylor 18
4. Multi-disciplinary Support: A Challenge to the Management of 
the Handicapped in Lagos Metropolis
M.A. Onwuama 31
5. Correlate of Muscular and Cardio-respiratory Endurance of 
University of Ilorin Basketball and Handball Male Players
O.L. Dominic 42
6. An Investigation into the Influence of Yoruba Language on 
Achievement in Science among Senior Secondary School
Students
S.J. Ogunkunle 51
7. School as Enabling Factor of Students Illegal Absenteeism
A.M. Gesinde 56
8. Assessing Students’ Achievement in Internet-based Learning 
and Traditional Teacher-directed Instruction-based Learning
M.O. Rcyi and O.B. Ayoade 65
9. Counselling for Holistic Education
J.I. Odigie 73
Part 2: Health Education
10. Environmental Health Curriculum Content Guide: A Design for 
Teaching Primary/Secondary Students 
J.A. Ajala 81
iii
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
11. Epidemiological Study of Some Communicable Diseases in Ila 
Local Government Area, Osun State
A. I. Farounbi 93
12. Population and Family Life Education for Health, Sustainable 
Democracy and Nation Building: The Nigerian Experience
J.O. Odelola 100
13. The Level of Dietary Protein Intake and Fitness Status of 
Nigerian Navy Secondary School Students in Lagos State
A.V. Ogunleye andA.A. Odetunde 109
14. Evaluation of Selected Cultural and Administrative Issues in 
Health Care Delivery and Utilization in Ona-Ara Local 
Government, Oyo State, Nigeria
S.O. Babatunde 114
15. The Impact of Industries on Community Health: The Nigerian 
Experience
O.A. Olajide and J.O. Adeyeri 122
16. Sexuality Education as a Necessity for Health Living of 
Adolescents and Young Adults
J.E.F. Okpako 130
17. Smoking Patterns and Behaviour of Fresh and Graduating" 
Physical and Health Education Students in Tertiary Institutions 
in Kwara State
0.0. Oyerinde 140
18. Socioeconomic Differences and Risk Factors among the People of 
Kaduna State
R.A. Shehu and C.O. Adegbite 151
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Notes on Contributors
Part 1: Human Kinetics
1. * J.F. Babalola -  Senior lecturer at the Department of Human
Kinetics and Health Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
2. P.O. Oyeniyi -  Graduate student of the Department of Human 
Kinetics and Health Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
3. K.O. Omolawon -  Lecturer at the Department of Human 
Kinetics and Health Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
4. T.O. Ibraheem -  Lecturer at the Department of Physical and 
Health Education, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
5. A.M. Adesola -  Lecturer at the Department of Physical and 
Health Impaired, Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, 
Nigeria.
6. M. Akin-Taylor -  Principal lecturer at the Department of 
Physical and Health Education, Federal College of Education 
(Special) Oyo, Nigeria.
7. M.A.C. Onwuama -  Lecturer at the Department of Human 
Kinetics and Health Education, University of Lagos, Nigeria.
8. O.L. Dominic -  Lecturer at the Department of Physical and 
Health Education, University of Lagos, Nigeria.
9. S.J. Ogunkunle -  Senior lecturer at the Federal College of 
Education (Special), Oyo, Nigeria.
10. A.M. Gesinde -  Lecturer at the Federal College of Education 
(Special), Oyo, Nigeria.
11. M.O. Raji -  Lecturer in the Computer Science Department, Oyo 
State College of Education, Oyo, Nigeria.
12. O.B. Ayoade - Lecturer in the Computer Science Department, 
Oyo State College of Education. Oyo, Nigeria.
13. J.I. Odigie - Lecturer at the Adeniran Ogunsanya College of 
Education, Otto/ Ijanikin. Lagos, Nigeria.
Part 2: Health Education
14. J.A. Ajala - Professor in the Department of Human Kinetics and 
Health Education. University of Ibadan. Nigeria.
v
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15. A.I. Farounbi -  Lecturer in the Department of Biology, Osun 
State College of Education, Ila-Orangun, Osun State, Nigeria.
16. J.O. Odelola -  Senior lecturer in the Department of Physical and 
Health Education, Osun State College of Education, Ila- 
Orangun, Osun State, Nigeria.
17. A.V. Ogunleye -  Graduate student of the Department of Human 
Kinetics and Health Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
18. A.V. Odetunde -  Graduate student of the Department of Human 
Kinetics and Health Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
19. S.O. Babatunde -  Director, Oyo State Primary Education Board, 
Agodi, Ibadan Nigeria.
20. O.A. Olajide -  Lecturer in the Department of Physical and 
Health Education, Federal College of Education, Yola, Nigeria.
21. J.O. Adeyeri -  Lecturer in the Department of Physical and 
Health Education, Federal College of Education, Yola, Nigeria.
22. J.E.F. Okpako -  Graduate student of the Department of Human 
Kinetics and Health Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
23. O.O. Oyerinde -  Senior lecturer in the Department of Physical 
and Health Education, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
24. R.A. Shehu -  Lecturer in the Department of Physical and Health 
Education, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
25. C.O. Adegbite -  Research fellow, Institute of Education, 
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
VI
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Preface to Volume 9, N o.l, 2005
The primary objective of the West African Journal of Physical and 
Health Education (WAJOPHE) is the dissemination of current and 
crucial information on human kinetics and allied health education 
by publishing well-researched articles relevant to the two 
disciplines. In performing this significant role, the editorial board 
has continued to solicit quality research and review articles for 
publication in WAJOPHE.
This edition is published in two separate parts -  human kinetics 
and health education. The first part covers such areas as exercise 
and coronary heart disease, correlates of muscular and cardio­
respiratory endurance, counselling for holistic education, 
postoperative management of amputees, and the effects of interval 
training on body composition, just to mention a few.
Some of the articles on health education include environmental 
health, an enormously critical issue facing our society today, 
epidemiological study of some communicable diseases, dietary 
protein intake and fitness, sexuality education as a necessity for 
healthy living of adolescents and young adults, and smoking 
behaviour of university athletes in Nigeria.
Finally, a word of appreciation and thanks should be extended 
to the authors, reviewers and editors, especially the managing 
editor. Dr. B.O. Ogundele, for a job well done.
Contributors to this journal are hereby enjoined to always 
provide a synopsis of the papers, as this will help the reader or 
researcher decide if the full text of the article is of interest to them. 
Thank you.
Professor J.A. Ajala
Editor-in-Chief
VII
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
WAJOPHE, 2005, 9, No.l, 100-108
12
Population and Family Life 
Education for Health, Sustainable 
Democracy and Nation Building:
The Nigerian Experience
J.O. Odelola*
Abstract
The need for Nigerian government to promote the health of its citizens, 
sustain the nascent democracy and mobilize people for nation 
building cannot be overemphasized. The need becomes necessary, 
especially at this time when the country is yearning for technological 
and industrial developments. The nation’s most valuable asset is its 
population, being the agent and beneficiary o f development. The 
improvement of quality of Ife is vital to national development. 
Improved quality of Ife is a key concept in the entire process of 
population and family Ife education (POP/FLE). Therefore, this paper 
examined the concepts of POP/FLE and its role in promoting health, 
sustainable democracy and nation building. The paper called for a 
sustained interest of government in POP/FLE programme in Nigeria.
Introduction
Most developing countries of the world remain poor today as a result 
of scarce resources brought about by overpopulation. Nations with 
low resources are likely to have low per capital income. A 
relationship has been found between low per capita income and 
poverty. According to UNICEF annual report (Achalu, 1993), 
economic performance of developing countries had continued to be 
unsatisfactory since 1986. The gross domestic product (GDP) of 
some developing nations, according to the report, had fallen by 2.5 
percent, thus making an African 20 percent poorer than he was 6
* Department of Physical and Health Education. Osun State College of 
Education. Ra-Orangun.
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Population and Family Life Education for Health .... 101
years earlier. The cause of a myriad of problems facing developing 
nations today is poverty. This is why most people in African are 
suffering miserably from poor nutrition, housing, health and other 
physical conditions.
The population of Nigeria was estimated to be 30.4 million in 
1963. By the 1991 census, the population was put at 88. 5million. 
This was said to be about 1.6% of the world’s population and 13.8% 
of Africa’s population of 642 million (National Population 
Commission (NPC), 1991). Currently, the estimate of the country's 
population size has reached about 150 million. Already, Nigeria is 
known to be the most populous country in Africa and the tenth 
most populous country of the world (NPC, 1991).
By all standards, this population is too large for the country, as 
it is not able to cope with its resources, demands and environmental 
consequences. Kuteyi (1988) noted the poor performance of the 
gross domestic product (GDP) and food production which grew by 
2.1 percent and 1 percent, respectively, in 1986. This is a clear 
indication that the country cannot sustain the growing population. 
Okanlawon (2000) said that poverty and poor health are as a result 
of too many people putting too much demands on otherwise finite 
resources. He further said that overpopulation is associated with 
low life expectancy, high mortality rates and more disease and 
illness conditions.
The present population growth in Nigeria is already having 
adverse effects on the socioeconomic life of the people. The living 
standard remains poor, as people continue to suffer from 
malnutrition and congestion as a result o f inadequate food and 
housing. Our youths are roaming about the streets in search of jobs 
not available. Public amenities like portable water, regular supply of 
electricity, health service, good roads and communication systems 
are on the decline. There is low life expectancy as rates of morbidity 
are high. There is frequency of strike, as a result of poor salary and 
neglect of workers’ welfare, a situation which leads to inefficiency 
and low productivity. In fact, the country has been bedevilled by 
consequences of overpopulation and rendered unfulfilled the 
aspirations of its people to live good quality life. As a result of the 
unfulfilled aspirations, there are inter-religious and communal 
clashes, and threats of secession by major ethnic groups of the 
country'. There is high rate of political violence in the country.
A study of various newspapers in Nigeria revealed the incidences 
of political, religious and ethnic violence. The Nigerian Tribune of 6lh 
February 2001 reported how a group of youth attacked the Delta
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
102 J.O. Odelola
State governor and his entourage during a church service. The 
violence was said to be due to protest over election results in 
Ethiope East Local Government Area of the state. The religious riot 
of the 80s and 90s in the northern part of Nigeria, particularly in 
Kano and Katsina, will be remembered for long. The riot involved the 
killing of Christians and Muslims and destruction of property. The 
Punch of 14th November 1999 reported that youths of Choba 
Community attacked the Wilbros Nigeria Limited (a multi-national 
oil and gas industry). The youths claimed that the industry had 
been making millions of Naira on their land while indigenous people 
of the community lived in abject poverty, with no pipe borne water, 
electricity, good roads and modem communication system.
In the past, the military used such situations as an excuse to 
seize power from democratically elected government, to establish a 
dictatorial government. In the process, our fundamental human 
rights are denied us and the process of nation building is brought to 
a halt.
Population and Family Life Education (POP/FLE)
Population and family life education started as a result of the 
growing concern about the rising population of the world and the 
realization of its imminent danger. In a United Nations’ conference 
of August 1974, which was attended by 135 nations, deliberated on 
the World Population Plan of Action. The responses from the various 
countries cumulated into the development of population education 
as a curriculum innovation (Gulma, 1988). In Nigeria, POP/FLE is 
an innovation which came into being as a result of a 
recommendation by a group of experts from the federal government 
and the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) in 
1980. Since then, the Nigerian Educational Research and 
Development Council (NERDC) has been entrusted with the 
implementation of a Comprehensive Population Education 
Programme for Nigeria on behalf of the Federal Ministry of 
Education (Adesina, 1988).
Population education is a process which provides for a study of a 
population situation in the family, the community, the nation and 
the world, with the purpose of developing in the citizens a more 
rational attitude and more responsible behaviour towards improving 
the quality of their lives now and in the future (NERDC, 1985). 
Family life education, on the other hand, is an integral part of 
population education and has to do with the study of attitudes and 
skills related to dating, marriage, parenthood, family health and
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Population and Family Life Education for Health .... 103
later life, as socio-cultural and economic units of the society 
(NERDC. 1992). It is an educational process concerned with 
attitudes and skills designed to help youths make rational decisions 
in matters that affect them and the society emotionally and morally 
(Nwagbara and Ikegulu. 1994).
In line with the National Policy on Education (1998), population 
education in school is meant to help students to:
• Identify the implications of the increasing gap between birth and 
death rates for the provision of such basic facilities and services 
as school, health institutions, water and housing, etc.
• Relate growth and size of family to the demand for available food 
and facilities, health and productivity of members of the family.
• Explain how the population structure at the household and 
national levels affects the patterns of demand for and 
consumption of goods and services.
• Identify the various ways in which growth has constrains on 
resources development and the patterns of consumptions of the 
family level, etc, have contributed to the present state of 
services, food deficits and quality of life in the country.
• Compare and contrast the population resource situation in 
Nigeria with that in other countries so as to have an insight into 
the international dimensions of population problems.
• Highlight the importance of self-sufficiency in food production 
and the dangers of dependence on food imports and food aids.
• Identify the various uses to which population data are put and, 
therefore, develop an understanding of the importance of and a 
sense of responsibility towards population census, enumeration 
and the registration of vital statistics.
Population/ family life education and health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and emotional well­
being and not absence of disease or infirmity. The goal of the nation 
on health is to have a level of health that will enable all citizens to 
achieve socially and economically-productive lives. This is in 
recognition of the fact that the ability of the people to make a living 
depends on their knowledge, skills and resources, as well as their 
physical and mental health. It is only a health}' populace that has 
the capability, physical and intellectual ability to influence their 
environment and force their resources on development (Ereku. 
1990).
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104 J.O. Odelola
■9
In Nigeria, the widespread cases of malnutrition, communicable 
infections, low quality of prenatal care, drug abuse, road accidents 
and problems of adolescence cause morbidity and mortality (Achalu, 
1993). The health services of Nigeria have been adjudged to be 
unsatisfactory and inadequate in meeting the needs and demands of 
the public (Sorungbe. 1990). This is evident in the poor state of 
health of the populace and the low coverage of health care delivery. 
The growing demand for health services, as a result of the ever- 
increasing population, has overstretched the available health 
infrastructures, which are already too old. Therefore, if the quality of 
life of the citizens is to be considerably raised with a decrease in 
morbidity and mortality rate, the governments at all levels should 
not only promote a comprehensive health service, prevent and 
control communicable diseases, and improve environmental 
sanitation, blit should also perfect their population reduction 
strategies.
The health system that is based on primary health care has 
been adopted as a means of achieving the goal of national policy. 
The primary health care system recognized the role of education in 
the achievement of its goal, since it made ‘education concerning the 
prevailing health problems and methods of preventing'  and 
controlling them’ its first strategy. The function of POP/FLE is to 
provide knowledge and attitudes necessary for people to make 
informed decision regarding their health and lives. In POP/FLE, 
good quality of life is the goal and education is the process by which 
the goal is achieved.
Population/ family life education and sustainable democracy
Democracy is a system of government, which allows for citizen 
participation in the act of governance and management. It 
safeguards equitable governance and distribution of national wealth. 
Democratic governance is opposed to military administration where 
the rights of the people are infringed upon.
During the long military rule in Nigeria, Nigerians had bad 
experiences, including socio-economic hardship brought about by 
incessant strikes and fuel scarcity, which claimed many lives in an 
attempt to store the commodity. Olayinka (2002) noted that:
During the military rule from 1923 to 1999. huge 
expenditure in military campaigns fuelled corruption in 
social life in Nigeria. This consequently had disastrous 
effects on socio-economic development of the country with
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Population and Family Life Education fo r Health .... 105
inflation and the collapse of the worth of the national 
currency. Moreover there was abridgement of freedom. 
Newspapers were closed at will and at the slightest 
provocation. Draconian decrees were issued. There was 
large scale unemployment.
In fact, the saying that the worst civilian is better than the best 
military is justified by these experiences.
The political principles, as embodied in the idea of democracy, 
connote the freedom of individuals to make decision for themselves 
on wide-range of matters regarding their general well-being. 
Democracy should guarantee good quality of life, as incorporated in 
the United Nations charter, which include basic right to adequate 
food, shelter, clothing, education and job. In fact, what Nigerians 
expect as dividends of democracy is the availability of social services 
and facilities, such as hospitals, schools, good network of roads, 
potable drinking water and good communication system.
It should however be realised that the above can be guaranteed 
only when the nation's population growth does not exceed what its 
resources can sustain. The central goal of POP/ FLE is the 
achievement of quality of life for individual citizens. The quality of 
life, in terms of easy accessibility to food, employment and shelter, 
is the condition for sustainable democracy.
Population/family life education and nation building
The goal of nation building is the achievement of national 
development. A nation is developed to the extent that her citizens 
enjoy better standard of living. According to Adeniyi, Nwagbara and 
Etim (1994), the sustained development of resources and proper 
utilization of same is necessary to raise the standard of living and 
improve quality of life. Thus, nation building is the act of developing 
available resources to bring about improvements in the quality of 
life of the citizens. Enhanced quality of life connotes a standard of 
living that guarantees adequate health, food, shelter, education, 
security and equal opportunities for all.
Human beings are vital to nation building. This is probably why 
the Nigerian government declared that her population is the nation's 
stated valuable asset and beneficiary of national development (Yisa. 
1988). In pursuit of this polity statement, the government embarked 
on series of developmental programmes in the area of education, 
agriculture, housing and health.
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
106 J.O. Odelola
However, it is increasingly being realized that if the people of 
Nigeria are to derive individual benefits from the efforts to improve 
the standard of living, the present population growth must be 
controlled; This is because population control has far-reaching 
implications for the judicious use of resources, preservation of the 
environment and sustainable development. This led to the growing 
concern over effects of population growth on social and health 
status of Nigerians. To this end, the government has made 
tremendous efforts to reduce the rates of population growth. Among 
such efforts are the intensive research involving diverse disciplines 
in the areas of reproductive health, contraceptive technology and 
the evaluation of an acceptable and effective population control 
programme. Training programmes have been introduced by national 
and international agencies and contraceptives are made available for 
all. Aside from the provision of contraceptive services, non­
contraceptive population control programmes have been introduced 
by past and present Nigeria governments. These include Better Life 
for Rural Dwellers. Family Support Programme, Poverty Eradication 
Programme and the Universal Basic Education Programme. The 
effectiveness of these programmes can be enhanced by the 
introduction of POP/FLE.
POP/FLE aims at imparting knowledge of certain population 
phenomena and issues, such as population growth rate, birth rate, 
death rate, family size and welfare, overcrowding, environmental 
quality, resource availability and management. There is a complex 
relationship between population growth and a nation's
socioeconomic development, as well as better quality of life. For 
instance, a reduction in population growth can lead to the 
attainment of a better living standard (Ajaegbu, 1988). Improved 
quality of life that guarantees adequate health, housing and other 
amenities is a condition for physical, social and mental well-being of 
an individual in the society. The goal of POP/FLE is the attainment 
of good quality of life, an objective which can spur citizens to nation 
building.
Conclusion
The low level of development in Nigeria is as a result of the 
mismatch between resources and population growth. The factor of 
population is crucial to a nation's ability or effort at achieving social, 
political and economic developments. POP/ FLE is concerned with 
the provision of knowledge for developing attitudes and skills 
necessary for rational and responsible behaviour towards
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Population and Family Life Education for Health .... 107
population-related issues, with a view to improving the quality of life
of an individual.
The youths, being the agents and beneficiary of development, are 
mostly the target of POP/FLE. The youths need to be healthy to 
participate in the sustenance of democracy and nation building, and 
POP/FLE has a role to play in this regard.
Recommendations
The following recommendations will ensure the sustenance and 
effectiveness of POP/FLE in Nigeria.
1. The present POP/FLE programme organized by government and 
non-government organizations in pilot secondary schools should 
be reorganized in such as way that only the professionals in the 
field of heath education are allowed to handle the programme. 
Also, considerable time should be allowed for treating topics 
involved, so that they are well understood.
2. Government agencies and NCOS providing POP/FLE should find 
a way of reaching out to the out-of-school population.
3. Adequate funds must be made available for adequate 
instructional materials for training both field and in-training 
teachers.
4. POP/FLE should be included as an important unit of health 
education in primary and secondary school curricula. It could be 
introduced into the tertiary education curriculum as a general 
study programme.
5. Research should be conducted in the area of developing and 
sustaining POP/FLE in Nigeria.
References
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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
EDITORIAL ADVISERS/ CONSULTANTS
Professor Jimmy Colloway
(Georgia, U.S.A.)
Professor J.A. Ajala
(Ibadan, Nigeria)
Professor William Chen
(Florida, U.S.A.)
Professor E.O. Ojeme
(Benin City, Nigeria)
Professor Gudrun Doll-Tepper
(Berlin, Germany)
Professor. S.A. Adeyanju
(Ile-Ife, Nigeria)
Professor M. Kamil Ozer
(Antalya, Turkey)
Professor L.O. Amusa
(South Africa, Africa)
Professor L. Zaichkowsky
(Massachusetts, U.S.A.)
ISSN 0189 904X
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