African Research & Documentation Journal of SCOLMA (the UK Libraries and Archives Group on Africa) No. 114, 2010 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY African research and documentation is the journal of SCOLMA (the UK Libraries and Archives Group on Africa) and is published three times a year. The journal is indexed in: Africa bibliography, African studies abstracts, Historical abstracts, International African bibliography, IBZ, Library & information science abstracts, and British Library Direct. Issues from 100 onwards can be found in the Library Literature and Information Science Index (H W Wilson), and in ProQuest CSA. For subscriptions information and further details of SCOLMA publications, please see inside back cover. The editorial committee would be pleased to receive offers of articles and informa­ tion on all aspects of library, archive, and bibliographical matters relating to Africa and to African studies. Editor and Book Reviews: Terry Barringer 70 Mortlock Avenue Cambridge CB4 1TE Tel: +44 (0)1223 424584 email: tabarringe@aol.com Deputy Editor: John Pinfold 13 Parker Street Oxford OX4 1TD email: jbpl3@tiscali.co.uk Subscriptions: Ian Cooke c/o Social Science Collections and Research The British Library 96 Euston Road London NW1 2DB UK tel +44 (0)20 7412 7567 email: ian.cooke@bl.uk © SCOLMA Printed by Doppler Press, 5 Wates Way, Brentwood, Essex ISSN 0305 826X UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY AFRICAN RESEARCH & DOCUMENTATION No. 114 2010 CONTENTS Articles Papers from ELIAS, June 2010 Francoise Gubry Cooperation between librarians o f a ' North-South network o f French speaking demographic research centres .................. 3 Peter Limb Partnerships with the University o f Malawi and'University o f Nigeria Libraries......... 13 Rose Kgosiemang Personal Archives in the Library o f the University o f Botswana............................. 23 Other articles in this issue Yacob Haliso and Perceived influence o f academic qualifications, Uloma Doris Onuoha gender, religious affiliation and ethnic sentiment on mentoring practices in selected University Libraries in N igeria ................ 33 Niran Adetoro Characteristics o f Visually Impaired Information Users in Nigeria .................. 47 Yetunde Zaid and Museums, Libraries and Archives: Abiola Abioye Collaborating for the Preservation o f Heritage Materials in Nigeria.................................... 59 Book Reviews Lozikeyi Dlodlo, Queen o f the Ndebele: "A very dangerous and intriguing woman", by Marieke Faber Clarke John Pinfold ............................................. 73 Riding High: horses, humans and history in South Africa, by Sandra Swart John Pinfold ............................................. 75 Stirring the Pot: a history o f African cuisine, by James C. McCann Terry Barringer........................................ 78 Photography and Africa, by Erin Haney Terry Barringer........................................ 79 Susanne Wenger: artista e sacerdotessa, by Paola Caboara Luzzatto Terry Barringer........................................ 81 African Research & Documentation No. 114 2010 1 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY MUSEUMS, LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES: COLLABORATING FOR THE PRESERVATION OF HERITAGE MATERIALS IN NIGERIA By Yetunde Zaid University Library, University of Lagos yetunde_zaid@yahoo.co.uk and Abiola Abioye Department of Library, Archival and Information Studies, University of Ibadan biolaabioye@yahoo.com Introduction Preservation of heritage materials constitutes a big challenge to heritage institutions in Africa. The challenge of heritage preservation in the tropics seems to be overwhelming due to a number of factors which include the harsh tropical environment, absence of a preservation policy and general lack of preservation awareness and appreciation of the importance and sensitivity of heritage materials. The strategic role of preservation to the survival of and long term access to heritage materials cannot be over-emphasised. It not only prevents or delays deterioration but also ensures access. "Without preservation, access becomes impossible and collections will decay and disintegrate" (Drijfhout, 2001). The greatest obstacle to access is deterioration or loss of collection. National heritage institutions such as the National Library, the National Archives and the National Museums are in the forefront in the preservation of heritage materials in Nigeria. By virtue of their mandate, these institutions acquire, organise and make heritage collections available to the patrons whose interest they are set up to serve. The collections or holdings of the institutions differ in significant respects as do their core missions and responsibilities. There is also a remarkable difference in the way they organise and facilitate access to their collections. The National Library's collections essentially comprise published materials in printed or electronic form. The National Archives' core responsibility is the preservation of public records, whether on paper or any other medium. The National Museums are responsible for collecting, preserving and exhibiting artifacts illustrating the nation's history and culture. Essentially, its role is to coordinate the collection and preservation of movable and non-movable items of cultural heritage including historical sites and monuments. These institutions differ in their approaches to acquisition, documenfation, processing and facilitating access due largely to the nature of the materials collected and the practices of their professions. Librarians, archivists and African Research & Documentation No. 114 2010 59 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY museum curators all adhere to their own professional philosophy, practices, standards and ethics. Despite the divergence, there is a point of convergence for heritage institutions in Nigeria. Preservation is an area of shared concern among the institutions and it touches the very root of their existence. It is a mission that cuts across professional boundaries. In view of the fact that these institutions operate within the same physical, economic and political environment, they are faced with similar challenges in the task of preserving their collections. The need for collaboration and networking in meeting these challenges cannot, therefore, be wished away. Challenges of Heritage Preservation in Nigeria The underlying problems of heritage preservation have been identified in the literature. These problems are not all mutually exclusive - indeed, they overlap to some degree. Some authors lean towards one view without necessarily rejecting the others. Popoola (2003) argued that information professionals in African society today cannot wave aside the obvious fact that the continent stands the imminent risk of losing so much of its valuable heritage materials as a consequence of ever increasing deterioration, lack of co­ ordination in handling records, absence of legal policies, etc. He recommended that the only antidote to these problems is the formulation and implementation of sound preservation policies and programmes. In Nigeria the challenges of heritage preservation are enormous. The unfavourable tropical climate poses one such challenge. It has been asserted that preservation in the tropics is faced with typical problems of "specificity of the objects and the materials, and those arising from tropical conditions under which they are kept and maintained" (International Council on Archives, 2001). The temperature and relative humidity (RH) are not just too high but significantly and constantly fluctuate, a situation that is inimical to the health of library, archival and museum objects and materials. Besides, the tropical climate provides a conducive environment for the breeding and flourishing of insects and other organisms that cause the disintegration of heritage materials. Little wonder that Africa has been described as the headquarters of termites (Plumbe, 1964). The challenge of funding heritage preservation in Nigeria seems to be intractable given the low priority accorded to the activity by the government. Most heritage institutions are grossly underfunded, a situation which has dire implications for the operations of the institutions and the survival of the heritage materials in their custody. A pathetic funding pattern of Nigerian University libraries, for instance, was given by Oladele (2008) when he noted that the initial 10% of university annual recurrent budget as allocation has 60 African Research & Documentation No. 114 2010 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY been replaced by a new policy of 10% of overhead costs, a step which he rightly described as a classical case of policy somersault. More worrisome is the fact that a negligible percentage of allocation to heritage institutions is earmarked for preservation. As a survival strategy, heritage institutions now look up to international organisations, particularly those with a bias towards cultural heritage, as well as donor agencies for funding. An absence or shortage (to say the least) of skilled manpower in preservation and conservation of heritage materials is equally a critical challenge confronting heritage preservation in Nigeria. In the early years of their existence, heritage institutions looked to foreign institutions for the training of technical personnel required for the management of heritage materials. The regional training centres established in Accra (Ghana) and Dakar (Senegal) for archival work and in Jos (Nigeria) for museum and cultural heritage management with the support of the UNESCO also assisted in human resource capacity building. Although the centre at Jos which was established in 1963 has been upgraded to the Institute of Archaeology and Museum Studies, the facilities available at the centre remain inadequate to meet the requirements of heritage preservation. However, Alegbeleye (1999) argued that the major constraints faced by professionals in heritage institutions regarding preservation in Africa are not only due to the crushing poverty of the continent but also to the cultural, political, economic and legal environment in which these professionals live. Among Alegbeleye's recommendations is the need for greater co-operation among heritage institutions to tackle these problems. It is interesting to observe that none of these authors see the absence of collaboration among heritage institutions in Nigeria as a major problem. One of the achievements of the Joint IFLA/ICA Committee on Preservation and Conservation for Africa (JICPA) is the introduction of a preservation and conservation curriculum for library and archival schools in Africa. In order to ensure that the effect of JICPA was uniformly felt throughout the continent, a national committee was established. One of the objectives of the committee, according to Alegbeleye (1999), is to promote collaboration among libraries, archives, museums and other organisations concerned with the preservation and conservation of heritage materials. Statement of Problem N The core activity of preservation and conservation is geared towards ensuring that heritage materials in libraries, archives and museums are preserved in accessible form for as long as possible. Series of workshops supported by international organisations have been held on preservation in different parts of Africa. The objectives of these workshops have been to sensitise and raise African Research & Documentation No. 114 2010 61 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY awareness about preservation and to impart practical knowledge to archivists and librarians. This exercise, to some extent, has helped to counter ignorance and apathy about heritage preservation. But problems abound because the potentials of collaboration among heritage institutions in Nigeria do not yet seem to be fully exploited in practical terms. Co-operation with western countries is mostly based on the presentation of Nigerian arts and crafts or Nigerian music to western audiences, and on the transfer of knowledge on cultural institutions and activities from the West. The questions here are - is collaboration among heritage institutions with the aim of preserving heritage materials commonplace in Nigeria and are there benefits or drawbacks from this type of collaboration if it exists? In what areas is collaboration occurring? Can Nigeria learn from the experiences in other countries where Libraries, Archives and Museums collaboration is more prevalent? Literature Review No heritage institution can afford to be an island to itself in the task of heritage preservation. At a time when yesterday's bright new fact becomes today's doubt and tomorrow's myth, no single institution has the resources and facilities to go it alone. Heritage institutions must do more than just stand guard over the nation's heritage; they must illuminate the present and help shape the future. This demands cooperation. Zawiyah Baba (2005) opined that, with the present day digital and multimedia technology, it is possible for libraries, archives and museums to make not only a catalogue of their holding accessible, but also their collections accessible in text, images and sound should the need arise if well preserved. There is every reason for heritage institutions to work together and make this happen. In the USA, collaboration has been encouraged by legislation to meet the increasing public demand for lifelong learning opportunities. The Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), a Federal grant making agency that supports non-federal, not-for-profit museums, libraries and archives nation­ wide was created by the Federal Museum and Library Services Act of 1996 (Ray and Choudhurry, 2002). The IMLS is a driving force for change as it promotes a new culture of library-museum collaboration through policy and National Leadership Grants (NLG). It particularly encourages collaboration for innovative projects with a national impact which provide models of how museums and libraries in partnership can expand their services to the public. Emphasis is placed on how the community is served, how materials are preserved, how technology is used and how education is enhanced (Bell, 2003). The American Association of Museums (AAM) also supports collaboration and at its 2005 annual meeting, together with the IMLS, hosted a "Museum and Library Day" to inform institutions of best practice and spur innovation (IMLS, 2005). 62 African Research & Documentation No. 114 2010 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY In the UK, the legislation and funding has been less progressive (Owen and Johnson, 1999) with the result that library, archives and museum collaboration appears not to have been developed to the same extent as in the USA. The Public Libraries and Museum Act of 1964 placed a duty on local authorities to be responsible for cultural institutions. Some form of collaboration was envisioned but cooperation was not specifically spelt out in the Act. By 1999, these heritage institutions enjoyed close links because local authorities had combined the functions of arts, archives, museums and libraries (Lammy, 2005 cited in Gibson, Morris & Cleeve, 2007). The Museum, Libraries and Archives Council (MLAC) of the UK was officially launched in April 2000 (Underwood, 2003). The Museums Association (UK) encouraged by MLA's Renaissance programme has put considerable effort into analysing the best-practice strategy for national / regional partnerships, but cross-sectoral collaboration has not featured in their discussions to the same extent (Gibson et al, 2007). Kati Geber (2005) in his presentation at the Canada - US dialogue on digital cultural heritage reported that the Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN) has experienced successfully leveraging research, expertise and content resources through collaborations within the museum community and across other heritage organizations in Canada and internationally, aligning their working strategies towards common goals and joining forces to reach audiences with more impact. In Nigeria, the need to preserve our heritage materials was recognised by archivists and museum curators as soon as the earliest institutions such as libraries, archives and museums were established in the early 1950s. Though these institutions have, as their main objective, the preservation of heritage materials, they have not in practice been able to do much in the area of preservation research. It is only very recently that the issue has become one of truly national concern. This is supported by various surveys that have been carried out in Nigeria (Alegbeleye, 1999; Bankole and Abioye, 2005; Alegbeleye, 2007). In Nigeria, collaboration for preservation among heritage institutions has not been encouraged by legislation or policy, although the National Archives enjoys close links with the National Museums. There has been greater emphasis on the heritage and leisure functions of archives and museums with recognition of a shared common purpose as cultural heritage institutions. Regional African cooperation is mostly based on the common developmental experience and some similar characteristics of African culture. It is mostly motivated by the need to work on the emancipation of African cultures. The coordinating agency for cultural cooperation is the Federal Department of Culture. African Research & Documentation No. 114 2010 63 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Cooperation and collaboration with international organisations like the UN and particularly UNESCO is of special concern. Apart from the support for festivals, exhibitions, arts, etc., UNESCO pays particular attention to relevant cultural issues, such as information management, . analysis and documentation, preservation and conservation of national heritage, education and training in cultural development. This is done through various workshops, conferences, and symposia for professionals in museums and archives in Nigeria. It is also through these organisations that some professionals in these heritage institutions join specialised international associations and organisations. Benefits of Collaboration The benefits of collaboration among heritage institutions are listed by Allen and Bischoff (2002) and cited in Cronic (2008), Diamant-Cohen and Sherman (2003), Lester (2001), Brown and Pollack (2000), Yakel (2005), Geber (2005), Gibson, Morris and Cleeve (2007) and Aina (2008) as including the opportunities for: • Finding new ways to encourage cultural heritage and preservation. • Attracting new audiences and blurring of boundaries among libraries, archives and museums. • Improving public perceptions of the heritage institutions. • Fostering best practices among the institutions. • Sharing physical resources such as space and materials. • Sharing policies for preservation and conservation of collections. • Sharing financial resources for cleaning, utility bills, security, building, staffing, ICT facilities and joint licence purchasing, etc. • Experiencing collaborative working. • Avoiding competitive bidding for same funding. • Sharing expertise • Better coordinated training programmes and sharing of training costs. • Enriching and broadening professional traditions and expertise. • Attracting more funding opportunities. • These benefits may provide the motivation for heritage institutions in Nigeria to work together. Methodology A survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprises librarians, archivists and curators in the National Library, National Archives and National Museums in Nigeria. A purposive sampling method was adopted in administering copies of the questionnaire, which was the main research instrument, on the sixty respondents drawn from the three heritage institutions. Items in the questionnaire, made up of closed and open- 64 African Research & Documentation No. 114 2010 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ended questions, include those seeking information on the nature of institutional collections/holdings, existence of a preservation programme and policy, heritage institutions collaborated with and areas of collaboration, preservation research efforts and heritage institutions collaborated with. The questionnaire also sought information on potential areas of research collaboration and approaches to promoting research collaboration among heritage institutions in Nigeria. The questionnaire was complemented by interviews with key management staff of the three heritage institutions based on an interview schedule that was tailored along the research topic. Out of sixty copies of the questionnaire sent out, forty eight were .returned giving a response rate of 80% while forty six were found usable. Findings and Discussion The major findings of the survey are presented under the following topical headings: Existence o f Preservation Programme Table 1. Existence of Preservation Programme Preservation Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative programme Percent Percent Available 34 73.9 73.9 73.9 Not available 10 21.7 21.7 95.6 No response 2 4.3 4.3 100 Total 46 100 100 The majority of the respondents (34 or 73.9%) as shown in table 1 claimed that their institutions had a preservation programme while 10 respondents representing 21.7 of the total number of respondents claimed that no such programme existed in their institutions. Two respondents (4.3%) did not respond to this question. Existence o f Preservation Policy Table 2. Existence of Preservation Policy P r e s e r v a t io n F r e q u e n c y P e r c e n t V a lid P e r c e n t C u m u la t iv e p o lic y p e r c e n t In existence 22 47.8 47.8 47.8 N on- existent 17 37.0 37.0 84.8 N o response 7 15.2 15.2 100 T o ta l 46 100 100 African Research & Documentation No. 114 2010 65 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The majority of the respondents (22 or 47.8%) as indicated in table 2 claimed that their institutions had a preservation policy while 17 respondents (37.0%) were recorded as claiming the non- existence of a preservation policy in their institutions. Seven respondents (15.2%) did not respond to the item. Interviews, however, revealed that apart from the enabling legislations establishing them, the institutions lacked a comprehensive and well- articulated preservation policy that could take care of all aspects of heritage preservation Heritage Institution Popularity The results revealed that the National Library was the most popular heritage institution in Nigeria as 73.9% of the respondents claimed to be familiar with the institution as against 26.1% who claimed otherwise. The National Museums came second with 58.7% of the respondents claiming to be familiar with it as against 41.35%. The National Archives was the least popular with 56.5% of the respondents for and 43.5% against the institution. Collaboration with Other Heritage Institutions Table 3. Collaboration with Other Heritage Institutions C o lla b o r a t io n F r e q u e n c y P e r c e n t V a lid p e r c e n t C u m u la t iv e p e r c e n t C ollabora tes 18 39.1 39.1 39.1 D oes n o t co llaborate 22 47.8 47.8 86.9 N o response 6 13.0 13.0 100 T otal 46 100 100 Table 3 reveals that the majority of the respondents (22 or 47.8%) claimed that there was no collaboration between their institution and other heritage institutions. On the other hand 18 respondents (39.1%) claimed that their institutions collaborated with other heritage institutions. There was no response to this aspect of the questionnaire from six respondents representing 13.0% of the total number. This finding is in line with that of Zawiyah Baba (2005) in respect of collaborative initiatives involving heritage institutions in the East Asian countries. On areas of collaboration among heritage institutions, the findings of the survey revealed that training in preservation was foremost with 32.6%; it was followed by sharing of technical knowledge (23.9%), formulation of preservation policy (17.4%), disaster management (15.2%) and others (10.9%) 66 African Research & Documentation No. 114 2010 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Interview and documentary sources, however, revealed that there have been, in recent times, collaborative initiatives championed by the Federal Government, UNESCO, the Ford Foundation and other stakeholders in heritage preservation to promote and forge a link among heritage institutions in Nigeria. The first such initiative was the National Conference on Preservation of Nigerian Scholarly and Literary Traditions and Arabic Manuscript Heritage organized by Arewa House in March 2007 in Kaduna with the support of the United States of America Embassy in Nigeria. Other initiatives, in quick succession, included the National Conference on Heritage Preservation in Abuja in February 2008 funded by the'Education Trust Fund, the Stakeholders' Forum on National Preservation Policy in Abuja in October 2008 for which the Federal Ministry of Culture and National Orientation provided the necessary financial support and the National Conference on Preservation of Documentary Heritage organised by NATCOM - UNESCO in Abuja in March 2009 with the support of the Federal Ministry of Education. The National Conference on Exploring the Ajami/Arabic Manuscripts organized by the Arewa House in Kaduna in May 2009 in collaboration with the Ford Foundation was the latest of these initiatives. Virtually all these conferences brought together professionals from all the heritage institutions in Nigeria with a view to charting a common course for the preservation of heritage materials in Nigeria. There was evidence of collaboration between the National Archives and the National Museums in the area of funding, as the challenge of poor funding cuts across all heritage institutions in the country. The outcome of this initiative was the setting up of a committee to carry out a need assessment of the two institutions with a view to ensuring proper funding of the institutions. Preservation Research Efforts Table 4. Preservation Research Efforts P r e s e r v a t io n R e s e a r c h e s F r e q u e n c y P e r c e n t V a lid p e r c e n t C u m u la t iv e p e r c e n t C arries o u t researches 16 34.8 34.8 D oes not 27 58.7 93.5 N o response 3 6.5 100 T o ta l 46 100 A majority of the respondents (27 or 58.7%) as shown in table 4 claimed that their institutions had not been involved in preservation research while 16 respondents (34.8%) affirmed that their institutions were involved. Three of respondents (6.5%) did not respond to the question. African Research & Documentation No. 114 2010 67 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The result also revealed that storage conditions constituted the main area of research. This was closely followed by material deterioration, preservation policy, funding and manpower requirements and development. The finding is not surprising as storage environment is a critical factor in the deterioration of heritage materials in Nigeria. The harsh tropical climate makes it imperative that research work be geared toward ameliorating the problem. Preservation Research Collaboration Table 5. Preservation Research Collaboration R e se a r c h F r e q u e n c y P e r c e n t V a lid p e r c e n t C u m u la t iv e C o lla b o r a t io n p e r c e n t In existence 12 26.1 26.1 26.1 N on-ex isten t 30 65.2 65.2 91.3 N o response 4 8.7 8.7 100 T otal 46 100 100 Table 5 reveals that majority of the respondents (30 or 62.5%) claimed that their institutions had no preservation research collaboration with any other heritage institution while 12 respondents (26.1%) asserted that such collaboration existed between their institutions any other heritage institutions. Four respondents (8.7%) did not respond to this question. Potential Areas of Research Collaboration The survey identified the following potential areas of research collaboration: • Standard storage environment • Treatment of deteriorating materials • Quality of ink for information recording • Paper standard • Traditional preservation method • Digital preservation Issues and Challenges The survey revealed the following constraints as militating against collaboration initiatives among heritage institutions in Nigeria. • Leadership - who will take the lead? • Professional divergence • Inadequate funding • Absence of policy • Traditional professional rivalry 68 African Research & Documentation No. 114 2010 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY • Perceived threat of collaboration • Lack of support from stakeholders • Very low level of ICT development and digital content creation. • Sustainability of project. • Lack of expertise and infrastructure for collaboration technology. Proposals for Action Promoting collaboration among heritage institutions would involve not only financial and material resources but also skilled human resources. Therefore, the following actions should be taken to make the giant leap required for the survival of heritage materials in Nigeria. • Preservation policy being a critical requirement in heritage preservation, a national preservation policy that caters for all heritage institutions in Nigeria must be formulated. • Collaboration among heritage institutions and professionals, particularly in the area of heritage preservation can be promoted through the creation of awareness on the benefits of collaboration. • Annual stakeholders' forum on heritage preservation should be embraced by all professionals in Nigerian heritage institutions. • The government of Nigeria should support the establishment of organisations that could promote and encourage collaboration and networking among heritage institutions. The good work of organisations like the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council (MLAC) in the UK and the Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN) in Canada should be replicated in Nigeria. • There is the need to restore government involvement in heritage preservation funding as most heritage institutions are badly funded. In particular, a heritage research grant should be established. • Compilation of existing research findings of successful collaboration projects from other parts of the world should be carried out by researchers with a view to replicating such projects in Nigeria. References Aina, L.O. (2008) 'Library capacity building through E-Joumal consortium in Nigeria', Paper presented at the Cataloguing, Classification and Indexing Section of Nigerian Library Association, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Alegbeleye, G. (1999) 'The role of the joint IFLA/ICA Committee on the preservation and conservation of library and archival materials in Africa', Paper presented at the 65th IFLA Council and General Conference held in Bangkok, Thailand, between 20th & 28th August, 1999. pp. 1-6. African Research & Documentation No. 114 2010 69 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ______________ (2007) 'Media deterioration: the case of microfilm collections in the National Archives of Nigeria and University of Ibadan (Institute of African Studies)', Paper presented at the International Conference on Preserving Nigeria's Scholarly and Literary Traditions and Arabic Manuscript Heritage held at Arewa House, Kaduna, Nigeria in March. Bankole, O.M. and Abioye, Abiola (2005) 'Evaluation of deterioration of library materials at Olabisi Onabanjo University Library, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria', African Journal o f Library, and Information Science, 15 (2), pp. 99 -108 . Bell, C. (2003) 'Library-museum connections in community colleges: innovations for lifelong learning, community and junior college libraries', Community & Junior College Libraries, 11 (4), pp. 45-68. Brown, K and Pollack, M. (2000) 'Illinois Libraries and Museums: connecting and collaborating for the future..', Illinois Libraries, 82 (3), pp. 207 - 215. Diamant-Cohen, B. and D. Sherman (2003) 'Hand in hand: museums and libraries working together', Public Libraries, 42 (2), pp. 102-105. Cronic, Christopher (2008) 'Metadata provision and standards development at the collaborative digitization programme (CPD): a history', First Monday, 13 (5-5). Drijfhout, Douwe (2001) 'The dilemma of modern media: preserving web publications', Journal o f Librarianship and Information Science in Africa, 1(1), pp. 1 7 -2 7 . Geber, Kafi (2005) 'Collaboration and access to digital content and heritage institutions'. 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