DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
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Item Physico-chemical properties of ‘wara’ cheese precipitated with sodom apple and pawpaw leaf juice(2010-03) Olorunnisomo, O. A .; Ibhaze, G. A.A study was conducted to access the physicochemical properties of ‘wara’ cheese precipitated with sodom apple or pawpaw leaf juice. These coagulants ware applied to fresh Zebu milk or reconstituted milk powder at 50' C arid heated slowly until boiling point was reached. Chemical composition of both milk showed that fresh Zebu milk had higher fat, lactose and total solids than reconstituted milk powder. Crude protein content of cheese coagulated with Sodom apple was lower than those coagulated wiih pawpaw leaf Juice. However, cheese precipitated with sodom apple required a highs- volume (10ml) of juice per- litre of milk than rrieeie precipitated cheese pawpaw leaf /8ml) juice. Organoleptic assessment also revealed that cheese precipitated with sodom apple were preferred to cheese precipitated with pawpaw leaf extract. The higher protein content and preference of consumers for sodom apple-precipitated cheese, probably explain why this coagulant is prefared among local cheese makersItem Reduction offeacal shedding of parasites in West African dwarf bucks fed yeast and lactobacillus acidophilus(The Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2017) Inyang, U. A.; Ososanya, T. O.Ruminants serve as reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms and their faecal shedding forms the vehicle of entry into human food chain which in turn causes food borne diseases. Usually drugs and live vaccines are the main control measures; however, due to increasing concerns of resistance and residues in meal with prophylactic drug use and the high cost of vaccines, alternative control methods are needed. The aim of this study was to determine if administration of probiotics could influence the shedding of faecal pathogenic bacteria and parasites/helminthes from WAD goats. In a completely randomised design, thirty goats were allotted to six dietary treatments which were formulated using concentrate as: control (Dl); antibiotic (D2); 2.5g bakers yeast (D3); 5. 0g bakers yeast (D4); 2.5g yeast plus Lactobacilli (D5) and 5.0g yeast plus Lactobacilli (D6), where D5 and D6 were fortified with Lactobacillus acidophilus at 1.00x10(12)cfu/g each. Faecal samples (3g) were collected from bucks for faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT, %). Data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics and ANOVA α(0.05). The results showed that the FECRT (%) for the pathogenic bacteria revealed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in load at two weeks by 99.99 % in D6 while the least was seen in D2 with 98.98 %. The salmonella as at day 14 recorded significant percentage reduction which was high in D5 (90%) and lowest in D6 (19.23 %). The parasitic shedding of coccidia at day 14 showed that the goats on D1 shed 400 egg per gram (epg) while those on D3 recorded 150 epg. The animals on D2, D4, D5 and D6 recorded no trace of coccidia eggs in their faeces while animals on D5 and D6 showed reductions of 5.60 and 50.00 % respectively in Ascaris. Tapeworm was identified only in faecal sample of D1. The result revealed that yeast combined with Lactobacillus acidophilus at 5g/day could serve as a potential alternative to anti-bacteria and anti-helminthes.Item Feed intake, nutrient utilization and growth performance of West African Dwarf rams fed silage combinations of maize forage and mucuna pruriens foliage(The Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2017) Alabi, B. O.; Ososanya, T. O.Crude protein is essentially needed for ruminants but expensive to supply. Mucuna puriens is a high yielding domesticated legume. When the legume is strategically combined with a fibre source, it will make a good diet for ruminants. Thus, a study was carried out to assess the effect of ensiling mucuna with maize forage on performance of rams. In the study, rams were fed silage combinations of Maize Forage (MF) and Mucuna pruriens foliage (MPF). Downy mildew and streak resistant (DMR-SR) yellow variety maize was planted and harvested as MF at six weeks of growth and ensiled with MPF at four levels: 1:0, 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 for 21 days. All the four silages were fed to 20 WAD rams (12.00±0.25 Kg) in a completely randomised design for 105 days. Proximate composition of the silages, apparent nutrient digestibility of silages in WAD rams, feed intake and weight changes were determined using standard procedures, while feed conversion ratio was computed using standard procedures. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α(0.05) The dry matter (DM) was significantly higher in T1 (25.65±0.62) and T2 (23.48±0.47) than T3 (21,80±0.41) and T4 (21.57±0.40). The crude protein (CP) was highest in T4 (13.0±0.6) and least in T1 (8.0±0.2). The crude fibre was significantly higher in T1 (26.4±2.6) and T2 (26.2±2.0) than T3 (24.0±1.8) and T4 (21.6±0.9). Apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was highest in T2 (59.2±1.7) and least in T4 (37.7±1.9), while percentage nitrogen retention was significantly higher in T2 (43.2x±3.8) and lower in T1 (20.0x4.3). The FCR for rams fed T2 was significantly lower (8.84±1.2) than T1 (9.76±0.80), T3 (9.60±0.60) and T4 (11.50±0.90) Ensiling maize forage with Mucuna pruriens foliage at 3:1 enhanced nutrient digestibility and growth performance in West African dwarf rams without any deleterious effect.Item Nutritive evaluation of differently processed mucuna seeds for ruminants(Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan, 2017) Ososanya, T. O.; Inyang, U. A.Mucuna as a feed has great ability to serve as a source of energy and protein in dry season feeds due to the fact that it has high crude protein content comparable to other well known legumes. The study was designed to evaluate the nutritive compositions of Mucuna beans subjected to various treatments: roasting, boiling, autoclaving and raw. Thereafter, the proximate composition, invitro gas production and fermentative characteristics of the treated beans were undertaken. Result showed significant differences in the roasted beans for dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) values of 96.97 and 36.86 %, respectively. Other proximate parameters (crude fibre, ash and nitrogen free extract) were similar for all treated beans. In vitro gas production after 24 hours showed that autoclaved (32.75 mL), boiled (32.25 mL) and raw beans (29.75 mL) were similar (p>0.05) and more utilizable as ruminant feed compared to the roasted form. Roasted beans recorded the least (11. 00 mL) gas production. Roasting affected the fermentation characteristics significantly (p<0.05) by lowering its organic matter digestibility (OMD, 42.20 % DM), short chain fatty acids (SCFA, 0.31 mmol/L), metabolizable energy (ME, 5.71 MJ/Kg DM) and methane gas (MG, 7.75 mL/200 mg DM). Roasting perhaps affected the fibre structure thereby making it unavailable for microbes to act on as evident in results from in vitro gas production and fermentative characteristics. However, other treatments (excluding raw) posits a potentiality of Mucuna as a source of energy for ruminants' especially in dry season when there is scarcity of dietary energy sources.Item Antihelmintic and anticoccidial effects of zingiber officinale roscoe fortified diets fed yankasa rams(Fundación CIPAV, Cali, Colombia, 2017) Adeniji, S. A.; Adediran, O. A.; Ososanya, T. O.; Uwalaka, E. C.Parasitic burden results in sub-optimal ruminant livestock production. Synthetic coccidiostats and antihelminthes have been reported to induce resistance and leave residues in the carcass of animals with serious health implications. Although ginger rhizome is a potential alternative to coccidiostats and antihelminthes, its use has not been properly documented. In this study, ginger rhizome was processed into powder and added to a concentrate diet at 0g/kg (G1), 5g/kg (G2), 10g/kg (G3), 15g/kg (G4) and 20g/kg (G5). In a completely randomized design, twenty five pubertal Yankasa rams were allotted to the five dietary treatments. The rams were allowed to graze inside infested pastures for 50days to acquire helminthes and coccidia naturally. At day 51, the rams were confine in individual pens and fed experimental diets for 28days. Faecal samples (5g) were collected from rams for Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT, %)) and Coccidia Oocyst Reduction Test (CORT, %) on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics and ANOVA α0.05. Results obtained showed that on day 28, the FECRT (%) was higher in G2 (100), G3 (100), G4(100) and G5(100) than G1 (7.43) while the CORT (%) was higher in G2 (100), G3 (100), G4 (98.83) and G5 (100) than G1 (22.60). The helminthes ova recovered from faecal examination using floatation techniques were Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp, Oesophagostomum spp, Strongyloides,and Moniezia; while Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., Nematodirus spp., Moniezia and Oesophagostomum spp. larvae were identified on faecal culture. The result revealed that crude ginger rhizome is a potential alternative anti-helminth and anti-coccidia for resource poor farmers as it grossly reduced helminth and coccidia load in the rams.Item Growth and semen characteristics of West African dwarf rams fed ammonium sulphate supplemented diets(National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2017) Ososanya, T. O.; Adeniji, S. A.; Aree, O. S.Ammonium sulphate (AS) is widely used as a feed additive for animals. It is generally used to provide supplemental sulphur to the diet, particularly in diets containing non-protein nitrogen sources. This study assessed the growth and reproductive performance of Yankasa rams fed diets supplemented with different levels of ammonium sulphate. Ammonium sulphate was added at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5g/kg of the concentrate diet as T0, T0.5, T1.0 and T1.5 respectively. Each treatment had four replicates while semen was collected once from all replicates in the treatments. Rams were fed experimental diets for 70 days. The parameters determined were: feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mass activity, motility, livability, sperm volume, sperm concentration, scrotal circumference and length. There were significant differences in the feed intake, body weight gain and the feed conversion ratio of the West African dwarf rams fed the supplemented diets. The rams fed diet T1.0 had the highest feed intake and body weight gain of 403.75g/day and 195.83g/day respectively above other treatments. The FCR in T1.0 was the lowest at 2.11 below 6.68 (T0) There was significant difference in the sperm concentration (x10(6)spz/ml) with T1.5 (160.25) having the highest while T0 (136.00) had the lowest. The total sperm ejaculate follow the same trend as sperm concentration with the lowest value recorded in T0 (98.95) while T1.5 (151.65) had the highest value. There were no significant differences in the values recorded for the scrotal circumference and length, however, scrotal weight, total testicular weight, scrotal length and scrotal circumference values in T1.5 was numerically higher than other treatments. It can be concluded that inclusion of ammonium sulphate in the feed of rams at 1.0g/kg enhanced the efficiency of feed utilization and improved the semen quality positively.Item In vitro gas production and dry matter degradability of cassava top and maize stover mixture ensiled with albizia saman pods(The Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2017) Saliu, L. O.; Ososanya, T. O.In vitro gas production is an indication of microbial degradability of feed samples. Thus, varying levels of mixture of cassava top (CT) and maize stover (MS) ensiled with Albizia saman pods (ASP) were examined. The feedstuff were dried and milled for gas determination in a completely randomized design. Samples were incubated using in vitro gas production technique. Gas production was measured at 3, 6, 9, 12. 15, 18, 21 and 24 h post incubation to estimate total gas volume (TGV), methane (CHJ, metabolisable energy (ME; M.J/Kg DM), organic matter digestibility (OMD; %) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA; pmol/200 mg DM), dry matter (DM, %) increased significantly (p<0.05) as inclusion of Albizia saman pods increases across the treatments. The crude protein (CP. %) contents were similar across the treatments. The total gas volume (TGVmL) produced by the diets were similar across the treatments. The values ranged from 4.81 to 5.26 for ME, 35.16 to 36.32for OMD, 0.13 to 0.21 for SCFA and 5.33 to 7.33 for CH, production with no significant difference. The result showed that in vitro fermentation of the mixture of cassava top and maize stover ensiled with Albizia saman pods at 0:40:60% increased the dry matter degradability by 15%, enhanced metabolisable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids.Item Body weight changes, haematological and serum biochemical indices of West African (WAD) Dwarf rams fed ammonium sulphate fortified diets(2017) Ososanya, T. O.; Akinlade, A. T.Weight gain, haematology and serum biochemical parameters of sixteen (16) West African Dwarf (WAD) rams weighing 12.8+0,12 kg were assigned to diets containing 0g/kg, 2.5g / kg, 5.0g/kg and 7.5g/kg levels of ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) as T0, T2.5, T5.0 and T7.5, respectively. The animals were fed the diet and wilted guinea grass in a 60:40. Daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, platelet, lymphocytes, neutrophil, cholesterol, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) values of the rams fed ammonium sulphate fortified diets were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control. Haemoglobin concentration increased in ramsfed ammonium sulphate fortified diets from 14.00-14.68% compared to control. The white blood cell (x 10(6)/mm(3)) varied from T0 (4.3 I) to T7.5(5.15). The lowest packed cell volume (41.00%) was obtained for rams on control diet. Red blood cell (x 10(6)/mm(3))) ranged from T0 (11.86) to T7.5 (13.02) while alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ranged from 10.25 (T0) to 25.25 (T7.5) (x 10(6)µL). The study revealed that inclusion of ammonium sulphate fortified diets of WAD rams up to 7.5g/kg had no deleterious effects on weight gain, haematological and serum indices of WAD ramsItem Volatile fatty acids and microbial load of West African dwarf rams fed ammonium sulphate-fortified diets(Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, 2016) Akinlade, A. T.; Ososanya, T. O.Growing West African Dwarf (WAD) rams, aged between 6 and 8 months with mean body weight of 12.80 ± 0.12kg were used to predict rumen microbial population and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) for 105 days. The growing WAD rams were randomly allotted to four dietaiy treatments with four rams per treatment group in a completely randomized design. The compared experimental diets were: Each group was assigned to experimental diet shown below and ammonium sulphate at inclusion level of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5g/kg (NH(4)2SO(4) were added to it as Tl, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Results showed that, rumen ammonia nitrogen coneentration (1.17mg/100ml), rumen bacteria (7.17cfu/ml), rumen fungi (4.47 cfu/ml), rumen pH (6.82) and propionate acid (33.25mmol/100ml) were significantly (P < 0.05) highest in growing rams on T4 compared to other treatment diets. Rumen temperature (38.95°C), rumen protozoa (5.39ml), acetic acid (21.51%) and butyric acid (12.85%) were significantly (P < 0.05) better in growing WAD rams on Tl. Propionate formation can be considered as a competitive pathway for hydrogen use in the rumen and it ranges from 19.25-22.41 mmole/100ml and is statistically difference because sulphate reducing bacteria compete with methanogenic archaea for hydrogen when sulphate is present Also, ammonium sulphate can be referred to as anti-methanogenic compounds because it reduces the protozoal numbers in the rumen and it ranges from 5.36 to 5.95 mi. It was concluded that, ammonium sulphate fortified diets is a potential source of readily available nitrogen and sulphur which enhances the growth of microbial population due to their high solubility and ability to be rapidly degraded to NH(3) in die rumen thereby enhancing ruminant productivity especially when fed at 7.5g/kg (NH(4)2SO(4).Item Influence of processed neem fruit and yeast mixtures on performance and digestibility of West African Dwarf sheep(Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, 2016) Ososanya, T. O.; Adewumi, M. K.; Arowolo, M. A.A feeding trial using sixteen (16) male West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep with an initial live weight of 14.41±2.54kg was conducted to determine the effect of processed neem fruit and yeast supplementation on their performance characteristics and nutrient digestibility. The rams were assigned to four dietary treatments of four rams per treatment consisting of control (T1), yeast alone at 5 g/d (T2), neem fruit alone at 5 g/d (T3) and yeast plus neem fruit at 5 g/d (T4). The dry matter (%) contents were 93.03, 93.04, 93.71 and 93.71 while the crude protein were 8.75%, 8.75%, 10.29% and 10.29% for diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Feed at 5% body weight and water were offered in one radon a day. Daily feed intake and body weight changes were determined and feed efficiency calculated. On the 56th day, three rams per treatment were selected for metabolic study. Nutrients digestibility were calculated and computed while nitrogen retention study was determined. Results indicated that yeast and neem fruit supplementation generally improved intake and average daily weight gain in WAD sheep, Aho, DM (56.71, 57.19 and 69.16%) and ME (7.63, 7.47 and 8.05MJ/kgDM) digestibility for diets 2, 3 and 4 differed significantly (P<0.05) from diet 1 (DM 49.74% and M.E 5.55MJ/kgDM). Also, CP digestibility for diet 4 (82.73%) differed significantly (P<0.05) from diets 1, 2 and 3 (72.79, 76.79 and 76.33%) respectively. The DM intake (g/day) across the treatments differed significantly (P<0.05) with the best obtained from animals fed diet 4 (898.32g/d) and the least from animals fed diet 1 (636.06g/d). The best nitrogen retention was obtained from animals fed diet 4 and diet 1 gave the least Addition of yeast and processed neem fruit (T4) promoted average daily weight gain and performance was comparatively better than those on other diets.