Intemrianal Jwrml of C w t e r I ntegmed MmuclLwing 
Vol. OO, No. 0, Month 201 1,I-15 
A computer-bawd product cWcation and component detection for 
demmufackrring p r o m s  
Funbi Emmanuel Simolowo*, Ali Mousavi and P.O. Adjapoug 
(Renfwd2  June JOl0;jnal verdm rereiwd 1 April 2011) 
The aim of this paper is ta propose a novel campurn-based product classification, component detection aud 
trackin# for demanufaFtuting and dirammbly p m .T his is  achived by introducing a wries of automated and 
sequentid product sxnning, component identihation, image analysis and sorting - leading to the development of a 
bil of material @OM]. The producd BOM can theu be associated with the relevant disassembly/demanuraclm 
proviso. The proposed integrated image sorling and praduct chssificatton (lSPC) approach can be considered as a 
step forward in autmtion ofdmmufacturing activitits. Tbe HPC model proposed in this paper utW and builds 
on h statsof-thean technology and cunrmt M y o f  research in computer-htegratad &manufacturing and 
remanufaetnring (CIDR). An appraisal of the latest m m h m abrhl and the factors that inhibit CIDB melhds 
in practice are prwmt#l. A novel solution for the in-ation of imaging and material identification techniques 
to OVU'C0mG some of the existing shortcomings of automated recycling processes i s  proposed in this pap?. 
proposed product scanning and compowt detwtion lSPC software consists of four disdnct models: the reptory  
datahast, the mrch engine, h e p roduct-attributes updater and the image sorling and classilicaliond porithm. The 
sofiware framework that integratts the four componmts is presented in this paper. Finally, an ovwall assessment of 
apply@ =PC at various statages of W R pr ocesm concludes D e  article. 
'i-- 
Kern* compum-integrated demannfaeturing disassembly pro- image sarditg; -product clwi6caliou; 
software development; racydiag technolo& sustainable manufacture 
componeats of the artefact with that of the BOL one. 
Computer- intm demandactwing and remanu- The image correlation between original component 
facturing (CIDR) involw the extension of the and the EOL will reduc;e image and component 
elements of computer-integrated manufacturing to idmtikation pr-. 
mycling and mmnuFacturing operations for opti- The software further uses the captured information 
mum matmials recovery, Image analysis mtaP the coupled with acquired scanned and digital images to 
acquisition of information about an object under study ptrfm image s&g and classi5cation of tho u d  
through signal procasing of which the input is an product so as to determine the next dernanufaeturing 
image of the object suob as scanned photo, digital path- 
photograph or h e of  vidm and the output is a set The proposed debtion and component idcnaca- 
of xepmentative chamdcrish or parameters of the tian proas win contribute to the more ambitious future 
analysed image. An integmtion of these two defined full automation of product recycling pmmses. The 
p - for optimum maaerid rwvctg of used information produd can then be used to continuously 
products is the main focus of this mearch. monitor and measure the wvlronmental Impact of 
The purpose of this research article h to report on a recycled and reusable products and the industry as 
novel technique # mbance the automation of recy- whole. This information can help with mensuing 
cling prmwes. The enhanctmmt is achieved by the Ieda of pollution caused by waste disposal and 
integrating image prmdng tcdmiqua to conduct ma~/mrnponenrte covery during-g p m x w s .  
an end-of-life (EOL) product-content dewion and 
product W b l y an d* In this paper, we qmrt  
on the development of repertory software capable OF 2. Backgrad Literat& i n m r c h i dbittons and 
storing and linking product canteat information from advantagis of image m&g and p d w t  e W c a t i o n  
manufactures to demzud~ctum.T he purpose for The proposed image sorting and product classificati~n 
this connection is the ability to compare the original (ISPC) system suggests the use of appropriate X-ray 
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imaging qldpment (such as scanners) to reduce then link this information to the information of the 
r e h m o n manual bpecthn of prdw disposed product at its EOL stage. The opmtots at 
For maycling. An automated scaaning and oornponmt the recycling centie will then b able to compare the 
idenwt ion  tachaoIogg w-iU s-igni ficantly rcducc the c m n t  product with the iattst information obtainad cost and time of the demanufmuring or dkmembIy from the point of manufacturing ta EOL. This procas. X-ray imaging techniques include plain radio- p r d u r e  elhinates need for 'dormation link h p h &~-m y), magnetic imagkg 0,and  problem posed byrproduct change. A derailed 
computed tomography (CT),~ o u n dB,uo rompy discussion of this procedure is presented in Section 3 of 
and nudear medicine. More =t X-ray imaging this papa. 
methods such as the imaging mhiques with s y n h -  WWms (2407) extracted the procedures for @ 
@ trop radiation (Cyril 2009) and the uttrasound- generating demandaduring sequence8 from earlier 
moddated optid tomography (Gang 2005) are wmks camid out by researchers, for enample: Gungor 
among those in use'today. The lattcr oombines lm iqu~  and Oupta (1998), Zussmaa and B o u  (1 999), Srini- 
optieal contrast, good spatial resolution and hrge v m st  al. (1999). Srinivasan and Oadh (2000), Zba 
imaging depth in its ktures. ln updating the repertory and Lim (2000), Dini st d. (200 I), &dm el al. (200 11, 
database af the ISPC sortware, the M M  (Simon 2006j Daar et nl: (20031, and Singh et 01. (2003). These incIude 
or CT kdmiqua are suitable fm image capturing. Xn product wrnputer4dd design (CAD) file, prduct 
addition, a mom uxeful approach tbat could be applied bill of material (BOM), part mating data. material 
in this work i& the third gemeration of automated X-ray content, value of recovered makrds, prduct topol- 
b g t  pmecssing. These image processing platforms ogy and precedence relations for a product. Murphy 
arc s p a a l l y  designad tll detect sbap, position rt d (2001) suggested the necessity of iategrating 
aad w m of  conlpnaeats using neural m t w &  decwn making for pre-sorting and other pnxcsm to 
(tchniqlm. a c b i t he most effective material m v e r y  system. 
To date, several mtbods have beat propod to Marny set backs me experienced in bigrsing robust 
ovacome tbe o h a k m p  of automation and camputer- riutomakd systtms due to random change in the 
integrated demanuFaching for myding purpos~s condition of myclablelreusable products. These con- 
(WiUms 2007, b y a n g e r al. XNM). Them methods ditions may include: physical damage, rust, missiug 
have been restricted by a numbtr of f m tira t h;xs componplts and repfaced components. Therefore, for 
multcd into an explodon of mlutiom by d e r s  dective deCeetion md product aorting prwxss, them 
and practitianers. The scope! of t i is  paper b limited to is a ne%d for a cost ++ve and snitable automated 
the automation of product s d g , h mge analysis visual analysis. This can be mlised by installing 
and ereation of a component data madule that can ke winning and image processing technology that pro- 
used for downstream recycling and demanufactmiug vidcs information about the state of the product as well 
opetations. Horn, due to the nature of the ptudy, as an account of the hiaden parts (ie. undetectable 
our l i m t u n  review covers the full EOL cycle of parts by naked eye or photography] it contains. The 
prod- sncornpaasing the detdm, sorting, data automated product ss?anniag atld the BOM produced 
management and dismscmbly/dtmmufacauring p m  should r e d m  the casts of W e m b l y ,  labour time 
wm. IWkr so1utiom for demandact uring pro- and handling of h d o w s ubstaaces. 
introduced mats information owtm that were Our proposed lSPC has also interrogated the 
augpted by Scheidt and Zong (1994), f i usner  el at. wm supply chain literature about demanddriven 
@ (1998) and Seliget et af. (2001) . Thc solution fbeussed selective disassembly planning by Williams (2007) and 
on obtainiag and mhtainhg product infoxmation other works on stltctive and optimal d b w m b l y  
from the original campwent m?tlCactums and planning in demanufacturing by Chung and Peng 
trans€- the information to third-party recyclers. (2006) and Grochowsfri and Tang (2009). The novel 
Even though practical, this metbod created compIica- image analysis rsoftwate for the purpose of creating n 
tions for the recycling iadustsy in time past. The dimsmbly p r m p ian proposed in this paper builds 
comphtions were due to @llEfS undergoing on and improves an the suggestions given by reverse 
regular changes in d&gn and trpe of material d supply chain literature. It has the capability to carty 
in their components and maintaining an updated set of out h a s s oaing and chss3mtion of products b a d  
information was expansive and at timar confusing, on component contents as dictated by changes under- 
leading to extra labomr time during the d e m a n u b  gone by tbe product during life use. This procedure will 
or dis-My proms. The propod ISPC provide the n d d  advanoe repertory of product 
solution in this paper mds to ad- this h r t d g  atrributtsl as pointcd Wt W i h n s  (2007). 
by incorpmthg the inE0xmation about the state of the fa their work on d i m b l y p lanning of mechan- 
produn during its design and pmduction p h It w ill ical sgtems using; the generic algorithm based (GAB), 
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Xnkmath~aIJ ournal of Comp 
Fabio and Giovanna (2007) &&ed tbe a d f or included image procmhg sysras among other took 
obtaining detailed information on significant &rim m the development of a modular system for creating 
kristia af recycla blclrcwble product components. In flexible, intelligent. 'low-mst' diasw.mMy =Its fnr 
order to s d d y h p h t t he. GA8 for the printed circuit boards. W W s (2 0061 highlighted the 
selmtivt dirsassembly and part ia l /wete  dipamem- d a n c e  of automami disassembly on sensors and 
bly, the detaW Informatio~ on compcmentil is a l g o r i h  for image p m s h g ,  grippers for produd 
eshtial. Mortowr, the requirement Ear expert Petri handling, a d&on tool for disassembly tagk planaiag 
net approach for seltxtive robotic dbssembly has and robotic tooling r ~ i r e dby Weigl er a1. (1996)J. 
@ ks tatbd by Wi lhm (2007) to include new ways of Jisrljun er 81. (2008) discussod four bendits of 
integrating imaging and materials identifiation tecli- achieving &dent disassembly oC products as opposed 
niques in CiDR Bwn though the m n t  work to recycling a product by shredding. Ln simmary, they 
d&bd ia this paper does not provide a complete are: (i) possibility of reusing or refurbishing compo- 
dution to this requirement, it presents a foundational nents of adequate ualiqCZii)c ategotisation of metallic 
,novel approach that wn be m d  ta supply vital  part^ towards inmasing their mcycling d u e ,  (iii) easy 
praduct information that is neaded to genetate optimal removal of phitic parts for mycling and (iv) separa- 
automated disassembly plans. tion of hazaxdous materials. Resaarch activities Cor 
On the other hand, march on cost analysis of improving the latter method are ongoing. These 
disassembly operations k continually mrried out to include the modelling of post-fragment waste stream 
assist demanufmturm and manufacturers meat em- with &redder facilities [Gar& nnd Shahia 2009) and 
nomical and environmental demands. Two important other M a r w orks Wan at dm1. 5, Van and Reuter 
considerations ia the development of coat-e$ectiw 2006). The main focus of these works (Gmth and 
disassmbly &edules as pr&tled by Tang er al. Sh& 2009) k the development of future dynamic 
(2002) are (i) what should be the extwt of dkembIing shredding facilities of which pari OF the EOL product 
@) a product (Lambert 1997,2002, M- et nl. 1999, information is n d d . W e betieve that the informatio~~ 
Zussman and Zhou 1999,2000) (ii) ways of determining be obtained by integrating the shedding equip- 
mst-efktivc ~ ~ b(Wool  andy Dutt a 1991, Dutta ments with the proposed IsPC, leading to more. cost 
@ and Woo 1995, Zwman and Zhou 1998, SMvasan effective and efEdent shedding bhn01ogy. 
and Gadb 1998a, 1998b). bage sorting, which i l l v o l v ~  
produd conteat analysis and product &&%ation 
prior ta disassembly operations, will dimhate me- 3. Intqptinglsm 
w h b u r ,  cost and other automation drudgery The apprmch r e p o d  in this p a p  f c c w  on 
due to on-the-spot knowMk of the material -tent integrating imaging techniques at the early stam of 
of the EOL product, a m b y  darning proper plan- CIDR p r d u r e s .  The repertory software developd 
ning for cost&ktive d i b l y p r-. will he capable of cmybg  out product cantent 
Tianyang el d (2506) dted anther method to anal* pre-sortkg, pre-classification of products 
implement Petri net algorithm to mhmm renycling and generati~no f maTk,conteut idomation to bt 
automation* wbile discussing a novel approach communicated with disashbly  sequence planning. 
t o d t h~a utamatie generation d digasse~biy The automatic generation of disassembly sequenm 
sequnm from hkmchical attributed graph r e w -  (e.g. Km 2000, Kendra ef a1. 2001, Hu d 01. 2002, 
tatim and the m e r a t i o n  for s u b d l i e s .  731~ Desai and MiraL 2003, Toms er at. 2003) is outside the 
Petri net approach prop- the mpIoyment af an scope of this papw. But it will help in dealing with 
algorithm that automatidy generate9 a dhssemb1y some d the factow h t m ay limit the full implementa- 
Petri net that can bE analysd to gempte. d feasible tion of disassembly methods and other advanced 
disassembly p r m w  p l m  and to d-me the computer-h-td demanufacturhg and remanufa& 
optimal diacrlssunbly pro- phm a h p utting cost turing ~ o l o g i e tsh at rely on detail product and 
functions into mnsideration {Kendra el at. 2001). , component information. 
Other works that Ltocmd on the oompIwitiea of this The software structure shown in Figure I illustrates 
approach, the generation of bw-level expert Petri net the o d stru cture of the lSPC sobare. The ISPC 
and the integration of this approach to obtain flexible software cam* MI,M l,M 3u d M am odules that 
dmnufacturing systems show that this method has contain the dgorithm that perform the functions or 
been inhibited by. the lack of available EOL product (i) database fonnatioa of the h z pr oduct, (ii) product 
content Srmatibn (Dm et a!. 2003, m y et  nl. idormation march, (ii)updates for new products and 
2003. Singh el al. 20031. ov) image sorting and cIassificatit111D H:LInYtS FO~IS .  
htbp;lceh and Knp;twh (2iH)h) eu ip i l~yd1 1w trsr: prcltiuct~,r c*iljcrl~v~+,h l ~ ~ ~ l t ~hIl t - \  hl ; i r i t i  All.,, 
01 cornpatihie bardware and software models that of MIh andle the storage and pr-sing 6f product 
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amibutes Iikt product name, manufaatum, par  OF scannem by ISPC omtors at BOL.D igital images am 
marrufacture, s p 4 h t i o n  number among orher vital also taken at the beginning of life (BOL)a nd loaded 
infnmatinn (such as gcmnetric attributes m specially on the ISPC snftware dntrthnse. T l ~ oi nformatinn 
huiik-~n~ dentlfic~lloant ~nbu~rsIb: r this purp1se) li?r p r o r ~ l dliy  ~ b uIw rt trnr~gcw~i ll hc uwrl i i w  kr+~~uy~:~rlup 
the produd assrmbly and compontnk b e d  sad identifying mmponents for the demandactumg 
images of produds o s  obtained using appropriate and dhssambly pr-. 
- 
Modules dlSPC sofiwam. 
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To overcame the problem of -sing labela, stickera carried out by The s c a d  of information about 
and parts that identify the products at EOL, the digital images and product attributes of the EOL items are 
image [mgadleps of its cobur) combined with the p t r f o d  by Mb and Mlb,  rtspectively. The software 
geometric attributes of the products (such as sue, also malceg it poePsible to continually update its 
weight range, ttc) that WHE stored in the 1SPC database with attributes and images (MBabl) 
software database at BOL will assist in product of new products thcreby constantly expanding its 
@ Wpnition at EOL. The pr- of uploading and application. The functions of image s o h g  and 
%g the scanned and digital images of the base cbifmtian are r e p m t e d  by modules and 
pducts and components in the database are a h  M4br respectively- 
Figure 3. lSFC so bar^^ operetion algorithm. 
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Tbe intejgauon of imaging teahniques Wre lSPC (i) manufactm, ( i i  mailers, (iii) wrs, (iv) collec- 
into the automation of dcmmhtt&ng PKNWSES as tors of EOL products and (v) the demmuhctwcrs. 
r c v i d  in thi paper h~ b e ~ n& own as areas of The two .most important s t a p  involved in the 
' 
present and further work6 ( J o p s e a  and Andamn integration af LSPC depicted in Figure 2 are here in 
@ 1996, WWmus 2007). I S E i s a new ap- to the discu~ed. 
propod 'future mtralised or de~entrslisedin forma- 
tion h w fo r mutt tnvironment profile' as p r o p d  (i) Datahaw bruI&up (MI)T:he  attribute, s c a d  
in many d( W ~ ~ iadndt  Zag 1994, Spath 1994, inage, extend wmponent design detaib and 
Zeid er aL 1996, Grenchuai et d. 1998, Waumer el al. other informarion required for ideatilying the 
@ 1998, K u o d d  m,Se ligeret a!. 2001, Chug el at. product assembly (Mda nd product compo- 
2003, h s & I al. 2003, Peag el al. 2003, Williams 2007). nent~(M lb) at m L a re obrained at rnanufae- 
It is therefo~eg ees that the rlcquimi product data turing point, ie. B 0 L  of product by a-tors 
wiU enhance dtmanufactdq plmmhg for reuse or in t h l~SP C units. 
recyw (ii) Inrage .rort/ng and ftem ela.rm$cntion (Md:A t 
Figure 2 is B repremtation of the p m e m s  EOL, the scanned image of the products are 
involved in the u t i w o f lSPC In d ~ a d w -  obtainad by the ISPC u h of the demanufm 
iag using the software modules desaibed in Figure 1. turcrs. T h e i mages we cornparod with those 
From F i 2, product-state infomation can flow of the lSPC software obtained fram the 
b e t w ~ nt ht LSPC software and the five playexs: manufactu~mi n step (i). The comparison is 
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International Journal of Computer hfegruted Mmufmtsrirng 
comp~~teadn = the pmdr;rt is ~ a r ~ b ~ d  at BOL Weby diminate prod~lctsw ith pro- 
and identiEd within the softwe d a u b  duction fadk 
using the BOL i n f o d n  d the (b) Content d t w l y d i ~fo r u d p rorjlrc~ab y buywx 
-1 EOL attributcp. HPC i~ ptxfotmad EalIawing tht same pmccdura a9 dhussed in 
thexeafm. (a'), buyers of d products can paform 
cuntent analysis of bought items at retail or 
' There a r h~ f i t a d erived from other prw- that iadepdent lSP@*ntres that have database 
constitute the integdan of lSPC in deman&&hug, br such iw. 
which is shown in Figure 2, The YES and (0) Pre-.rortfng at collection centres: ISPC units that 
their W t a in clude: are set up at collection centres for p d m d  
produets Iike dec~r~nicwsil l perform primary 
(a) Cmtmt analysis for new prohcbs by &'km pre-sorting and prc-chssiBcation [folIowing 
The instahtion of appropriate lSPC units steps (a) and @]I Wore getting to the 
(mmp*g software for seleceed products demanufauurers. This will help stmmtine the 
and appropriate mumem) at retail centres will unwanted products in the p m c m  line of 
provide product-mte checks for items pur- disasmnbly thereby enabling the advanced 
chased. The m m e d  imagea of the newly revem supply n d e d  for selective clr de- 
p u m M  prod- obtained at t, puil mand-driven diiuumbly planning. A h f rm 
centres wi l I  be eomparad d analyd with Fig- 2, tht actual lSPC analysis is carried out 
theirbase~obtaiflBdfrommandactmm at demmuhctlttlng; points by making usc of 
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s t o d  S-ation, w n k l y  obtain4 EOL The Imag~s ort i~gpeabdityo f the software 
product d W s  and tht fundions available in en ids  the use of the ht&bhse of canned digital 
d u l e sM a and &. images and tbt a d t e d  base product attributes 
obtained From source (i.e, manufacturer or tlistribu- 
torn) at the BOF of the product (is.  naw product). 
4. T b e m m h u e  This attribute is cornpad with that captured 
hiFrgurt 3 the aomponmt 3 J g o r it~ha t desFtibc the Iiom the BOL product (or any product to be 
complete flow af optration of the LSPC s o h a w  are recycled) to determiPe tb aompfete information on 
&6\w~T. he M A T W  p r 0 k d ~  Cmp*g its design, m a r e  and material content. The 
of the b g c  m i n g m odule and tht graphical prhipk d image subtraction h a  ken  mployd  
user intdhcc (GUI) tools tbat w m  used m the to dettmtine the content and statc of the product at 
dtvdqment of this appkatim wert mbddd#l in thc EOL. 
the graphical user intafact development enviranmmt. Figure 4 show the image sorting a d y d s  for a oeH 
Futurc works'may interface the present program with phonc using imae subtraction principlw (Mathworks 
other ampati& hi#-kvel Iangua$es l4ke the V M  2009). The two uploaded scamd imga rqmmat @ 
C++ or C# in omlet to improvc and extend its the base and EOL  product^ and the anpty dark &adc 
application and u~WtyT.h e function of tht lSPC appearing in the middle of the two imam is tbe terrult 
soitware is d&W b a d o n the two main of the sorting and image SUbttadiolL 
its name suggests namely 0) image sorting and From F~ure4,  one m u o bserve that the content of 
CI) product pr cation. the aaeiact (in tbh cmx,a  phone) at its EOt is exactly 
, . , . .- " L I.,  . . . +  .. - - 1 
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InkrnaJimuI domal of Computer i% tegrukd MmruJac~uring 
as it was when newly m m d $ d ,  i.e. with no The result of the attalysis in Figure 4 shows that 
intend damage. A high l e d  of &dm b q u i t e d  PP = la%P,M  = OYm a d P D - 0%. These f i w m  
when p1akug the producks f& image smmhg and imply that the product is h l e a fter &ox 
a n a t ~ a s ~ i a F ~ 4 a n d 5 . T h i s ~seorvinain g. The prbduct classihtion stage a h e nables 
positioning i s  not neecmq f6r digital images that are the W e d  UWT ("p"8tor) OF the software to give 
needed only for i d a t i f i d o n  pupom. laformtion exper& additional information about the product 
o r i p m % i o n ~ g i s t a b m r ~ a ~ i n t b e * t a~n d its components post analysis, and prepare the 
section of the ISPC sohare dqmd'ing on tho type product for dmanufaetmhg pro- The opera- 
~f scanner ugd. The idmwtb obtained from tional-flow algorithm shown in Figure 3 consists of 
the sorting d y a i s  on e w y  product includes the tb~s teps to perfmu four broad functions and other 
following: sub-furrcticma The q p ? r t  of the program flow 
mnsbts of aIgarithm that make up modub MMaSn d 
(iP)er centage and numb- of parts p m t  MJ, which can b called up at diffmnt stages as 
(%PP) and thdr BOMs. required d are used for Mtial database build-up 
(ii)P creeatagc and number d parts missiDg and  up^^ mpectivdy. Th* soFtware builds up its 
(%DM) d their BUMS. database with information of any product fed into it 
(iii) Percentage d number of parts damaged md of all q h x a b h  components or parts that make 
(%PD) and their BOW. up the product. The BOM generated by tfit software is 
for both individual mmpoents as weII as Cor thc 
Thc Proher cta~pT~cafiofunn ction of the soEtware product awmbly. This i to assist in ~ g n i s i n pga rts 
depends on thc output of the image mrhjg pmdu& needing reghcmmt and to determine paths to follow 
This pracuiure is mmed out on each item, The in d h s e m b h g  planning. The second group of 
product is suhgequedy &&kd as (i) orupable, aetw algorithm, which d t u t c s t he Mjm odule, is CEitieal 
minor or major mvkhg,  (0r e@aBIe, when few in lSPC p r d m b ecause at this stage, the stored 
parh need repkment depend'ig on the product information of the e m t h e ppodwt correspotlding 
~~, (ii) rmphhl ,  mdeaing &ex the whole to the product ta be anal& is brought to view &om 
fir parts d the product and (iv) v),~psal~lew,h ere attributes or similar products using t br d t i i ~ l 1j * 11piac 
product is txtudvel.y d-ed or W m m d y  hqar- algorithm. The aigorithm for the s m b e ngine is such 
dous k y m d  we, that any ofthe rad attribute that is assacinted with r h ~  
Fugue 7. Imam m t h g a n d ~ f l c a ~ n .  
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product cnn be Ili;td to search So; ibc c-pondiag its components are fed i?to the 1SPC database thro~~gh 
barn product in the qmtoq Bles of the mftwam to the input interface. % .  
crossdeck tbe tmmh results. The third part of the Thew GUI canixob are a h u md for updating or 
overall algorithm shown in Figure 4 as dottad Lines modifring p r d ' u d - ~ b l i e sat tributes (M3,)a nd 
performs the hwqp &g and ch&lbthn prams their components (M*). The other graphical d i l a y s  
a c e t he exact bate product infomatian muid bas shown in Figure 5 include the browser window to 
obtained h databas& &le proper filing and storage of intam tlre display 
An oycfyh of tke intditces of the XSPC softwam controls for modules Mh and Mlb that constitute the 
king developed is mptumd by the dew of mrch engine For images and attributq, reppectivdy, 
F&um 5 7 .  The mn6gmtion of the input inkdam the user interfaces mnmk for moddes aud Me 
shown in F ' i 5  is generated by GUI controls that perfom the sorting and clrlsbiillmtian analysis 
contained in modules MI, and Mlb (reference to mspeaively. ftl Figure 6, the &itat and scanned 
Figure 1). Tbe attributes of the product asmubIy and images d a toaster stored in the database are upluadd 
I " f I I#HIMI#n>f lI l jq  I 
, >  \ < , " . . 5  ' I ,  
Figwe 8. Dimsmbl.y seqmc~a nd hberferewe mat& 
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Tor pmtatioa. The imam arc at differeat orhta- damaged or missing parts. Future application of 
tiom hause there is no eontent ,analysis between a lSPC could be extended to disasmnbly sequence 
d image and a digital pbture. la Fig- 4, the plaanipg. Shown in Table Al,  a surmnary of the 
repmtatatiiaag of the analysad product am displayed. p m a t  advaatap and future role of lSPC in 
d e m ~ ~ @n pregsen ted. It lists the p r d u r e s  
m hat  wcm employed to improve CU)R processes. The 5. m r c la  agpmi0~o1r  ISPC procegses d u d e t he disassembly models (e.g. compo- 
At present, !he mc software apphs the prjnciplt of nent connucfio~lga nd mating) using direct grapb md 
image subfmdon (Mathworks 2009) Ear so&q and AND/OR graph (Tang Val. 2002). All thase dl 
c ~ y i n psro d- b e d o n material content anah& and mtbads comidered babe gome constraints that 
at their BOL The applidon of n d net works in ecruld be omcome by the fmurr: application of lSPC 
image p r d g th at enabk the dekdion of foreign toctmique. In a work carried out on the mdelling, 
objects, &ape defectan a h c e o r rn of @u&, ph&g a d  application of disa-bly prmscs 
ovexly ampacted pro8um, object position, missing pang et oL 2002), the trend in mearch activities on 
itnrrsanditemeount(cvtnifpadsmday)amarerls dk-bly produrn was reported. la s p e d h  tlre 
being marched in obtaining precise number of wmlud'ing remarkt w m  about generation of 
- I 
FSM: C A D  PaES - Pmcedrnce - Squarwpih UJLd6a 3-9 Mdtb Ilks Pd 
t 4 !? 
Taols - Work I 
s c ~ i a m s  6alions I 
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0.E. Sim~iowoe t al. 
predictive optimal sequences with r e f m t o known process by categorising products and directing 
infomation about the prod& assanbty. Howeva,  in matwid to dedicated stations, thus maLig recy- 
pm&d situations, the statt'of some of the products cling-reusing of manufactured products ltss- 
to be disassembled is unknown. It thcrcfm becomes labour intensive. 
imperative to focus future memh worh on prom 
durn tbat  hi^^ the ltYQl of EUL product-content 
pdictabiity t h b y  eahagcjDg the building of 6a Caddoa 
nspnsive dynamic disa-bly system swh aa real- Various m a d w s  have ~ a e tdhe  n d f or new 
time disassembly qskmz. approaches to integrate bgirrg, materials identifica- 
Futtm mcarch on tbe combination of ISPC dirk tion math&, U s i o n  making for coIImtion, p r ~  
and other EOL ftatu~tin formation such as CAD files, sorting and other processes of demanufacturing to 
3-D models, mating and pdeaeo:  relatiom wodd produa optimum material recovery systems. This 
enhance tbe heuristic method as w d a s othm methods paper has revitwed some of the models and methods 
that have b m w~ ~d  to improve w b l y di cimcy that bsw advanced CLDR in recent ycars. Ruildinp 
over tbe years. It wiH a h w uit in dective disas- w m n t  body of knowledge, this paper i n ~ d w e s  
sembly planning that will involve a novel software t o d  for the integration of image 
p r d g a nd prduct chss8cation in CiDR p m  
cmm. It offera a solution for automating the 
sequences component -MI and product c h d c ~ t i o npr o- 
(ii) Catcgorisatiw dkwemby sequencm with m s t hat demaaufacturing operations requirt prior to 
similar EOL materid conteat. d h m n b i y  of prcduct at the end of thdr l i e  cycle. 
The w n d t s  of some of the existing methods 
The integration' of lSPC in dismxmbfy sequence that have delayed the advancement and proliferation 
planning for tbe p d w t  asmnbly shown in Figure of demanufacturbg 7 s were d b u d .  Those 
&(a) with its intedermee matrix and the dkmntrlg mmtraiats were discussed with respect to the methods 
sequence shown in Figure 8(b) and (c), m p d v e l y ,  k for managing product mamriah information, demand- 
explaimad in Figure 9. The three saga involved in the driven &&ye dhsmnbly planaina lagi~reverse 
integration a: m b l y  strategies and other disassembly prooess 
models. Moreover, in v - p a w , w e hwghted  the 
(i) A compreheagive acquisition of ~ ~ b lc my t  s hortcomings rn 'linking the information 
bid1 of materiahi bwmm manuhcturrrs and demanufacturers. h gpi+ 
(ii) sckctivc mion of disasmbly quem csc, the unmtahy  of a prod- journey in its life 
[iii) Creation of selelective task work stations cycle to the time it reach  its EOL was explained; and 
how tbc proposed BPC software tool may contribute 
The integration of data getmated by ISPC soitwart to providing the Linkage. AIthough at thii stage the 
with other DBOM at &age. 1 helps in the subsequent H C s olution only de& with the produet identifica- 
cateprisation of the disassembly quences at s t q g  tion and information managmnwt, it builds the first 
2. Toda and workstation for d-ativt and non- building black for an integrated automatic dhsemb1y 
dmtrwtive dhmmbling processes can be devised at process plauning and o p ~ t i o n  
plant layout smgc with w i d  attention M possibly The abiity of the ISPC repxtary software to 
use mllular manufacturing Iayout. Unnecessary preservt the information link by acquiring aU nee%s- 
opmahm and ~~ pixration would be el@& sary product-content attributes from rnanufacturts, 
hated for -a where the EPC detection shows EOL &re it and later employ it h the prduct analysis at 
has no midug or damaged component ~ P =P 100).  tbe point of daandacturing by recyckrs regardla 
The sequence generation can also bt d u c e d  for of the h g e s  the product might have undergone 
EOL products d i n g m inor -icing before putting gives it an hportaat role in knknciug various 
th8m into reuse. In a  situation of extensive damage approaches in ClDR and also in future development 
and loss of EOL product components, the detersnina- of multifuflcthd robot systems when combined with 
tiw of the type of destructive and nondatnlctive o t k  EOL product feat= information such as CAD 
p r o m i s also aided. In short, using the p r o p o d  fflcs, mating patterns, precedence relations and 
system has one d h t  and one i n d i  advantage. topology. 
The direct advantage is that it tignihantly d u c a  
the time for detection, dawdbtion and sorting A ~ w ~ e m e a t r s  
p r m . T he indirect advantage is that it contributes  hi^ -TCh wt at scholo f mgioeerkgan d 
to reducing the Lime and effort for disassembly m,B rundUniPcrsity, Wtst hndon, and wassupported 
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