CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF PEACE IN THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA By OBI, NDIFON NEJI Matric No. 129599 BSc. Political Science (Calabar), M.A. Peace and Conflict Studies (Ibadan) A Thesis in Peace and Conflict Studies submitted to the Institute for Peace and Strategic Studies, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of The UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, NIGERIA. FEBRUARY, 2017 0 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ABSTRACT Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) are critical actors in the transition to and sustainability of democracy, especially in the Republic of Guinea which has been threatened by armed conflict in neighbouring countries. Although existing studies have focused on CSOs as important actors for peacebuilding in fragile states, their capacity for supporting national stability and security has received little attention. This study, examined the role and capacity of CSOs in the consolidation of peace in Republic of Guinea. Structural-functionalist and democratic peace theories were used as framework, while exploratory and case study research designs were utilised. Ten copies of a semi-structured questionnaire were administered on ten CSOs selected through purposive sampling. Some of these include; West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (Stability/Peacebuilding); Mano River Women Peace Network (Peacebuilding); Equal Rights for All (Human Rights); National Institute of Research and Pedagogic Action (NIRPA)-(Education) and Association of African Professionals of Communication (Media). Eleven key informant interviews were conducted with chief executives of the CSOs; seven in-depth interviews were conducted with key officials in the security sector; while 10 focus group discussions were conducted in the selected CSOs. Annual reports of CSOs in Guinea and other publications constituted the secondary data. Data were subjected to content analysis. Peace consolidation in Guinea was linked to the activities of CSOs. Prior to the outbreak of wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone, Guinean CSOs were active in civic education and campaigns against military rule. After the outbreak of armed violence in neighbouring countries, they shifted from advocacy for good governance to refugee management by offering psycho-social support, counselling for victims of physical and emotional violence, community reconciliation discussions as well as healing and cleansing ceremonies. Through their peacebuilding efforts, the presidents of Liberia (Charles Taylor), Sierra Leone (Ahmad Tejan Kabbah) and Guinea (Lansana Conté) were brought together in a peace summit in Morocco in March 2002 to discuss the security and stability of the region. The NIRPA Civic Education and Culture of Peace program was embedded in school curricula for the teaching of peace education at all levels. Tension arising from the 2009 Conakry stadium massacre was stemmed when CSOs established rights abuses against the government. The success of CSOs in persuading Dadis Camara, former military leader to leave Guinea after a failed assassination attempt on his life de-escalated internal tensions and paved way for transition to democratic rule. In spite of this level of activism, the capacity of CSOs to fully support peace consolidation was hampered by challenges relating to inadequate funding, low capacity and staffing, which depended largely on external donors. Civil society organisations played important roles in initiating, sustaining and consolidating peace in Guinea in spite of limitations imposed by funding. State actors and other stakeholders need to develop local capacity for supporting national stability, security and peace consolidation. Keywords: Civil Society Organisations, Consolidation of peace, Republic of Guinea Word count: 497 i UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CERTIFICATION I certify that this work was carried out under my supervision by OBI, NDIFON NEJI (Matric. Number 129599) of the Peace and Conflict Studies Programme, Institute for Peace and Strategic Studies, University of Ibadan. SUPERVISOR Date Prof. (Mrs) A. T. Simbine B.A. (Zaria), M. Sc., Ph.D. (Ibadan) Professor of Political Science & International Relations Public Sector Group Social & Governance Policy Research Department Nigeria Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER), Ibadan, Nigeria. And NATIONAL COMMISSIONER Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria. ii UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY DEDICATION To the many unnamed civil society actors who suffered various degrees of assaults in the course of initiating, sustaining and consolidating peacebuilding efforts in the Republic of Guinea. To Blessing, Emerald, Ruby and Diamond who endured my long journey to Ph.D. To my Dad, who is not available to sight this work. To God, who made it ALL possible! iii UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was made possible by a composite of ideas and support from people to whom I owe a debt of appreciation. The desire to enrol for the Ph. D. programme, the patience to have stayed focused in the face of obvious challenges and the ability to complete this study was all from God. Therefore, I return all the glory to God who in spite of my un-steadfastness has rewarded my efforts. I will like to specially thank my supervisor, Prof. (Mrs) A. T. Simbine, a woman of contagious dedication to details, whose constructive criticism, patience and passion made this study possible. During the period of my study at the Institute for Peace and Strategic Studies (IPSS), University of Ibadan, I benefited from the guidance of lecturers and friends who are too numerous to mention here. But for the specific inputs on this work, I would like to specially thank Prof. I. O. Albert, Dr. Nathaniel Danjibo, Dr. Stephen Faleti, Dr. Isola Ishola, Dr. Samuel, Dr. Ben Aluko, Dr. Willie Eselebor, Dr. Saheed Owonikoko, Dr. Adeola Adams, Dr. Martins Nwaneri and Dr. Mathias Jarikre. In developing the background to the study, I relied on the works of scholars from where I borrowed concepts and ideas. I would therefore wish to address special thanks to all those whose work(s) are used in this study. My fieldwork in the Republic of Guinea was facilitated by the following: Dr. Olajumoke Yacob-Haliso of Babcock University, Nigeria; Dr. Saran Daraba Kaba, (Secretary of the Mano River Union/MARWOPNET); Jean Millimouno (Programme Coordinator WANEP-Guinea); Abdoul Rahamane Diallo (Guinea Programme Coordinator-OSIWA); Dr. Sekou Koureissy Conde (Executive Director-African Crisis Group); Dr. Ibrahima Sory Cissoko (President, National Council of Guinea Civil Society Organisations) and Mme Cisse Hadja Mariama Sow (President, National Transition Council of Guinea). I also owe a debt of appreciation to Abdoulaye Fofana (ABC-Dev.), my Research Assistant/Translator for the remarkable services he provided in the course of the field work. Diallo Ibrahima Sory who also facilitated tracking of contacts, I express my special regards. To my dear wife, Blessing Neji and my three precious children (Emerald, Ruby and Diamond) who endured my long walk to Ph.D. and were occasionally denied certain requests as a result, I am eternally indebted. The supports of Dr. Henry Ayuk, Kingsley Obase, Hope Irabor, Barong Ita, Ama Otonkue, Hon. Ogar Ajom, Ndoma Bassey, Ntui Mcdonald, Cletus Agbor, Bethel Ewung, Chiefson Ilagha, Edet Asuquo and Olusegun Ojomo are particularly acknowledged. I also wish to thank all those who were in a position to help but didn’t, because their inaction, helped in strengthening me. Finally, I sincerely hope that this study will lay a foundation for a much broader future exploration of the roles and capacity of CSOs in peace consolidation. iv UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY TABLE OF CONTENTS Title ...................................................................................................................................................... Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. i Certification ...................................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ........................................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................... iv Table of contents ................................................................................................................................ v List of abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... viii List of tables ..................................................................................................................................... xi List of webs ..................................................................................................................................... xii Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Background to the study ............................................................................................................. 1 1.3. Statement of the problem ............................................................................................................ 8 1.4. Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 10 1.5. Research Objectives .................................................................................................................. 10 1.6. Significance of the study ........................................................................................................... 11 1.7. Scope of the study ..................................................................................................................... 12 1.8. Conceptual clarification ............................................................................................................ 14 1.8.1. The Mano River Union .......................................................................................................... 14 1.8.2. Civil Society Organisations ................................................................................................... 14 1.8.3. Peace ...................................................................................................................................... 14 1.8.4. Consolidation of peace ........................................................................................................... 14 1.9. Chapter Layout.......................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter Two: Literature Review and Theoretical Framework ................................................ 16 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 16 2.2. Literature Review ......................................................................................................................16 2.2.1. The Concept of Civil Society ................................................................................................. 16 2.2.2 The Concept of peace.............................................................................................................. 39 2.2.3. Philosophical conception of peace ......................................................................................... 40 2.2.4. Sociological conception of peace ........................................................................................... 42 2.2.5. Political conception of peace ................................................................................................. 43 2.2.6. Peace as a process .................................................................................................................. 44 2.3. The notion of peace consolidation ............................................................................................ 46 2.4. Peace consolidation within the MRU ....................................................................................... 52 2.5. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................. 55 2.5.1. Structural Functionalist Theory ............................................................................................. 55 2.5.2. Democratic Peace Theory ...................................................................................................... 57 v UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Chapter Three: Research Methodology....................................................................................... 64 3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 64 3.2. Research Design........................................................................................................................ 64 3.3. Sampling Method ...................................................................................................................... 65 3.4. Study Population ....................................................................................................................... 66 3.5. Methods and instrument of data collection ............................................................................... 67 3.5.1. Interviews ............................................................................................................................... 68 3.5.2. Key Informant Interview........................................................................................................ 68 3.5.3 In-depth Interview ................................................................................................................... 69 3.5.4. Focus Group Discussion ........................................................................................................ 71 3.5.5. Questionnaire ......................................................................................................................... 73 3.6. Ethical Consideration ................................................................................................................ 75 3.7. Preparation before fieldwork .................................................................................................... 75 3.8. Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 76 3.9. Problems associated with the process of data collection .......................................................... 79 Chapter Four: Research Findings, Discussions and Analysis ................................................... 80 4.1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................80 4.2. Research Objective 1 ................................................................................................................80 4.3. Research Objective 2 ................................................................................................................89 4.4. Research Objective 3 ................................................................................................................95 4.5. Research Objective 4 ..............................................................................................................103 4.6. Research Objective 5 ..............................................................................................................110 4.7. Research Objective 6 ..............................................................................................................117 4.8. Contribution to knowledge .....................................................................................................121 Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations ...............................................123 5.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................123 5.2. Summary .................................................................................................................................123 5.3. Conclusions .............................................................................................................................127 5.4. Recommendations ...................................................................................................................128 5.5. Suggestions for further research ............................................................................................. 137 References ..................................................................................................................................... 138 vi UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Appendices ....................................................................................................................................153 Appendix I. Map of the study Area (Guinea) ................................................................................153 Appendix II. Map showing the precarious situation of Guinea .....................................................154 Appendix III. Interview Guide (English) .......................................................................................155 Appendix IV. Interview Guide (French) ........................................................................................157 Appendix V. Letter of Introduction for fieldwork ......................................................................... 158 Appendix VI. FGD Guide (English) ..............................................................................................159 Appendix VII. FGD Guide (French) ..............................................................................................162 Appendix VIII. Questionnaire (English) ........................................................................................165 Appendix IX. Questionnaire (French) ...........................................................................................187 Appendix X. Confirmation of translation ......................................................................................212 Appendix XI. Data coding sheet ....................................................................................................213 vii UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AAPC Association of African Professionals of Communication ABC-DEV. Association pour le Bien être Communautaire et le Développement ACWD Association for Communities Wellbeing and Development AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AISCHA Support to civil society initiatives for increased human capacity APAC Association des Professionnelles Africaines de la Communication APC All People’s Congress AGBEF Guinea Association for Family Welfare AU African Union BSCBU Border Security and Confidence Building Unit CBOs community Based Organisation CIA Central Intelligence Agency CSITF Civil Society Intervention Trust Fund CEE Civil and Environmental Engineering CNOSCG National Council for Guinea Civil Society Organisations CONAG-DCF Coalition Nationale pour le Droit et la Citoyenneté des Femmes CPI Corruption Perception Index CSI Civil Society Index CSOs Civil Society Organisations CSP Country Strategy Paper ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ERA Equal Rights for All EU European Union FGDs Focus Group Discussions FP Foreign Policy FOI Freedom of Information GMF Femmes Musulmanes de Guinée viii UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY GOHR Guinean Organization for Human Rights GRR Radio Rurale de Guinee GST General Systems Theory HDI Human Development Index HDR Human Development Report HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICSPA Integrated Core Survey for Poverty Assessment IDI In-depth Interview IEP Institute for Economics and Peace IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development INEC Independent National Electoral Commission INRAP Institut National de recherché et d’Action Pédagogique IPSS Institute for Peace and Strategic Studies JSC Joint Security Committee KII Key Informant Interview KM Kilometres MARWOPNET Mano River Women Peace Network MDGs Millenium Development Goals MDT Les Mêmes Droits pour Tous MI Mitres MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology MRU Mano River Union MWG Muslim Women of Guinea NCGRW National Coalition of Guinea for the Rights and Citizenship of Women N.D. No Date NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NIRPA National Institute of Research and Pedagogic Action NPFL National Patriotic Front of Liberia NPUCD National Platform of United Citizens for development NRPB National Reconciliation and Peace Building ix UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY NSP National Strategic Plan NTC National Transition Council of Guinea OGDH Organisation Guinéenne des Droits de l’Homme OSIWA Open Society Initiative for West Africa PCUD Plateforme Nationale des citoyens unis pour le développement PCR Provisional Commission of Reflection PoP Pillars of Peace PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper REFMAP Réseau des Fleuve du fleuve Mano pour la paix RRG Rural Radio of Guinea RUF Revolutionary United Front SALWs Small Arms and Light Weapons SQ Square TC Technical Committee UDFG Union Democratic Forces in Guinea UN United Nations UNAID Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Children Emergency Fund UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime US United States WANEP West Africa Network for Peacebuilding WGI Worldwide Governance Indicators x UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Distribution of CSOs based on sector ........................................................................... 12 Table 2: List of Key Informants ................................................................................................... 68 Table 3: List of key security sector officials who participated in the IDIs ..................................... 69 Table 4: Details of participants in the FGDs from selected CSOs.................................................. 71 Table 5: Organizations that participated in the survey ................................................................... 74 Table 6: Summary of scores on objective 1 (Threats to peace) ...................................................... 80 Table 7: Summary of scores on Objective 2 (Civil society-peace consolidation nexus ................. 89 Table 8: Summary of scores on objective 3 (Civil society’s roles in peace consolidation …96 Table 9: Summary of scores on Objective 4 (Capacity of CSOs in peace consolidation) ............103 Table 10: Summary of scores on Objective 5 (Institutional and international linkages) ..............111 Table 11: Summary of scores on Objective 6 (Prospects and challenges for the civil society sector . 117 Table 12: Summary of aggregate scores based on objectives of the study ...................................124 Table 13: Data coding sheet ..........................................................................................................213 xi UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY LIST OF WEBS Web 1. Responses to objective 1…………………………………………………..82 Web 2. Responses to objective 2…………………………………………………..91 Web 3. Responses to objective 3…………………………………………………..97 Web 4. Responses to objective 4…………………………………………………..105 Web 5. Responses to objective 5………………………………………………….113 Web 6. Responses to objective 6…………………………………………………..119 xii UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction This chapter sets the background to the study. It examines Guinea (the study area) in the context of its history, economy, relationship with neighbouring states and the domino effect of the wars in neighbouring states on Guinea. It traces the origin of civil society organisations (CSOs) in Guinea and highlights the strength of CSOs in initiating, sustaining and consolidating peace building efforts. The chapter also establishes the research problem, objectives and questions, significance of study, scope and clarification of some terms. 1.2. Background to the Study Guinea, formerly known as People‘s Revolutionary Republic, is an independent nation in West Africa. It is bounded on the north by Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali; on the east and southeast by Côte d‘Ivoire; on the south by Liberia and Sierra Leone and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean (Appendix I). According to Encarta (2009:1), the total area of the country, including the Los Islands of Conakry, is 245 857 sq. kms (94 926 sq mi). The population of the country as at July 2012 estimate was 10 884 958, while its largest city is Conakry with population strength of 1 597 000 (CIA World Fact Book, 2013:2). Guinea, a country characterised by coups, repression and gross abuse of rights, has had a history of authoritarian governance right from independence from France in 1958. Sékou Touré, the first president of Guinea was only succeeded after his death in 1984. Lansana Conté came to power in 1984 when the military toppled the government after the death of the first president. Guinea did not hold democratic elections until 1993 when Gen. Lansana Conté (Head of the military government) was elected president of the civilian government. He was re-elected in 1998 and again in 2003, though all the polls were marred by irregularities. The Republic of Guinea as it is now known has a very unique transition history. Since it gained independence from France in 1958, the country has had four basic 1 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY administrations: Sékou Touré (1958-1984), Lansana Conté (1984-2008), Captain Moussa Dadis Camara/ Sekouba Konate (December 2008-December 2010) and Alpha Condé (December 2010-date). This uniqueness is further demonstrated by the nature of the transition in Guinean leadership. When the first president of Guinea, Ahmed Sékou Touré died in office in 1984, he was succeeded by Louis Lansana Beavogui as acting president who was deposed in a coup d'état on 3rd April 1984. Similarly, when Lansana Conté, the second president also died in office in 2008, he was equally succeeded by Aboubacar Sompare as acting president who himself was equally deposed in a coup d’état on December 23, 2008. The leader of the coup, Moussa Dadis Camara left office after he became incapacitated as a result of an assassination attempt and was succeeded by Sekouba Konate as acting president from December 2009 to December 2010 when Alpha Condé was sworn in as the democratically elected president. This trend clearly suggests a predictably unstable polity. According to the CIA World Fact Book (2013:2), 85.0% of the population of Guinea is Muslims, 8.0% are Christians and 7.0% adhere to traditional beliefs. The country is made up of four major ethnic groups (Peuhl 40.0%; Malinke 30%; Sousson 20.0%; others 10%) with eight national native languages namely, Mandinka (also known as Mandingo and Malinke), Susu, Fulfulde, Kissi, Basari, Loma, Koniagi, and Kpelle but French is used as the official language. The chief economic activity of Guinea is agriculture; about 87.0% of the people are dependent on subsistence farming, forestry, and fishing. Mining is also at the heart of the economy. Mining operations in 2004 for instance yielded 16 million metric tons of bauxite, 468 400 carats of high-quality diamonds, and 16 000 kg (35 300 lbs.) of gold. About one-third of the known World reserves of high-grade bauxite ore are found in Guinea and the country can also boast of sizable deposits of iron ore. Other known mineral resources include diamond, gold, petroleum, uranium, cobalt, nickel, and platinum (Encarta, 2009:4). The unit of currency is the Guinean franc, which is divided into 100 centimes (3 644 francs equal U.S. $1; 2005 average). According to IFAD (2012:1), despite its great mineral wealth, Guinea is one of the th poorest countries in the world. The country ranked 178 of 187 countries classified by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Index in st nd 2011. Between 1999 and 2000, it was ranked 161 and 162 out of the 174 countries 2 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY covered by the Human Development Report (HDR) and 174th out of 174 countries covered by HDR between 1992 and 1994. More than half the population of Guinea lives below the poverty line and about 20 per cent live in extreme poverty (IFAD, 2012:1). Ironically, while people in the sub region languish in poverty and despair, Suifon (2006:144-145), aptly noted that conflict entrepreneurs have made fortunes from the recurrent conflicts in the sub region sitting in their armchairs in air conditioned offices in Europe and North America. In addition to the internal politico-economic situation of Guinea, its peace and stability was further threatened by the wars in neighbouring Liberia and Sierra Leone. It is necessary in light of this fact, to attempt a review of these wars in order to situate them in the context of the study. The bedrock of the threat to Guinea's stability could th be traced to the 12 April 1980 coup against the government of President William Tolbert led by Master-Sergeant Samuel Doe in Liberia. The coup resulted in the killing of President Tolbert, several of his ministers and the Chief Justice of Liberia. The reasons given by the coup plotters included the neglect of the military, corruption and squandering of public funds (Oche, 2003:166). The dismissal of Charles Taylor in 1989 on allegations of corruption further aggravated the already bad situation in the sub region and therefore formally set the stage for a sub-regional war with its attendant consequences. This war had domino effect on Sierra Leone as the country was unable to manage its internal governance challenges which were further weakened by the cross border attacks by rebels from Liberia. These wars resulted in mass displacements of people. Guinea was at the receiving end of the spills as refugees‘ influx into it threatened not only the economy but the already fragile peace (Sesay, 2003:29). Sierra Leone‘s civil war could be traced to March 1991 when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) launched a rebellion from Liberian territory to overthrow the corrupt and repressive one-party rule of the All People‘s Congress (APC). The RUF comprised an admixture of middle class students, unemployed and alienated youths as well as some fighters from Charles Taylor‘s National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) (Oche, 2003:172). Though both wars were external to Guinea, Guinea however bore the brunt as the country was subjected to political, economic and humanitarian crises for obvious reasons. For instance, it was easy for conflict and warlords in the sub region to crisscross from one country to another specifically due to porous borders and generally because the geographical and ethnic 3 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ties, social fabric, traditional customs and economic structures of these countries are inextricably linked. According to Suma (2005:7), over 50.0% of the population of these countries are ethnic cousins sharing the same languages and traditional customs on different sides of the artificial borders that cut across ethnic groups and families, traditional water points, grazing lands and farms. Again, Liberia and Sierra Leone which border Guinea on the south have both had protracted conflicts and no stable governments for more than 15 years and both combined, saw a death toll of a quarter of a million people and 1.5million more fleeing as refugees (Sesay, 2003:29). Both countries are still recovering from the impact of war. Fighters in the sub region although demobilized, are still poor, unemployed and prone to being lured to a job that pays them to fight. On the east/southeast is Ivory Coast which is in limbo as an uneasy peace looms over the country. To the north rests Guinea Bissau, a country that most in the world agree to its shamefully accepted label, ‗a failed state held hostage by international drug barons‘ with a weak and undisciplined military (Greg-Johnson 1-3, 2011; Vulliamy, 2008:1; Failed States List, 2005; Failed States Index, 2012). Also, Senegal which is the most politically stable of Guinea's neighbours is quietly grappling with the menace posed by (Casamance) a quarter of a century old low intensity insurgency in the north. Based on the foregoing, Guinea has been frequently referred to as '' the last man standing'' (Appendix II) as it has been able to maintain its equilibrium despite the turmoil of its neighbours (Nelson, 2003:5). Following the above, Guinea seems to have inadvertently become a stabilizing force that needs to be protected, and should instability be allowed to grow in Guinea, it would end up destroying a whole neighbourhood that is still recovering from the horrors of war and brutality. This background is indicative of a sub-region that is predictably unstable due largely to the spiral effects of the conflicts in the region. Due to its porous borders, it is easy for conflict elements within the region to freely interact thereby heightening tension and instability. Despite the instability that engulfed the Mano River region (Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea and Côte d‘Ivoire), Guinea remains the only member state that has not experienced a civil war but suffered from the spills of the wars in other member states. During the war years, Guinea accommodated refugees from member states to an extent that her internal security and economy were threatened. For instance, Civil 4 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone in the early 1990s led to the exodus of more than one million refugees to Cote d‘Ivoire and Guinea over the course of the decade (MRU countries, 2003). Sesay (2003:29), also noted that by the end of 1996, over 2 000 000 Sierra Leoneans were either internally displaced or refugees, most of them to Guinea. These refugees‘ influx challenged available resources of Guinea as well as mounted pressure on its economy. The structural conditions that triggered the wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone and its concomitant effect on the sub region and indeed Guinea set the background for civil society consciousness, its emergence and relevance in Guinea in particular and the MRU in general. Notwithstanding the negative impacts of these conflicts on the economy and people of Guinea, community leaders, women groups, religious/faith-based groups, the media, the academia, democracy, humanitarian/human rights groups have demonstrated that their influence could sometimes extend beyond that of soldiers, politicians and diplomats in bringing succour to the people, reviving the economy and ensuring peace through good governance. Civil society has the potential to play an important and effective role in bringing about democracy and have often contributed effectively to the reduction of violence, the negotiation of settlements, and the facilitation of peace in Guinea. Civil society‘s role in conflict-affected countries is now widely acknowledged including at the global level. An indication of this acknowledgement is captured in the United Nations (UN) Security Council Statement (World Summit Outcome, 2005) which highlighted the comparative advantage of civil society in facilitating dialogue and providing community leadership. According to Civil Society Index Analytical Country Report for Guinea, (CIVICUS, 2011:17), the first CSOs seen in Guinea were the international offices of NGOs and local organizations started by well-connected people who had previously worked for religious offices or in public service. These organizations, included, for example the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the Guinean Association for Family Welfare (AGBEF). From 1990, an urge for democracy manifested itself in Guinea and Guinean civil society gained momentum and belief. According to CIVICUS (2011:17), several CSOs arose although they were not marked by strategic thinking about identities, vision and mission, and instead tended to be diverse in the forms they followed. Some became political parties, others actors for the defence of 5 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY marginalized groups or human rights organizations. Rising pluralism enabled people to create associations in order to take part in political discussions. The great majority of these associations however informal in their origins turned into local NGOs. Simultaneously, press groups and associations of press workers were created. The legal framework for associations and NGOs in Guinea is regulated by the L/2005/013/AN Act, passed into law on July 4, 2005. This Act sets the rules and regulations for civil associations in the Republic of Guinea. The Act made the registration of CSOs earsier by simplifying procedures and decentralizing levels of treatment and approvals which can now be given at the level of Prefectures. Several CSOs have since sprang up, prominent amongst which are the Mano River Women‘s Peace Network (MARWOPNET), religious groups, human rights organizations and the umbrella body-the National Council for Guinean Civil Society Organizations (CNOSCG) amongst others. The contributions of civil society organizations in putting an end to the conflicts in the Mano River Union (MRU) and maintaining Guinea's stability notwithstanding, the conflicts created one of the worst humanitarian crises in recent African history. Women and children in particular suffered disproportionately throughout the period of the conflict. Now that the country has witnessed its first real democratic transition, it is expedient to examine how the much sought after stability and peace can be consolidated through the instrumentality of CSOs to avoid democratic erosion and breakdown. It is instructive to recognize at this point that the deepening of democracy and the consolidation of peace in Guinea as anywhere else cannot be achieved by a single organ or component unit of the system but by a multiplicity of interventions by government, multinationals, private, corporate and civil society organizations. In other words, many groups must necessarily contribute to the peace process but the roles of civil society organizations have been increasingly recognized especially by the United Nations. This study therefore, examines the role(s) and capacity of civil society organisations in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. This, is because civil society organisations are made up of people from different backgrounds and could be seen as a microcosm of the Guinean society. Again, because the sector has been in the forefront of struggles to end the conflicts in the 6 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY MRU and entrench democratic governance in the respective member states. The sector has been described in the words of Sriskandarajah (2013:7) ―as a more trusted partner than governments or business and that civil society groups big and small are finding innovative ways of improving societies across the world‖. This, according to Ashton (2013:4), explains why a vibrant and independent civil society is an essential ingredient of effective and stable democracy and why also the United Nations (UN) and European Union (EU) have for many years, sought to incorporate the inputs and views of civil society in their policy documents. Civil society has also been seen as the vital link in the transition to, and sustainability of post-war democracy (Putnam, 2000:76; Kukah, 1999:43; Ekeh, 1998:9; Merkel and Lauth, 1998:3-12; Hall, 1995). This study therefore, focuses on civil society organisations and the consolidation of peace in Guinea; not because CSOs are the only mechanisms through which the objective of peace consolidation can be achieved but for the reason that civil society organizations are on ground; are familiar with the interaction of conflict elements and threats posed by them to the stability of Guinea; have fair knowledge of the operational environment; are more acceptable and can partner government and external actors in strengthening the objective of peace consolidation in the region. From past and best practices therefore, CSOs have demonstrated that the sector has the wherewithal to meaningfully and constructively contribute towards the entrenchment of democracy and peace in Guinea. Although the background, historical and contextual factors, that put pressure on Guinea remain principally unaltered, there have been some positive strides toward the quest for peace, stability and security in the country. 7 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 1.3. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Since independence, African countries one after another have been engulfed in political turmoil which has not only derailed the hastily launched pre-independence democratic process but has brought about strife, violence and civil war in many countries in the course of competition for political power and control of resources. Though Guinea has not really had a civil war, the conflicts in the Mano River sub region of West Africa, which have become pervasive and civil strife a tragic and persistent plight of the population, have affected it (Adedeji, 2005: vii). Simbine (2008:52) in her categorization of countries by nature of political violence identified Guinea as ‗a violence-prone country‘. It was specifically noted (p.53) that Guinea may not have imploded into war, but it remains conflict prone and as a result, it is merely tottering along. The Mano River Union made up of the tragic quadruplets- Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea and Cote d‘Ivoire has been the most volatile region in West Africa. Local bushfires have raged in the last two decades from Liberia to Sierra Leone, Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire in an inter-connected web of instability (Adedeji, 2005: vii emphasis added). The inter-connected web of instability is evident in the sub region. The civil war in Liberia gave impetus to the war in Sierra Leone. The return to democratic rule in Liberia and Sierra Leone witnessed a military coup d'état in Guinea. The quest to reconstruct the region witnessed the uprising in Cote d‘Ivoire. The graffiti left behind as a result of the various wars in the sub region perhaps, accounts for this instability. Despite the fact that democracy has been restored in Guinea, a sustainable process of peace and good governance is yet to become a reality. Today, the security and political situation in Guinea is stable but fragile as a result of the impact of the wars in the MRU with social structures, the economy, infrastructures, public services and state institutions devastated. This is aside the ripple effects of the unmanageable influx of refugees from the war ravaged countries into Guinea. The pressure on basic facilities, education, health, the environment and even the cultural fabric reached its elastic limits during this period and the seed of suspicion became ingrained in the mentality of the people. Distrust and suspicion have been resuscitated in post transition Guinea as everybody is a suspected element of destabilization. Further, the civilian administration has been severally accused of 8 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY gross acts of insensitivity to the plight of Guineans as abuse of human rights, unemployment, insecurity; destitution, lack of, and access to affordable health services and education amongst others remain beyond the reach of the people of Guinea. These problems therefore underscore the importance and the difficulties associated with sustaining peace in the region. Derived from the above, scholars have investigated the process of governance and conflict management in Guinea with the intent of suggesting workable solutions. The role of civil society organizations in Guinea has equally been studied and the thoughts of scholars seem to converge around the fact that CSOs played very instructive role(s) in facilitating the cessation of hostilities in the sub region, aided peace talks and supported the transition to democracy. The processes of scholarly investigations have also generated huge literature on the linkages between CSOs and the campaign against bad governance. Overall, civil society is widely assumed to be an important actor for peace building and as a result, substantive focus has been directed towards building and strengthening such organizations. The works of Obi (2011); Skocpol (2003); Lewis (2002); Kukah (1999); Diamond, Juan and Seymour (eds) (1998); Ekeh (1998); Salamon and Anheier (1997); Hall (1995); Judge (1994); Seligman (1992); Bayart (1986); Lipnack and Jeffrey (1982) for instance, tended to see civil society as the vital link in the transition to, and sustainability of post-war democracy. In such environment, civil society is understood as playing an important role in reducing violence and facilitating the conditions necessary for building sustainable peace (Paffenholz, 2009:2). In the same vein, some scholars such as, Obi (2003); Oche (2003); Aiyede (2001); Linz and Stepan (1996); Linz and Stepan (1996a) and Diamond (1994) have argued that democracy is a necessary precondition for peace. Although existing studies have focused on CSOs as important actors for peacebuilding in fragile states, their capacity for supporting national stability and security has received little attention. As a result, we have known little about the specific role(s) and capacity of civil society organisations in peacebuilding including its potential contributions to reducing violence, ending armed conflict and building a sustainable peace thereafter. This study, therefore, examined the role and capacity of CSOs in the consolidation of peace in Republic of Guinea. 9 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Based on the above background, the study specifically examined the following questions: 1. What factors threaten the consolidation of peace in Guinea? 2. What is the linkage(s) between civil society organisations and the consolidation of peace? 3. What role can civil society organisations play in supporting the consolidation of peace in Guinea? 4. What is the capacity of civil society organisations in peace consolidation in Guinea? 5. How can civil society organisations partner government and external actors in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea? 6. What are the prospects and challenges for civil society organizations‘ role in peace consolidation in Guinea? 1.5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Derived from the above, the general objective of the study was to suggest measures on how civil society organizations can more effectively support the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. Much more specifically, the study sought: 1. To identify threats to the consolidation of peace in Guinea 2. To establish the linkage(s) between civil society organizations and the consolidation of peace. 3. To identify specific and general roles CSOs can play to support the consolidation of peace in Guinea. 4. To examine the capacity of civil society organisations in peace consolidation in Guinea. 5. To identify ways through which CSOs can partner government and external actors in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. 6. To identify the prospects and challenges for civil society organizations in Guinea. 10 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 1.6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Civil society actors represent a critical pillar for sustaining peace building efforts in fragile post-conflict/transition countries. Oftentimes, even prior to the establishment of a peacekeeping mission and the institutionalization of some transitional mechanisms to monitor the conduct of elections, some local civil society actors would be at the forefront of efforts to find peaceful resolution of conflicts and strengthen the electoral process. Despite this, the question about how the civil society sector can more effectively support the process of peace consolidation has not received sufficient attention till date. This has seemingly limited the extent of knowledge available to development partners, government and other external actors about the capacity and role of the civil society sector in the process of peace consolidation as well as the opportunities presented for strengthening and harnessing their capacities to support the peace process. This gap therefore underscored the significance of the study. On a more general note, the significance of the study is anchored on its ability to have established the role(s) and capacity of the civil society sector in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. Such knowledge has informed evidence- based recommendations on specific areas the sector needs capacity strengthening. It has also identified useful measures upon which government and external actors can more strategically partner local civil society organizations in the consolidation of peace in the region. This is very important because the crusade for peace is obviously beyond the government and any single institution to handle. It must therefore be multi-sectorial. Measures identified by this study have provided the needed background for collaboration. Again, the study is further justified on grounds that it has identified some of the factors that threaten the consolidation of peace in Guinea. This is necessary because diagnosis of identified threats to peace is perhaps the first step toward the consolidation of peace in Guinea. The significance of this study is further highlighted and placed in perspective since it is a research project in the Peace and Conflict Studies Programme of the Institute for Peace and Strategic Studies whose partial mandate is to examine the continent‘s security challenges and make evidence-based recommendations. Overall, the study has laid a foundation for a deeper research endeavor and hopefully provided the background for a much broader future exploration and analysis pertaining to the 11 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY role(s) and capacity of the civil society sector in supporting the consolidation of peace in fragile post-transition countries. 1.7. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of civil society organizations considered for this study was limited to 6 key sectors. Each of these sectors produced 2 organizations as a representative sample making a total of 12 civil society organizations. These sectors included:  Human Rights organizations;  Women‘s organizations;  Local media establishments;  International civil society organizations operating in Guinea  Religious/Faith-based organizations;  Educational/Research establishments Overall, the specific civil society organizations considered in the course of the study included the following: Table 1: Distribution of CSOs based on sector S/N SECTOR SPECIFIC ORGANIZATIONS In English In French 01. Mano River Women Réseau des Fleuve du fleuve Mano pour la paix Women organizations Peace Network (REFMAP) (MARWOPNET) 02. The National Coalition Coalition Nationale pour of Guinea for the Rights le Droit et la Citoyenneté and Citizenship of des Femmes Women (CONAG-DCF) (NCGRW) 03. Equal Rights for All Les Mêmes Droits pour Tous (MDT) Human Rights (ERA) 04. Organizations Guinean Organization for Organisation Guinéenne des Droits de l‘Homme Human Rights (GOHR) (OGDH) 05. Religious/Faith-based Muslim Women of Femmes Musulmanes de Guinée (GMF) 12 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Organization Guinea (MWG) 06. Educational/Research National Institute of Institut National de recherché et d‘Action establishments Research and Pedagogic Pédagogique (INRAP) Action (NIRPA) 07. Local media Association of African Association des Professionals of Professionnelles establishments Communication (AAPC) Africaines de la Communication (APAC) 08. Rural Radio of Guinea Radio Rurale de Guinee (RRG) (GRR) 09. **Civil Education National Platform of Plateforme Nationale des United Citizens for citoyens unis pour le development (NPUCD) développement (PCUD) 10. **Rural Association For Association pour le Bien Communities Wellbeing être Communautaire et le Organization and Development Développement (ABC- (ACWD) DEV) 11. West Africa Network for Le Réseau Ouest Africain pour l‘édification de la International civil Peacebuilding Paix society organizations (WANEP) 12. operating in Guinea Open Society Initiative - for West Africa (OSIWA) Source: Field work, 2013 ** These organizations were not initially included in the proposal but the reality on ground in the field, especially in terms of their activities in the rural areas informed their inclusion. Also, the fact that some of the civil society sectors selected for study could not boast of two functional organizations on ground at the time of the field exercise further necessitated the inclusion of these new ones. 13 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 1.8. CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION This section is devoted to the clarification of key concepts. The essence is to place relevant concepts in the context of the study. The following key concepts are briefly explained below with the intent of offering more details in the literature review section. This includes: Mano River Union (MRU), Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Peace and Consolidation of peace. 1.8.1. The Mano River Union (MRU) The governments of Liberia and Sierra Leone signed the Mano River Union Treaty on 3 October 1973. The Treaty at this stage formed primarily a customs union designed to allow the free movement of people and products (MRU Treaty, 1973:2). The Republic of Guinea became a signatory and joined the Union in 1980 and Cote d'Ivoire in 2008. The Union derives its name from the Mano River which begins in the Guinea highlands and forms a border between Liberia and Sierra Leone. 1.8.2. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) Civil society organization is used here to refer to all the modern or traditional, non- political and non-governmental organizations, registered or informal, which aim at promoting sustainable peace and democracy through socio-economic and cultural development, and which act as an intermediary between the state, political parties and the masses (CIVICUS 2011:17). This conceptualisation as adapted from CIVICUS is used interchangeably with the civil society sector. Wherever the civil society sector is used in this study, it is simply referring to civil society organisations. 1.8.3. Peace Peace according to Ibeanu (2006:10) and as used here refers to a dynamic socio- economic process rather than a condition. It is used here to refer to a process involving activities that are directly or indirectly linked to increasing development and reducing conflict both within specific societies and in the wider international community. 1.8.4. Consolidation of Peace Consolidation of peace as used in the study refers to the entrenchment, sustenance and survival of the structures and processes of democracy so that they are not subverted 14 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY (Diamond 1994). This is based on the argument that peace cannot be consolidated without first entrenching democracy 1.9. CHAPTER LAYOUT The study is divided into five chapters with chapter one covering background to the study, research problem, research questions and objective of the study, significance of the study, scope, conceptual clarification and chapter layout. Following chapter one is chapter two which specifically reviewed literature around the concept of civil society organisations, peace and the notion of consolidation of peace. The chapter also identified and discussed theoretical frameworks that provided guidance to the study. Chapter three essentially discussed the methodology of research. It spelt out the research design and sampling methods, data instruments and how data was collected. Chapter four narrowed in on result findings and analysis. Results were analysed based on objective of the study. The study rounded off with summary, recommendations and conclusions in chapter five. 15 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1. Introduction This chapter reviews literature relevant to the study and describes theoretical framework that provides guidance in explaining the issues under investigation. The review is within the purview of civil society organizations, the concept of peace and the notion of consolidation of peace and Mano River Union (MRU). This purview captures key concepts critical to the study. The chapter also reviews literature around theoretical framework including structural functionalist and democratic peace theories. 2.2. Literature Review 2.2.1. The concept of civil society The role of CSOs in peacebuilding has gained increased recognition. Today, the main question is no longer whether CSOs have a role to play in peacebuilding, but how it can best realise its potential. Civil society has been in the forefront of conflict resolution (Ibeanu, 2006:12) yet; the concept remains elusive, complex and contested. There are different meanings and interpretations and overtime, different schools of thoughts have influenced theoretical debates and structured the philosophical roots of the concept of civil society. It is instructive to review some of these philosophical foundations as suggested by scholars with the hope of creating the necessary background. According to Merkel and Lauth (1998:3-12), John Locke was the first in modern times to stress that civil society is a body in its own right, separate from the state. The first task of civil society according to Locke is to protect the individual, his rights and property against the state and its arbitrary interventions. Charles Montesquieu in his model of separation of powers (De l’esprit des Lois, 1748) quoted in Merkel and Lauth (1998:114) distinguishes as Locke between political society (regulating the relations between citizens and its government) and civil society (regulating the relations between citizens); he however lent credence to Locke‘s position by arguing that the central authority must be monitored by independent organizations to avoid abuse of power. This coheres with the position of Ibeanu (n.d:3) where it was noted that civil society organisations are raising issues and 16 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY championing causes that challenge political authoritarianism, economic deprivation and social exclusion. Putnam (2000:76) noted that Alexander de Tocqueville stressed even more the role of these independent associations as civil society. He sees these associations as schools of democracy in which democratic thinking, attitudes and behaviors are learned with the aim to protect and defend individual rights against potentially authoritarian regimes and tyrannical majorities in society. On the other hand, Habermas (1992:399- 467) focuses his idea of civil society on its role within the public sphere. He argued that the political system needs the articulation of interests in the public space to put different concerns on the political agenda. This function he noted cannot be left to established institutions alone. Overall, the works of Habermas (1992); Merkel and Lauth (1998); Putnam (2000) and Molutsi (2000) give a background to the relevance of the civil society sector in democratic governance and peace consolidation. These scholars make the point that the civil society sector is a component of the political system, separate from the state and driven by the desire to protect the individual, his rights and property against the state and its arbitrary interventions. This desire coheres with the moral background and reinforces the strategic relevance of the civil society sector in supporting the process of peace consolidation. It is apparent from the above philosophical foundations that civil society is role-driven as the scholars have emphasized one form of civil society's role or the other. For instance, Locke suggests the role of protection when it was noted that ‗civil society exists to protect the individual, his rights and property against the state and its arbitrary interventions‘. Montesquieu emphasized the need to monitor the process of governance. He stressed the need to monitor the government to avoid abuse of power. To entrench democratic values, Tocqueville suggests the function of socialization and Habermas suggested advocacy and facilitation as the central function of civil society organizations. According to Locke, all natural rights are inferences from one primary right: the right to self-preservation. The French Revolution expanded it to the right to life, to liberty and to property and the American constitution embellished it with the ―right to the pursuit of happiness‖ (Merkel and Lauth 1998:3-12). It is these deductions that strengthened civil society where there is no state machinery to achieve some of these personal and group rights. The existence of civil society organisations 17 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY is therefore tied to its roles. This point is aptly captured when Paffenholz (2009:5) observed that in building peace, civil society organisations play seven basic functions which include protection of citizens against violence from all parties; monitoring of human rights violations and monitoring the implementation of peace agreements; advocacy for peace and human rights; socialization to values of peace and democracy as well as to develop the in-group identity of marginalized groups; inter-group social cohesion by bringing people together from adversarial groups; facilitation of dialogue on the local and national level between all sorts of actors; service delivery to create entry points for peace building, i.e. for the six functions above. Using these roles categorisation as key indicators, it would be easy to infer that CSOs in Guinea played strategic roles in achieving almost all of these indicators but not on equal basis as the relevance of the seven functions identified above differs depending on the context - war, window of opportunity for peace negotiation and post-conflict/transition phase. As noted in the background to the study, the conflicts in Liberia and Sierra Leone had very severe impact on the security and economy of the Mano River Union in general and Guinea particularly suffered from the spills. During this period, the space for civil society to act was drastically reduced yet, it was not constrained by it. The main goal of civil society intervention at the period was to lessen violence. Civil society therefore monitored human rights, supported and facilitated dialogues for the protection of civilians. It can be gauged that the functions of protection, monitoring, advocacy and facilitation were the major drivers of civil society interventions at this point. Following a window of opportunity for peace negotiations, CSOs adopted targeted advocacy campaigns for the inclusion of relevant issues in peace agreements. It is important to note here that advocacy and facilitation were quite relevant during this period. Following the cessation of hostilities, the need for protection generally declined though still important because high levels of violence continued past the formal termination of hostilities albeit often in other forms (such as increases in crime or household violence). The role of civil society in monitoring continued to be relevant as does facilitation and service delivery. Now that the Republic of Guinea has attained democracy, social cohesion and socialization increases in relevance as people are able to focus on issues other than their immediate survival. At this point, it is most useful to begin initiatives that aim at rebuilding relationships with critical 18 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY stakeholders in Guinea and enhance mutually beneficial national engagements with her neighbours as a means of preventing future conflicts. The philosophical foundation of civil society appears to have converged on the role of civil society organisations rather than its capacity. A critical gap in the ‗role approach‘ is that the capacity of CSOs is given little attention yet without adequate capacity, CSOs cannot meaningfully play the roles identified by these scholars. Civil society organisation‘s operations in Guinea were influenced by an array of external and internal factors. In addition to the conflict in the MRU, Guinea's civil society sector was shaped by the immediate post-independence events. Guinea is also a product of twenty years of socialism and dictatorial repression especially under its first president Sékou Touré. This repressive scenario created a background for civil society consciousness. Civil society interventions at the time were centred on fighting repression and abuse of rights with the intent of creating an enabling environment for broader political participation. In its current usage, civil society is generally understood to constitute the realm and range of voluntary and autonomous associations in the public sphere between the family and the state, which exist in relation to, but are independent of the state. Another important definition which points to perhaps its chief attribute is civil society`s norm-setting role which is concerned with the nature and limits of state power and the rules that govern its functioning. The public realm in which these associations exist is populated by organizations such as ethnic, religious, professional, trade/labor unions, gender, environmental, human rights and pro-democracy groups, student and youth groups and media organizations but exclude political parties and the private sector (Molutsi, 2000). There is a general agreement among scholars on the centrality of civil society in enhancing good governance and democracy. Because of its crucial role in transitions from war to peace; civil society has come to be seen by many scholars as the vital link in the transition to, and sustainability of post-war democracy (Diamond et al 1998). The link between civil society and the consolidation of peace has also been reflected in such other works like Obi, (2011); Skocpol, (2003); Kukah, (1999); Ekeh, (1998); Salamon and Anheier, (1997); Hall, (1995); Judge, (1994); Seligman, (1992); Bayart, 19 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY (1986); and Lipnack and Stamps, (1982). However, what is contested among scholars is how effective and durable the actions of civil society can be, and which actions are most likely to contribute to democratic consolidation. In his classic study of civil society in Kenya, Ndegwa (1996:1-11) raised four important issues pertinent to this study. First, Ndegwa challenged the notion that civil society is uniformly progressive in opposing the excesses of the African State and in advancing the process of democratization. Second, the Kenyan scholar questioned whether the popular drive toward democratization in Africa is founded on inherently democratic values within civil society and genuine grassroots representation, or rather on civil society`s reactions to external pressures. Third, Ndegwa questioned the notion of ―grassroots empowerment‖ which he felt is lacking in the activities of Africa's civil society sector. Finally, the author attributed this flaw to the singular focus on organizational or institutional actions by civil society elements and wondered how citizens could be empowered to own the process of democracy. It could be gleaned from Ndegwa‘s disquisition that civil society organisations are not uniformly progressive. However, while the civil society sector is seen as the vital link in the transition to, and sustainability of post-war democracy, Antonio Gramsci cited in Lewis, (2002: 569-86) and Ndegwa (1996:4), tend to hold a position that is slightly different from the above school of thoughts. They both see civil society from a Marxist theoretical angle which stresses the potentially oppositional role of civil society as a ‗public room‘ separate from state and market, in which ideological hegemony is contested. Gramsci‘s position aptly fits into what Ndegwa referred to as ―two faces of civil society‖, a situation whereby civil society organisations can be both actors for peace and violence. This argument is corroborated by Social Development Department-Sustainable Development Network (2006: v) which notes that although civil society organisations are frequently actors for peace, they can also be actors of violence. According to this line of argument, civil society contains a wide range of organizations and ideologies which can both challenge and at the same time uphold the existing order. Ndegwa reference to ―two faces of civil society‖ is to show how CSOs involved in similar work can hold opposing views and pursue different sets of actions in relation to the same goals. As he notes, ―one opposes the state and seems to further democratization movement and the other seeks accommodation with the repressive state'' (Ndegwa 1996:4). Ibeanu (n.d:3) declared that not only have 20 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY some sections of civil society played patently reactionary roles in the struggle for democracy, but also in many cases the impetus for democratisation has genuinely and independently come from within the state. In a similar study, Nyang`oro (1999:5), recognized this fact when it was observed that civil society is a diverse space, which includes ―the good, the bad and the ugly‖. Nyang`oro further notes that the struggle for democratic development involves conflict not only between the state and the civil society sector, but also within civil society itself for its own further democratization. Supporting this point Brysk (2000, 145-147), asserts that civil society can only impact the democratization process when it is itself democratized. To be democratic, the scholar mentioned that civil society must be representative, accountable, and pluralistic and must respect human rights. This suggests that civil society's democratizing role is diminished when it is undemocratic and fails to observe democratic norms. Brysk further remarks that as normal politics replaces crisis, civic groups that are unrepresentative or unaccountable will often lose legitimacy, split up into factions or simply fail to adapt to changing political circumstances. Ndegwa (1996:1-11) concludes his study on Kenya with the warning that, in focusing on the role of civil society in democratic transitions in Africa, it is imperative that one looks to organizations that best express the dynamics of social movement i.e. groups that are conscious of the need to establish, practice and preserve democratic values and institutions. Nyang`oro (1999:5) lent credence to this position by arguing that the ―key to identifying CSOs as agents for democratization would be to first identify those groups which have open and clearly identified agenda pushing for political inclusiveness and a broader social space for views that enhance political participation.‖ Civil society has a long history in Guinea as significant civil society forces such as trade unions, women and youths‘ organizations existed before the creation of the Guinean state and played major role in the struggle for independence. The notion of modern civil society arose in the 1990s as a direct response to the challenges of conflicts and democratization. CSOs in Guinea therefore tend to exist to defend common interests, or represent the interests of marginalized social strata. According to CIVICUS (2011:18), the process of civil society registration in Guinea is well defined as approval must be secured from the Ministry of Territory Administration 21 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY and Political Affairs or by one of its departments as this status does entail some benefits, such as certain tax exemptions. For the purpose of this study, the Guinean society as a whole can therefore be divided into five basic stakeholders: the state, the private sector, civil society, development partners and the masses. The Guinean state is the most powerful force in this categorisation. It maintains close connections with certain key private businesses. The private sector is the second most important sector after the state. It is the main taxpayer, and the secondary provider of jobs after the state especially job opportunities for young people. The Civil society sector is represented by several NGOs and development associations, including women and youth organizations, human rights associations, religious groups, trade unions and the independent media. They occupy the intermediate sphere between the state, the private sector and the family. Even if development partners are not local structures, they are perceived as a social force in Guinea not least as a lobbying force but a major provider of funding and an arena where major decisions are taken regarding socio-economic policies. The overall objective of peace consolidation cannot be achieved without mapping their relationship and influence. The masses are the final recipients of the various interventions of government, private sector, civil society sector, development partners etc. Together, these groups form critical stakeholders of the Guinean society. In a National study on the state of civil society in Guinea commissioned by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the National Council for Civil Society Organizations in Guinea (CNOSCG) and CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation, the state of civil society was examined along four key dimensions-their structure, environment, values and impact. The structure dimension was used to examine for instance, civil society membership, extent of international linkages, human resources, extent of cooperation and civil society infrastructure in Guinea. The environment dimension was to gauge the environment in which civil society exists and functions (e.g. legislative, political, cultural and economic context and the relationship between civil society and the state as well as the private sector). The values dimension was to determine key values practiced and promoted within the civil society arena (e.g. democracy, tolerance and protection); and the impact dimension was to probe the activities pursued by civil society actors and determine the extent to 22 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY which such activities impacted the lives of the people (e.g. public policy impact, impact on human rights, good governance and accountability). Based on these dimensions, the survey made the following findings: The findings reported that the Structure Dimension which explored the diversity of civil society, its institutionalization and the extent of its engagement was poor. This suggests that overall, Guinean citizens have a fairly weak level of engagement in civil society actions and that level of citizen participation in civil society and the associational life of Guinea remains relatively low. This is due either to a lack of capacity and knowledge about the notion of civil society and its role, or a lack of technical and financial resources to enable citizens to actively meet societal needs. The Environment Dimension is strongly linked to the country's political and legal context. This dimension was rated the lowest. This suggests that the Guinean state, although relying on its political, constitutional and economic power, does not create a favourable environment for the development of civil society. The Values Dimension is derived from research on democracy, gender equality and environmental initiatives. Although this was rated high, it is worrying to note that the Civil Society Index (CSI) report suggests that both tolerance and non-violence seem to be rare within much of Guinean society. Moreover, poverty in Guinea continues to worsen, with more than half the population continuing to live under the poverty line. This diminishes and constrains the potentials for society to practice its values. The Impact Dimension assessed the impact that Guinean civil society's actions have on the country's development. This was rated the highest suggesting that the impact is relevant but limited with respect to CSO's efforts to influence social policies in favor of marginalized people. Simultaneously, civil society actions aimed at holding government and the private sector accountable seem to be almost non-existent. However, CSOs seem to be well grounded in the concerns of the population and their proximity to everyday concerns can help them to master the most pressing issues in Guinea. As a result of this closeness, CSOs manage to use limited resources to strengthen the ability of communities to mobilize and collectively organize to solve problems. 23 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Other sub dimensions considered in the CIVICUS country survey on civil society reveals and include the following: International linkages International linkages as used here refer to those organizations which are members of international networks or involved in global processes. The survey noted that the number of CSOs with international linkages is very limited. The findings further suggest a real information deficit within civil society in Guinea and a lack of sharing of experiences. This finding by the CIVICUS survey resonates with the difficulties often associated with the consolidation of peace and learning of lessons by the civil society sector. While this is very instructive in the context of this study, the survey did not offer suggestions on how relevant linkages with international organizations can be established and sustained. One of the objectives of this study is to identify such linkages. For the purpose of the consolidation of peace therefore, this gap must be filled as viable international collaboration is essential. Human resources According to feasibility study of the programme "Support to civil society initiatives for increased human capacity‖ (AISCHA) in the Republic of Guinea (2003), a sufficient quality and quantity of human resources are rare in civil society in Guinea. It is important to note that human capital is very central and perhaps the most important driver of the process of peace consolidation. It is important in the context to build the human capital if the objective of the consolidation of peace is to be realized. Political rights According to Freedom House (2008:7), cited in World Press Freedom Index (2009), there are still restrictions on citizens‘ political rights and on participation in the political process. Since the beginning of the democratization process in 1991, political parties were tolerated but have experienced many restrictions. For instance, public contests have been prohibited. In its 2008 Freedom in the World report, Freedom House ranks Guinea 158th out of 167 countries and classifies it as an authoritarian country but in its 2011 report, Guinea had moved from ''a not free to a free country'' 24 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY showing improvements in the respect for basic rights (Freedom House 2011). This window of opportunity presents a soft landing for the civil society sector to build on. Rule of law The survey also noted that Acts are well written but are difficult to enforce. As a result, people do not trust the application of the law in Guinea. Separation of the legislative, executive and judicial power is very approximate. The average Guinean citizen does not trust the national jurisdiction. In a Foreign Policy (FP) publication of 10 May 2006, Guinea was classified in the ―screwed up countries‖ list. By using 12 socio-economic, political and military indicators, Foreign Policy classified 146 countries according to their vulnerability to internal violent conflict. Guinea was ranked 11th on this list and the 10 countries ahead of it are all already involved in civil war or violent internal conflict. These gory details hold very instructive signals for those interested in using the window of opportunity provided by democracy to enhance the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. Corruption Corruption is extensive in Guinea. Transparency International's 2008 Corruption Perception Index (CPI) puts Guinea in 173rd place out of 180 countries. The CPI for 2012 ranked Guinea 154 out of 176, its ability to control corruption was pegged at 8% as at 2010, on Human Development Index (HDI) the country ranked 178 out of 187 for 2011, 86 out of 179 on Press Freedom for 2011-2012, 3% for rule of law in 2010 and 23% for voice and accountability for 2010 (Transparency International 2012). The Transparency International report adds, ―In poor countries, corruption compromises the fight against poverty and threatens the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Endemic and extensive corruption, if not adequately managed, could exacerbate the already fragile peace in Guinea Civil liberties This shows the limitations of civil liberties guaranteed by the law. According to World Press Freedom Index (2009), Guinea is credited with the status of a state in which rights and civil liberties are not always respected. The weekly Guinean newspaper Le Lynx (2003:12) published an article entitled Seized Freedom. This article was a statement by the political party, 'The Union Democratic Forces in 25 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Guinea (UDFG),' written after the arrest and imprisonment of political opponents of the government. The party points to what it calls the ―serious breach of human rights and the violation of the principles governing the state of rights.‖ According to Le Lynx (2004:4), another article written by the Commission on Human and Peoples rights titled Complaint against Guinea, expressed similar violations of rights. Freedom of the press The Freedom House 2009 (Freedom of the Press), report noted that violations of freedom of the press in Guinea are frequent. Journalists and private publishing companies have been attacked quite often including broken into and vandalized. The report ranked Guinea 158th out of 167 countries. Using this measure, Guinea is considered as one of 51 authoritarian countries in the world. Press freedom is central to the actualization of the objective of peace consolidation in Guinea. Poverty and social imbalance There is wide spread poverty in Guinea as more than 40% of the population survives on US$2 or less a day. The most recent report on the Integrated Core Survey for Poverty Assessment (ICSPA) made in 2002-2003 by the National Directorate of Statistics and as cited in the Poverty Reduction Paper (2001) shows that in 2002, 49.2% of the Guinean population were living under the poverty line estimated at 387.692 GF per person per year and 19.2% of the population were below the extreme poverty line and in 2005, the poverty rate of Guinea was 53.6%. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) of Guinea (2001, 2002, 2007, & 2008:11) all reported on the poverty level of Guinea. Armed conflict The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) published in Guinea in 2004, indicates that ―since 2000 the development context in Guinea has been marked by several exogenous shocks'' (armed conflicts in the sub-region, rebel attacks against the national territory) etc. Guinea was the victim of rebel attacks from September 2000 to June 2001. It could be garnered from the PRSP‘s submission on the state of conflict in Guinea that the defining threat to the consolidation of peace in Guinea is conflict in neighboring states. Submissions of this nature while very apt in analyzing stability from a sub-regional perspective, gives one little insight to what constitutes internal 26 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY threats to the consolidation of peace in Guinea. Derived from the above, a perspective that would enable one analyse threats to peace consolidation from a sub-regional, international and national perspective becomes a plausible paradigm. Again, another objective of this study was to identify threats to the consolidation of peace in Guinea with the intent of suggesting workable solutions since peace is a sine qua non to all round development. The urgent need to put measures in place to support the consolidation of the attended peace becomes even more compelling in the circumstance that no worthy development can take place without peace. Civil society actions to promote democracy The Civil society sector sees itself as a space where there is a culture of expressing and tolerating different viewpoints, where democracy is modelled and intolerant attitudes are challenged. CSO members played a key democratic role through participation in internal elections. CSO activities in this field are felt to be a true support to democracy and a promoter of its ideals. Civil society actions to promote tolerance Report of the National Forum of Guinean Civil Society Organizations (2006), noted that majority of CSOs in Guinea focused their work on promoting tolerance. After protests in January and February 2007, several religious groups and associations co- ordinated their media presence and attended places of worship to call on the population to exercise self-control and tolerance. Civil society’s impact on social policy issues The survey reported that civil society's ability to influence the policy process is very evident. Civil society’s impact on human rights issues CIVICUS Civil Society Index Toolkit (2009), reported that CSO has had limited success in influencing policies in human rights. Faced with a challenging environment and political situation, it will be critical for civil society in Guinea to understand better what works, and what does not work so well in trying to improve human rights, good governance and support the consolidation of peace. 27 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Civil Society’s impact on good governance issues The CIVICUS CSOs Toolkit also noted that civil society is very active in promoting public policies in addressing good governance. Holding the state accountable The Report of the training workshop on CSO internal and external communications in Guinea (2002), reported that while civil society is active in monitoring the transparency of the government and holding it to account, its impact is limited. Again, the task of CSOs to promote transparency of the state focuses on strengthening citizens‘ education with the aim of nurturing the notion of the state reporting to citizens and citizens holding the state to account in the longer term. Public trust in the civil society sector A high level of trust is reported to be bestowed on civil society sector by the Guinea people. This suggests that Guinean CSOs have managed to develop their legitimacy through the relevance of their interventions and by being seen to deliver value in areas often neglected by public authorities. Some scholars, especially Carroll (1992) and Fowler (1988), corroborate the above line of argument by noting that the civil society sector has comparative advantage over government in grass root development but lacks the capacity to compete with government in service delivery. This comparative advantage highlights the significance of the civil society sector in supporting the process of peace consolidation. In a recent example, CSOs were notably seen to have been involved in the process of negotiating a suspension of the strike of January to February 2007 in Guinea. The Report of the Roundtable on the Stakeholders of Guinean Development (2006) reported that there are significant social gaps caused by lack of trust in other sectors into which civil society steps in to fill. It could be deduced from the above review of CIVICUS report that the civil society sector in Guinea has failed on a lot of indicators but the peace of the country would have been more critically threatened without its contributions. A country with a history of repressive regimes makes civil society participation in governance even more daunting. Judging from this background, civil society is achieving a strong impact in several areas and is actively trying to take part in a process of change. The trust in civil society and the track record it has begun to demonstrate over the last few 28 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY years prove that civil society is capable of acting more as a two-way interface between the government and the masses. Nonetheless, civil society is showing that it is making a difference in filling social gaps that government does not meet and helping to address people's needs. Civil society organisations enjoy high public trust and have demonstrated that it can act with responsibility and maturity. As a mutually valued and trusted partner in expanding democratization and improving development, the civil society sector has even become more relevant. This is more so because civil society is seen as an intermediary between a government which is beginning to acknowledge that it is not the sole owner of solutions and a populace who still have pressing and unsatisfied needs and aspirations such as needs for security, access to affordable health services, education and safe environment. The role of CSOs as seen from the foregoing suggests that the civil society sector is very important especially in creating and enhancing social capital that contributes to sustaining democracy and fostering economic growth and general wellbeing which Salamon and Anheier (1997:1-9), argue is possible only with a mutually-supportive relationship among the civil society, the state, and the business community. According to Guthrie (1994), the civil society sector attempts to protect the rights of individuals and the common good by adapting approaches beyond politics. However, the civil society sector can also be used against excessive centralization and abuse of power, but power is not of primary concern here. As Judge (1994:34) points out, what the civil society sector does is provide the means to address the complex needs of society, motivate people to act independent of the political power, promote social diversity and identity, and enhance the relationship between the government and the governed. Neither the political/legal frameworks of governments nor economic systems themselves can contribute sufficiently to society to fulfil these aspects. For this, organised groups of people or entities are necessary. It is important to note that a constellation of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) make up the civil society sector. There is however a general debate on the various adjectives used in qualifying the civil society sector e.g. the voluntary sector, third sector, non-profit sector, informal sector and independent sector. As used by Brown and Korten (1989:67) and others, the voluntary sector is an alternative to motivate people for resource utilization with shared values rather than with shared 29 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY politics or economics. With this notion, the sector would tend to include volunteers and their activities. In practice though, it is not confined to voluntary work for in the extreme, it involves all paid works. This clarification is essential in dispersing the cobwebs that often accompanys‘ the principle of volunteerism in CSOs. The notion of third sector which is used in literature by Nielson (1979), does not give a complete sense unless there is proper knowledge that the first and second sectors are government and private business, only then can civil society be the third sector. Among others, Salamon (1992:107) prefers the term non-profit sector which is popular mainly in the developed societies. Based on the reality of the environment of the study, this term hardly captures the study's idea of a technical qualifier for civil society. In fact, it is unable to represent the context of developing societies. This is because even with the presence of non-profit objectives some institutional forms for example, Mano River Women Peace Network (MARWOPNET) benefit their members and promote economic development in the communities. According to Fisher (1993:34-48), the term informal sector has overlapping characteristics to the independent sector but tends to include the whole range of informal activities which for example include household activities. Again, the term independent sector tends to be wider, encompassing two fundamental elements, i.e. autonomy and shared values (Fisher, 1993:34-48). Anheier (1990:371-91), argues that what the independent sector includes depends on circumstances. The scholar further notes that the conceptualisation of independent sector can be based for instance on legal status, national accounts, residual from government and the business sector or any other boundaries. According to Weaver, Rock, and Kusterer (1997), cited in Wagle (1999:528), the independent sector can be defined as a domain that emerged in an attempt to promote informal resources and institutionalize efforts of good governance and human wellbeing. In this respect, CSOs are a part of the independent sector that embodies voluntary, member serving, or public serving activities in a less formal way. Another term frequently used throughout this study is the civil society sector. As CIVICUS (1997) notes, the civil society sector is formed by expanding the traditional charitable activities to the areas of citizen participation and the delivery of social, economic, cultural and educational services. The civil society sector therefore 30 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY includes all of the non-profit sector institutions for example: human rights, gender, religious groups including charities and civil organizations. The word itself is more representative than others-third sector, voluntary sector, independent sector and informal sector. As a result, the term civil society sector will be used interchangeably with civil society organizations in this study. The civil society sector has a broad spectrum of activities as its technical form is extended from charitable or community development organizations to professional associations. Weaver et al (1997) cited in Wagle (1999:528-29), restated the relevance of CSOs when they noted that the civil society sector is a major contributor in democratizing politics and in lobbying and pressuring governments for policy changes. In this sense, they argued that the civil society sector is a prerequisite to a democratic political system. Again, they observed that civil society sector is more active in those societies where interest groups that lobby and mobilize people do not actively participate in politics. Fowler, (1988) and OECD, (1988) are both of the opinion that the civil society sector has potential comparative advantage over governments and other official donors in grassroots development. However, there are also arguments that they will not be able to compete with governments in service delivery (Carroll, 1992). In fact, the civil society sector does not have any political support from the public; neither do they have bureaucratic power that governments are entitled to use. Their representatives are not elected with the votes of the general public. What does the civil society sector do or what do they have that makes them loved by people and governments? Don‘t they have any weakness that harms their beneficiaries rather than benefit them? Some strengths and weaknesses are considered below. Lipnack and Stamps (1982:76-82), have mentioned that CSOs have been working as networking tools to connect people with the reality of their environment and provide a platform upon which diverse and dispersed capacities express their commitments to improving society. Whether emerged from the grassroots level or having understanding of real problems at different levels, it is argued that their diversity and independence help bring diversified perspectives in analyzing problems and identifying possible solutions. Overall, civil society can play roles critical to the survival of the system. 31 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY First, civil society organizations provide an independent means of monitoring the activities of government and ensuring the accountability of elected officials. This is a very important role for the civil society sector in Guinea as elsewhere especially considering the fact that the sub region where these CSOs operate is just emerging from the ravages of war. Moreover, in the post-transition phase, reconciliation, development and confidence building should be on the front burner and the activities of politicians should be directed toward enhanced service delivery. Side by side with the media, CSOs can play the role of impartial and independent watch-dogs of the activities of government and help forestall corrupt tendencies. Secondly, the activities of CSOs help to stimulate the interests of the citizenry at large in politics and also to promote their involvement. To this end, they supplement the functions of political parties. Their activities in this regard can only help to sustain democracy and consolidate peace if the proper messages are communicated to the public. Messages that promote the rule of law and help to build attributes that are supportive of good governance and democracy are very important. Thirdly, vigorous and active civil society groups are especially well placed to help in the long-term cultivation of democratic political culture that will in turn set the foundation for the consolidation of peace. The importance of such a culture toward the consolidation of peace cannot be overemphasized. Fourthly, the civil society sector is adequately suited for carrying out research into problem areas of the sub region`s nascent democracy. Such research and findings could be documented and disseminated to members of the public as well as government. Lastly, the civil society sector could help to enhance the representative function of democracy by providing outlets for the expression of diverse interests. Civil society organizations can also play a more pro-active role in propagating what Ekeh (1998:9) refers to as ―the Republican Principle‖ which simply means that the state belongs to its citizens. This is necessary because of the arrogant perception widely held by elected officials that powers and institutions of the state are now theirs to use for purposes of primitive accumulation rather than seeing themselves as holding the mandate of the people in public trust. This misconception should be the focus of unrelenting attack. Civil society groups can communicate and cultivate values and attitudes that can help to support democracy and consolidate peace in Guinea. A major strategy according to Liebenberg (1997:48-52), in this regard should 32 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY be upholding the rule of law. This will facilitate a movement towards a strong sub region with a strong civil society with less parochial focus. There is no doubt that a strong link exists between a vibrant civil society sector and a vibrant democracy and there are advantages in harnessing the strength of the civil society sector. CSOs are basically more focused on their targets, especially in monitoring government's activities for accountability, human rights and good governance while government or other official aids agencies set a wide range of objectives. Also, from a geographical viewpoint, they often work in remote areas where government officials due to bureaucratic reasons are hardly present. Unlike government and other official aids agencies, CSOs are flexible to experiment and adapt new approaches for many reasons. This is because the numbers of decision makers in CSOs are smaller, their decisions are not subject to political or public scrutiny, consequences of failure are less, and it is believed that volunteerism creates an environment which generates new ideas. In many cases where CSOs are not innovative, it has been proved that they are adaptive to new approaches. Because CSOs staffs share their values and beliefs in social change, they are highly committed to their work. Rather than focusing on organizational effectiveness, it is argued that CSOs staffs focus on their mission and activities. There is also likelihood that the committed staffs possess their own original ideas regarding CSO operation that help yield proper decisions. An obvious weakness of the civil society sector according to Wagle (1999:534-88), is in the arguments held by some scholars that there are no specific rules regarding human resource management and that all it is based on is leadership styles. Wagle argued that under charismatic leadership, staff will feel weaker and dictated to because their own ideas will be superseded by that of their leaders. In a collegial style of leadership, a lack of a well-defined mission and personal views and motivation can lead staff to divergent and poorly coordinated directions. Likewise, Clark (1991) argues that career advancement opportunities are seldom available to civil society sector's staff because of their smaller organizational scale. However, many civil society sectors‘ projects are not managerially and technically viable nor are they really focused on driving the system in the direction of positive change. Many studies have shown that CSO projects in some instances are not designed to help the public 33 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY but the civil society sector itself (Broadhead and Herrbert-Coopley 1988; Brown 1988; Fowler 1988; Elliot 1987; Garilao 1987; Sheldon 1987; Tendler 1982). Such studies have found that imported project approaches are not appropriate to local environments in developing countries as projects lack strategic planning; sustainability aspect of projects is overlooked and project staff lack technical expertise. More specifically, a major weakness of the civil society sector is the urban-rural dichotomy to the extent that the vast majority of civil society groups in Guinea are based in the urban areas. The argument here is that for purposes of peace consolidation in a sub region with a predominantly rural population, the spread of the activities of CSOs would be circumscribed and limited to the urban areas while conflict elements like ex-combatants and armaments are allowed to freely interact in the rural areas which serve as safe havens. Consequently, urban areas tend to have their own conditions and dynamics which are usually not similar to, nor representative of those that people face in rural areas. The impact and effectiveness of institutions of governance at the local level in the view of Oche (2003:200), is not an issue that should be ignored. A second weakness relates to the undemocratic organizational structures which are common features of some civil society groups. Also, many civil society organizations are seen as simply ‗one man show‘ with authoritarian decision- making processes revolving around one individual and expenditure of funds also restricted to individual dictates. These factors restrict the growth and structural differentiation of such groups and their ability to effectively contribute to the sustenance of democracy and the consolidation of peace in the sub region. A third problem is the inadequacy of funding for most civil society groups. With the possible exception of groups with religious affiliation, most organizations have serious financial problems. Many CSOs operate from residential abodes and do not even have basic office equipment and accessories which are imperatives for the effective functioning of any organization. MwMakumbe (1998:310-316), notes that the philanthropic community in a sub region like the MRU that is ravaged by wars is quite small and efforts by members of civil society groups to raise funds locally have been met with limited success. The result has been an ever increasing dependence on foreign donor agencies by CSOs, leaving them vulnerable and restricted to the implementation of agenda established by foreign donors. The problem of dependence 34 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY on foreign donors is itself tied to the broader and more fundamental problem of slow economic development if any at all and weak private sector that is still ultimately dependent upon government for contracts and business. If the civil society sector is to remain autonomous of government, then their resource base within Guinea which is premised upon a weak private sector that compels them to continue depending on foreign donors must be expanded. Again, there is no clear agreement as to whom the civil society sector should be accountable to. There are many constituencies that CSOs are expected to deal with and report to. Some of these include; the government, people, board, and project financier(s). One can argue that they are accountable to all, while also to nobody because every party has interest in the civil society sector's activities but no one has the locus to ask specific questions regarding their programs and performance. It is also because board members often get uninvolved in their programs. It is important to note that performance measurement is often difficult in CSOs. Efforts have been made to measure performance of CSOs in different social, cultural, and economic settings. But at the same time, there is a dearth of documentation because most assessments are done as an internal process where no documentation is deemed necessary. Even in cases where they have come out in the literature, it is always obvious, that there is a lack of congruence among the cases and criteria used. Wagle (2009:536) mentioned that even Cotter (1988), who has worked long in development offices and evaluation pursuits, is unable to provide a set of standardized measurement criteria. Neither Fowler‘s (1990), observation in Africa nor Smith‘s (1990), work in Columbia has found significant impact audits and their documentations. This gap has however been filled as certain criteria have been put in place by CIVICUS to measure the performance of CSOs (CIVICUS, 2011). In recent development discourse, civil society sector is often presented as a complementary pillar to the work of government at the national level (Civil Society Engagement, 2005). Given that many civil society organizations in developing and post-conflict countries are engaged at the community level, they are often considered an effective vehicle for translating national level policies into practical programmes and activities for the benefit of wide sections of the population. In communities where the impact of national policies may not have taken sufficient root at the local level, 35 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY traditional leaders and religious/faith-based groups often wield strong influence in the governance of the day-to-day lives of the population. Civil society groups can also provide an independent voice to monitor the implementation of Government policies and to advocate and negotiate for socially just policies and programmes. Although this study is informed by the above positive role of civil society, it also incorporates an awareness of the fact that the civil society sector like any other strand of society contains elements that may fail to act in the interest of the common good. Thus, certain civil society organizations may employ undemocratic and unprofessional approaches to their work, be motivated by purely financial interests and show little accountability to the interests of the constituency they claim to represent. Any effort to build an effective partnership strategy with civil society must therefore be preceded by an assessment of the motivations driving the work of individual civil society organizations and must also incorporate a mechanism to ascertain the institutional and technical strength of the organizations as well as their internal governance mechanisms. In theory, the institutional forms of the civil society sector are distinct from those of the state, family and market though in practice, the boundaries between state, civil society, family and market are often complex, blurred and negotiated. Civil society commonly embraces a diversity of spaces, actors and institutional forms varying in their degree of formality, autonomy and power. Civil society groups are often populated by organizations such as registered charities, development non-governmental organizations, community groups, women's organizations, faith-based organizations, professional associations, trades unions, self- help groups, social movements, business associations, coalitions and advocacy groups etc. The activities of CSOs shape and are shaped by the sector‘s interaction with the State. State-civil society relation is examined from two perspectives. The first according to Ibeanu, (n.d:3) sees the state as reactionary and resistant to progressive change, while civil society represents progress and development. This suggests that state-civil society relation can hardly be collaborative. He further quipped that this viewpoint has a lot to do with experiences associated with authoritarian regimes in the Third World, where the tasks of democratisation and protection of human rights have become the central preoccupation of civil society. The second perspective sees state- 36 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY civil society relation as cooperative and complementary. This viewpoint in the perception of Ibeanu (n.d:3) portrays the state as an extension of civil society. Overall, a common denominator in the literature on civil society is the fact that it is different and independent of the state and fundamentally exists to keep the state on track. Kukah (1999:43) declares that the imprecision associated with the definition of civil society notwithstanding; the interest the concept generates is what we should build on since it offers us the best potential for mobilizing our people to popular participation. Sharing this understanding is Hall (1995:1), who defined civil society as an opposite of despotism, a space in which social groups could exist and create for themselves more tolerable conditions of existence. According to Bayart (1986:111), civil society is a medium through which society seeks to breach and counteract the simultaneous totalisation unleashed by the state. Seligman (1992:10), on the other hand, defined civil society as an ethical ideal of the social order that harmonizes the conflicting demands of individual interests and social good. It is obvious from the forgoing, that there are as many definitions of the concept of civil society as there are scholars who have attempted treatment of the concept. Despite this motley of definitions, a common thread seems to run through. The opinions of scholars seem to converge on the position that CSOs exist as an intermediate sphere between the State, private sector and the family. Derived from this unanimity of opinions, this study employs a definition of civil society that is not confined to registered non-governmental organizations, but also includes other organized social networks and associations outside the governmental sector whose activities and programmes influence and inform the lives of wide sectors of the community. They include voluntary associations, non-governmental organizations, social movements, traditional organizations and community-based associations, including faith-based organizations (Kaldor, 2002:7). These organizations are involved in such activities as: the protection of citizens‘ rights; monitoring implementation of national government policies according to established national and international standards; undertaking advocacy for, and working to promote social justice and equality; facilitation, inter-group social cohesion, service delivery and providing moral and/or cultural leadership at the community level. More specifically, the study adopts CIVICUS conceptualization of civil society as its working 37 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY definition. According to CIVICUS (2011:17), civil society refers to ―all the modern or traditional, non-political and non-governmental organizations, registered or informal, which aim at promoting sustainable peace and true democracy through socio- economic and cultural development, and which act as an intermediary between the state, political parties and the masses‖. In order to appreciate the relevance of civil society organizations, it is important to tinker with the following questions: what happens where there is no civil society? Obviously anarchy will reign supreme, people‘s rights would be trampled upon with impunity; accountability will be thrown to the wind and ultimately, the Hobbesian state of nature where life was nasty, solitary, brutish and short and where might was right will be reinvented. It is pertinent to also ask: what would have been the situation in Guinea if MARWOPNET, religious groups, the media, academia and human rights groups did not exist and certainly did not play the role of calling the attention of the World to the excruciating pains and the material and psychological injuries that were the hallmarks of the wars and the attendant influx of refugee from the war ravaged neighbouring countries to Guinea?. According to Obi (2011:113), in all, civil society groups have demonstrated that they are always at the forefront of efforts to ensure democratic governance. According to whose version one prefers, ―civil society‖ in the words of Edward (2005:1), means ―fundamentally reducing the role of politics in society by expanding free markets and individual liberty‖. Ibeanu (n.d:2-3), declared that civil society has emerged as a central force in reframing political, economic and social relations both within and between states and is contributing immensely to the reshaping of thinking and discourse about the nation-state and citizenship. Seligman (1992:10-12), describes civil society as the ―new analytic key that will unlock the mysteries of the social order‖, Jeremy Rifkin cited in Edward (2005:1), calls it ―our last best hope‖; the UN and the World Bank see it as the key to ‗good governance‘ and poverty- reducing growth; a report from the Washington-based Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis admonished that ―the US should emphasize civil society development in order to ensure regional stability in central Asia‖ (Skocpol, 2003). Thus, the civil society sector is seen as the key to good governance, the lifeline and conscience of the society as well as a veritable tool for peace consolidation. 38 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY It is apparent drawing from the above review that scholars of diverging persuasions have studied the evolution of civil society organisations including its challenges and context. A common thread that runs through literature shows that the civil society sector is critical to the entrenchment and sustenance of democracy and peace hence the confluence of opinion around the paradigm of a ‗role driven‘ civil society sector. Effective engagement with the political system is more a function of capacity than role. This critical gap therefore, forms part of the objective of the study to examine the capacity of the civil society sector in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. 2.2.2 The Concept of Peace According to Francis (2006:16), peace is the prime value in Guinea, the MRU and indeed the World. It is the most valuable ‗public good,‘ yet the most elusive. Ibaba (2008:264) observed that a common objective of all societies is the enthronement of peace given its centrality to human existence and development. The centrality of peace to human existence therefore throws up a logical question- what is peace? Peace has been defined to mean different things to differing people depending on the era and context. Peace according to Albert and Otite (2001:1-5) has been described as a relative condition of tranquilized conflicts. As justice and development, respect and tolerance between people, harmony with the ecosystem and tranquillity (Miall, 2000:14). While some scholars see peace as the absence of war others conceive peace differently: Miall (2000:14); Francis (2006:17); Ibeanu (2006:3). According to Ibeanu (2006: 3), conceptualizing peace as the absence of war and war as the absence of peace though attractive, is inadequate for understanding the nature of peace. This assumption though appealing at least at the surface, is totally misleading because evidence in history shows that there can be peace even in the presence of war. The difference however, is in the gradation. Ibeanu for instance mentioned that the Palestinians and Israelis have been able to establish peaceful use of water resources even as the war between them has raged (Ibeanu, 2006:3). However, Galtung (1990) argues that the conception of peace as the absence of war is inapplicable in situations of structural violence. War according to him, is only one form of violence which is physical, open and direct. Other forms of social conditions such as poverty, exclusion, intimidation, oppression, unemployment, destitution, want, fear and lack of access to 39 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY health and educational services does not fit into the peace-war converse definition. To this, Lama (2009) persuasively declared that: …peace, in the sense of the absence of war is of little value to someone who is dying of hunger or cold, it will not remove the pains of torture inflicted on a prisoner of conscience. It does not comfort those who have lost their loved ones... Peace can only last where human rights are respected, where the people are fed and where individuals and Nations are free. Galtung concluded his argument by stating that a country experiencing these conditions cannot be seen as peaceful. What kind of peace is the civil society sector therefore expected to consolidate in Guinea? To answer this question following this seeming confusion, a review of Ibeanu‘s conceptualisation of peace would help place issues in perspective. Ibeanu offers conceptual clarity of peace from a quadrupedal perspective including; philosophical, sociological and political and peace as a process. It is hoped that this conceptual clarity would help clear the cobwebs surrounding the concept of peace and situate it in the context of this study. 2.2.3. Philosophical Conception of Peace Among philosophers, the definition of peace is premised on the ‗state of nature‘ and this definition is influenced by the understanding of the state of nature by each of these philosophers. Many of these philosophers therefore, see peace as a natural, original, God-given state of human existence. Peace from this philosophical standpoint is the pre-corruption state of man in society as God established it. From this standpoint, peace is a state of perfection, an earthly expression of God`s Kingdom that is yet uncorrupted (Ibeanu, 2006:5). In line with the above position, St. Augustine of Hippo distinguished between ―two cities‖ namely, the city of God, which is founded on perfect heavenly peace and spiritual salvation controlled by the love of God, even to the contempt of self and the earthly city of man, which is founded on appetitive and possessive impulses and the love of self, even to the contempt of God. The earthly city he noted is corrupt and torn by strife (St. Augustine, 413: bookxiv, chap, 28). Rousseau cited in Ibeanu (2006:3) and Sabine and Thorson (1993:533- 537), conceptualizes a peaceful original state of existence of man in which there are no desires. In this state, man existed as a free, gentle salvage. In this state of nature, 40 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY men were naturally good. They were born free and had few desires. However, this tranquil state subsequently became corrupted by human desire and greed thus undermining the peaceful pristine state of nature. According to this school, the primitive desire for the accumulation of wealth and private property is responsible for the degeneracy of man. Unlike Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes argues that the ‗state of nature‘ was rampant with conflict and violence. In this original state, life was solitary, nasty, poor, brutish and short. Ibeanu (2006:5) maintains that in order to escape the harsh conditions in the ‗state of nature‘ men resolved to create a social contract in which each person gave up his/her right to self-defense to a Leviathan, a powerful force above all and to which all were subject, thus creating a more peaceful and orderly life (Sabine and Thorson,1993:422-434). It is easy to gauge from the foregoing that these philosophical traditions fundamentally relate peace to the original inclinations and desires of human beings but they do not address the social context of peace beyond the state of nature. This is because a lot of conflict elements exist and interact in the society that can, and have often threatened peace. An interaction between social, political and economic factors has often undermined peace and predisposed society to violent tendencies. Perhaps, one of the earliest normative political philosophers to explore these issues in the social context is Plato. In his treatise on government, Plato (1968) identified justice as the most fundamental basis of ordered social existence. Peace according to him can only be made possible where there is justice. He defines justice as giving to each his/her due and for society to attain peace, three broad functions are necessary: production, security and political rule. These according to him in turn necessitate three aptitudes in the populace namely: appetite, courage and knowledge and three roles namely: workers, soldiers and rulers. Justice according to Plato entails that society systematically determines the endowments of each member and ensure that these are placed in each of the three functions according to their endowments. Persons of appetite work and produce society`s means of material existence, those with courage defend society, while the knowledgeable rule. The person that is fit to rule by this perspective is the ‗the most knowledgeable‘– the Philosopher King. Injustice by Plato's deductions occurs where this functional system is distorted. For instance, peace and social harmony would hardly exist where the knowledgeable allow persons of appetite to rule (Ibeanu, 2006:6). The philosophical school appears to be utopian 41 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY and far from the reality of our environment. The society and indeed the Republic of Guinea, is not structured in a manner that conforms to the prescriptions given by apostles of this school. It will be difficult in the context of this school, for civil society to support the consolidation of peace which is seen as a natural, original, God-given state of human existence. This is because the interactions of social, cultural, economic and political factors have introduced new dynamics and dimensions into the ‗natural, original, God-given state of human existence‘. 2.2.4. Sociological Conception of Peace Unlike the philosophical conception of peace, the sociological conception addresses what is and not what ought to be. Sociologically, peace refers to a condition of social harmony in which there are no social antagonisms. In other words, peace is a condition in which there is no social conflict and individuals and groups are able to meet their needs and expectations. These needs and expectations are made possible through structural-functionalist and dialectical materialist responses (Ibeanu, 2006:6). Ibeanu notes that Structural–functionalism is a tradition of social analysis that sees society as a mosaic of functions and structures that perform them. Based on this approach, for the society to survive, certain structures must be put in place to perform certain functions that will give strength and credibility to the system. For instance, in order for a system to survive, Ibeanu maintains that it needs to educate its children, produce goods, govern its affairs and provide security for its citizens. These are functions and they necessitate a number of structures such as schools, industries, parliaments, courts, armed forces etc. Structure therefore means a set of interrelated roles necessary for performing a specific function. According to Ibeanu (2006:7), when structures perform their functions properly, there is order in society and in fact, society inherently moves in the direction of order and stability. Consequently, from a structural–functionalist perspective, peace is achieved where existing social structures perform their functions adequately, supported by the requisite culture, norms and values. For instance, if the school structure, which consists of the roles of principal, teacher, administrator and students, performs its function of educating children properly by inculcating the right values and norms such as tolerance, patience and love, then peace would prevail in society in the long run and the institutionalization of this process would strengthen the consolidation of peace. This perspective provides 42 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY some insights to the civil society-peace consolidation nexus. For the society to survive, to stay focused and faithful to the task of delivering good governance and offering the greatest happiness to the greatest number, civil society must exist and be capacitated to stimulate the consciousness of government in line with the principles of the social contract, carry out advocacy, sensitization, partnership and monitoring, functions to inform and mobilise the governed for mass action while creating a background that makes the government responsive and responsible to the governed. Ibeanu (2006:7) in his disquisition further declared that dialectical materialism on the other hand is a tradition of social analysis associated with the German philosopher Karl Marx. He maintains that an understanding of the society can only be enhanced by looking at the processes through which society produces and distributes the means of its material existence and the struggles usually among social classes that are integral to the process. In other words, it is about how human society produce and how they distribute work and reward. In societies divided into classes, the dominant classes do less work but appropriate most of the rewards. The scholar argues that this exploitative relation gives rise to the class struggle which sometimes entails open/objective violence such as violence by state agencies like the armed forces against underprivileged groups but most times entails covert/structural violence. It could however, be gauged from this line of argument that this perspective assumes that peace is not feasible insofar as society is divided into antagonistic classes and there is a persistence of objective structural and revolutionary violence. Ibeanu concluded his argument that peace according to this paradigm is only feasible in societies in which classes are non-existent because society produces enough to give to each according to his/her needs. In reality therefore, such a society remains utopian. This explanatory framework cannot aid the understanding of the kind of peace that the civil society sector would need to consolidate. 2.2.5. Political Conception of Peace Peace, based on the perception of the examiner, has been differently characterized. Miller (2005:55-56), interprets peace as a political condition that makes justice possible. Politically, peace according to Huntington (1968) entails political order that is, the institutionalization of political structures. Institutionalization from this perspective means that political structures acquire value and stability. In that 43 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY condition, every group uses its unique endowments to pursue and enforce its interests. For instance, mobs riot, students demonstrate, the civil society sector become the conscience of the society and help keep the government on track, workers strike and soldiers organize coups. On the flip side, the deployment of the ‗unique endowments‘ of groups can lead to civil disorder thereby threatening the political order. This is aptly captured in Huntington‘s institutional functionalist perspective which according to (Dudley, 1973) sees civil disorder as a ―necessary and inescapable condition in the creation of political order and is thus intimately bound up with the process of modernization and political development‖. This standpoint attributes civil disorder to ―rapid mobilization of new groups into politics coupled with the slow development of political institutions‖. This perspective means that peace can hardly be attained as long as new groups are mobilized into politics. In the words of Ibeanu (2006:9), portraying peace simply as order could also be a way of perpetrating and perpetuating oppression of the underprivileged by the privileged classes. Ibeanu maintains that this is so because behind the appearances of a seemingly neutral order which ostensibly is desired by everyone is the domination of the weak by the powerful. Consequently, all privileged groups perceived their privileges, comfort and dominance as order and any challenge to that status quo is deemed as an act geared toward undermining peace. Yet, sometimes it may be necessary for an existing order to be challenged so that lasting peace can be established. The process of challenging an existing order leads to civil disorder with the tendency of threating the peace of the society. Again, this perspective is unable to spell out the kind of peace that civil society organisations in the Republic of Guinea can work towards consolidating. 2.2.6. Peace as a Process Deducible from the foregoing analysis especially from the philosophical conception of peace is the fact that there is a state of affairs or condition in thought, nature and society that is characterized as peace. This condition in the characterization of Ibeanu (2006:9) is pristine, perfect, ordered and tranquil. It is a condition in which according to Rousseau, ―all men are born free‖ and exist as ―gentle savages,‖ but subsequently, social conditions put them ―everywhere in chains‖ (p.9). Ibeanu (2006:9) declares that while the foregoing conceptions of peace are not necessarily wrong, they are 44 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY inadequate in explaining or conceptualizing the kind of peace that the civil society sector needs to consolidate in Guinea. He argues that one problem many of them share for instance is that there is no recorded human society corresponding to such an ideal state of tranquil existence. Another problem associated with the above conceptions of peace is that it creates the impression that one can find peace as an absolute, once-and-for all condition. He concludes that although many have come to see conflict as inherent in society, meaning that conflict is always present in different gradations, they fail to also see that peace exists in all societies in different gradations too. The philosophical, sociological and political conceptualization of peace have not been able to remove the ambiguity associated with the concept of peace in order to give a better understanding of the kind of peace that civil society organisations can work toward consolidating in the Republic of Guinea. The concept of peace can better be explained within the contest of ‗peace as a process‘. Peace is therefore, seen in this context not as a condition but a process. Borrowing the words of Ibeanu, peace is a dynamic socio-economic process rather than a condition. In line with the above, the study therefore adapts Ibeanu‘s (2006:10) conceptualization which conceives peace as a ―process involving activities that are directly or indirectly linked to increasing development and reducing conflict both within specific societies and in the wider international community‖. Peace according to this perspective relates to existing social conditions, rather than an ideal state or condition. It is a dynamic process (rather than a static condition) and it is possible to precisely identify and study the factors that drive it. He further declares that peace is not a finished condition but always a ―work in progress‖. It is never finished because human societies continue to aspire to higher levels of development and less conflict and it increases and decreases depending on objective socio-economic and political conditions. It is reversible, that is, it is possible to move from higher levels of peace to lower levels and vice visa. It is not a linear, unidirectional process instead it is complex and multifaceted. The peace process in the context of this study has four basic phases namely: peacekeeping, peace enforcement, peacemaking and peacebuilding. Each of these phases has specific role(s) the civil society sector can play to strengthen the peace consolidation process in Guinea. 45 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Following the above, Ibeanu (2006:12-13) maintains that a situation in which conflict processes are low and the conditions for development are limited, the peace process takes the form of peacekeeping. This entails the use of peacekeepers to keep conflicting parties apart and keep conflict at current low level. However, where conflict is high and conditions for peace remain limited, peace enforcement is needed to create the space for increasing development and reducing conflict. Peacemaking arises in situations where conflict is high but there are variable conditions for pursuing development while peacebuilding applies to situations of low conflict and high prospects for development. Of particular interest to this study is the last phase (peacebuilding). This study will therefore narrow in on examining the capacity and role(s) that the civil society sector can play in supporting the sustenance of the attended peace in Guinea. That is, those activities, projects and programmes that the civil society sector can execute to enhance development, build trust and confidence, entrench respect of basic rights and at the same time reduce conflict. 2.3. The notion of peace consolidation Peace in the context of this study is seen as a process involving activities that are directly or indirectly linked to increasing development and reducing conflict both within specific societies, the wider international community and in the context of Guinea specifcally. With regards to the Republic of Guinea, this process include institutions, initiatives and policies which when strengthened, will enable accountability, job creation, and respect for human rights, minimize corruption and impunity as well as create an enabling environment for private sector participation in governance. In West Africa, the MRU and indeed Guinea, democratic transitions have often taken the form of demilitarization of politics and the building up of democratic structures and processes. The word consolidation has a Latin origin Consoidatus or Consolidare meaning to put together, to strengthen or reinforce. Consolidation therefore means to make solid, firm, or coherent; to organize and strengthen as a newly captured position (Standard College Dictionary, 1963:289). Put together, peace consolidation means the entrenchment, sustenance and survival of the structures, institutions, initiatives, policies and processes of democracy so that these are not subverted The above conceptualization of ‗peace consolidation‘ fits into this study. This is because the study is premised on the understanding that in the Republic of Guinea, there is a formal transition from authoritarianism to democracy where the 46 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY newly captured position of democracy and peace is still fragile and weak. Within this context, the study examines the role and capacity of the civil society sector in strengthening and sustaining the attended democracy and peace. As a process, there is no consensus on what constitutes ‗a consolidated peace‘ as the point where peace can be said to be consolidated varies from one context to another. According to the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission (2008), the term peace consolidation has been used synonymously with ―peacebuilding‖ to describe the processes and actions undertaken in order to build a lasting peace, understood minimally as the absence of armed conflict. The flaw in this conceptualization is not difficult to identify. The absence of armed conflict does not preclude the existence and interaction of conflict elements like drugs, ethnicity, and corruption, circulation of illicit arms, unemployment, poverty and impunity which together can threaten existing peace. Peace can therefore become sustainable when conflicts that arise within a state can be resolved peacefully through the use of national norms, institutions, and practices (both established and ad hoc). A consolidated peace in the context of this study is marked by more than just the absence of armed conflict in a state; it is also characterized by the absence of major threats to public security as well, such as political repression and discrimination against vulnerable groups (women, ethnic and other minorities), torture, and widespread serious crime. External assistance may contribute to the maintenance of peace but a consolidated peace must be able to sustain itself. The Republic of Guinea is currently free from armed conflict but it is not free from threats to public security. According to Daniel and Aart (2017) of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) Project, peace consolidation can be measured based on the level of voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption. The WGI benchmarks for peace consolidation are supported by the Pillars of Peace (PoP) conceptualization of what constitutes a peaceful society. The Pillars of Peace is a conceptual framework for understanding and describing the factors that create peaceful societies. The PoP project identified the following eight critical indicators of a peaceful society. The PoP taxonomy according to the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) include; a well-functioning government; sound business environment; 47 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY equitable distribution of resources; acceptance of the rights of others; good relations with neighbours; free flow of information; high level of human capital and Low levels of corruption (IEP Report 22, n.d.) These eight pillars were found to be associated with peaceful environments and are both inter-dependent and mutually reinforcing, such that improvements in one factor would tend to strengthen others and vice versa. Therefore the relative strength of any one pillar has the potential to positively or negatively influence the others, thereby influencing peace. To demonstrate the link between how factors have an impact on others, consider the example of increases in corruption. This will undoubtedly have an effect on well-functioning government, business and the free-flow of information. Alternatively, consider restrictions on the free flow of information; its impact on financial transparency thereby affecting business, the functioning of government and the ability for individuals to engage in corruption. Due to the interdependent nature of these factors, the weakening or strengthening of any one pillar will also weaken or strengthen the other pillars. A peaceful environment is therefore dependent on the strength of all pillars (IEP Report 22, n.d.) The indicators for measuring peace consolidation according to WGI and the IEP presuppose that the activities of CSOs must necessarily be designed to revolve around ensuring good governance through effectiveness of institutions of government, voice and accountability and rule of law. This is because, unlike peacebuilding, peace consolidation tends to be associated with the culminating phase of a process of national and international attempts to establish and sustain peace (Charles and Elizabeth, 2007). These attempts also include the activities of civil society organizations in ensuring national stability through supporting reforms, rule of law and accountability. Charles and Elizabeth (2007) argue that peacebuilding in the context of peace consolidation refers to ―actions undertaken by international or national actors to institutionalize peace‖ while statebuilding refers to actions undertaken to ―establish, reform, or strengthen the institutions of the state. The realm of peacebuilding and statebuilding is populated by the activities of civil society organizations. Consolidated peace thus implies a degree of stability and sustainability. Narrower interpretations of peace consolidation would refer to the absence of armed conflicts and the absence of immediate or medium-term threats to peace; broader interpretations could also include the sustainability of institutional reforms, progress 48 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY on developmental goals, and other criteria typically associated with peacebuilding or statebuilding. The consolidation of peace in this regard means the entrenchment, sustenance and survival of the structures and processes of democracy so that these are not subverted. The consolidation of peace can best be understood within the context of democracy. To this end, Diamond (1994), contends that peace cannot be consolidated without first entrenching democracy. Consolidation of democracy according to him is a process by which democracy is so well established and legitimized that it cannot be subverted or destroyed. He further maintains that it is on this foundation that peace can be consolidated. Lending credence to the above position, Linz and Alfred (1996:121-23), are strongly of the opinion that peace consolidation can only be said to take place after a transition to democracy has taken place. Yet, the transition to democracy in Guinea has not altogether been a smooth one. Given the rather difficult route to democracy in the Republic of Guinea and the spectre of democratic regression hanging over the country in the face of economic hardships, weak neighbouring states and the fragility of democratic institutions and processes, the stakes in the consolidation of peace are not difficult to fathom. Accordingly, there are several approaches to peace consolidation. While scholars like Guillermo (1996:34-51) regard peace consolidation as an illusory concept that fails to offer any new insight into the process of democratization, others see peace consolidation as being descriptive of an identifiable phase in the process of transition from authoritarianism to democratic systems that is critical to the establishment of a stable, institutionalized and lasting democracy (Linz and Stepan, 1996a). According to Obi (2003:255), peace consolidation is predicated upon the strengthening of democratic institutions; the enthronement of a democratic culture complemented by a change from authoritarian to democratic attitudes. It presupposes the opening up of the democratic process, the supremacy of the rule of law and civil engagement with the democratic state. Another school of thought conceives democratic consolidation to be a situation where ―democracy is the only game in town‖ (Linz and Stepan, 1996:121-23). This refers to the complete de-legitimization of non-democratic means of gaining access to, or transferring power. They define a consolidated democracy as a political regime in which democracy as a complex system of institutions, rules and 49 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY patterned incentives and disincentives has become in a phrase, ―the only game in town.‖ As in Diamond`s (1994) approach, democratic consolidation points to the rule of law, constitutionalism, and political behaviour that coheres with democratic ethos. Aiyede (2001) also corroborated the above line of reasoning when he reiterated the role of political actors, particularly the leadership in deepening democracy and consolidating peace. Democratic consolidation is further measured by Huntington‘s (1991) notion of ―two turnover test‖ where it was noted that democracy is deepened and peace consolidated when ―the party or group that takes power in the initial election at the time of transition loses a subsequent election and turns over power to those election winners, and if those election winners then peacefully turn over power to the winners of a later election.‖ Huntington‘s conceptualization of democratic consolidation will not aid analysis of peace consolidation in the Republic of Guinea. This is because ‗turn over elections/test‘ in Guinea has been challenged by a long history of authoritarian military regimes. As a result, democracy, its processes and institutions are not yet robust to conform to the ‗two turnover test‘. Inspite of this gap, the attended democracy and peace in Guinea can still be consolidated through the behavioural, attitudinal and constitutional dimensions as suggested by Oche (2003:192). Behaviourally, peace can be said to be consolidated when no significant actor, (national, social, political, economic and institutional) will attempt to achieve its objectives either through the creation of a non- democratic regime or by breaking away from the existing democratic state. In attitudinal terms, peace is consolidated when the overwhelming majority of public opinion is consistently supportive of democratic procedures, processes and institutions as being the only appropriate method of conducting governance and public affairs. In constitutional terms, peace can be said to be consolidated when government and non-governmental actors become subject to, and habituated to, the resolution of conflicts within the bounds of the specific laws, procedures and institutions sanctioned by the new democratic process. In order for peace to be consolidated, democracy must develop behavioural, attitudinal, and constitutional dispositions and qualities that are completely supportive of the democratic way of life. The emphasis on human disposition in the forms of 50 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY attitude, behaviour and the willingness according to Oche (2003) is to uphold the dictates of the constitution which is more or less coterminous with upholding the rule of law while the corresponding de-emphasis of the structural and institutional dimensions of democracy highlights the centrality of the human factor in consolidating peace. In other words, peace consolidation goes beyond the elaborate formalities of fashioning constitutions and establishing institutions. As a process, peace consolidation lays emphasis on the development and cultivation of the critical behavioural and attitudinal underpinnings that are necessary foundations for a viable democratic system. Derived from the foregoing, a better grasp and understanding of the concept of peace consolidation is obtained when consideration is given to possible alternative scenarios. Andreas Schedler quoted in Linz and Stepan (1996a:14-33), argues that the process of completing transition, deepening and organizing democracy lie in the possibility of democratic break down and democratic erosion. The concept of democratic breakdown denotes a total dysfunctionality and failure of the democratic system leading to the supplanting of the system through a coup d’état or any other anti-democratic process that culminates in the establishment or restoration of an authoritarian system. Seen in this light, a major goal of peace consolidation is to avoid a breakdown of democracy. An equally possible scenario is captured by the concept of democratic erosion. As the term suggests, this is a process that involves the slow and gradual decay and disintegration of democracy and by implication peace. It involves a gradual relapse to old authoritarian ways characterized by a steady re- emergence of anti-democratic forces, attitudes and behaviours. The danger of democratic erosion lies in the possibility of its growing and developing completely unnoticed and undetected. In their struggle to entrench democracy and consolidate peace, young democracies face this critical impediment. While it can be overcome if detected early, there is also every possibility that democratic erosion can eventually lead to a complete breakdown of peace. Thus, peace consolidation is a process of democratic development and institutionalization in such a way that the risk of regression to authoritarianism or chaos is minimized or absolutely eliminated. It is an important element of good governance and brightens the prospects for political stability and democratic peace. It can be argued however, that peace consolidation in ways that build up the participation of the people in governance and upholds their 51 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY interests and rights is a process that would qualitatively improve the social and political life of the people of Guinea and enhance development. Peace consolidation in the Republic of Guinea is examined in the context of the security challenges faced by it as a result of internal and external political developments. Internally, the Republic of Guinea has had a history of coups and repressive government since it gained independence from France in 1958. Externally, the civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone, the quarter of a century old low intensity Casamance insurgency in Senegal, the drug war in Guinea Bissau, the armed struggle in Cote d‘ Ivoire and the restiveness in Mali all culminated in the flow of illicit arms and refugees into Guinea thereby threatening its security and stability. In spite of these internal and external security threats, Guinea was able to maintain its stability. Consolidation of peace in this context is therefore, directed at how civil society organizations can support processes and institutions of the state to deliver good governance. These include ensuring voice and accountability, rule of law and reforms. Guinea has enjoyed relative degree of ‗negative peace‘ because of its governance architecture, but the efforts of CSOs should help transform the ‗negative peace‘ to ‗positive peace‘ through advocacy, reforms, accountability and good governance. Peace in the context of this study can be viewed through the lens of both negative and positive peace. Negative peace, connotes the absence or fear of violence while positive peace represents the attitudes, institutions and structures that, when strengthened, lead to a more peaceful society. The latter, is the kind of peace that CSOs will work on towards consolidating in the Republic of Guinea. 2.4. Peace Consolidation within the MRU Unfortunately, the process of peace consolidation in the Republic of Guinea cannot be reviewed in isolation especially, in light of the fact that events in other member states of the Mano River Union (MRU) threaten the security and stability of Guinea. The most visible attempt at ensuring subregional stability received expression through the establishment of the Mano River Union. It is therefore necessary to briefly review the Mano River Union to which Guinea is a member. The governments of Liberia and Sierra Leone signed the Mano River Union Treaty on 3 October 1973. The Treaty at this stage formed primarily a customs union designed to allow the free movement of people and products (MRU Treaty, 1973:2). The Republic of Guinea became a 52 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY signatory and joined the Union in 1980 and Cote d'Ivoire in 2008. The Union derives its name from the Mano River which begins in the Guinea highlands and forms a border between Liberia and Sierra Leone. At its inception, the MRU had primarily economic and trade objectives, which included the following:  Elimination of obstacles to the movement of people and goods.  Common policy of development in the areas of fishery, forestry, etc.  Common programme for transport, communication, and energy production  Promotion of harmonious relation between member states  Determination, establishment and application of investment policies in addition to customs practices  Establishment of a common monetary policy  Determination of common policies on health, arts, sports, culture, and international trade. The major aim of the MRU abi nitio was to foster economic co-operation with the intent of establishing economic sub-regional integration (Customs and Economic Union between the member states with the view of improving the living standards of its members) and security co-operation. According to Mano River Union Treaty (1973:3), A Non-Aggression Treaty was signed by the Heads of state of the then three member states. This extended the MRU`s objectives. These extended objectives are classified into short, medium and long terms. Short-term objectives include:  Restoration of durable peace in the region.  Reinforcement of the activities of the MRU secretariat  Return and reintegration of refugees Medium-Term objectives include:  Encourage the use of the River as commercial and political channel between the three countries.  Creation of a favourable environment for stability. Long-Term objectives include:  Creation of Economic framework for development of the sub-region  Harmonization in use of the region‘s resources 53 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY  Social and political unity. The original structure of the MRU comprised a Council of Ministers; a Technical Committee; and a Secretariat. The three Heads of the member states at a summit in th Conakry signed the 15 Protocol in April 2000 establishing additional structures to address the area of security, with the aim of restoring trust between the countries (MRU, 2000:2-5). These new structures comprised a Joint Security Committee (JSC) a Technical Committee (TC), and a Border Security and Confidence Building Unit (BSCBU). Below are some basic sign-posts in the history of the MRU:  1973: Signing of the Mano River Union Treaty by Liberia and Sierra Leone; Introduction of a common external tariff (at the intra-union trade level).  1977: The liberalization in goods of local origin.  1980: Guinea became a signatory and joined the MRU  1981: Decision to rejuvenate the Economic Organization.  1998: The countries of the organization agreed with UNAID to collaborate on a Sub-regional level in order to reduce vulnerability to HIV/AIDS amongst displaced populations and their host communities.  2002: (March) Rejuvenation of the Organization.  2004: (May 20) Reactivation of the Union at a summit of the three leaders of the MRU states at the time. (Presidents Lansana Conté` of Guinea, Ahmed Tejan Kabbah of Sierra Leone and Chairman Gyude Bryant of Liberia).  2008: Cote d'Ivoire became a signatory and joined the union. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf of Liberia is currently the Chairperson of the Mano River Union. The MRU Secretariat is in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Regional offices exist in Monrovia, Liberia and Conakry, Guinea. This exposition is necessary in the light of the fact that Guinea cannot operate in isolation. The contiguous nature of the member states and shared commonalities make independent quest for regional stability difficult. This suggests that a threat to peace in any member state is a threat to peace in the entire sub region. 54 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 2.5. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK According to Encarta (2009), a theory is an idea or belief about something arrived at through assumption and in some cases a set of facts, prepositions or principles analyzed in their relation to one another and used especially in Science to explain phenomena. It is also seen as a formal set of ideas that is intended to explain why something happens or exists. (Wehmeier et al 2005:1533). To have any value, a theory must explain or suggest ways of explaining why a subject matter has certain characteristics. In other words, a theory must have explanatory, predictive and problem solving value (Faleti, 2007:37). The goal of any theory therefore, is to explain something which has occurred with a view to dealing with problems which arose or may arise as a result (Percy, 1968:2). According to Obi (2012:49), the purpose of a theoretical framework in general perspective is to explain any phenomenon under consideration and in a study of this nature, it provides the ideas and principles that enable the examination and explanation of the capacity and role(s) of the civil society sector in peace consolidation in the Republic of Guinea. To ease presentation and analysis, this study is anchored on two frameworks namely: Structural-Functionalist and Democratic Peace theories. The choice of two theories is based on the perception that a single theory might be fraught with inadequacies. The merit associated with this approach is therefore premised on the assumption that the inadequacies of a particular theory are complemented by the other. These theories are reviewed in the order presented above. 2.5.1. Structural-Functionalist Theory Structural functionalism is a theoretical understanding of society that is built on the assumption that social systems are collective means to fill social needs (Gingrich, 1999). In order for social life to survive and develop in society, there are a number of activities that need to be carried out to ensure that certain needs are fulfilled. In the structural functionalist model, individuals produce necessary goods and services in various institutions and roles that correlate with the norms of the society. Structural- Functionalism (often paraphrased ‗Functionalism‘) is an important offshoot of General Systems Theory (GST) popularized by Radcliff-Brown. It is a consensus theory, a theory that sees society as built upon order, interrelationship and balance 55 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY among component units as a means of maintaining the smooth functioning of the whole (Radcliffe-Brown, 1952:3). It is a broad perspective in Social Sciences which addresses social structures in terms of the functions of its constituent elements. It studies society as a structure with interrelated, interdependent and mutually interacting parts. Parson (1975) declares that Herbert Spencer in his book, Principle of Sociology (1896), regards these interrelated parts of society as ―organs‖ that work toward the proper functioning of the system as a whole. The Structural-Functionalist approach is very central to this study. For the system to survive, certain duties (functions), civic and otherwise, must be performed by certain institutions or people (structures). According to Ibeanu (2006:3-13), when structures perform their functions properly there is order in society and in fact, society inherently moves in the direction of order and stability. Consequently, from a structural–functionalist perspective, peace is achieved where existing social structures perform their functions adequately supported by the requisite culture, norms and values. For instance, if the school structure, which consists of the roles of principal, teacher, administrator and students, performs its function of educating children properly by inculcating the right values and norms such as tolerance, patience and love, then peace would prevail in society in the long run and the institutionalization of this process culminates in peace consolidation. The Structural-Functional framework is important and central to the study in various ways. It enables identification of the civil society sector as ‗sub structure‘ of the whole system and establishes the specific and general role(s) CSOs can play to support the consolidation of peace (Structural- Functional approach) as well as explains how CSOs can partner other ‗sub structures‘ (component units) in driving the objective of peace consolidation in the Republic of Guinea. Almond‘s (1963) model of structural-functional theory identified functional requirements of a political system and proceeded to explain the contributions of these functions towards the maintenance and stability of the system. He categorizes the functions into inputs and outputs functions. A system‘s input according to Almond is defined as the movement of information or matter (energy from the environment) into the system. The output is the movement of information or matter (energy from the system) to the environment. He identified the input functions to include: political 56 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY socialization and recruitment, interest articulation, interest aggregation and political communication. The output functions include: rule making (policy making), rule application (policy implementation), and rule adjudication (policy interpretation). Following the above, it could be gleaned that the inputs functions identified by Almond revolve around the competencies of the civil society sector. Again the choice of this framework is further based on the understanding that the inputs function of political socialization by CSOs will lead to interest articulation/aggregation of best practices that would reduce the likelihood of violence and enhance the possibility of peaceful coexistence, tolerance, good governance and general development in Guinea. When basic interests are articulated and aggregated by the civil society sector as inputs, such aggregated interests would be made available to policy makers (policy process). This process will influence evidence-based rule making, implementation and adjudication that lay requisite foundation for the consolidation of peace in Guinea. 2.5.2. Democratic Peace Theory Democratic peace theory is a theoretical approach which posits that democracies are hesitant to engage in armed conflict with other identified democracies. In examining the roles and capacities of CSO in peace consolidation in the Republic of Guinea, it is therefore appropriate to further the examination in the context of a framework that makes war less likely by strengthening structures that will initiate and sustain development. It is necessary to consider the democratic peace theory by first reviewing its history, strength and weaknesses as well as the justification for adapting it to aid explanation of issues under consideration in this study. According to Mclean and McMillan (2003:143), modern democratic peace theory has a long tradition and is often associated with the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), hence references to Kantian peace. The idea of modern democratic peace theory in its present form was revived in the mid-1980s by the American political scientist, Michael Doyle (Mclean and McMillan, 2003:143). The democratic peace theory rests on two basic premises; that democracies almost never fight each other and very rarely consider the use of force in their mutual relations and that other types of relations are much more conflictive including the interactions of democracies with non- democracies. 57 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The notion of democratic peace is specifically anchored on the understanding that democratic states do not go to war against each other (Ray, 1995). Its proponents argue that democratic institutions and processes provide the space and instruments for the dispersal of the various triggers of conflict even before they can build up into an explosive crescendo. It is also argued that one very fundamental advantage of democracy is that it eliminates the danger of countries going to war against each other because they are bound by the norms, values and rules of the partnership for democratic peace (Bruce et al, 1999). Democratic peace theorists hold the view that, in a crisis involving two democracies, each side has a low propensity for violence and a high aptitude for the kind of behaviour that makes war less likely, and each knows that its democratic opponent also has these qualities. Therefore, they are able to remain at peace (Russett 1993; Schultz 2001; Bueno de Mesquita et al. 1999). In essence, the argument is that democracies are less violence-prone than are other kinds of states and/or more effective at engaging in the kind of behaviour that makes war less likely. Lending credence to the above position, Wright (1965:162), quoted in Bassey (1998), declares that absolutistic states with geographically and functionally centralized governments under autocratic leaderships are likely to be most belligerent, whereas constitutional states with geographically and functionally federalized governments under democratic leaderships are likely to be most peaceful. Democratic peace therefore, cements the link between politics and security and explains how democratic consolidation can directly fit into peace and stability. In spite of this likely strength, the central assumption upon which the democratic peace theory is based has been criticized with the intent of establishing the causal logic that underpin the theory and to determine whether it offers compelling explanations for why democracies do not fight one another. Critics have often requested to know if there are evidences, that democracies rarely fight each other and if there are compelling reasons why this should be so. Although there have been efforts to challenge the assumptions of democratic peace theorists (Farber and Gowa 1997; Layne 1994; Spiro 1994), the correlation remains robust (Oneal and Russett 1999; Maoz 1998; Weart 1998; Ray 1995; Russett 1993). Nevertheless, some scholars argue that while there is certainly peace among democracies, it may be caused by factors other than the democratic nature of those states (Gartzke 1998; Farber and 58 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Gowa 1997; Layne 1994). This perspective is predicated upon two causal models- normative and institutional. According to Dixon (1994), proponents of the normative logic argue that one important effect of democracy is to socialize political elites to act on the basis of democratic norms whenever possible. In essence, these norms mandate nonviolent conflict resolution and negotiation in a spirit of live-and let- live. Because democratic leaders are committed to these norms they try, as much as possible, to adopt them in the international arena. This in turn means that democracies both trust and respect one another when a conflict of interest arises between them (Russett 1993). Sentiments of respect derive from a conviction that the other state adheres to the same norms and is therefore just and worthy of accommodation. Trust derives from the expectation that the other party to the dispute is also inclined to respect a fellow democracy and will be proscribed normatively from resorting to force. Together, these two causal mechanisms—norm externalization and mutual trust and respect—make up the normative logic and explain why democracies rarely fight one another (Dixon 1994; Russett 1993; Weart 1998). The downside of the democratic peace theory is that while mutual trust and respect generally ensure that conflicts of interest between democracies are resolved amicably, there will be some situations in which ostensibly democratic states do not perceive each other to be democratic and therefore fight one another. In particular, a democracy may not be recognized as such if it is in the early stages of democratization or if it does not meet the criteria that policymakers in another state have adopted to define democracy (Russett 1993; Weart 1998). What is practiced in the ‗Democratic People‘s Republic‘ of Korea (North Korea) for instance, is considered an abnormal genre of democracy where powers are centralized and electoral choices are determined by the central government on behalf of the citizens. In this genre of democracy, voters are merely handed ballot papers which they are not expected to tick as the outcome of the electoral process is decided before the election and the ‗voters‘ are only expected to affirm the predetermined electoral outcome by depositing the ballot in the ballot box. Voting in this system is compulsory for everyone over the age of 17. Failing to take advantage of the opportunity to show support for the government is tantamount to treason (Novak, 2015). Democracy as practiced in North Korea engenders distrust and other democracies may work toward 59 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY undermining the capacity of the central government of North Korea to manage its people. The perceived distrust exhibited by other renowned democracies like the United States of America against North Korea has inadvertently motivated North Korea to defend itself through the creation of nuclear war heads. Democracies that have demonstrated a tendency to aggress and expand their frontiers and influence like the United State, can hardly help explain the content of peace that CSOs can work towards consolidating in the Republic of Guinea. The logic of trust and respect also explains why democracies have often been prepared to go to war with non-democracies. Simply put, non-democracies are neither trusted nor respected. They are not respected because their domestic systems are considered unjust, and they are not trusted because they neither respect the freedom of self-governing individuals, nor are they socialized to resolve conflicts non-violently. Large-scale violence may therefore occur for one of two reasons. First, democracies may not respect non-democracies because they are considered to be in a state of war against their own citizens. War may therefore be permissible to free the people from authoritarian rule and introduce human rights or representative government. The expansionist tendencies of the United States, its activities in the Middle East, especially in Iraq and Syria, its role in the Arab spring amongst others are clear pointers in this regard. Again, American interventions to destabilize fellow democracies in the developing world provide good evidence that democracies do not always treat each other with trust and respect when they have a conflict of interest. Second, because democracies are inclined toward peaceful conflict resolution, non- democracies may be tempted to try and extract concessions from them by attacking or threatening to use force during a crisis. In such circumstances democracies may either have to defend themselves from attack or launch pre-emptive strikes (Doyle 1997; Russett 1993). Another reason why democratic states hardly go to war according to the institutional model is because democratic institutions and processes make leaders accountable to a wide range of social groups that may, in a variety of circumstances, oppose war. The element of accountability in democracy derives from the fact that political elites want to remain in office, that there are opposition parties ready to capitalize on unpopular policies, and that there are regular opportunities for democratic publics to remove 60 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY elites who have not acted in their best interests. Moreover, several features of democracies, such as freedom of speech and open political processes, make it fairly easy for voters to rate a government‘s performance. In short, monitoring and sanctioning democratic leaders is a relatively straightforward matter (Owen 1997; Russett 1993; Lake 1992). Rosato (2003) in the conclusion of his examination of the logic underpinning democratic peace declared that although there is peace among democracies, it does not appear to be caused by the democratic nature of those states. The democratic peace proposition has many possible empirical and theoretical forms. On the empirical side, some propose that democracies are more peaceful in their relations with all other states in the system (―monadic‖ democratic peace); others propose that democracies are more peaceful only in their relations with other democracies (―dyadic‖ democratic peace); still, others argue that the more democracies there are in a region or the international system, the more peaceful the region or international system will be (―systemic‖ democratic peace); and still others doubt the existence of any significant relationship between democracy and peace. Although the ideals of democratic peace as put forward by its theorists have been criticized on several grounds, there are good reasons to use it here in explaining the democracy - peace nexus. This is so because civil society organisations would hardly sustain peace in an autocratic environment where freedom of association is restricted and freedom of expression treasonable. This presupposes that for any degree of peace to be initiated and sustained, democracy must necessarily be the bedrock. This position is further informed by the fact that democracy creates fertile grounds upon which the civil society sector can introduce certain mechanisms to support the consolidation of peace. It is important to note therefore, that for any degree of peace to be consolidated, democracy must first be enthroned. This enthronement of democracy increases the possibility of development and reduces the likelihood of conflict. It is this window of opportunity that CSOs can build on to consolidate peace. Again, this framework enables the identification of role(s) that CSOs can play to avoid democratic erosion and breakdown in order to strengthen the consolidation of peace. The democratic peace theory as presented is not without its shortcomings. It has been criticized that it focuses exclusively on inter-state conflicts and stability. Evidence in 61 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY history however shows that the traditional method of warfare between nations has been distorted. Wars are now predominantly intra-state as the conflicts in the MRU suggest and from which Guinea suffered spills. Another inadequacy of the theory is the problem raised by democratization processes and the evidence that whilst fully consolidated democracies may be peaceful, democratizing regions like the MRU countries and Guinea in particular may be more conflict-prone than authoritarian regimes. Notwithstanding these deficiencies, democracies in the sub region would have to internalize the democratic norm of tolerance, compromise and respect for basic rights in intra-state transactions and externalize same norms to transactions with other state actors. This will make war within them and others like them unlikely. Perhaps Akindele (2003: 275-276), captures this more aptly when he remarked that if it is true that democratic states hardly go to war among themselves as the democratic peace proposition would have us believe, it is arguable that the search for domestic peace and international security must begin from and concentrate on building a viable democratic political order in both the nation-states and the international system. Though the democratic peace theory mostly applies to inter-state relations, the theory is however used here in a limited sense to help strengthen the argument that for any degree of peace to be consolidated, democracy must be seen to have been entrenched. This is in congruence with the submissions of the works of such scholars like; Obi (2011); Skocpol (2003); Kukah (1999); Diamond, Juan and Seymour (eds) (1998); Ekeh (1998); Salamon and Anheier (1997); Hall (1995); Judge (1994); Seligman (1992); Bayart (1986) and Lipnack and Jeffrey (1982). However, the entire process of peace consolidation cannot be explained based on the outcome of the activities of one organization but the contributions and support from different initiatives, structures, organizations and institutions hence the centrality of the chosen frameworks. Structural functionalist and democratic peace theories as used here are mutually interrelated and therefore useful in explaining phenomena in the system. The nature of the society itself brings to the fore the need to ensure its survival. The systems approach simplifies this ‗survival needs‘ by establishing the interrelatedness of the system and calls for the optimal functionality of its component units. The functional approach in its own right identifies structures of the system and 62 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY spells out functions that are required to be performed to strengthen its survival. Operating in a global system where democracy has gained currency, it is only useful to build a system and identify functions that are supportive of democracy. The selected theories therefore, enabled an assessment of the interrelatedness of the civil society sector with other component units of the system. This also aided the identification of democracy supportive functions that the sector needs to perform to ensure the consolidation of peace in the Republic of Guinea. In essence, the democratic peace theory as used in this study incorporates knowledge of its inadequacies. 63 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Introduction This chapter discusses the methodology deployed in data collection and analysis. It covers such areas like research design and explanation of research instruments, data collection techniques, presentation and analysis. 3.2. Research design The primary purpose of any research design is to provide a detailed outline of how an investigation will take place. A research design will typically include how data is to be collected, what instruments will be employed, how the instruments will be used and the intended means for analysing data collected (Roller and Lavrakas, 2015; Creswell, 2003; International Alert, 1996:16). It also provides the procedural outline for the conduct of any given investigation. A combination of exploratory and case study research design was adopted using primary and secondary sources of information. According to Brian (2015), exploratory technique is appropriate for studies that are addressing a subject about which very little research on the subject matter is done. While research into the role of the civil society sector has generated huge literature, very little has been done to examine its capacity in performing such roles. An exploratory research project is therefore an attempt to lay the groundwork that will lead to future studies (Devin, 2015). The case study design according to Leedy and Ormrod (2001:149) attempts to learn more about a little known or poorly understood situation. The civil society sector was used as a case study in this context. This is so because the sector is only one of several others that support the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. It was therefore singled out for a more focused assessment of its capacity and roles in peace consolidation in order to lay a foundation for a broader future exploration of the capacity of CSOs in peace consolidation. The research methodology adopted for the study basically took two forms: a) a desk- based review of relevant literature; b) field visit to the study area (the Republic of Guinea) for the purpose of data collection through interviews with critical civil society actors and security agents, focus group discussions and administration of 64 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY survey questionnaire on selected civil society organizations. The study therefore used both qualitative (secondary) and quantitative (primary) methods of data collection. According to Babbie (2005:295), qualitative research is a method of field research that does not easily yield to statistical data like the quantitative method and it is less structured in description (Leedy, & Ormrod, 2001). Quantitative research on the other hand involves the collection of data so that information can be quantified and subjected to statistical treatment in order to support or refute ―alternate knowledge claims‖ (Creswell, 2003:153). As already indicated, the study used both methods of data collection. The essence of using both methods was based on the fact that the employment of a qualitative method of research alone would entrench subjectivity. It also confirms that qualitative data are more interpretive, historical and ethnographic than empirical. In the bid to achieving a qualitative field research, Babbie (2005: 312- 320) discussed specific ideas and techniques for conducting such. Among these are desk based reviews and interviews. Gravetter and Forzano (2006:42) defined primary source as ―first-hand report of observations or research results written by the individual(s) who actually conducted the research and made the observations.‖ They likewise defined secondary source as ―description or summary of another person‘s work. 3.3. Sampling method Purposive sampling was used in the selection of respondent civil society organizations and critical civil society actors. The purposive sampling technique is an informant selection tool used in selecting an informant of choice due to the qualities the informant possesses. Simply put, the researcher decides what needs to be known and sets out to find people who can and are willing to provide the information by virtue of knowledge or experience (Bernard, 2002; Lewis & Sheppard, 2006;). Purposive sampling is especially exemplified through the key informant technique wherein one or a few individuals are solicited to act as guides to a culture (Garcia, 2006; Lyon & Hardesty, 2005; Gustad et al., 2004; Jarvis et al.; 2004; Bernard (2002). Scholars have maintained that key informants are observant and reflective members of the community of interest who know much about the phenomenon under consideration and are both able and willing to share their knowledge (Bernard 2002; Seidler, 1974; Tremblay (1957); Campbell, 1955). Using this sampling method, the study used 12 65 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY civil society organizations as key informants (case studies) and sample population. The distribution of these organizations was purposively selected to include: Human Rights; Women; Local Media; International civil society organizations operating in the Republic of Guinea; Religious/Faith-based organizations and Educational/Research Institutions. The study collected data from 2 organizations in each of the broad categories with special inclusion of some organizations that have strong presence in the rural areas. An international organization is used here to refer to such organizations with established presence beyond the borders of Guinea. Other organizations whose operations are limited to the borders of Guinea are considered local in the context of this study. 3.4. Study Population The study population included the following genre of civil society organisations:  Women organizations;  Human Rights organizations  Religions/Faith based organizations;  Educational/Research establishments  The Local media and  International civil society organizations operating in Guinea The rationale for proposing women organizations was informed by the fact that since women and children are the most vulnerable during periods of conflicts, data from this group createed critical insight into the capacity of CSOs and how they sustained the struggle and also determine what specific role they can play to enhance the consolidation of peace. The role of Human Rights organizations is central to the entrenchment of democracy in Guinea. This group monitored, publicized and called the attention of the world to the gross violations of human rights in the region. Data from this group enabled an objective assessment of the strength of the civil society sector in fighting the abuse of basic rights during periods of conflicts and how it intends to sustain the gains of democracy and indeed the fragile peace in the post transition phase. Religious organizations played a very strategic role in addressing the conflict in the MRU. Religious leaders directly mediated in conflict between political leadership and appealed to the consciences of the Guinean population on the need to eschew violence despite obvious threats from its neighbours. Data from religious 66 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY organizations provided insight into how this feat was achieved and strengthened ones‘ understanding on the peculiarities of the struggle for the consolidation of peace from the religious perspective. Educational/research institutions conducted researches and organized conferences to discuss the cost of insecurity and war on the sub region. The Media is an indispensable component of the peace process. It has the capacity of facilitating the peace process and at the same time it can become the spoiler of the process. It was therefore important to critically investigate the role of the media component in realizing the objective of the consolidation of peace in the Republic of Guinea. The perspective of international civil society organizations in Guinea was useful in providing the much needed insight into how it partners local civil society organizations in the management of conflict in the Republic of Guinea. Overall, data from the study population enabled an objective assessment of the capacity and role of civil society organisations in peace consolidation in the Republic of Guinea. 3.5. Methods and Instruments of Data Collection This section attempts an explanation of the nature of research instruments used, how they were deployed, list of organizations/individuals that participated in the study as well as how the collected/collated data was analysed. The study benefited from the merits associated with data triangulation to enhance credibility of findings. Triangulation involves using more than two methods to gather data such as interviews, focus groups discussions, questionnaires, and desk review of literature. The idea is that one can be more confident with a result if different methods lead to the same result. If only one method is used, results may be accepted without question; if two methods, the results may clash; by using three methods it is hoped that consistent and verifiable results may be obtained. The purpose of triangulation in qualitative research therefore is to increase the credibility and validity of the results to give a more detailed and balanced picture of the situation. The triangulated methods are further discussed below. 67 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 3.5.1. Interviews Interview data was generated through Key Informant (KII) and In-Depth Interviews with selected civil society actors and key officials in the security sector. This is further explained below. 3.5.2. Key Informant Interview In all, a total of 11 KII sessions were conducted with critical civil society actors in the Republic of Guinea. To establish the level of recurrence of topical issues (triangulation), the researcher designed and deployed a structured interview guide (Appendices III & IV). The essence was to capture such questions that are related to the objectives of the study. This was also done as part of the process of data triangulation to support or negate findings gotten from the same questions through focus group discussions and questionnaire. The guide contained specific questions that were tied to the objectives of the study as well as questions on related issues to enable the interviewee freely comment on areas of interest. The Table below is a summary of the key informants. Table 2: List of Key Informants S/NO NAME OF ORGANIZATION NAME OF DESIGNATION DATE INTERVIEWEE S/N In English In French 01. Mano River Réseau des 27/08/13 Women Peace Fleuve du fleuve Hadja Network Mano pour la Tiguidanké President-Guinee (MARWOPNET) paix (REFMAP) Diakhaby 02. Guinean Organization 30/08/13 Organization for Guinéenne des Dr Thierno President Human Rights Droits de Mandjou Sow (GOHR) l‘Homme (OGDH) 03. National Institute Institut National 03/09/13 of Research and de recherché et Amadou Diallo Director, Culture Pedagogic Action d‘Action and Peace (NIRPA) Pédagogique (INRAP) 04. Rural Radio of Radio Rurale de Hadja Hawa Director General 09/09/13 Guinea (RRG) Guinee (GRR) Keita 05. Association for the Association pour 14/09/13 Wellbeing of le Bien être Communities and Communautaire Sow Saikou Executive Development et le Director (ACWD) Développement (ABC-DEV) 68 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 06. West Africa Le Réseau Ouest 16/09/13 Network for Africain pour Jean Millimouno National Network Peacebuilding l‘édification de la Coordinator (WANEP) Paix 07. Open Society Open Society Abdoul Program 16/09/13 Initiative for West Initiative for Rahamane Diallo Coordinator Africa (OSIWA) West Africa (OSIWA) 08. Equal Rights for Les Mêmes 02/10/13 All (ERA) Droits pour Tous Me Frederick President (MDT) Loua 09. National Commission President of the 04/10/13 Commission Nationale de sub-commission Against the illicit Lutte Contre la Dr. Mahmoud on Finance and Circulation of Circulation Cissé. Administration Small Arms and Illicite des Armes Light Weapons Légères et de (NACASALW) petit Calibre (ComNat) 10. Guinea Central Mosquée Elhadj 08/10/13 Mosque Centrale de Abdoulaye Bah Imams of the Guinée central Mosque Elhadj Mohamed Lamine sy 11. National Council Conseil National Dr. Ibrahima 16/10/13 of Guinea Civil des Organizations Sory Cissoko National Society de la Société President Organizations Civile Guinéenne (NCGCSO) (CNOGSCG) Source: Fieldwork, 2013 3.5.3. In-depth Interview (IDI) A total of 7 IDI sessions were conducted with key officials in the security sector. The IDI was a product of referrals by CSOs actors for additional data generation. The import of the IDIs with officials in the security sector was to also incorporate their perspective in supporting national stability and peace. Key security officials who participated in the IDIs are presented in the table below. Table 3: List of key security sector officials who participated in the IDIs S/NO. NAME RANK AGENCY DATE 01. Abdoulaye Colonel Army Friguia Camara 28/08/13 02. Bangaly Camara Lt. Colonel Army 30/08/13 03. Bambo Fofana Brig. Gen. Air Force 02/09/13 04. Jean Kolysoua Commandant Air Force 02/09/13 69 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Loua 05. Mamadou Superintendent Police Djouldé Bah 05/09/13 06. Sékou Socrate Superintendent Police Keita 05/09/13 07. Siba Soropogui Commandant Gendarmerie 11/09/13 Source: Fieldwork, 2013 The Republic of Guinea as noted in the background to the study, has suffered from the spills of the wars in the neighbouring countries of Liberia, Sierra Leone and Côte d‘Ivoire. The primary task of securing national borders and ensuring internal security was, and is, the exclusive responsibility of the security agents. It is within this context that key security officials were interviewed to get their perspective on national stability and threats to peace in the Republic of Guinea. To facilitate the process of data collection and strengthen the achievement of the objectives of the study, the researcher enlisted the services of a bilingual Research Assistant/Translator. The Assistant who himself is a civil society actor, helped in interpretation during interviews and focus group discussions. Preliminary contacts were established (in Guinea) with some of the civil society actors before the field exercise and a letter introducing the researcher and the area of research was issued by the Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan (Appendix V). Upon arrival in the field/location the researcher, visited the Nigerian Embassy in Conakry for formal documentation and with the help of the Research Assistant, the process of re- contacting identified actors was initiated. Appointments were secured with different actors usually before the commencement of an interview session. A statement introducing the researcher, his Assistant and the purpose of the research was made by the researcher while the letter of introduction by the Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan was presented. The consent of the person to be interviewed was sought and secured, conveying the intention of the researcher to record the proceedings. Tape recording was needed to enable a confirmation of notes taken during the sessions and to support the process of transcribing. The attention of the interviewee was also called to the fact that data collected from the process was confidential and strictly to be used for research 70 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY purposes. The interviewee was equally informed that for the sake of clarity, the interpreter may have a reason to pause and interpret the response of the interviewee to the researcher to enhance understanding and follow up questions. Overall, the interview process lasted an average of 90 minutes and usually ranged between 80- 120minutes. 3.5.4. Focus Group Discussions The study also generated part of its data through focus group discussions (FGDs). Focus group discussion according to Krueger (1988:47) is a qualitative method employed in interviewing a group of subjects, thereby prompting a discussion and allowing diverse viewpoints. This was adopted as part of the process of data triangulation to establish recurrent issues and strengthen the validity of data generated through interviews and survey questionnaire. Furthermore, to establish the level of recurrence of topical issues, the researcher also designed and deployed a structured Focus Group Discussion guide (Appendices VI& VII). This was also done as part of the process of data triangulation to support or negate findings gotten from the same questions through interview and questionnaires. The guide contained specific questions that are tied to the objectives of the study as well as questions on related issues to enable discussants freely comment on areas of interest. It also contained procedures on how to manage group discussions to avoid monopoly of discussions of any issue by a discussant. Overall, 12 focus group discussions were proposed to be conducted at one for each of the selected 12 civil society organizations. The researcher was however only able to conduct 10 FGD sessions due to availability and disposition of selected CSOs. The Table below shows details of participants in the FGDs from the selected organizations. Table 4: Details of participants in the Focus Group Discussion from selected CSOs S/NO NAME OF ORGANIZATION NAME OF PARTICIPANTS DATE S/N In English In French 01.  Hadja Tiguidanké Diakhaby 28/08/13 Mano River Réseau des Fleuve  Mme Gomou Fatoumata Women Peace du fleuve Mano Morgane Network pour la paix  Koumba Bintou Millimono (MARWOPNET) (REFMAP)  Adama Dian Diallo  Mme Toure Juliette 71 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY  Hadja Kadiata Kaba 02. The National Coalition  Hadja Fatoumata Sall 30/08/13 Coalition of Nationale pour le  Bintou Touré Guinea for the Droit et la  El Ansou Soumah Rights and Citoyenneté des  Mougna Kourouma Citizenship of Femmes Women (CONAG-DCF) (NCGRW) 03.  Me Frederick Loua 7/10/13  Fousseinatou Camara Equal Rights for  Aminata Condé All (ERA) Les Mêmes Droits  Dakala Grovogui pour Tous (MDT)  Moustapha Diallo  Pierre Camara  Boniface Loua  Elhadj Mamadou Diallo  Ramata Diallo 04. Guinean Organization  Dr Thierno Mandjou Sow 06/09/13 Organization for Guinéenne des  Amadou Barry Human Rights Droits de  Alseni Sall (GOHR) l‘Homme (OGDH) 05.  Hadja Hawa Keita 13/09/13 Rural Radio of Radio Rurale de  Hawa Camille Camara Guinea (RRG) Guinee (GRR)  Oumoul Khairy Cherif  Monique Curtis 06. Association For Association pour  Sow Saikou 15/10/13 the Well Being of le Bien être  Abdoulaye Fofana Communities and Communautaire et  Aboubacar Sylla Development le Développement (AWCD) (ABC-DEV) 07.  Jean Millimouno 18/09/13 West Africa Le Réseau Ouest  Issa Kourouma Network for Africain pour  Jean Baptist Tounkara Peacebuilding l‘édification de la  Cherif Samouka (WANEP) Paix  Fodé Cissé  François Fadoua Tolno  Honoré Loua  Mara Saidou  Aissata Lamarana Baldé  Bintia Camara 08.  Lamine Traoré 27/09/13 ** Non-  Bintou Touré governmental  Mougna Kourouma organizations Forum des ONG  El Ansou Soumah forum in Guinea  Aboubacar Sylla  Malick Soumah 09.  Mme Cisse Hadja Mariama 17/10/13 ** National Conseil National Sow Transition Council de la Transition  Prof. Galema Guilavogui of Guinea (NTC) (CNT)  Elhadj Seydina Oumar Sylla National Reconciliation  Elhadj Malal Diallo 72 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Reconciliation, National  Mme Fatoumata Diaraye Solidarity and Solidarite et Baldé Human Rights Droits de  Dr Fadima Barry l’Homme  Dilé Diallo  Hafiziou Barry 10. Guinea Central Mosquée Centrale  Elhadj Abdoulaye Bah 08/10/13 Mosque de Guinée  Elhadj Mohamed Lamine sy Source: Fieldwork, 2013 **These two actors were not proposed for study at the pre-field stage. However, based on referrals and also due to the importance of these two organizations to the general process of peace consolidation, it became necessary to have their perspectives hence their inclusion. As indicated, the researcher, with the help of the Research Assistant secured appointments with the above organizations. The aim was for the organizations to mobilize their members for a group discussion on the role and capacity of the civil society sector in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. The sessions which lasted for an average of 60 minutes were moderated by the researcher with the help of the interpreter specifically to ensure that the discussion was not monopolized by one discussant as the opinions of all participants were instructive in the quest for collecting relevant data. It was noted at the discussion table that some of the selected organizations had a staff presence of less than five participants for the discussion. This was so because some of the organizations at the time had deployed some of thier staff to the hinterland to sensitize electorates ahead of the September 2013 Parliamentary election. Again, on ethical grounds, discussants were informed that data collected from the discussion was confidential and mainly for research purposes. With this consideration and to support the process of transcription, the consent of the group was secured to record the discussions and take attendance. 3.5.5. Questionnaire Quantitative data for this study was largely generated through survey questionnaire. A total of 60 questionnaires were proposed to be administered on the 12 selected CSOs i.e. five for each of the 12 CSOs. The questionnaire was a self-assessment tool designed to allow the civil society sector assess its role, capacity and challenges associated with the sector‘s role in supporting the process of peace consolidation in the Republic of Guinea (Appendices VIII & IX). However, the specific reality in the field did not favour the pre-field proposal of administering five questionnaires to each of the proposed 12 CSOs. This was so because as noted earlier, some of the proposed organizations have staff strength of less than five. Again, some of the stakeholders 73 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY argued that since the tool was a role, capacity and condition assessment, using the same tool in collecting data from staff of the same organization might lead to misleading submissions. To this end, a participatory approach in dealing with the tool was suggested. This implied that instead of dealing with the tool as individual staff, a meeting of selected critical staff in the organization was summoned where collectively; the staff brainstormed and came to a consensus as to the option that best reflected the role, capacity and condition of their organization at the time of the exercise. Derived from the above therefore, a total of 12 questionnaires were administered on the 12 selected CSOs but only 10 organizations returned the questionnaires, representing 83% return rate. Below is the list of the organizations that returned their questionnaire. Table 5: Organizations that participated in the survey NAMES OF ORGANIZATION S/NO In English In French 01. Mano River Women Peace Network Réseau des Fleuve du fleuve Mano pour la paix (REFMAP) (MARWOPNET) 02. The National Coalition of Guinea for the Coalition Nationale pour le Droit et la Rights and Citizenship of Women Citoyenneté des Femmes (NCGRW) (CONAG-DCF) 03. Equal Rights for All (ERA) Les Mêmes Droits pour Tous (MDT) 04. Guinean Organization for Human Rights Organization Guinéenne des Droits de l‘Homme (OGDH) (GOHR) 05. National Institute of Research and Institut National de recherché et d‘Action Pédagogique (INRAP) Pedagogic Action (NIRPA) 06. Association of African Professionals of Association des Professionnelles Africaines Communication (AAPC) de la Communication (APAC) 07. Rural Radio of Guinea (RRG) Radio Rurale de Guinee (GRR) 08. National Platform of United Citizens for Plateforme Nationale des citoyens unis pour le Development (NPUCD) développement (PCUD) 09. Association For the Well Being of Association pour le Bien être Communautaire Communities and Development (AWCD) et le Développement (ABC-DEV) 10. West Africa Network for Peacebuilding Le Réseau Ouest Africain pour l‘édification de la Paix (WANEP) Source: Fieldwork, 2013 74 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY As already indicated, a total of 12 participatory structured questionnaires were administered to the 12 selected CSOs and 10 were returned at the end of the process representing 83%. Overall, the data collection tools were translated from English to French and subjected to confirmation to ensure that there was no significant difference (if any) between the contents of the English version and the French translated version. To this end, the quality of translation was confirmed by the Department of Modern Languages and Translation Studies, University of Calabar (Appendix X). 3.6. Ethical Consideration The process of primary data collection was designed in such a way as not to threaten or hurt the sensibilities of the participants (respondents). Thus, prior to the various sessions and in all research instruments, respondents were informed that data collected through the various instruments were to be used solely for research and academic purposes. The consent of respondents was also requested and secured on such occasions where it was important to tape record discussions during interviews and focus group discussions. This understanding provided necessary incentives and created an enabling environment for free interaction. 3.7. Preparation before Fieldwork The researcher registered for a 12 months basic course in French language preparatory to the fieldwork. The objective was to have working knowledge of French language. The basic knowledge proved very useful in the field as it enabled elementary interaction during the field exercise. Prior to the field exercise, preliminary contact was established with some civil society organisations and actors. Prominent amongst which were; West African Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP); Mano River Women`s Peace Network (MARWOPNET) and Open Society Initiative for West Africa (OSIWA-Guinee). Initial contact was also established with the research Assistant and translator prior to the field exercise. Overall, these preliminary contacts proved very useful in creating necessary soft-landing in the field. 75 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 3.8. Data analysis The whole spectrum of data analysis begins from the point of data collection. This means that the framework and tools for data collection would have to be right to be able to collect relevant data. The major tools for data collection as used in this study were questionnaire, interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and desk-based review of relevant literature. The questionnaire was designed to allow respective civil society organizations assess its condition, roles, capacity and challenges in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. The tool which is divided into 7 columns began with a statement assuring the respondents that data collected from the process was to be used strictly for research purposes. The first column described the thematic area/key research element in civil society operations. The essence was to collect data from such broad areas that relate to the sector‘s operational framework and how this fits into its capacity and role (s) of supporting the process of peace consolidation in the Republic of Guinea. The second column highlights the key performance question in a specific thematic area to which answers are required. Each thematic area has 4 key performance questions a-d. A total of 11 thematic areas were raised in the questionnaire of 4 performance questions each making a total of 44 questions. Out of these, 24 questions were specifically set aside to collect data that related directly to the objectives of the study (i.e. questions: 2a-d; 3a-d; 4a-d; 5a-d; 6a-d; and 8a-d). Again, columns 3-6 in the questionnaire contains structured options from which the respondent organization was expected to choose from. These options were ranked in order of importance and respondents were strongly advised to choose an option that best reflected the situation/condition of their organization at the time of the survey. The ranked options included: Limited; Being developed; Partially functioning and Fully effective. These options, wherever applicable, suggest the following:  Limited: the issue under consideration has little effect on the civil society sector and its processes  Being Developed: if allowed to thrive, the issue under consideration could turn out to be a threat or otherwise to peace consolidation in Guinea 76 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY  Partially Functioning: the issue under consideration affects the operations of the sector and its impact might be obvious in the long run.  Fully Effective: the issue under consideration is seriously accepted as a threat or otherwise to the process of peace consolidation. The seventh and last column gave the respondent organization an opportunity to freely explain why a particular option was chosen and give suggestions for improvement. Such suggestions for improvement by respondents were then extracted to form part of the recommendations of the study. The options were designed to enable the respondents to only indicate with 1; 2; 3; or 4 in the appropriate option column except for column seven where explanation was required. In other words, some form of pre-coding was done for columns one to six while column seven is an open-ended question column. It may be instructive to note here, that the options are commensurate to the options chosen. Thus, 1(-Limited) means one point…and 4(- Fully Effective) means four points. The chosen options in a thematic area (of four questions) are added together and divided by the number of variables (representing the 4 options) to get the average per organization. The average scores for all the organizations are then added together and divided by the total number of participating organizations to get the group average. The group average at this point is further divided by the options variables 4 and multiplied by 100 (here referring to options A- D) to get the group percentage (%) score on a particular objective. The percentage (%) is ranked on a scale of 100%. In line with basic understanding of percentage ranking, any percentage score below 50% on a scale of 100% means a lack of capacity or effectiveness depending on what is being tested. Below 60% suggests inadequate strength or effectiveness also depending on what is being measured. Scores above 60% suggest effectiveness, again depending on what is being measured. (See Table 12 for aggregate average scores and Appendix XI for data coding sheet). Once the questionnaire was retrieved from the respondent organizations, the results of their submissions were summarized to enhance ones‘ understanding of the individual and collective positions of the participating organizations to issues raised. An approach that was considered useful in this respect was to plot the results of their respective submissions in a ‗spider web‘. This was necessary because the ‗web‘ enabled an establishment of the relationship between the variables under consideration in each of the objectives of the study. It further provided a template to 77 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY highlight the interconnectedness of the factors as reflected in the rise and fall of the web as well as showed the participating organizations‘ view about the variables under consideration. The rise and fall of the web indicates the participating organizations‘ perception of the interaction of the variables. Organizations with high average scores and percentages (%) suggest a greater opinion about the interaction of the variables in relation to the threat they pose to peace consolidation and those with low average scores and percentages (%) suggest a lower opinion about the threat posed by the interaction of variables under consideration to the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. The web is also significant because it demonstrates how organizations operating in the same environment can have different opinions on the same issue perhaps, because they perceive, relate with and are affected differently. Also, the web exposes how these respective issues from an organization‘s perspective can contribute to threaten or strengthen the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. The interconnectedness of the web equally brought to the fore the obvious need for a synergy, to pull resources (human and material) to support the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. The web analysis has previously been used by Buehler and Keten, (2010), an associate professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), to analyse the complex, hierarchical structure of spider silk and its amazing strength and the scholar related it to the interaction of elements in civil construction. Buehler concluded that the main defining element that makes spider webs so resilient is the interconnectedness of the webs. This suggests that the web should be able to map the relationship between the capacity of the civil society sector and its roles. The lessons learned from his work, Buehler noted, could not only help develop more damage-resistant synthetic materials, but could also provide design principles that might apply to networked systems such as the Internet or the electric grid. A spider web analysis is therefore a graphical representation of variables with the intent of showing the interrelationship between one variable and another (Friendly, 1990; Chambers, William, Beat and Paul (1983). The spider web is the main analytical tool for this study deployed to highlight the interconnectedness and how one variable under consideration interacts and feeds on another in threatening or supporting the process of peace consolidation in the Republic of Guinea. It is supported by tables and content analysis. 78 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY As part of the process of analysis, proceedings of the interview and focus group discussions sessions were recorded and transcribed. In addition to general issues, the interviews and FGDs contained much of what was captured in the questionnaire. The essence of reflecting such critical questions during interviews and group discussions was to establish the degree of recurrence of core issues. Results from interviews and group discussions were used to support findings from the questionnaire. Extracts from reviewed literature were also used to support some of the primary data gotten from the field exercise. Overall, the methodology adopted for the study proved very appropriate and useful. This was more so because it enabled the collection of relevant and valid data. 3.9. Problems associated with the process of data collection The field exercise which lasted for about 8 weeks (August 25-October 20) was not without its challenges. Difference in language was one of the challenges associated with the process of data collection. However, the 12 months‘ basic course in French language provided the researcher with working knowledge that proved useful in the course of the exercise. Also, the privilege of having met some civil society actors who were bilingual as well as the services provided by the Research Assistant/Translator further whittled down the language challenge. In addition to the above, was the climatic condition in Guinea at the time which was characterised by daily rainful thereby making movement to keep appointments a bit difficult. Another challenge was the fact that the field exercise coincided with a period Guinea was preparing for the legislative elections that has been continuously postponed since 2010. Electoral activities preparatory to the legislative elections reinforced ethnic suspicion that often resulted in pockets of violence. More so, some civil society actors selected for the purpose of the study were also critically involved in the electoral process resulting in postponement of appointments or waiting late into the evening or having to move out during weekends to keep such appointments. Again and probably as a result of the above, questionnaire return rate was slow, but at the end, 83% was secured. 79 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CHAPTER FOUR RESEARCH FINDINGS, DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 4.1. Introduction This chapter offers analysis and discussion of research findings. It is organized around the objectives of the study. 4.2. Research Objective 1: To identify threats to the consolidation of peace in Guinea This study was based on the understanding that it would perhaps be more instructive in the quest of supporting the process of peace consolidation to first identify basic threats to peace in the Republic of Guinea. The intent was to come to terms with the factors that are necessary to enhance and strengthen whatever degree of peace that was on ground. To achieve this objective, structured questionnaire was administered on 12 CSOs from which 10 were retrieved. In addition to the data collected through the questionnaire, the study also analysed additional data derived from interview and focus group discussion sessions. To this end, questions 5a-d in the structured questionnaire collected data that related specifically to identifying threats to the consolidation of peace in Guinea. The Table below summarizes the findings based on objective 1. Table 6: Summary of scores on objective 1 (Threats to peace) S/No Organisation Research Specific Average Percentage Area Research Score (On a scale Question (On a scale of 100) (5a-5d) of 4) 1 Mano River Women 5a. To what 3.0 75% Peace Network extent is the (MARWOPNET) circulation of 2 The National Coalition small arms and 2.8 70% of Guinea for the Rights light weapons and Citizenship of a threat to Threats to Women (NCGRW) peace peace 3 Equal Rights for All consolidation? 2.3 58% (ERA) 4 Guinean Organization 2.5 63% for Human Rights 5b. To what (GOHR) extent is 5 National Institute of instability in 2.5 63% Research and Pedagogic other member 80 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Action (NIRPA) states of the 6 Association of African MRU a threat 2.3 58% Professionals of to the Communication (AAPC) consolidation 7 Rural Radio of Guinea of peace in 2.8 70% (RRG) Guinea? 8 National Platform of 2.8 70% United Citizens for 5c. To what Development (NPUCD) extent is bad 9 Association For the Well governance a 2.5 63% Being of Communities threat to the and Development consolidation (AWCD) of peace? 10 West Africa Network for 2.5 63% Peace Building (WANEP) 5d. To what extent are acts of mismanageme nt within the civil society sector a threat to peace consolidation? Total average 2.6 65% score and percentage Source: Fieldwork, 2013 The total average score on this objective is 2.6 on a scale of 4 representing 65% (see pp. 76-78 for the full description of the questionnaire). While this reflects the opinion of the participating CSOs on issues raised, it more specifically represents the aggregate position of the CSOs based on the options. This score therefore suggests that the circulation of small arms and light weapons, instability in neighbouring states and bad governance are all basic threats to the consolidation of peace in Guinea. This finding coheres with the submission of Simbine (2006:40) where it was noted, that ‗aside from criminality leading to insecurity of lives and property, the problem of small arms proliferation will undermine efforts to ensure the political stability of such countries and their governments‘. The Table above gives us at a glance an idea of the findings on objective 1 based on the average scores and percentages of the organizations that participated in the survey. While this represents the perception of the CSOs, it more specifically reflects the scores on individual questions. Unfortunately, however, the Table is unable to 81 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY highlight how the variables interact to threaten or support peace consolidation in Guinea. It is therefore needful to show that these variables are actually related by presenting them in a web. The web below further establishes the position of the organizations that participated in the survey and highlights the interrelationship of the factors in threatening or supporting the consolidation of peace in the Republic of Guinea. Web I: Responses to Objective 1 (Threats to peace) Mano River Women Peace Network West Africa (MARWOPNET) The National Network for Coalition of Guinea Peacebuilding 3 2.8 for the Rights and2.5 (WANEP) Citizenship of… Association For the Well Being of 75% 70% Equal Rights for All63% Communities and 2.5 2.3 (ERA) Development… 63% 58% Average Scores National Platform 70% 63% Guinean Percentage Scores of United Citizens 2.8 2.5 Organization for 70% 63% for Development 58% Human Rights (NPUCD) (GOHR) National Institute of 2.5 Rural Radio of2.8 Research and 2.3 Guinea (RRG) Pedagogic Action Association of (NIRPA) African Professionals of Communication… Source: Fieldwork, 2013 The interconnectedness of the factors is captured in the way and manner such that one factor interacts and influences the other as reflected in the web. The web shows the participating organizations view about the variables under consideration. It could be observed for instance, that MARWOPNET with an average score of 3 has a higher view of the interaction of the variables in threatening the process of peace consolidation in Guinea than others. The total average score of 2.6 on a scale of 4 representing 65% suggests that the interaction between small arms and light weapons, instability in member states of the Mano River Union (MRU) and bad governance 82 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY individually and collectively contribute to threatening the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. It is easy to deduce from this interaction that bad governance predisposes the State to radicalism occasioned by attempts to upturn the status quo as the history of coups and counter coups suggest in Guinea. This has often culminated in the militarization of the civil population, armbanditry and cross border attacks. In the same vein, instability in member States of the MRU has often had domino effect on the peace and security of Guinea. The Liberia and the Sierra Leone civil wars for examples inadvertently activated mass movement of refugees into Guinea thereby threatening the already fragile peace and economy of the country. Peace in Guinea would be continuously threatened as these variables continue to interact in this manner. The web equally shows the rise and fall of the strings in line with the participating organization‘s perception of the interaction of the variables. Organizations with high average scores and percentages (%) suggest a greater opinion about the interaction of the variables in relation to the threat they pose to peace consolidation and those with low average scores and percentages (%) suggest a lower opinion about the threat posed by the interaction of variables under consideration to the process of peace consolidation. This again means for instance, that an organization like MARWOPNET with an average score of 3 on a scale of 4 representing 75% strongly hold the view that the interaction of small arms and light weapons, bad governance and instability in member States of the MRU are potent threats to peace consolidation in Guinea while an organization like ERA with an average score of 2.3 on a scale of 4 representing 58% is suggestive of a weak opinion about the threat posed by the interaction between the variables under consideration. It could be gleaned from the web that organizations operating in the same environment can have different opinions on the same issue and demonstrates how these respective issues from the organizations‘ perspectives can contribute to threatening or strengthening the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. With a total percentage score of 65%, the web above clearly suggests that for peace to be consolidated in Guinea, the civil society sector should necessarily design and implement programs and projects that are directed towards addressing the menace posed by the illicit circulation of small arms and light weapons, support state structures to entrench good governance and stability in member states of the MRU. 83 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Discussants noted as a recurrent issue in group discussions, that this is so because government‘s inability to provide jobs and alternative means of survival makes ex- combatants ready tools in the hands of those who can pay for their services. Discussants further declared that as long as there are illicit arms in the hands of unemployed youths, peace in the sub region will be continuously threatened. The point that the peace and stability of Guinea cannot be attained in isolation of other member States of the MRU was a recurrent issue in group discussions and interviews with critical civil society actors especially, the National Commission Against the illicit Circulation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (NACASALW), the National Transition Council of Guinea (NTC) and West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP). These organizations declared that instability in any member state of the MRU means instability in Guinea. They argued that this is so because in the past, the conflict especially in Liberia and Sierra Leone saw thousands of refugees migrating to Guinea. This refugee influx they noted, exerted additional pressure on the already overstretched fragile economy and environment of Guinea with social infrastructure, health and educational facilities stretched beyond their limits. Findings from interviews and group discussions also point to the fact that Government‘s inability to effectively mop the illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs) in circulation constitutes a potent threat to the consolidation of peace in Guinea. The mere fact that such weapons are mostly in the hands of unemployed youths further threatens the objective of peace consolidation. This was particularly highlighted during interviews with officials in the security sector. The threat posed by SALWs was mentioned in separate interviews with Brig. Gen. Bambo Fofana of NatCom, Col. Abdoulaye Friguia and Commandant Siba Soropogui. They all maintained that although the Republic of Guinea has been able to maintain its stability in the region, the circulation of SALWs remains a potent threat as it has often been used in pockets of violence in Guinea. Dr. Mahmoud Cissé of the National Commission against the Illicit Circulation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (ComNat-Guinee), during an interview, also declared that small arms and light weapons and incomplete disarmament process appear to be major threats to peace consolidation. Again, Jean Millimouno, the National Network Coordinator of WANEP-Guinee, strengthened the ―SALWs-threat to peace nexus‖ when he remarked that small arms and light weapons featured prominently in the conflict in forest region 84 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY in N’zerekoré in which more than a hundred people lost their lives and many others were wounded. This point was also corroborated by Rahamane Diallo, Guinea Program Coordinator of the Open Society Initiative for West Africa (OSIWA), when he revealed during an interview that the N’zerekoré conflict borne out of ‗indigene- settlers‘ claims was aggravated by the use of SALWs). Frederick Loua, President of Les Mêmes Droits pour Tous (MDT) (‗Equal Rights for All‘) a human rights organization, lent credence to the threat posed by SALWs when he observed that ―someone killed a man with a gun at Koulé (a village situated in N’zerekoré where the Guerzé live) and this singular act resulted in ethnic conflict that seemingly claimed the lives of more than 600 persons‖. Another recurrent issue from the FGDs and interview sessions was the spectre of bad governance as a threat to peace consolidation. Bad governance incites mass actions to enhance good governance and this process has some conflict exacerbating elements that threaten peace consolidation. They cited the demonstration of 28 September 2009 against the military junta that resulted in the mass killings of demonstrators as a case in point. This act they noted further tainted the human rights record of Guinea. Evidences of bad governance threatening peace consolidation in the long run can be found in Liberia and Sierra Leone. The coup that culminated in the protracted Liberia civil war was tied to bad governance by its plotters and the attempt by the military class to deliver good governance. This is not a stand-alone case as the Sierra Leone civil war is also an example in this direction. Guinea suffered from the spills of both wars. This again is in congruence with Simbine‘s (2003:312-313) ‗good governance‘ perspective where it was noted that if good governance were the rule rather than the exception, so many conflicts may not have arisen and where they did, would be nipped in the bud before they escalate. Internally, Guinea has not fared better in this direction as access to affordable health and educational services are almost non-existent. Despite the fanfare that saluted the return to democracy in 2010, the government is not yet able to meet the basic needs of its people. One can literally see poverty while walking on the streets of Conakry. According to the Multidimensional Poverty Index of the United Nations Human Development Report (UNDP HDI Report, 2014:180) the percentage population of Guinea in severe poverty was put at 68.6% while percentage of those living below the international poverty line of $1.25 (in purchasing power parity terms) a day was 85 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 43.34% and percentage population below national poverty line was 55.2%. Housing seems a luxury the government cannot afford and the government‘s inability to provide employment for its teeming unemployed youths further deepens the challenge posed by bad governance. This, according to Lewis (2014) is further compounded by the illicit drug trade. The central argument according to this perspective is that, drug trafficking fuels crime and engenders corruption, and money generated through drug trade has a corrosive effect on attempts by the government and civil society sector to improve governance (Irinnews, 2008). Globally, bad governance accounts for most of the uprisings in the world today and is a potent threat to the consolidation of peace. From Egypt to Libya, Israel, Pakistan to Syria, the spectre of bad governance has often been adduced as the justification for uprising and armed struggle. Other recurrent factors emanating from the interviews and group discussions that pose a threat to the process of peace consolidation in Guinea include: - Ethnicity/Tribal management of public affairs - Weak judicial system - Corruption - Government‘s inability to provide basic needs of the citizenry - Impunity - Poverty - Unemployment Governance in Guinea is largely based on ethnic consideration to the extent that an individual‘s statements are often tied down to the person and traced to his/her ethnic group. Politics, appointments and general distribution of rewards are also based on one‘s ethnic origin. This ethnic consciousness has often resulted in episodic violence. The conflicts that resulted in the loss of about 600 lives as noted above in an interview and focus group discussion with Les Mêmes Droits pour Tous (MDT) (‗Equal Rights for All,‘) in 2011 and 2012 in N‘zerekoré and Koulé in Gueckedou, all in forest Guinea are vivid examples of the threat posed by ethnic consciousness. In Guinea, it is common to see one first as a Malinke, Peuhl, Sousson or Guerze representing ethnic groups in Haute Guinee also called Madingue (Upper Guinea); Moyeene Guinee also called Foutah (Middle Guinea); Guinee Maritime (Basse) Lower Guinea and La Guinee Forestiere (Forest Guinea) before such an individual is seen as a Guinean, suggesting that the ethnic consciousness supersedes national consciousness. Ethnicity 86 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY as a threat also resonated in a group discussion with the Non-Governmental Organizations Forum in Guinea ‗Forum des ONG’. Again, the electoral process in Guinea is not left out of this deeply ingrained ethnic consciousness as the legislative election that was based on proportional representation appeared to further reinforce the threat posed by ethnicity. In the proportional representation system as practiced in Guinea, Parliament is made up of 114 seats out of which 38 are statutory while the remaining 76 are to be filled based on a process of internal party election/selection. Here, the parties participating in the legislative elections are expected to submit a list of 76 names in order of preference through a process of internal party elections/selection and seats are allocated to parties based on the percentage of votes secured in line with the total number of votes cast at the end of the election. The percentage of votes scored by a party is translated to the number of seats won by that party which are allotted based on the order of the name placement on the submitted party list of 76 prospective Parliamentarians. This means that a party that secures 23% of total votes cast will automatically have the first 23 names on the submitted party list (of 76 names) as parliamentarians and the one with 5% votes will have the first 5 names on the submitted party list (of 76 names) as parliamentarians. Leaders of parties have often been accused of submitting lists with names mostly of members of their ethnic groups constituting the first 10, 20, or 30 names on the list without recourse to the party process of internal election/selection and clearly threatening the electoral process and peace efforts in general. It is perhaps more instructive to share an instance where a particular text that went viral in Guinea before the September 2013 legislative elections captures the quintessence of the menace of ethnicity: Chers compatriotes, Cellou Dalein a toujr crié à l‘ethnocentrisme lors des nominations mais voilà qu‘il vient de montrer sa vraie face ethnocentrisme en inscrivant sur liste nationale à la députation (56) peulhs dont (32) Diallo comme lui (12) soussou, (5) malinkés et (2) forestiers. Faite passer ce sms pour dire non à son ethno stratégie. Merci citoyen(e). This means: 87 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Dear compatriots, Cellou Dalein Diallo has always cried out against ethnocentrism during the nominations but here, he has just shown that he is the face of ethnocentrism in writing (generating) his national list for parliament. Out of the names (56) are from (his ethnic extraction) the Fulah ethnic group out of which (32) bear the name Diallo like him, (12) Soussou (5) Mandingo and (2) persons from Forest Guinea. Please pass this sms (text) to say no to his ethnocentrism. Thank you citizen. Cellou Dalein Diallo was a candidate in the September 2013 parliamentary election. This was about the first real parliamentary election to be conducted in the last 10 years. This shows that ethnicity can even be used in propaganda and building of sentiments-a spectre that further radicalizes Guinean politics and threatens peace consolidation. Ethnicity as a potent threat to the process of peace consolidation resonated in all the group discussions and interviews with critical civil society actors. Again, the judiciary that is supposedly saddled with the duty of adjudication appears to be weak in Guinea. This observation was made during a group discussion with the Guinea Organization for the Defence of Human Rights (‗Organization Guinéenne de Défense des Droits de l’Homme (OGDH)) and ‗Equal Rights for All‘ (Les Mêmes Droits pour Tous (MDT)). For the process of peace consolidation to be strengthened therefore, the judiciary needs to be active to entertain cases that relate to abuse of rights, discourage culture of impunity and serve as deterrence to all who might be induced to trample on the rights of people as a result distorting due process and threatening the peace of the society. Impunity as a threat to the process of peace consolidation was further reiterated during an interview with Mme Baldé of Rotary International Guinee when it was noted that the government‘s inability to convict culprits of corruption and other crimes makes it difficult to discourage others from abusing the process of governance. Closely related to weak judicial system is corruption. This in its own right is identified as a threat to peace consolidation. According to the 2014 Perception Corruption Index, Guinea ranked 145 out of 175 countries surveyed. The state treasury was alleged to be looted with impunity and there is no record of any punishment meted out on culprits, a situation that is attributed to weak judicial system. This was the opinion shared in a group discussion by Non-Governmental Organizations Forum in Guinea (‗Forum des ONG’). The 88 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY study also found out on objective 1 that poverty which is partly a result of corruption, unemployment and government‘s inability to provide for its citizenry individually and collectively, contributes to threatening the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. The interaction of the identified threats with rampant drug trade makes the process of peace consolidation even more daunting. The associated difficulties are more aptly reflected in the opinions of Lewis (2014) and Irinnews (2008) where it was declared that drugs could be a trigger for further instability and could facilitate anarchy and make any solution to potential political crisis in the Republic of Guinea difficult. 4.3. Research Objective 2: To establish the linkage(s) between civil society organizations and the consolidation of peace This objective attempts to answer the question: what is the linkage(s) between civil society organisations and the consolidation of peace? There appears to be a general assumption that every surviving democracy necessarily has a civil society sector that supports the processes of governance hence creating and strengthening the conditions that are necessary for peace. This, for instance, can be found in the works of: Obi (2011); Skocpol (2003); Kukah (1999); Ekeh (1998); Salamon and Anheier (1997); Hall (1995); Judge (1994); Seligman (1992); Bayart (1986); Lipnack and Jeffrey (1982). To empirically confirm or negate this assumption, questions 3a-d in the structured questionnaire collected data that related to establishing the linkage (s) between the civil society sector and the consolidation of peace. In addition to the data collected through the questionnaire, the study also analysed additional data derived from interview and focus group discussions sessions. The Table below summarizes the findings based on objective 2. Table 7: Summary of scores on Objective 2 (Civil society-peace consolidation nexus) S/N Organization Research Specific Research Average Percentage o Area Questions As Scores (% on a (3a-3d) (On a scale Scale of 100) of 4) 1. Mano River Women 2.5 63% Peace Network 3a. To what extent is there (MARWOPNET) a relationship between 2. The National civil society and the 3.0 75% Coalition of Guinea consolidation of 89 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY for the Rights and peace? Citizenship of CIVIL Women (NCGRW) 3. Equal Rights for All SOCIETY 2.3 58% (ERA) - PEACE 4. Guinean 2.5 63% Organization for CONSOLI Human Rights 3b. To what extent is the DATION (GOHR) attended peace in 5. National Institute of NEXUS Guinea associated with 2.5 63% Research and civil society activities? Pedagogic Action (NIRPA) 6. Association of 2.3 58% African Professionals of 3c. To what extent did Communication civil society contribute (AAPC) to the cessation of 7. Rural Radio of hostilities during the 2.0 50% Guinea (RRG) war years in the 8. National Platform of MRU? 2.3 58% United Citizens for Development 3d. To what extent can the (NPUCD) civil society sector 9. Association For the mobilise other sectors 3.0 75% Well Being of to support the process Communities and of peace consolidation. Development (AWCD) 10. West Africa 2.3 58% Network for Peace building (WANEP) Total average score and 2.5 63% percentage Source: Fieldwork, 2013 The total average score on this objective is 2.5 on a scale of 4 representing 63%. This implies that a relationship exists between the civil society sector and the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. This conclusion is in congruence with the works of scholars cited in objective 1 above. The central element of the cited works suggests that the civil society sector is central to the attainment and sustenance of peace in the society. Whereas the Table above gives us at a glance an idea of the findings on objective 2 based on the average scores and percentages of the organizations that participated in the survey, it is however, unable to highlight how the variables interact to enhance the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. It is therefore needful to show that these variables are actually related by presenting them in a web. The web below further establishes the position of the organizations that participated in the 90 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY survey and highlights the interrelationship of the factors in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. Web II: Responses to Objective 2 (Civil society-Peace consolidation nexus) Mano River Women Peace Network (MARWOPNET) The National Coalition West Africa Network 2.5 of Guinea for the for Peacebuilding Rights and Citizenship (WANEP) 2.3 3 of Women (NCGRW) Association For Community Wellbeing 63% 75% Equal Rights for All 58% and Development 3 2.3 (ERA) (ACWD) 75% 58% Average Scores Percentage Scores 58% 63% National Platform of Guinean Organization United Citizens for 2.3 50% 63% 2.5 for Human Rights Development (NPUCD) 58% (GOHR) 2 National Institute of Rural Radio of Guinea 2.5 Research and (RRG) 2.3 Pedagogic Action (NIRPA) Association of African Professionals of Communication (AAPC) Source: Fieldwork, 2013 The web shows the level of interaction between the activities of the civil society sector and the process of peace consolidation. This is represented by the average scores, percentages and the rise and fall of the strings of the web. Organizations like NCGRW and ACWD with a percentage of 75% for instance hold a stronger view of the interaction of the civil society sector with the process of peace consolidation than an organization like RRG with 50%. This interaction revolves around how the activities of the civil society sector such as advocacy, open campaigns/demonstrations, publications, sensitization, network, non-partisanship and expertise influence the peacebuilding process in Guinea. It could be seen from the web that the Association for the Well Being of Communities and Development (AWCD) (Association pour le Bien être Communautaire et le développement) and 91 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY National Coalition of Guinea for the Rights and Citizenship of Women (NCGRW) have the highest average point of 3 on a scale of 4 (75%) over and above other participating organizations. This is particularly so because AWCD (ABC- Development) appears to be the only organization that has grassroots (rural) presence. As a result, it is able to take the quest for peace consolidation to rural communities thereby further strengthening the nexus between the civil society sector and the process of peace consolidation. Here, the AWCD is able to sensitise and educate rural dwellers on behaviours that are supportive of a peaceful society. The NCGRW on the other hand, appears to be the only women organization whose focus is to ensure the projection and protection of the rights of women who constitute the most vulnerable segment of the society thereby equally expanding the democratic space and enhancing the nexus between civil society and the process of peace consolidation. The response to this objective further shows that the civil society sector has demonstrated this nexus in its various activities in support of democracy, good governance, accountability, respect for human rights and general participation in governance. This point was further reiterated in separate interviews with Dr. Ibrahima Sory Cissoko, President of the National Council of Guinea Civil Society Organizations (NCGCSO) – (Conseil National des Organizations de la Société Civile Guinéenne) and Mme Baldé of Rotary International Guinee when they separately noted that during the period of the coup and preparatory to the 2010 presidential election, the civil society sector midwifed an initiative called ‘Force Vive’. This initiative was to stimulate discussion, sensitize and educate the populace on civic rights and how to more effectively engage the electoral process especially to strengthen the consciousness of the populace on the need to discourage military involvement in the electoral process. Mme Baldé particularly noted that the strength of the civil society sector in engaging the process of governance was rewarded when civil society actors were engaged in the management of the affairs of the state either as Ministers or advisers. She specifically noted that the offices of the Minister of Decentralization, Defence, National Electoral Commission, Tourism and Alphabetization had been occupied by civil society actors. Jean Millimouno of WANEP supported the civil society-peace consolidation nexus when he noted during an interview that ―CSO is the interface between peace and democracy and if democracy guarantees peace, CSO then strengthens the democracy‖. 92 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The Mano River Women Peace Network (MARWOPNET) also revealed during a group discussion that the various campaigns, demonstrations, advocacy visits and publications made during the height of the conflict in the MRU were initiated by the civil society sector to call the attention of the World to the hostilities in the sub region as a means of setting a background for a negotiated settlement. The group further remarked that at a time when the president of Liberia, Charles Taylor and his Guinean counterpart Lansana Conté could not see face to face, it took the tact, persistence and resilience of MARWOPNET to bring the leaders of the countries of the Mano River Union (Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea at the time) to a meeting in Morocco. The aim was to discuss issues that bordered on the hostility in the MRU with the intent of finding a political solution to the conflicts in the region. They further explained during a group discussion that MARWOPNET launched its first initiative in the summer of 2001 when both Sierra Leone and Liberia were engulfed in an interrelated civil war and Guinea was experiencing mounting instability. Discussants declared that between June and August, MARWOPNET delegations met with each country's president to convince them on the need to increase dialogue and cooperation with each other. In March 2002, Presidents Taylor (Liberia), Conte (Guinea), and Kabba (Sierra Leone) agreed to start peace talks at a three-day summit in Morocco. The relationship between the civil society sector and the process of peace consolidation was equally highlighted during an interview with Dr. Thierno Mandjou Sow of OGDH and Frederick Loua of ERA (both human rights organizations) when they revealed in separate interviews that during the September 28, 2009 massacre in which more than a 100 people were killed and many others maimed, human rights groups mobilized lawyers to establish Rights abuses against the government, an act they noted restrained the government from further abuse. Again, Amadou Diallo of the National Institute of Research and Pedagogic Action, (Institut National de recherché et d’Action Pédagogique) - (INRAP) (an institution of education which is in charge of the quality of teaching at all levels in Guinea) revealed during an interview that the Institute, as part of the peace consolidation strengthening strategy, supported by United Nations Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF), developed a program called ‗Civic Education and the Culture of Peace’ to be embedded in school curricula for the teaching of peace education at all levels in the Republic of Guinea. He also declared 93 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY that the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) also supported the Institute to implement a program on peace and tolerance before, during and after elections. It is instructive to also note that other structures of government equally appear to create the necessary background needed to strengthen the nexus between the civil society sector and the peace process. The National Transition Council (NTC) of Guinea is an example in this direction. The members of the NTC during a group discussion noted that the council that was saddled with the responsibility of putting in place a strategy that would ensure a smooth transition to democratic rule had as a critical component, the Committee on National Reconciliation and Peace Building (NRPB). The NRPB committee, as further confirmed by the group discussion, placed national reconciliation as the bedrock of national peace and further divided its activities into short, medium and long term. The activities of the NTC clearly support the efforts of the civil society sector and reinforced the nexus between the sector and the general process of peace consolidation in Guinea. The nexus between civil society and the process of peace consolidation was further highlighted during an interview with religious leaders (Imams of the Central Mosque) in Conakry. This group particularly noted that it took the concerted efforts of religious leaders to lay to rest the N’zerekoré and Gueckedou conflicts of 2011/2012 that resulted in the destruction of 17 mosques and 13 churches as well as loss of many lives. Again, the tension that characterized Dadis Camara failed assassination attempt and the threat posed by his continuous presence in Guinea was diffused when after several failed attempts by members of the public for Camara to leave Guinea, it only took the intervention of religious leaders to convince Dadis Camara to leave the country seemingly creating a soft-landing for the transition process to be initiated. According to the religious leaders, they were able to achieve this feat and even more owing to the fact that as religious leaders, they are not politicians, government nor opposition hence they can tell the truth to anybody. They further remarked that more so, those in positions of authority are either Muslims or Christians and they preach the doctrine of peaceful coexistence to them during sermons because their role as religious leaders is to build bridges between the broader spectrum of civil society, the aggrieved parties and the government. They also maintained that their role as religious leaders gave them the moral authority and neutrality that even the United 94 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Nations and other peacekeeping institutions did not possess. They revealed that based on their contributions to the peace process, the Imam of Conakry's grand Mosque El Hadj Mamadou Saliou Camara and the city's Roman Catholic Archbishop Vincent Koulibaly were appointed to co-chair a Provisional Commission of Reflection (PCR) on the conditions needed for the undertaking and achievement of national reconciliation. Despite the sector‘s contributions to the cessation of hostilities in the MRU during the war years, overall, findings from group discussions and interviews with critical actors however, suggest that the civil society sector lacks adequate capacity to document its activities. This, the discussants and interviewees noted was because the sector is not robust enough. This clearly means that the sector would need to redesign its methods/strategies as well as build its capacity in relevant areas to strengthen the process of peace consolidation. 4.4. Research Objective 3: To identify specific and general roles CSOs can play to support the consolidation of peace in Guinea Research objective 3 attempts to answer the question: ‗what role (s) can the civil society sector play in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea? This objective also tended to examine the specific and general role(s) the civil society sector played in ensuring the attended peace in Guinea. As part of the process of achieving this objective, questions 6a-d in the questionnaire collected data that related to examining the roles the civil society sector can play in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea as well as the context of its operation. In addition to the data collected through the questionnaire, the study also analysed additional data derived from interview and focus group discussion sessions. The Table below summarizes the findings based on objective 3. 95 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 8: Summary of scores on objective 3 (Civil society’s roles in peace consolidation) S/No Organization Research Specific Research Average Percentage Area Questions Scores (% on a scale of 100) (6a-6c) (on a Scale of 4) 1. Mano River Women 2.5 63% Peace Network (MARWOPNET) 6a. To what extent 2. The National Coalition can the civil 3 75% of Guinea for the Rights society sector and Citizenship of impact the process Women (NCGRW) of peace 3. Equal Rights for All consolidation? 1.8 45% (ERA) 4. Guinean Organization CIVIL 6b. To what extent 2 50% for Human Rights SOCIETY can the civil (GOHR) ‘S ROLES society's functions 5. National Institute of IN of monitoring, 1.5 38% Research and Pedagogic PEACE protection, Action (NIRPA) CONSOLI advocacy, 6. Association of African DATION socialization, 2.3 58% Professionals of intergroup social Communication (AAPC) cohesion, 7. Rural Radio of Guinea facilitation and 2 50% (RRG) service delivery 8. National Platform of strengthen peace 1.5 38% United Citizens for consolidation? Development (NPUCD) 9. Association For the Well 6c. To what extent is 2.5 63% Being of Communities the environment and Development supportive of civil (AWCD) society 10. West Africa Network for engagements? 2.8 70% Peace building (WANEP) 6d. To what extent and what specific roles did the civil society sector play in the management of conflict in the MRU? Total average score 2.2 55% and percentage Source: Fieldwork, 2013 The total average score on this objective is 2.2 on a scale of 4 representing 55%. This suggests that overall; the roles of civil society organisations to the process of peace consolidation are not fully effective. Despite this conclusion and based on the table, it may still be instructive to establish the interconnectedness that seems to exist between 96 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY the variables that appear to undermine the role of the sector to more effectively impact the peace consolidation process in Guinea. The web below represented by participating organizations average scores and percentages highlights the interaction of these variables. Web III: Responses to Objective 3. (Civil society's role in peace consolidation) Mano River Women Peace Network (MARWOPNET) The National West Africa Network 2.5 Coalition of Guinea for Peacebuilding for the Rights and (WANEP) 2.8 3 Citizenship of… Association For Community 63% 70% 75% Equal Rights for All Wellbeing and 2.5 1.8 (ERA) Development… 63% 45% Average Scores National Platform of 38% 50% Percentage Scores United Citizens for 1.5 Guinean Organization 50% 38% 2 for Human Rights Development 58% (GOHR) (NPUCD) 1.5 2 National Institute of Rural Radio of Research and Guinea (RRG) 2.3 Pedagogic Action (NIRPA) Association of African Professionals of Communication (AAPC) Source: Fieldwork, 2013 The web reflects the interaction of the factors represented by individual organizational scores. It would be seen for instance, that organization like NCGRW holds a higher view of the roles of the sector in supporting the peace consolidation process than NIRPA and NPUCD. The reason for this higher view by NCGRW is because it is an organization dedicated to projecting and protecting the rights of women. This means that the space for women involvement in the process of governance and peace has been expanded and the voices of women are now heard. The capacity of the civil society sector to effectively support the peace consolidation process is threatened by the interaction of corruption and inadequate funds, victimization and hostile operating environment, improper coordination and lack of information sharing. As long as these variables interact in this manner as reflected in the rise and fall of the strings of the 97 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY web, the capacity of the civil society sector to effectively support the peace consolidation process will be continuously threatened. The web also appears to tie the sector in a relationship of mutual interdependence to such an extent that the role (s) played by an organization seems to affect the overall performance of the sector in Guinea. A recurrent point from interviews and group discussions in the field revolved around the fact that though, the civil society sector has been very instructive in the process of supporting peace consolidation in Guinea, most of its initiatives especially of the locally based organizations are often implemented without a well-defined methodology and mechanisms for communication of findings. A local organization in this context refers to such organizations without any established international connection/network. Despite these seeming challenges, instances of the sector‘s role in the process of peace consolidation can however be cited. The roles of CSOs were however dependent on the situation in Guinea and developments in neighbouring countries. Before the wars that activated influx of refugees into Guinea, CSOs irrespective of orientation were active in advocacy against repressive regimes and abuse of rights. Prior to the outbreak of wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone, Guinean CSOs were active in civic education and campaigns against military rule. The outbreak of wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone, redefined their roles. They shifted from advocacy for governance to refugee management by offering psycho-social support and counselling. During an interview with Hadja Tiguidanké Diakhaby the President of the Mano River Women Peace Network (MARWOPNET) Guinee, she shared a story that highlighted the unique role and strength of women in the process of peace consolidation. She noted that during the war in Sierra Leone, the inter-religious Council of Sierra Leone set out to visit the rebel camp with Simanatu Kassim the only woman in the midst of many men to facilitate the release of 50 abducted children. Upon arrival at the camp, she noted that Kassim was suddenly gripped by the reality of her vulnerability and did not want to step out of the car. The young rebels with guns in their hands sighting her, moved to the car and one of them said to her ―Don‘t be afraid Madam; you can come out of the car for we are your children‖. To prove that she was safe, the boy took off his helmet and laid down his gun. She further noted that Kassim with her colleagues spent the 98 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY rest of the day trying to persuade the rebels to release a group of children that were abducted. Kassim using her advantage as a mother and building on the understanding already created by the rebels was noted to have asked the rebels as a mother to let the children go back home. The young rebels heeded her request and in return requested the team to pray for them. Again, Association for the Well Being of Communities and Development (ABC- Development), - (Association pour le Bien être Communautaire et le développement) a CSO committed to creating a socio-economic environment conducive to the promotion of peace, the well-being of rural communities and total human development observed during an interview with the Executive Director (Guinee) Sow Saikou that the ABC-Development has been actively involved in refugee management and offering psycho-social support to refugees and building conditions necessary for peace in border communities. A particular instance was the work among refugees from Liberia and Sierra Leone in the various camps in Guinea. He noted that ABC- Development gave refugees the opportunity to participate in discussions and activities for solving their own problems of survival, trauma healing and conflict resolution. It also undertook an active approach at creating social and economic relationships between the refugees and the host communities as a solution to the widespread conflict between them created by the supply of food and non-food items, infrastructures such as water and schools in the refugee camps long before the arrival of the International Relief Agencies. He further stated that the organization was also involved in a process of guidance and counselling that promoted genuine reconciliation and healing with the participation of victims and perpetrators of violence accompanied by social and economic activities such as food production, skills development, sports, music and theatre. The organization also facilitated a process whereby ex-combatants, child soldiers, girl child, victims of physical and emotional violence were all brought together in community reconciliation discussions, healing and cleansing ceremonies. Discussions with the National Coalition of Guinea for the Rights and Citizenship of Women (Coalition Nationale pour le Droit et la Citoyenneté des Femmes) - (CONAG-DCF)‘; Guinean Organization for Human Rights (Organization Guinéenne des Droits de l’Homme) - (OGDH)‘; West Africa Network for Peace building 99 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY (WANEP) – (Le Réseau Ouest Africain pour l’édification de la Paix); National Platform of United Citizens for development; (Plateforme Nationale des citoyens unis pour le développement) - (PCUD)’; National Council of Guinea Civil Society Organizations; (Conseil National des Organizations de la Société Civile Guinéenne); Equal Rights for All (Les Mêmes Droits pour Tous) - (MDT); Forum of Non- governmental Organizations; ‘Forum des ONGs’ and Radio Rurale de Guinee individually and collectively highlighted the role(s) played by the civil society sector in supporting the process of peace consolidation. The opinions of discussants converged around the point that the role(s) of civil society organisations, irrespective of orientation, overlapped in the course of implementation. The group discussion with Radio Rurale de Guinee particularly highlighted the fact that in its effort to support the process of peace consolidation, it was established to attend to the information needs of rural dwellers. As a result, its programs are deliberately designed to present and convey government programs to rural dwellers in a language that is fully understood by them. Messages that promote peaceful co- existence are presented in native languages with the intent of strengthening their understanding. During conflict periods and in the radio‘s quest to avoid misinformation, Radio Rurale usually steps up its activities and evolves relevant strategies to inform the populace of the reality on ground so as to douse tension. Discussants noted for example, that during the N’zerekoré conflict in 2011/2012, it was rumoured that Foromo Azhaly Zogbelemou (a man claimed to be the oldest man in N’zerekoré) was killed. This rumour further heightened tension in the already overcharged region that resulted in more deaths until Radio Rurale mobilized a team to investigate the veracity or otherwise of the rumour. The team was able to trace the alleged ‗dead man‘, interviewed and recorded his voice/message that was later broadcast to all the regions. This singular act helped in de-escalating the conflict. The media play a very important role in peacebuilding in Guinea. Through media outlets, a broad range of the populatilon is reached with critical information. It facilitates public communication, expanding the audience for advocacy campaigns and raising awareness on the need for and feasibility of non-violent solutions. Disseminating objective and non-partisan information (on mass killings, human rights violations, and truth and reconciliation efforts) is a critical media contribution to 100 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY peace consolidation. The media on the flip side can also be used to perpetuate ethnic stereotypes and fuel further hostilities and violence. Although there is no account of media being used to fuel hostility in the Republic of Guinea, a case in point in the African context is radio Milles Collines that was used in Rwanda to preach hate and foster ethnic stereotype. An enabling environment for media should facilitate the emergence of independent outlets, including community radio, and promote high professional standards via self regulation. The importance of the media to peace consolidation is perhaps reflected in Burundi, for example, when according to Cheema (2005), United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) collaborated with the media to promote reconciliation and peace education, while Search for Common Ground supported the establishment of the country‘s first radio station in 1995. Evidence from the field also suggests that the civil society sector is increasingly playing an important role in the revenue and budget processes in Guinea. In order to increase public budget literacy, civil society contributes to the simplification of the budget process, budget structure, budget allocation and trends, and other issues related to resource revenue. The sector also works on dissemination of information on the budget, social expenditure and local and international best practices. This is directed toward strengthening transparency and supporting good governance. The Open Society Initiative for West Africa (OSIWA-Guinee) reveals during an interview with its Program Coordinator that it also supports the process of peace consolidation by strengthening the capacity of the youths in responsibly engaging in the electoral process. Peace consolidation in Guinea was linked to the activities of CSOs. As highlighted in the nexus between CSOs and peace consolidation in objective 3, prior to the outbreak of wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone, Guinean CSOs were active in civic education and campaigns against military rule. After the outbreak of armed violence in neighbouring countries, they shifted from advocacy for good governance to refugee management by offering psycho-social support, counselling for victims of physical and emotional violence, community reconciliation discussions as well as healing and cleansing ceremonies. Through their peacebuilding efforts, the presidents of Liberia (Charles 101 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Taylor), Sierra Leone (Ahmad Tejan Kabbah) and Guinea (Lansana Conté) were brought together in a peace summit in Morocco in March 2002 to discuss the security and stability of the region. The NIRPA Civic Education and Culture of Peace program was embedded in school curricula for the teaching of peace education at all levels. Tension arising from the 2009 Conakry stadium massacre was stemmed when CSOs established rights abuses against the government. The success of CSOs in persuading Dadis Camara, former military leader to leave Guinea after a failed assassination attempt on his life de-escalated internal tensions and paved way for transition to democratic rule. Findings from group discussions and interviews demonstrate that the civil society sector can specifically play seven broad roles in line with Paffenholz (2009:5) categorization. Following this perspective, the roles include protection of citizens against violence from all parties; monitoring of human rights violations and monitoring the implementation of peace agreements and budget; advocacy for peace and human rights; socialization to values of peace and democracy as well as the development of the in-group identity of marginalized groups; inter-group social cohesion by bringing people together from adversarial groups; facilitation of dialogue on the local and national level between all sorts of actors and service delivery to create entry points for peace building. Discussants further maintained that in light of identified roles, it is expedient for the civil society sector to partner international organisations to enhance sharing of best practices. The importance of advocacy and monitoring was particularly highlighted when it was noted that Women CSOs‘ advocacy for increased women involvement in the political process resulted in the appointment of a woman as chairman of the National Transition Council of Guinea. It was also stated that the role of Religious CSOs during the N’zerekoré and Gueckedou conflicts that claimed more than 100 lives in 2011/1012 resulted in the appointment of the Imam of Conakry's grand Mosque El Hadj Mamadou Saliou Camara and the city's Roman Catholic Archbishop Vincent Koulibaly as co-chair of a Provisional Commission of Reflection on the conditions needed for the undertaking and achievement of national reconciliation. Overall, the roles played by CSOs in peacebuilding are not necessarily decisive, but rather supportive in most instances. It is imperative in examining these roles to also explore other contextual factors that can possibly limit or strengthen CSO‘s capability to execute peacebuilding role. Relevant 102 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY contextual factors may include: the behaviour of the state, the level of violence, the role of the media, the composition of CSO, and the involvement of external political actors and donors. 4.5. Research Objective 4: To examine the capacity of civil society organisations in peace consolidation in Guinea Research objective 4 attempts to answer the question: ‗what is the capacity of civil society organisations in peace consolidation in Guinea? This objective explores human and material capacity of civil society organisations in supporting the process of peace consolidation in the Republic of Guinea. As part of the process of achieving this objective, questions 2a-d in the structured questionnaire collected data that related to examining the capacity of the civil society sector in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. In addition to the data collected through the questionnaire, the study also analysed additional data derived from interview and focus group discussion sessions. The Table below summarizes the findings based on objective 4. Table 9: Summary of scores on Objective 4 (Capacity of CSOs in peace consolidation) S/N Organization Research specific research Average percentage o Area questions Scores (% on a scale of (2a-2d) (on a scale of 4) 100) 1. Mano River Women 3.0 75% Peace Network (MARWOPNET) 2a. To what extent is 2. The National Coalition of human capacity 2.0 50% Guinea for the Rights and adequate for peace Citizenship of Women consolidation? (NCGRW) 3. Equal Rights for All 2b. To what extent are 1.5 38% (ERA) incentives for civil 4. Guinean Organization for Capacities society in place 1.8 45% Human Rights (GOHR) and and adequate? E.g. 5. National Institute of conditions training for staff; 2.6 65% Research and Pedagogic for peace conducive Action (NIRPA) consolidation working 6. Association of African environment; 2.3 58% Professionals of encouragement Communication (AAPC) from stakeholders; 7. Rural Radio of Guinea enough financial 1.5 38% (RRG) resources for civic 8. National Platform of engagements etc. 1.8 45% 103 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY United Citizens for Development (NPUCD) 2c. To what extent is 9. Association For the Well the civil society- 3.0 75% Being of Communities State relationship and Development cordial? (AWCD) 10. West Africa Network for 2d. To what extent is 3.2 80% Peace building (WANEP) the capacity of CSOs assessed and identified capacity gaps filled? Total average score 2.3 58% and percentage Source: Fieldwork, 2013 The total average score on this objective is 2.3 on a scale of 4 representing 58%. This suggests that overall; the capacity of the civil society sector to sufficiently support the process of peace consolidation is not fully effective. Despite this conclusion deduced from the Table, it may still be instructive to establish the interconnectedness that seems to exist between the variables that appear to undermine the capacity of the sector to more effectively impact the peace consolidation process in Guinea. The web below represented by participating organizations average scores and percentages highlights the interaction of these variables. 104 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Web IV: Responses to objective 4: (Capacities and conditions for peace consolidation) Mano River Women Peace Network (MARWOPNET) The National Coalition West Africa Network of Guinea for the for Peacebuilding 3 Rights and Citizenship (WANEP) 3.2 of Women (NCGRW) 2 Association For Community Wellbeing 75% Equal Rights for All 80% and Development 3 50% (ERA) (ACWD) 1.5 75% 38% Average score National Platform of 45% 45% Percentage 1.8 38% 1.8 Guinean OrganizationUnited Citizens for 65% 58% for Human RightsDevelopment 1.5 (GOHR)(NPUCD) 2.6 National Institute of Rural Radio of Guinea 2.3 Research and (RRG) Pedagogic Action (NIRPA) Association of African Professionals of Communication (AAPC) Source: Fieldwork, 2013 The web shows the interaction of the variables of human capacity for peace consolidation, incentives, context and CSOs relationship with the State. It could be inferred from the rise and fall of the strings of the web that the capacity of participating CSOs to effectively support the process of peace consolidation is not the same. Organisations like WANEP with an average score of 3.2 on a scale of 4 representing 80% demonstrate the highest capacity for peace consolidation. The reasons for these are not far-fetched. The regional presence enjoyed by WANEP in West Africa provides requisite incentive for regular capacity building, sharing of ideas on international best practices and exposure. Because of its spread and expertise, WANEP is able to source for, and retain some of the best hands in peacebuilding in the West African sub-region. Its professional relationship with organisations like the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African Union (AU) further enhances its capacity. Staffing and ability to secure donor confidence makes funding less difficult. Other organisations like MARWOPNET and ACWD, both with an average score of 3 on a scale of 4 representing 75% indicates capacity 105 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY for peace consolidation. The activities of MARWOPNET are not limited to the Republic of Guinea alone. The organisation operates in the entire MRU and as a result enjoys the benefits of capacity building, staffing and funding. Being a foremost CSO dedicated to peacebuilding from the perspective of women, its members are especially exposed to several opportunities for capacity building within and outside the region. The presence of the ACWD in the hinterland as well as its relationship with organisations like WANEP, OSIWA and MARWOPNET has enabled relevant capacity building for it. Overall, the average score of 2.3 on a scale of 4 representing 57% indicates that the civil society sector is not adequately capacitated to effectively support the process of peace consolidation in the Republic of Guinea. A number of reasons account for this capacity deficit. One of such reasons has to do with the inability of the civil society sector to guide its strategies towards peace consolidation. This is so because majority of the civil society organizations that participated in the survey, especially the locally based organizations, did not demonstrate a defined methodology of intervention. Here program design, review and redesign appears not to be considered an integral component of the civil society sector‘s strategy of intervention as the sector only focuses on delivery of predetermined activities and outputs. The reason for the above lack of defined methodology as suggested by interviewees and group discussants is the fact that the sector, is not robust enough to engage its members in relevant capacity strengthening initiatives. Again, as part of the methodology of intervention, findings also show that data is often collected through various means like tracking media reports, survey, polls, key persons interviews etc. and such data is often analysed but hardly communicated. Communication of findings (which is a two-way process involving a feedback) is a very important component of the process of peace consolidation because information sharing has the unique advantage of introducing and integrating universal best practices into local interventions as a result creating the much needed opportunity for learning lessons. At best, the civil society sector adopts a vertical approach to communicating findings. Here the sector owes its funders an obligation to report the impact of whatever intervention for which funds were released. This approach is vertical because it is bottom-up. This means that the local organizations report directly to their funders instead of also sharing the report of an intervention (horizontally) with the civil society community in Guinea. This approach 106 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY of vertical reporting is inimical to strengthening the capacity of the sector through information sharing and communication of findings. Findings are considered useful and credible for evidenced-based policy formulation but the civil society sector in Guinea seems to lack the needed technical capacity to follow-up and build on the results of even an individual intervention. The ‗vertical approach‘ to communication of findings has often been criticised by scholars (Belloni 2006; Bush 2005; Pouligny 2005; Orjuela, (2004) and Neubert, 2001), who see it as a process that disempowers local communities and civic engagement. They maintain that donor-driven CSOs initiatives have limited the capacity to create domestic social capital and ownership for the peace process, leaving domestic groups in a weak and subordinate position. In addition to the foregoing is the challenge of funds. The general finding here is that the civil society (except those with international affiliations and those that are established by religious organizations) lacks the capacity to generate funds hence depends mainly on support from donors and sympathizers. This makes organizations benefiting from donor funds to be inadvertently tied to the apron strings of the donor. Such organizations in an environment that is relatively poor would be first answerable to the funder before the sector. This funding paradigm that makes CSOs dependent on external funding and increasingly accountable to international funders rather than local constituencies predisposes, the civil society sector to certain capacity limitations. The logic of fundraising here tends to downplay local knowledge and capacity, emphasizing instead local weaknesses and needs, which can sideline and disempower local advocacy efforts and capacity. In this context, a recurrent issue emanating from interviews with key actors and focus group discussions points to the fact that many smaller and grassroots CSOs have often been manipulated by the larger and more well-established ones, often using them and their grassroots activities as a front to secure donor funding, with little effort to build their capacity. This poses a serious constraint on the process of peace consolidation. The general assessment again shows lack of adequate human capacities and conditions to effectively impact the process of peace consolidation. Findings further reveal that staffs are in place in the various organizations to carry out relevant activities but inadequate in numbers to effectively engage the process. An organization like the Open Society Initiative for West Africa (OSIWA-Guinee) for instance had a staff presence of less than 5 at the time of the study. This is not an isolated case as it is a true representation of the specific reality in 107 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY the field with reference to the human capacities for peace consolidation across the organizations. Closely related to the above is the fact that staffs are generally not incentivized to effectively engage the process because of inadequate human capacities (knowledge, skills and numbers) as well as inadequate operational funds. Trainings, conferences and workshops beyond the shores of Guinea appear to be a luxury that majority of the local organizations cannot afford hence clearly missing out on very important opportunities for the pollination of ideas on global best practices. Coordination of the activities of the civil society sector is another challenge that seems to have affected its overall effectiveness. It is perhaps instructive to note here that the civil society sector in Guinea has an umbrella body the ‗National Council of Guinea Civil Society Organizations‘ (Conseil national des Organizations de la Société Civile Guinéenne) (CNOSCG) created in 2002 with a mission to contribute to rebuilding the state and support the strengthening of its members‘ capacity and those of other national actors. It is also responsible for coordinating the activities of the civil society sector to achieve the stated mission. Despite this resolve, politics, corruption and ethnic sentiments have greatly affected its performance especially in the area of capacity building for members and linking members to international opportunities for capacity enhancement. Another umbrella organization that also supports the coordination of activities of the sector is the ‗Forum of Non-Governmental Organizations in Guinea (Forum des ONG). The Forum is a consortium of national NGOs created on February 12, 1996 with more than 60 organizations operating in different domains in all the prefectures. Forum de ONG is a parent body to the CNOSCG. This is so because the members of the CNOSCG are first members of the Forum des ONG which is a constellation of Non-governmental organizations. It is expected, that for an organization to be a member of the CNOSCG, such an organization must have a number of NGOs/CBOs under it for it to be represented in the CNOSCG. But like the sister organization the CNOSCG, the Forum des ONG has not demonstrated the capacity and necessary linkage to connect member organizations to especially international capacity building opportunities. 108 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY It is safe to draw from the foregoing assessment, that the capacity of CSOs is uneven and limited. This point is buttressed by the World Bank (2005), where it declared that national CSOs often lack adequate human, financial, organizational and physical resources, and find it difficult to retain qualified staff and maintain a specialization. The CNOSCG which is supposedly responsible for the coordination of the activities of CSOs in Guinea is weak. Weak coordination and networking therefore, limits civil society effectiveness and makes it unable to fulfill key functions of communication, coordination, cross-fertilization and oversight. The capacity of CSOs in Guinea is further affected by legitimacy and accountability. This is so because, many national- level, urban-based NGOs lack a legitimate membership base or meaningful constituency links. Except for a few, majority of the CSOs lack a legitimate membership based in the hinterlands. Capacity for peace consolidation is in this context, limted to urban centres. External funding and support is also often limited to a small sub-set of intermediary CSOs, while many local-level and membership-based organizations are by-passed. It was World Bank (2005), and Van Rooy (1998), who observed that donor preferences for funding CSOs on a project-by-project basis afford CSOs limited opportunities to develop capacity, specialization, strategic planning, and long-term community investments. Donors aiming to promote governance and democratization should therefore help to create space through dialogue with reluctant governments and seek to address enabling environment factors. Findings from group discussion with Dr Thierno Mandjou Sow of the Guinean Organization for Human Rights (GOHR) and Me Frederick Loua of Equal Rights for All reveal that the relationship between the State and CSOs has not created an enabling environment for the strengthening of the civil society sector. Illegal arrest, detention and intimidation have all contributed to limiting the space for capacity enhancement. Overall, the capacity of the civil society to function optimally depends on a range of external and internal factors which define the enabling environment in which it must operate, as well as the internal characteristics and capacities of civil society. Drawn from the the World Bank report on PRSP (2003), key aspects of the enabling environment include: • The legal and regulatory frameworks (e.g., laws guaranteeing basic rights of association, expression, information and participation, and regulations on financing, tax status and registration); 109 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY • The political and institutional context (e.g., peace and stability, respect for political rights, governance institutions); • Socio-cultural aspects (e.g., societal values and attitud es, trust and tolerance, levels of literacy) and economic factors (e.g., poverty and inequality); and • The nature and dynamics of civil society relations with other societal actors, particularly the state. Key internal factors include: • Institutional and organizational capacities (e.g., knowledge, skills, structures and systems, resources); • Values (e.g., commitment to democracy, transparency, accountability and non- violence); • Extent to which CSOs represent and answer to their constituencies; and • Extent to which there is power-sharing, coordination and collaboration within and between CSOs. The overall capacity of CSOs can be strengthened or undermined based on the interactions of these external and internal factors. 4.6. Research Objective 5 To identify ways through which CSOs can partner government and external actors in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea Research objective 5 attempts to answer the question: ‗How can the civil society sector partner government and external actors in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea‘? As part of the process of achieving this objective, questions 4a-d in the structured questionnaire collected data that related to identifying areas of partnership between the civil society sector, the state and international organizations/institutions. In addition to the data collected through the questionnaire, we also analysed additional data derived from interview and focus group discussion sessions. The Table below summarizes the findings based on objective 5. 110 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 10: Summary of scores on Objective 5 (Institutional and international linkages) S/No Organization Research Specific Research Average Percentage Area Questions Scores (% On A Scale Of 100) (4a-4d) (On A Scale Of 4) 1. Mano River Women 2.5 63% Peace Network (MARWOPNET) 4a) To what extent 2. The National Coalition 2 50% has the civil of Guinea for the Rights society sector and Citizenship of partnered Women (NCGRW) external 3. Equal Rights for All (International) 3 75% (ERA) actors in the management of 4. Guinean Organization conflict in 1.8 45% for Human Rights Guinea? (GOHR) INSTITUTIO 5. National Institute of 2.3 58% NAL AND Research and Pedagogic 4b) To what extent INTERNATI Action (NIRPA) ONAL and in what LINKAGES specific areas 6. Association of African can the civil 2 50% Professionals of society sector Communication (AAPC) partner external (International) 7. Rural Radio of Guinea 1.8 45% actors in (RRG) supporting the 8. National Platform of process of peace 2 50% United Citizens for consolidation in Development (NPUCD) Guinea? 9. Association For the Well 3 75% Being of Communities 4c) To what extent and Development has the civil (AWCD) society sector 111 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 10. West Africa Network for partnered the 3 75% Peace building state and local (WANEP) institutions in the management of conflict? . 4d.To what extent and in what specific areas can the civil society sector partner the state and local institutions in the management of conflict? Total average 2.3 58% score and percentage Source: Fieldwork, 2013 The total average score on this objective is 2.3 on a scale of 4 representing 58%. Findings on this score imply that the civil society sector has benefited from external partnership but such partnership cannot be translated into concrete impacts on the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. The web below shows the interaction between the variables that tend to undermine the impact of such partnership on the peace consolidation process. 112 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Web V: Responses to objective 5 Institutional and international linkages Mano River Women Peace Network (MARWOPNET) The National West Africa Network 2.5 Coalition of Guinea for Peacebuilding for the Rights and (WANEP) 3 2 Citizenship of… Association For Community 75% 63% Equal Rights for All Wellbeing and 3 50% 3 (ERA) Development… 75% 75% Average Scores Percentage Scores National Platform of 50% 45% United Citizens for 2 45% 1.8 Guinean Organization 58% for Human Rights Development 50% (GOHR) (NPUCD) 1.8 National Institute of 2.3 Rural Radio of 2 Research and Guinea (RRG) Pedagogic Action (NIRPA) Association of African Professionals of Communication (AAPC) Source: Fieldwork, 2013 It could be deduced from the web that organizations like ACWD, ERA and WANEP with an average score of 3 on a scale of 4 (75%) hold a stronger view of the interaction of the activities of the civil society sector, its partnership and the process of peace consolidation. The web links participating organizations in an interconnected web of partnership disparity. It shows that despite the fact that these organizations operate in a common environment, the capacity and opportunity for partnership is clearly different. This explains why organizations like RRG with an average score of 1.8 on a scale of 4 (45%) hold a weaker view of the interaction of the activities of the civil society sector, its partnership and the process of peace consolidation. This also means that those organizations with established partnership strength can further create a web linking others without such strength to networks and opportunities for partnership. This clearly brings to the fore the urgent need for the strengthening of social capital. The basic idea of social capital according to Narayan (1997) is that one‘s family, friends, associates and network constitute an important asset, one that 113 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY can be called upon in a crisis, enjoyed for its own sake, and/or leveraged for material gain. It could however be gleaned from the web above that organizations like the West Africa Network for Peace Building (WANEP); Association for Communities Well Being and Development (ABC-Development); Equal Rights for All (ERA) and the Mano River Union Women Peace Network (MARWOPNET) have the highest scores on the objective of partnership with government and external actors in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. This is so because organizations like WANEP operate in the entire West African sub-region and therefore able to enjoy the benefits associated with such international presence in terms of general capacity building, grants and knowledge of global best practices. Again, organizations like ABC-Development, MARWOPNET and ERA operate locally but have international linkages, demonstrated by the fact that their areas of operations extend beyond Guinea to other member states of the Mano River Union. This clearly explains their scores as seen on the web. However, in an environment that is largely dominated by local civil society organizations that are weighed down by the challenges of inadequate funds, improper coordination and lack of relevant linkages, it would be difficult to extrapolate based on a few anecdotal evidences that the civil society sector in Guinea has effective institutional and international linkages. The need to identify, establish and sustain institutional linkages is to further strengthen the degree of social capital enjoyed by the civil society sector. This is in congruence with Narayan‘s (1997) position where he argued that those communities endowed with a rich stock of social networks and civic associations have been shown to be in a stronger position to confront poverty and vulnerability, resolve disputes (Schafft and Brown, 2000), and share beneficial information (Isham, 1999). The need to develop and sustain these linkages as part of the mechanism for peace consolidation also coheres with econometric studies which have shown that diffuse sets of social ties are crucial for providing informal insurance mechanisms (Coate and Ravallion, 1993; Townsend, 1994) and have important impacts on the success of development and peace projects (Isham, Narayan and Pritchett, 1995; Galasso and Ravallion, 2000). More broadly, empirical studies have suggested that there are important connections between bridging and bonding social capital. Putnam‘s work in Italy for instance, proposes that membership in civic groups or voluntary associations, symptomatic of 114 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY bridging ties at the micro level, have ―spill over‖ effects that lead to better state-civil society relations through the mediating level of civil society (Putnam 1993). This idea has its antecedents in Tocqueville, who believed from his observations of American society that voluntary associations function as a ―learning school for democracy‖. Others have argued that it is essentially family background and conditioning, aspects of bonding ties at the micro level, that act as a training school for developing civic virtues, trustworthiness and social capital (Coleman 1988). Conversely, Rudolph points out in the context of India that for many developing societies it is a democratic, well-functioning state that serves to facilitate new civic linkages, as well as disrupt older forms of solidarity within and across different groups, castes, and cultures (Rudolph 2000). The works cited above re-emphasize the importance of building relevant linkages which in their own right can serve as a learning school for democracy, insurance mechanism and provide the necessary background for capacity building and sharing of best practices. For civil society to effectively engage the state, the state must be seen to be functioning. During and after the wars in the region, state structures were weakened and unable to guarantee an enabling environment. A strategy to strengthen CSOs would also involve supporting the creation of enabling environment, including state institutions of governance. Funding options are opened creating a good platform for partnership, but the system through which donor funds are transmitted through intermediary organisations has implications on the process of peace consolidation. Donors make funds available for multilateral agencies or International Non-Governmental Organisations (I-NGOs) which in turn, corporate with local CSOs. This means that local CSOs can hardly access funding directly from multilateral agencies except in a context where donors institute a special funding mechanism such as peacebuilding or community development funds linking donors and local organizations. A sustained partnership opportunity between local CSOs and multilateral agencies in Guinea is not clearly defined and partnership interfaces between I-NGOs which directly fund the activities of local CSOs exist but need to be strengthened. While funding the activities of CSOs through intermediaries is generally not a bad idea especially in light of the fact that it makes the management of funds and logistics relatively easy to monitor, intermediaries are also vulnerable to implementing donor agendas at the expense of effective empowerment and local ownership. 115 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY On the areas of actual partnership, the study notes that the civil society sector can partner external actors specifically in the areas of funding, capacity building, logistical and institutional support, publicity, monitoring and evaluation of its activities, report writing and institutional linkages as this can help strengthen the sector‘s capacity to manage the process of peace consolidation towards impact. Findings from the field also suggest that partnership opportunities with the state and local institutions exist but are not robust. Local institutions like corporate business establishments have demonstrated partnership interests but the state seems not to have provided the necessary environment for such partnership to thrive. Mme Baldé of Rotary International noted during an interview that normally, the civil society sector should have a cordial relationship with the state. This is so because the state is expected to provide protection to civil society actors against harassment and illegal arrest and the civil society in return should help support the state to deliver on its promises of good governance. This supposedly mutually reinforcing relationship according to her seem to have been manipulated by managers of state resources to the extent that when the attention of government is called to certain ills in the process of governance, such an actor is declared an enemy of the state. A case in point as noted by Frederic Loua, President of Equal Rights for All (Même Droit pour Tous) MDT during an interview was when he was arrested by the governor of Conakry in 2011 for advocating for, and securing the release of people that were illegally arrested. On the flip side of the coin, he further noted that this seeming humiliation attracted the attention of lawyers in Guinea who instituted a case against the Governor of Conakry who was eventually judged and found guilty of human rights abuses. This, according to him represented the first time in the history of Guinea, that a higher authority was judged and declared guilty. He further noted that the judgment which attracted the commendation of African Union (AU), ECOWAS and other international organizations was also considered a good step towards entrenching democracy in Guinea. The interview session with Rahamane Diallo, the Program Coordinator of OSIWA established the fact that a partnership exists between OSIWA and local civil society organization. He specifically noted that such partnership exists in the areas of funding (grant) awarded to local CSOs and capacity building in relevant areas. This point was further reinforced by Jean Millimouno, the National Network Coordinator 116 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY of WANEP when he noted that a partnership also exists between WANEP and local CSOs particularly in the area of capacity building. It is no longer in doubt, that external support and partnership can help strengthen civil society contributions to peace consolidation. It builds on local CSOs potential and comparative advantages (availability, geographical access, reach across conflict fault lines, expertise, familiarity with the context, community-based interventions, voice of marginalized groups), especially when an independent civil society can counterbalance a fragile or partisan state. While institutional and international partnership is a critical element in developing civil society, support for peacebuilding should be based on locally-owned initiatives. 4.7. Research Objective 6 To identify the prospects and challenges for civil society organizations in Guinea Research objective 6 attempts to answer the question: ‗What are the prospects and challenges for civil society organizations‘ role in peace consolidation in Guinea? As part of the process of achieving this objective, questions 8a-d in the structured questionnaire collected data that related to examining the prospects and challenges for the civil society sector in Guinea. In addition to the data collected through the questionnaire, the study also analysed additional data derived from interview and focus group discussions sessions. The Table below summarizes the findings based on objective 6. Table 11: Summary of scores on Objective 6 (Prospects and challenges for the civil society sector) S/No Organization Research Specific Research Average Percentage Area Questions Scores (% on a scale of 100) (8a-8d) (on a scale of 4) 1. Mano River Women 2 50% Peace Network (MARWOPNET) 8a. To what extent is the civil society 2. The National Coalition sector equipped 1.3 33% of Guinea for the to face the Rights and Citizenship challenges of the of Women (NCGRW) future? 3. Equal Rights for All 1.8 45% 117 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY (ERA) 8b. To what extent does the civil 4. Guinean Organization PROSPECT society sector 1.8 45% for Human Rights S AND critically reflect (GOHR) CHALLEN on its‘ work as a GES FOR means of learning 5. National Institute of THE CIVIL 1.3 33% lessons to prepare Research and SOCIETY it for the future? Pedagogic Action SECTOR (NIRPA) 6. Association of African 8c. To what extent 1.5 38% Professionals of does the civil Communication society sector (AAPC) facilitate learning opportunities for 7. Rural Radio of Guinea 1.8 45% its members? (RRG) 8d. To what extent 8. National Platform of 1.5 385 and in what United Citizens for specific areas can Development the civil society (NPUCD) sector act 9. Association For the differently to 2 50% Well Being of better prepare it Communities and for the future? Development (AWCD) 10. West Africa Network 1.3 33% for Peace building (WANEP) Total average score 1.6 40% and percentage Source: Fieldwork, 2013 The total average score on this objective is 1.6 on a scale of 4 representing 40%. Of all the average scores and percentages, the scores on objective 6 is the lowest implying that despite the contributions of the civil society sector in supporting good governance and stability in Guinea, the sector is however not fully equipped to face the challenges of the future. It may be useful to demonstrate through the web how the various elements interact to undermine the capacity and preparedness of the civil society sector in facing the challenges associated with the process of peace consolidation in the future. 118 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Web VI: Responses to objective 6 Prospects and challenges for the civil society sector Mano River Women Peace Network (MARWOPNET) West Africa The National Network for Coalition of Guinea 2 Peacebuilding for the Rights and (WANEP) 1.3 1.3 Citizenship of… Association For 50% Community Equal Rights for All Wellbeing and 2 33% 33% 1.8 (ERA) 50% Average ScoresDevelopment… 45% Percentage Scores National Platform of 38% 45% Guinean United Citizens for 1.5 33% Organization for1.8 Development 45% 38% Human Rights (NPUCD) (GOHR) 1.3 National Institute of Rural Radio of1.8 Research and Guinea (RRG) 1.5 Pedagogic Action (NIRPA) Association of African Professionals of Communication… Source: Fieldwork, 2013 It could be deduced from the web that organizations like MARWOPNET and ACWD with an average score of 2 on a scale of 4 (50%) hold the view that the sector is equipped to face the challenges of the future. Though this represents the highest score on this objective yet it is considered a weak position. This presupposes that while the sector might have demonstrated some positive strides towards preparing for the future, it seems to be heavily weighed down by the interaction between inadequate funding, lack of access to opportunities for relevant capacity enhancement, lack of relevant institutional and international linkages, inability to adequately track information, analyse and communicate findings as well as inability to design and implement results-based programs/interventions directed towards enhancing and strengthening the learning of lessons. The prospects of the civil society sector will be continuously threatened as long as these elements continue to interact in this manner. Again, the central element and indeed the driving force in the process of peace consolidation is the human factor which seems not to be critically developed in the civil society sector in Guinea. 119 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Findings from interviews and group discussions show that staffs of the various organizations meet at irregular intervals to discuss progress, issues, problems and solutions to the challenges of the sector but this is not often systematically done. There is no consistent evidence of critical reflection and feedback that could be ploughed back into the planning process to better inform strategies of interventions and more effectively prepare civil society actors for the future. One of the recurrent issues from interviews and group discussions was that opportunities for internal capacity building/learning exist but are seldom explored as civil society actors tend to have a focus that capacity building/learning is better facilitated predominately through external stimuli or persons. Interviewees and group discussants shared their fears that there are prospects in the future to have a country whose civil society sector is predominantly based in urban centres. Evidence shows that apart from a few organizations like ABC-Development and MARWOPNET which seem to have presence in rural communities, all others tend to operate in the major cities in Guinea. This rural-urban dichotomy has also created a situation whereby the rural areas are now seen as safe havens for conflict entrepreneurs and breeding grounds for hoodlums. The rural areas are obviously the most in need of all round assistance-access to health services, education, and potable water as well as civic education. The over-concentration of civil society organizations and its activities in the urban centres means that rural dwellers are deprived of effective and consistent civic education which is an integral component of the process of peace consolidation. The argument here is that location is a major constraint on the capacity of civil society organizations to contribute to the process of peace consolidation. As fluid as this line of reasoning might seem; it is supported by the assumption that urban-based civil society organizations have the advantage of interacting more closely with critical stakeholders and policy influencers than their rural-based counterparts. Discussants noted that such interactions; have a tendency to strengthen or weaken the capacity of the sector for intervention. Overall, the challenges identified in this study would need to be addressed for the civil society sector to be more strategically placed to effectively engage the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. There are also prospects for the civil society sector in Guinea to be a model especially, for the Mano River Union countries (MRU) to learn from. This would be 120 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY possible only if the National Civil Society Council of Guinea (a forum supposedly responsible for the coordination of the activities of the sector) can shake off the challenges of corruption, politics, ethnicity, lack of access to opportunities for capacity building, lack of relevant institutional and international linkages, inappropriate means of sharing findings and the challenge of inadequate and sustainable funding opportunities that seem to weigh it down. This is so because amongst the countries of the Mano River Union (MRU), Guinea seems to be the only member country that appears to have a forum/organ that is supposedly responsible for coordinating the activities of the sector. 4.8. CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE Many studies in peace and conflict research aim at understanding why conflict occurs, and the chain of causality driving economic, political and cultural patterns and events seem to dwell more on ‗cause and effect‘ with little emphasis on how such conflict energies can be redirected and what specific initiatives, structures and institutions need to be strengthened to more effectively support and drive the process of peace. The works of Obi (2011); Skocpol (2003); Kukah (1999); Diamond, Juan and Seymour (eds) (1998); Ekeh (1998); Salamon and Anheier (1997); Hall (1995); Judge (1994); Seligman (1992); Bayart (1986); Lipnack and Jeffrey (1982) for instance, tended to see civil society as the vital link in the transition to, and sustainability of post-war democracy. In the same vein, some scholars such as, Obi (2003); Oche (2003); Aiyede (2001); Linz and Stepan (1996); Linz and Stepan (1996a) and Diamond (1994) have argued that democracy is a necessary precondition for peace. Although the contributions of CSOs to peacebuilding have been documented, its specific roles and capacity to more effectively support the process of democracy, national stability and peace consolidation has not received adequate attention. Clearly, it is noble to have democracy and peace but perhaps, it is more rewarding to be able to sustain it. This study therefore, fills this gap by providing empirical data on the roles, capacity and conditions of the civil society sector in supporting the process of peace consolidation in the Republic of Guinea. The study particularly highlights the point, that despite the ‗arm chair‘ assumption that the civil society sector is central to the survival of democracy, in reality in some climes and as findings from the field 121 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY exercise in Guinea suggest, it lacks relevant incentives, partnership and capacity to even sustain itself. It is hoped therefore, that this addition to knowledge would help stimulate further research into conditions, capacity and roles of how other initiatives, structures and institutions like government and international donor organizations can individually and collectively be strengthened to support the general process of peace in the Republic of Guinea. 122 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1. Introduction This chapter offers a summary of the study including recommendations and conclusions. 5.2. Summary The civil society sector is widely assumed to be an important actor for peace building and as a result, substantive attention has been directed towards building and strengthening the sector especially in countries directly or indirectly experiencing or emerging from situations of armed conflicts. In such environments, the civil society sector is often seen as playing important role in reducing violence and facilitating the conditions necessary for building sustainable peace. However, despite this ever- growing emphasis on the role of civil society in peacebuilding, little systematic research has been undertaken to empirically support this assumption. As an effort to contribute to the existing body of knowledge and stimulate further research in the area, this study therefore examined the role and capacity of the civil society sector in supporting the overall process of peace consolidation in the Republic of Guinea. The study was designed to answer the following questions: What factors threaten the consolidation of peace in Guinea? What is the linkage(s) between civil society and the consolidation of peace? What role can civil society play in supporting the consolidation of peace in Guinea? What is the capacity of civil society organisations in peace consolidation in Guinea? How can civil society partner government and external actors in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea? And what are the prospects and challenges for civil society organization`s role in peace consolidation in Guinea? The following specific objectives were set: To identify threats to the consolidation of peace in Guinea; To establish the linkage(s) between civil society organizations and the consolidation of peace; To identify specific and general roles CSOs can play to support the consolidation of peace in Guinea; To examine the capacity of civil society organisations in peace consolidation in Guinea. To identify ways through which CSOs can partner government and external actors in 123 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea; and to identify the prospects and challenges for civil society organizations in Guinea. The research methodology adopted for the study principally took two forms: a) a desk-based review of relevant literature and b) field visit to the study area (Guinea). The field visit enabled the researcher to interact with and collect data from 12 civil society organizations and other critical actors involved in the general process of peace consolidation in Guinea. The scope of organizations covered by the study included: Human Rights Organizations; Women Organization; Local Media Establishments; International Civil Society Organizations operating in Guinea; Religious/Faith-based Organizations and Educational/Research Institutes. Data was collected through the use of structured questionnaire, interview and focus group discussions guides. Table 12: Summary of aggregate scores based on objectives of the study Research Research Area Aggregate Aggregate CSO Objective average of CSO percentage scores (%) scores Research Threats to peace 2.6 65% Objective 1 Research Civil society –peace 2.5 63% Objective 2 consolidation nexus Research Civil society‘s role in peace 2.2 55% Objective 3 consolidation Research Capacities and conditions 2.3 58% Objective 4 for peace consolidation Research Institutional and 2.3 58% Objective 5 International linkages Research Prospects and challenges for 1.6 40% Objective 6 the civil society sector Source: Fieldwork, 2013 The research findings highlighted a number of issues. First, the report noted on research question 1, objective 1 that the illicit circulation of small arms and light weapons, instability in member states of the Mano River Union (MRU) and bad governance are the basic observable threats to the process of peace consolidation in 124 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY the Republic of Guinea. Other identified threats to peace as further noted by interviewees and group discussants included: ethnicity/tribal management of public affairs; weak judicial system; corruption; government‘s inability to provide the basic needs of the citizenry; entrenched culture of impunity; poverty and unemployment. Second, the report also acknowledges on research question 2, objective 2 that a strong relationship exists between the civil society sector and the process of peace consolidation in Guinea and the report provided concrete illustrations to buttress this nexus. Third, the report established on research questions 3 and 4, objectives 3 and 4 that the overall role and capacity of the civil society sector‘s contributions to the process of peace consolidation is not fully effective. This is so because despite the fact that the civil society sector has been very instructive in the process of supporting peace consolidation in Guinea, most of its initiatives especially of the locally based organizations, are often implemented without a well-defined methodology and mechanisms for communication of findings. Coupled to the above is inadequate funding, inadequate access to relevant capacity strengthening opportunities, inadequate institutional and international linkages and lack of adequate human capacity to manage the peace consolidation process towards impact. Fourth, the report noted on research question 5, objective 5 that the civil society sector has benefited immensely from external partnership but such benefits cannot be translated into concrete impacts on the process of peace consolidation. The report on this objective further revealed that such partnership opportunities seem to be strengthened with organizations with evidence of established international and institutional linkages at the expense of several other locally based organizations. Again, due to the seeming inability of such organizations with established international linkages to share ideas and findings of best practices with the local organizations, the strength of the civil society sector in this regard tended to be emasculated. The study equally noted that the civil society sector can partner external actors specifically in the areas of funding, capacity building, logistical and institutional support, publicity, monitoring and evaluation of its activities, report writing and institutional linkages as this can help strengthen the sector‘s capacity to manage the process of peace consolidation towards impact. Findings from the field on this objective also suggest that partnership opportunities with the state and local institutions exist but are not robust. 125 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Fifth, the report on research question 6, objective 6 acknowledges that the civil society sector in Guinea is not fully equipped to face the challenges of the future. While the sector might have demonstrated some positive strides towards preparing for the future, it seems to be heavily weighed down by inadequate funding, lack of access to opportunities for relevant capacity enhancement, inadequate relevant institutional and international linkages, inability to track information, analyse and communicate findings and inability to design and implement results-based programs/interventions directed towards enhancing and strengthening the learning of lessons. The report on this objective further revealed that there are indications in the future to have a country whose civil society sector is predominantly urban-based if relevant measures are not put in place to address the imbalances in environment of operation. 126 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 5.3. Conclusions Civil society has unique potential in supporting peace consolidation but strengthening the capacity of CSOs does not automatically translate to peace consolidation. Most organizations are today established to support the overall process of global peace from their unique perspective and region (intra-national, national, regional, international and multinational). West Africa in the last two decades has been the centre of global attention as a result of the threat posed by the wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone, the armed conflicts in Mali, Guinea Bissau, Cote D‘Ivoire and the Casamance insurgency in Senegal. The only country in the ‗extended Mano River Region‘, whose neighbours (North, South, East and West) have experienced armed conflicts except it, is Guinea. The ability of Guinea to maintain its stability from slipping into civil war despite a history of coups, repressive governments, abuse of rights and influx of refugees from war torn neighbours has provoked interest of many concerned people and institutions in the country. The civil society has been useful in supporting the state to maintain its stability. The starting point for a more effective engagement in the process of peace consolidation requires that civil society actors be viewed not merely as part of the conflict but also as actors and potential peace enforcers whose interventions are an important complement to those of the state and external interveners. In view of this, the strategy must therefore seek to build the capacity of the civil society sector as much as those of their government and must emphasize a sustained rather than ad hoc engagement. The basis for this strategy should be structured to promote mutual benefit and respect and seek to draw on their wide outreach and mobilizing capacity to support the process of peace consolidation. Ultimately, it should be based on recognition of the fact that in order to sustain the peace dividends and create the necessary foundation for democratic governance, all available capacities in the polity need to be mobilized. The civil society sector is clearly a critical resource in this regard. Though the civil society sector from the study has not demonstrated adequate capacity to effectively contribute to the overall process of peace consolidation, it however played important roles in initiating, sustaining and consolidating peace in the Republic of Guinea. This was achieved in spite of limitations imposed by funding and 127 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY the stability of Guinea would have been more critically threatened without its contributions. 5.4. RECOMMENDATIONS This study has identified some important gaps in the roles, capacity and conditions of the civil society sector in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. Central to closing such gaps are recommended actions. The following recommendations are therefore made in line with the identified gaps according to each research question/objective: Objective 1: To identify threats to the consolidation of peace in Guinea. Recommendations to findings on objective 1  An integrated sub regional approach to dealing with the menace of the illicit circulation of small arms and light weapons. The study noted on objective 1 that the illicit circulation of small arms and light weapons is a threat to peace in Guinea. It is instructive to also note in the light of this finding that this illicit circulation is as a result of the wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone. The civil society sector/actors should therefore forge/revitalize existing sub regional civil society forum like the Mano River civil society forum to design and implement programs that are specifically directed at discouraging the illicit circulation of SALWs. This may mean encouraging the governments of the member states to also initiate programs that can help mop illicit small arms and light weapons in circulation by redirecting conflict energies into sustainable economic and skills acquisition programs as well as create and sustain a viable interface between the civil society sector and the National Commission Against the Illicit Circulation of Small Arms and Light Weapons  Pursue a sub-regional policy of good governance to entrench sub-regional stability. As noted in this study, instability in any of the member states of the MRU is a threat to peace and stability in Guinea and vice versa. The civil society sector should therefore (through the proposed forum in recommendation 1 above) carry out its basic functions of civic education, monitoring the activities of government to strengthen transparency and accountability, stimulating relevant policy discussions and general capacity 128 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY building so as to constantly keep the state on track toward enhancing, strengthening and entrenching good governance in the respective member states.  A collaborative approach to dealing with drugs and related crimes. Peace in the Republic of Guinea is threatened by drug trade. Efforts of civil society actors in stemming the tides of drug traffickers have often been undermined by the interaction of corruption, poverty, unemployment and weak state institutions. As a recommended action, civil society actors and other relevant stakeholders should design and implement anti-drug trafficking awareness clubs in secondary and tertiary institutions. This is to be complemented by anti-drug trafficking awareness jingles on print and electronic media. The naming and shaming of those found guilty of drug related crimes should also be encouraged. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) should partner civil society organizations in the war against drugs and related crimes and the government be compelled to freeze accounts confirmed to be funded by proceeds from drugs and confiscate property confirmed to have been purchased with proceeds from drugs. As a more durable strategy, the civil society sector and other relevant stakeholders should advocate for the inclusion of anti-drug trafficking course in school curricula at all levels of education in the Republic of Guinea.  Entrenched political will to fight corruption and tackle the menace of impunity. Guinea is often seen as one of the richest resource-based countries yet it is also rated as one of the poorest countries in the world. The study established that corruption fuelled by a culture of impunity is at the centre of the reasons for poverty in the midst of plenty in Guinea. The civil society sector should advocate for a penalty regime that will deal with those convicted of acts of corruption. This process should be owned and driven by the civil society sector which on its own part must demonstrate a degree of rectitude in this direction.  Revitalization of the judicial system. A vibrant judicial system is essential to the general process of governance especially in dealing with corruption and culture of impunity. Findings from the field established that the judicial system in Guinea is weak and incapable of discharging its basic function of 129 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY adjudication hence entrenching the culture of impunity. The civil society sector should in this contest, design an intervention to advocate for judicial reforms and support the process with relevant capacity strengthening and critical information sharing. Objective 2: To establish the linkage (s) between civil society organizations and the consolidation of peace Recommendations to findings on objective 2  Enhance the capacity of the civil society sector to more effectively strengthen the relationship between the process of peace consolidation and the sector. The study established a nexus between the civil society sector and the process of peace consolidation but to fully strengthen this nexus, the capacity of the sector needs to be constantly strengthened. The sector would need to establish useful collaboration with relevant institutions/organizations, seek opportunities that would support individual and corporate capacity enhancement at regular basis.  The civil society sector cannot support the process of peace consolidation in isolation. The study also acknowledges that the quest for peace consolidation must be multi-sectorial/dimensional for any meaningful degree of success to be recorded. To this end, the civil society sector, in supporting the peace consolidation process should equally take into account the contributions of other sectors. This means that the sector should evolve a method of supporting the activities of those other sectors in delivering the objective of peace consolidation for the little contributions of all the sectors in the polity would more effectively quicken and strengthen the general process of peace consolidation.  It is needful for the civil society sector to develop local capacity to document its efforts toward peace consolidation. The study equally acknowledges that the efforts of the civil society sector in the process of peace consolidation are documented but only with the assistance of external partners. The major benefit of the relationship with external partners should transcend external support in documenting the efforts of the civil society sector to actual capacity building and local ownership of the process of documenting its contributions 130 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY to the process of peace consolidation. The civil society sector should therefore devise a strategy of developing sustained local capacity in engaging the entire process of peace consolidation.  Development of an inclusive National Strategic Plan Part of the challenges hampering effective civil society sector‘s efforts in peace consolidation in Guinea is linked to lack of an inclusive National Strategic Plan (NSP). As a recommended action, the National Council of Civil Society Organizations in Guinea and other relevant stakeholders should advocate for the development of an inclusive National Strategic Plan for the Republic of Guinea. This, is because the 2012-2016 Country Strategy Paper did not capure the establishment of the Civil Society Intervention Trust Fund. The NSP which is to define the development agenda of Guinea over a period of time should de designed to capture the institutionalization of the Civil Society Intervention Trust Fund as well as spell out how other actors including external donors can tailor their interventions to fit into the strategic plan.  The civil society sector should evolve methods on how to more effectively engage institutions of the state in the process of peace consolidation. It is needful in the circumstance for the civil society sector to evolve relevant strategies on how to strengthen government institutions to ensure better management of the activities of the state to positively impact the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. Objective 3: To identify specific and general roles CSOs can play to support theconsolidation of peace in Guinea. Recommendations to findings on objective 3  It is needful for the civil society sector to strengthen its role of advocacy, monitoring, civic education and sensitisation. The study established that CSOs in Guinea, prior to the outbreak of wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone, were active in civic education and advocacy. In the post-war and transition phase, it is necessary for the civil society sector to strengthen these roles through review of strategies and forging additional partnership opportunities. 131 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY  Information sharing and communication of findings is central to strengthening the role and capacity of the civil society sector in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. The study established the fact that whereas there is evidence of the civil society sector‘s contributions to the process of peace consolidation, one of the challenges that has impeded its roles is the inability of civil society actors to share information and communicate findings. Sharing of information and communication of findings support a feedback process. The sector should therefore evolve a system through which relevant information could be shared among stakeholders and findings from the interventions of individual organizations communicated to stakeholders to promote a culture of feedback. The National Council of Civil Society Organizations in Guinea should create an enabling environment for this to thrive.  Promote and sustain the idea of town hall meetings. Part of the findings on this objective is that the roles of CSOs are externally influenced. To evolve an alternate approach to influencing policies, the CSOs should promote and sustain the idea of town hall meetings. This is to strengthen the interface between the sector and the masses. Reports from such meetings which should revolve around peacebuilding and governance should be shared to influence policies and actions.  Organise public debates. The sector should at intervals, organise public debates on issues of national importance. This should be done with the active participation and involvement of government and other stakeholders. Through this role, the civil society would be able to stimulate public conversations on sensitive issues, expand the space for citizens‘ participation and keep the government on track in delivering good governance and strengthening peacebuilding efforts.  The role of the civil society sector should be context and challenge specific. Civil society organizations play many functions to support governance but the study found out that not all of these roles are necessary at every given time, context and challenge. To this end, civil society organizations should therefore tailor their activities and roles to address the specific challenge posed by a specific context. 132 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Objective 4: To examine the capacity of civil society organisations in peace consolidation in Guinea. Recommendations to findings on objective 4  Source and retain relevant technical capacity to support the activities of CSOs in peace consolidation. The study established, though with few exceptions, that CSOs in Guinea lack adequate technical capacity to support its programmes. It is needful in light of this gap for CSOs to evolve a system that would source and retain relevant technical capacity to provide technical leadership in its projects and programmes. A sustained means of capacity transfer can help strengthen and sustain the capacity of CSOs in peace consolidation.  Strengthen local capacity to generate funds. An obvious challenge of the civil society sector in Guinea is funding. The study confirmed a total dependant of the civil society sector on external donors for its funding. There are also good evidences of some organizations that are inactive as a result of lack of funding. As a recommended action, the civil society sector and especially its coordinating body – the National Council of Civil Society Organizations in Guinea should advocate for the institutionalization of a Civil Society Intervention Trust Fund (CSITF) which should be funded by an agreed percentage of the proceeds from mining and other related business concerns. Through annual subvention to registered CSOs, the Trust Fund is to provide a sustained alternative to external funding.  Enhanced capacity to strengthen civil society sector’s role in the process of peace consolidation. Whereas the civil society sector has demonstrated its strength in the general governance process in Guinea, its capacity still needs to be constantly enhanced in order to also strengthen its overall ability to more effectively support the process of peace consolidation. Within this context, trainings and re-training are central to strengthening CSOs roles in peace consolidation. Capacity building of CSOs should be based on a broad conception of civil society that goes beyond formally constituted organisations. 133 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY  Robust partnership. The study confirmed that the capacity of CSOs is not fully strengthened because of insufficient partnership. The civil society sector will therefore need to explore partnership opportunities with international CSOs and institutions, state institutions and strengthen horizontal partnerships with CSOs within Guinea.  Involvement of State actors and similar institutions in strengthening peace consolidation. State actors and other stakeholders need to develop local capacity for supporting national stability, security and peace consolidation. Objective 5: To identify ways through which CSOs can partner government and external actors in supporting the process of peace consolidation in Guinea. Recommendations to findings on objective 5  Strengthen network for effective partnership. Inadequate partnership opportunities were identified as one of the factors militating against effective civil society efforts in peace consolidation in the Republic of Guinea. As a recommended action, part of the National Strategic Plan should specifically address the need for donors to create a network that will enhance effective partnership and make especially, external donors commit to it.  Early Warning as entry point for partnership. Civil society actors are often closest to domestic challenges of mis-governance that threaten the process of peace consolidation and can thus contribute directly and early to conflict prevention. The United Nations (UN) and Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) leaders should therefore work closely with the civil society sector to strengthen the ECOWAS security mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security adopted in Lome in December 1999.  Commitment of donors to the National Strategic Plan. The study confirmed that in sponsoring CSOs interventions in Guinea, donors sponsor projects and programs to deliver on their agenda which often denies Guineans the right to local ownership and control. As a recommended action, with a viable alternative to funding through the Civil Society Intervention Trust Fund, donors should be encouraged and, or compelled to align their interventions 134 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY with the National Strategic Plan. This means that donors will be expected to commit to the Strategic Plan through appropriate means.  International organizations, governments, donors, the UN and ECOWAS should support civil society-government partnership. Processes initiated by the government of Guinea which seek to involve civil society actors and organizations in policy formulation and implementation should be encouraged. Measures to improve the enabling environment (external factors) and interactions with the state should also be encouraged.  Strengthen state-civil society relations. The study also confirms the fact that a relationship exists with the state but it‘s not robust. In a country such as Guinea that has had a history of coup de tat and threatened stability, civil society actors and organizations particularly those engaged in human rights advocacy and democratization have often been perceived as opponents of the state and therefore subject to punitive measures and scrutiny by government. As a more long-term strategy, civil society organizations should continue to build alliances around common agendas and formal networks. Collaborative arrangements have often allowed civil society actors to operate more effectively at the national level, under cover of a collective identity. Objective 6: To identify the prospects and challenges for civil society organizations in Guinea. Recommendations to findings on objective 6  The civil society sector should create a balance between its operations in the urban and rural areas. The study shows that operations of the civil society sector are often urban based. The civil society sector should therefore endeavour to create a balance in its operations by ensuring that the rural areas as well as urban centres are covered in all its activities. This can be done through the institutionalization of a reward system such as ease of access to funds from the Civil Society Intervention Trust Fund (CSITF) and granting of weavers.  Accountable government. The government of Guinea has been found to be insensitive to issues of governance – security, jobs creation, provision of utilities (health, education, water, electricity) housing and roads. As a result of 135 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY lack of political will, these elements have interacted to undermine the peace efforts in the Republic of Guinea. As a recommended action, the civil society sector should ensure that successive governments are elected based on their avowed capacity to work with, and implement the contents of the developed National Strategic Plan. This also means that performance indicators of any government will be drawn from NSP.  Establish relevant institutional linkages for continuous capacity strengthening and further research. The challenge of inadequate institutional linkages can be tackled by identifying and sustaining such linkages. Further research is required on how the state, international organisations and other institutions can support the creation of an enabling environment and partnership with the civil society.  Evolve consistent methods of information sharing. Information sharing and communication of findings is a central element in consolidating peacebuilding efforts. In the future, the civil society sector through the National Council of Guinea Civil Society Organisations (NCGCSO) should evolve and deploy a system through which reports of CSOs interventions are horizontally shared within the civil society network in Guinea.  Remodel and rejuvenate the National Council of Guinea Civil Society Organizations to more effectively perform the role of coordinating the activities of the sector in Guinea. A critical finding from the study revolved around the issue of corruption and ethnicity by the coordinating body of civil society organisations in Guinea. This has resulted in parallel coordinating organisations. The future of NCGCSO is threatened if issues of corruption and ethnicity are swept under the carpet. The NCGCSO will need to put a system in place to reorganise and reposition it for the future. With remodelling and rejuvenation processes completed, there are prospects of NCGCSO being a model and providing leadership for the civil society sector in the region. 136 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 5.5. Suggestions for Further Research The research and knowledge gaps identified in this study tend to revolve around improving the coordination of the activities of civil society organisations and those of government and other institutions in supporting the consolidation of peace. 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Accessed January 26 2013 at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/mar/09/drugstrade World Summit Outcomes (2005) Accessed 14 January 2013 at: www.un.org/summit2005/presskit/fact_sheet.pdf World Press Freedom Index (2009) The rankings. Reporters without borders. Accessed 18 November 2012 at: en.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/classement_en.pdf News Papers Le Lynx Newspaper, 27 October (2003) Guinea weekly publication on developments in Guinea. Le Lynx Newspaper, 12 April (2004) Guinea weekly publication on developments in Guinea. 152 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY APPENDICES Appendix I: Map of the Study Area (Guinea) Source: africaguide.com 153 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Appendix II. MAP SHOWING THE PRECARIOUS SITUATION OF GUINEA th Source: Extracted from africaguide.com on January 29 2017 and modified by the researcher LEGEND Neighbouring countries with records of civil war Guinea (Study Area) as the only surviving country in the region with no record of civil war 154 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Appendix III. INTERVIEW GUIDE-English 1. OBJECTIVE To assess the condition, role and capacity of civil society organizations in supporting the consolidation of peace in Guinea 2. DISCUSSIONS  Major discussion points  Discuss the general strategy of civil society engagement in the peace consolidation process  Discuss the role of the civil society sector before, during and after the conflicts in the MRU in general and Guinea in particular  Discuss the capacity of CSOs in peace consolidation in Guinea  Discuss civil society linkages with external actors  Discuss threats to peace consolidation  Discuss the prospects and challenges for civil society's roles in peace consolidation in Guinea b. Probe questions  What are your concerns about peace in Guinea?  Is there peace in Guinea?  What can civil society do differently to ensure the consolidation of peace?  What are the major threats to peace in Guinea? c. Current situation in Guinea  What is the current situation of governance in Guinea? (Discuss in details including human rights, rule of law, provision of and access to affordable health and educational services and employment).  Current situation of interstate relationship (probe for areas of institutional collaboration, joint border patrol, information sharing and capacity building)  Current state of the civil society sector in Guinea (probe for civil society strategies of engagements, information sharing, international linkages, funding, means of data collection and communication). 155 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY  Relevance of democracy to peace consolidation (probe for the link between democracy and peace and between civil society and democracy as well as between civil society and peace).  What are the prospects and challenges for the civil society sector in Guinea? 156 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Appendix IV. GUIDE D’INTERVIEW-French 1. OBJECTIF Pour évaluer la force et la capacité des organisations de la société civile de consolidation de la paix en Guinée. 2. DISCUSSIONS  Les points de discussion majeurs.  Discuter de la stratégie générale de l‘engagement de la société civile dans le processus de consolidation de la paix  Discuter du rôle du secteur de la société civile avant, pendant et après les conflits dans le MRU en général et en Guinée en particulier  Discuter des liens de la société civile avec les acteurs externes  Discuter des menaces a la consolidation de la paix  Discuter des perspectives et des défis du rôle de la société civile dans la consolidation de la paix en Guinée b. questions de sondage  Quelle sont vos inquiétudes/préoccupation à propos de la paix en Guinée?  Y‘a t‘il la paix en Guinée?  Qu‘est-ce que la société civile peut faire différemment pour assurer la consolidation de la paix?  Quelles sont les menaces majeures à la paix en Guinée? c. situation actuelle en Guinée:  Quelle est la situation actuelle de gouvernance en Guinée? (discuter des détails y compris les droits de l‘homme, la législation, la provision et l‘accès aux conditions abordables des services de santé et d‘éducation, l‘emploie etc.)  La situation actuelle de relation inter état (enquête sur les domaines de collaboration institutionnelle, patrouille jointe des frontières, le partage d‘information, le renforcement de capacité) etc.  L‘état actuel du secteur de la société civile en Guinée (enquête sur les stratégies et engagement de la société civile, le partage d‘information, les liens internationaux, le financement, les moyens de collecte de données et communication) etc.  La pertinence de la démocratie à la consolidation de la paix (enquête sur le lien entre démocratie et paix et entre la société civile et la démocratie aussi bien qu‘entre la société civile et la paix) etc.  Quels sont les perspectives et défis du secteur de la société civile en Guinée? 157 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Appendix V. LETTER OF INTRODUCTION 158 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Appendix VI. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION GUIDE- English 1. OBJECTIVE To assess the condition, role and capacity of civil society organizations in supporting the consolidation of peace in Guinea 2. METHODOLOGY In the process of conducting a session, the following should be taken into consideration:  a session should have a well and clearly stated theme which will guide the focus of the discussions. For this study, this has been captured in the discussion guide included below.  ideally, a session should last for about 30-45 minutes (usually not more than 1 hour) but long enough for the group to cover a topic of interest and of importance to the objective of the study  when the facilitator asks questions, he/she should also allow for interactive discussions by encouraging members to talk openly and to respect one another's ideas and opinions  it is strongly recommended that the facilitator read the guide and be well familiar with the topic prior to meeting with the group. This will help the facilitator become conversant with the topic, objective and the questions that may be asked to achieve stated objective. This also suggest that the facilitator must create an enabling environment to make all participants feel free to talk and express their opinions  focus only on relevant research issues such as the role of the civil society sector in conflict management before, during and after the conflict in MRU, threats to peace consolidation, institutional and international collaboration, capacity of CSOs to support the consolidation of peace and information communication, interstate collaboration etc.  note that the sequence of topics in the guide usually moves from general to specific 3. FACILITATING A SESSION-Discussion Guidelines  ensure that no one dominates the discussion. This can be done by directing questions to or asking for comments from specific people rather than always asking for an open response and waiting for someone to respond. Sitting the group in a circular arrangement also helps to ensure there are no back- benchers who may feel less important in the discussion 159 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY  respect all answers and comments and encourage all group members to respect one another even if they disagree. It may be useful to have the group members set rules for the discussions that everyone can agree on  encourage members to keep their comments and answers brief and straight to the point so that everyone has a chance to join in  pay close attention to the person speaking and try to keep side conversations to a minimum so that everyone can hear the person talking  encourage listeners to try to suggest solutions to concerns and problems rather than just listing the incapacities or otherwise of the civil society sector 4. GROUP FORMATION Running a session:  the number of participants could range from 3-10 (ideally 6) especially in the light of the fact that some civil society organizations might not have up to ten staff. This is also necessary in order to ensure that all participants can freely give honest answers and contributions to the discussions.  open ended questions are most appropriate at the start of the discussion because they allow participants to answer from different angles and also give participants opportunities to express their thoughts and feelings based on their specific situations  the proceedings will be recorded and notes taken except where participants object to it  a session shall have a facilitator and a note taker/observer whose note taking will include non-verbal communication and group reactions in addition to verbal communication. 5. DISCUSSIONS  Major discussion points  Discuss the general strategy of civil society engagement in the peace consolidation process  Discuss the role of the civil society sector before, during and after the conflicts in the MRU in general and Guinea in particular  Discuss the capacity of CSOs in peace consolidation in Guinea  Discuss civil society linkages with external actors  Discuss threats to peace consolidation  Discuss the prospects and challenges for civil society's roles in peace consolidation in Guinea b. Probe questions  What are your concerns about peace in Guinea?  Is there peace in Guinea? 160 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY  Can there be peace in Guinea when there is instability in other member states of the MRU?  What can civil society do differently to ensure the consolidation of peace?  What are the major threats to peace in Guinea? c. Current situation in Guinea  What is the current situation of governance in Guinea? (discuss in details including human rights, rule of law, provision of and access to affordable health and educational services, employment etc.)  Current situation of interstate relationship (probe for areas of institutional collaboration, joint border patrol, information sharing, capacity building) etc.  Current state of the civil society sector in Guinea (probe for civil society strategies of engagements, information sharing, international linkages, funding, means of data collection and communication) etc.  Relevance of democracy to peace consolidation (probe for the link between democracy and peace and between civil society and democracy as well as between civil society and peace) etc.  What are the prospects and challenges for the civil society sector in Guinea? 161 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Appendix VII. GUIDE DE FOCUS GROUPE DE DISCUSSION-French 1. OBJECTIF Pour évaluer la force et la capacité des organisations de la société civile dans la consolidant la paix en Guinée. 2. METHODOLOGIE Dans le processus de conduite d‘une session, les aspects suivants doivent être pris en considération:  Une session doit se statuer sur un thème bon et Claire qui peut permettre de se concentrer sur les discussions. Pour cette étude, il a ete repris dans le guide de discussion inclue au-dessous.  Idéalement une session doit durer de 30-45 minutes (d‘habitude pas plus 1 heure) mais assez long pour le groupe pour couvrir un thème d‘intérêt et d‘importance à l‘objectif de l‘étude.  Quand le facilitateur demande des questions, il/elle doit aussi permettre une discussion interactive en encourageant les membres à parler librement et à respecter les idées et opinion des uns et des autres  Il est fortement recommandé que le facilitateur lise le guide et qu‘il soit bien familier antérieurement avec le thème pour la rencontre avec le groupe. Ceci va aider le facilitateur à connaitre le thème, l‘objectif et les questions qui doivent être posées pour réaliser les objectifs fixés. Ceci suggère aussi que le facilitateur doit créer un environnement perméable pour faire en sorte que les participants se sentent libre de parler et d‘exprimer leurs opinions.  Se concentrer seulement sur les questions de recherche pertinentes tel que le rôle du secteur de la société civile dans la gestion des conflits avant, pendant et après le conflit, les menaces à la consolidation institutionnelle et internationale, a la communication et information, a la collaboration inter état etc..  Noter que la séquence des thèmes dans le guide sont souvent du général au spécifique. 3. FACILITER UNE SESSION- Directives de discussions  S‘assurer que personne ne domine la discussion. Cela peut être fait en dirigeant les questions a, et/ ou demandant les commentaires a des personnes spécifiques plutôt que de poser toujours une question pour une réponse ouverte et s‘attendre à ce que seulement une personne réponde. placé le groupe suivant un arrangement circulaire. Ceci aide aussi à s‘assurer que personne ne s‘asseye derrière et qui peut se sentir moyens important dans la discussion 162 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY  Respecter toutes les réponses et commentaires. Et, encourager tous les membres à respecter les opinions des uns et des autres même s‘ils ne sont pas d‘accord sur un même point. Il est important que les membres du groupe mettent des règles de discussions sur lesquelles tout le monde peut être d‘accord.  Encourager les membres à être direct et bref dans leurs commentaires au point que tout le monde ait la chance d‘intervenir.  Faire une attention particulière à la personne qui parle et essayé de Conténir les conversations d‘accote pour que tout le monde puisse entendre la personne qui parle.  Encourager ce qui écoute à essayer de suggérer des solutions aux inquiétudes et problèmes plutôt que de lister simplement les incapacités du secteur de la société civile. 4. FORMATION DU GROUPE Le fonctionnement/gestion d‘une session:  Le nombre de participant varie de 3-10 (Idéalement 6) particulièrement due au fait que quelques organisations de la société civile n‘ont pas jusqu‘a 10 personnes et considérant le fait que la discussion doit être mener avec les staffs qui ont un haut niveau, un niveau moyen et un niveau bas. Ceci aussi est nécessaire afin de se rassurer que tous les participants peuvent librement donner des réponses et contributions honnêtes à la discussion.  Les questions flexibles sont plus appropriées au début de la discussion par ce qu‘elles permettent aux participants de répondre suivant différents angles et donne aussi aux participants l‘opportunité d‘exprimer leurs pensées et sentiments basés sur leurs situations spécifiques  Toutes les réponses seront écrites et enregistré sur une cassette excepté si les participants en trouvent une objection  Une session doit avoir un facilitateur et preneur de note/observateur laquelle prise de note va inclure une communication et une réaction de groupe en plus d‘une communication verbale 5. DISCUSSIONS  Les points de discussions majeures  Discuter de la stratégie générale de l‘engagement de la société civile dans le processus de consolidation de la paix  Discuter du rôle du secteur de la société civile avant, pendant et après les conflits dans le MRU en général et la Guinée en particulier  Discuter des liens de la société civile avec les acteurs externes  Discuter des menaces pour la consolidation de la paix 163 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY  Discuter des perspectives et défis pour le rôle de la société civile dans la consolidation de la paix en Guinée b. questions de sondage  Quelles sont vos inquiétudes a propos de la paix en Guinée?  Est-ce qu‘il y‘a la paix en Guinée?  Est-ce qu‘il peut y avoir la paix en Guinée s‘il y a l‘instabilité dans les autres pays membres de MRU?  Qu‘est-ce que la société civile peut faire différemment pour assurer la consolidation de la paix?  Quelles sont les menaces majeures à la paix en Guinée? C. situation actuelle en Guinée  Quelle est la situation actuelle de gouvernance en Guinée? (discuter des détails incluant, les droits de l‘homme, la législation, l‘accès aux conditions abordables de santé, les services d‘éducation, l‘emploie etc.)  La situation actuelle du rapport inter état (enquête pour les lieux de collaboration institutionnelle, la patrouille jointe des frontières, le partage des informations, le renforcement de capacité) etc.  L‘état actuel du secteur de la société civil en Guinée (sondage sur les stratégies d‘engagement, de partage d‘information, des liens internationaux, du financement, les moyens de collecte de données et communication) etc.  La pertinence de la démocratie à la consolidation de la paix (sondage pour le lien entre la démocratie et la paix aussi bien qu‘entre la société civile et la paix) etc.  Quelles sont les perspectives et les défis pour le secteur de la société civile en Guinée? 164 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Appendix VIII. QUESTIONNAIRE (English) SELF ASSESSMENT TOOL TO COLLECT DATA ON THE ROLE AND CAPACITY OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY SECTOR IN SUPPORTING THE CONSOLIDATION OF PEACE IN GUINEA INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE My name is OBI Ndifon Neji. I am a doctoral candidate of the Peace and Conflict Studies Program of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria West Africa. I am investigating the role and capacity of civil society organizations in consolidating peace in Guinea for the award of a Ph.D. Your frank response to the questions in this document will enable the study collect relevant data on the subject. Be assured that your response will be treated with utmost confidentiality and will be used only for the purpose stated above.  Please tick as appropriate Section 1: Respondent details Name of respondent Sex Male Female Others: Marital status Married Single Others: Highest High school Diploma Bsc/HND MA/MSc PhD Others educational qualification Religion Christian Muslim Others Section 2: Organizational profile Name of respondent's organization: Designation: Year of establishment: No of staff: 1-5 5-10 10-15 15 and above Goals and objectives of the organization: 165 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Assessing the strength of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in consolidating peace in Guinea Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason (why/why Element not) & ideas for further 1 2 3 4 improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate 1 1.a. To what extent is METHODOLOGY program design/redesign Program design/redesign Program design/redesign is Program design/redesign is done Program design/redesign is taken as an integral and on- is not considered as an done only at the start-up at the start-up phase and after done at the start-up phase Guiding CSOs going process in CSOs integral component of the phase of civil society start-up as part of and after start-up as part of strategy engagements? civil society sector, the interventions and is not process/progress review, process/progress review , towards peace sector only focuses on considered as an integral supervision missions etc. by the supervision missions etc in a consolidation delivery of predetermined process in the managing of leader of the civil society comprehensive participatory activities and outputs the intervention organization review process to improve intervention strategy Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 1.b. To what extent does the civil society sector generate The civil society sector The sector generates funds The sector is often supported by Major source of funding its funds? lacks the capacity to from members to carry out organizations like the church comes from international generate funds hence activities especially those CSOs that are donor partners depends mainly on support either established by religious from sympathizers bodies or have relationship with religious organizations. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 166 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason (why/why Element not) & ideas for further 1 2 3 4 improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate 1.c. To what extent is data collection and analysis Data collection and Data is often collected Data is often collected through Data is regularly collected conducted by the civil analysis is not an integral through the help of relevant various means like the media, through various means and society sector? strategy of the civil society tools but such data is not survey, polls, key persons analysed and communicated sector often analysed interviews etc and such data is to inform evidenced based often analysed but not intervention communicated Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 1.d. To what extent do There are no defined Reviews of methods are not Methods of interventions are There is a defined system of CSOs review their methods methods of intervention. considered important. reviewed though not reviewing our strategies of of intervention? systematically done. intervention. The civil society sector in Guinea encourages its members to hold end of year retreat for the purpose of reviewing its activities. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate 167 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate 2 Capacities and 2.a To what extent is Not enough people in place to Staff in place to carry out relevant Staff and stakeholders Staff and stakeholders have conditions for human capacity adequate impact the peace process activities but inadequate in have average knowledge adequate knowledge, skills peace for peace consolidation? because Knowledge and skills numbers to carry out all relevant and skills to enhance and relevant activities that will consolidation of staff & stakeholders to carry activities that will ensure peace peace consolidation but not strengthen the process of out relevant activities are consolidation. Some knowledge enough for a fully peace consolidation and inadequate. and skills on peace consolidation consolidated peace adequate human capacity to exist but inadequate to sustain process ensure peace consolidation the process. exist. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 2.b To what extent are Staff and stakeholders carry Staff and stakeholders are only a Staff and stakeholders are Staff and stakeholders are incentives for civil society out relevant activities but may bit motivated to carry out relevant generally motivated to motivated to carry out in place and adequate? not be very motivated to do peace activities but they may not carry out relevant activities activities towards peace E.g. training for staff; this. E.g. because of have enough human capacity towards peace consolidation. E.g. because of conducive working inadequate human capacity (skills, numbers) or money to consolidation but they may adequate technical human environment; (knowledge and skills and carry out such activities. not always have the capacity (knowledge and encouragement from numbers), finances for necessary capacity (e.g. skills and numbers), finances stakeholders; enough engagement, or because the human, knowledge, skills, for engagement, and because financial resources for civic operating environment is financial) to do it. peace consolidation means engagements etc. hostile to civil society actors. enhanced opportunity for all round development. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your 168 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate opinion on the issue 2.c. To what extent is the civil society-State Civil society-State relationship The relationship between the civil The relationship between The State maintains a relationship cordial? is not cordial at all as the society sector and the State at the civil society sector and mutually beneficial State is in the habit of best could be described as the State is very cordial as relationship with the civil harassing and arresting civil oppositional as the State sees the State provides society sector since the State society actors the civil society sector as protection to civil society via an ACT L/2005/013/ of opponents of the State that must actors against harassment July 4, 2005 provides the be crushed and illegal arrest and the legal framework and civil society sector in return regulates the activities of help keep the State on NGOs, the civil society in track return support the State to deliver on its promises Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue Capacity assessment is not Capacity assessment is seldom Capacity assessment is Capacity assessment is 2d. To what extent is the done at all. done. done at irregular intervals always done at regular capacity of CSOs but identified capacity intervals and identified gaps assessed and identified deficits are almost always are used to inform policy capacity gaps filled? not used to inform policy decisions. decisions. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 169 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate 3. 3.a To what extent is they Civil society- a relationship between civil No relationship exist between Civil society help in peace A relationship exist A robust relationship exist peace society and the civil society and the building but have not between civil society and between civil society and the consolidation consolidation of peace? consolidation of peace demonstrated adequate strength peace consolidation but the consolidation of peace and nexus because civil society only in sustaining peace in transitional civil society sector needs to the civil society sector has exacerbate conflict situations democracies like the one in redesign its demonstrated this nexus in its by antagonizing government Guinea. methods/strategies to various activities in support of strengthen peace democracy, good consolidation governance, accountability, respect of human rights, participation in governance etc Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 3.b To what extent is the attended peace in Guinea Civil society contributions to Civil society contributed to the The efforts of civil society The attended peace is as a associated with civil the attended peace is attended peace in Guinea but contributions to the result of civil society society activities? insignificant hence cannot be such efforts were not attended peace in Guinea engagement in the process accorded a place on the list of documented to support such are well documented but without which no significant major contributors claims this is done with the achievement would have support of external partners been recorded in this as the civil society sector is direction. The civil society not robust enough to sector is fully matured to achieve such feats impact on other processes even without external support. 170 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 3.c To what extent did civil society contribute to the The hostilities in the sub Civil society staged campaigns, Campaigns, Campaigns, demonstrations, cessation of hostilities region came to an end without demonstrations, publications, demonstrations, advocacy advocacy visits, publications during the war years? any significant contributions advocacy visits etc. to call the visits, publications etc. etc. were deliberately initiated from the civil society sector attention of the concerned public were done by civil society by the civil society sector to the hostilities in the region but organizations to bring without external support to these activities were done in a conflict parties to the call the attention of the world rather unplanned manner negotiation tables but this to the hostilities in the sub was done with the support region as a means of of external partners ensuring a negotiated settlement Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue The civil society sector lacks The civil society sector has the Civil society has often Civil society has often 3d. To what extent can the the ability to mobilise other capacity to mobilise other sectors mobilised other sectors in mobilised other sectors in civil society sector mobilise sectors to support peace for peace consolidation but this is supporting peace supporting peace other sectors to support consolidation. rarely done. consolidation but such consolidation and such efforts the process of peace attempts are hardly are well documented. consolidation. documented. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 171 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate 4 4a To what extent has the Institutional civil society sector No relevant partnership exist Mutual partnership exist but it is Civil society sector has The civil society sector has and partnered external between the civil society not robust to positively impact the benefited immensely from benefited immensely from International (International) actors in the sector and external actors in conflict management process in external partnership but external partnership and such management of conflict in linkages the management of conflict the sub region such partnership cannot be partnership accounts for the Guinea? translated into concrete strength of civil society in the impacts on the conflict management of conflict in the management process region Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 4b To what extent and in what specific areas can the The civil society sector can Partnership in the area of The sector can partner The sector can partner civil society sector partner partner external actors in the capacity building and logistical external actors in areas of external actors in the areas of external (International) area of funding the sector's support can strengthen the publicity, funding, funding, capacity building, actors in supporting the activities and programs sector's capacity to manage the institutional support and logistical and institutional process of peace peace process for impact capacity building support, publicity, monitoring consolidation in Guinea? and evaluation of its activities, report writing and institutional linkages etc. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 4c To what extent has the civil society sector The sector is seen as a Local institutions like corporate Partnership opportunities Robust partnership partnered the state and distraction to governance business establishments have with local institutions exist opportunities exist and the local institutions in the 172 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate management of conflict? hence not worthy of any local demonstrated partnership but not robust state has so far provided a institutional partnership interest but the state has not conducive operational provided a conducive environment for such environment for such partnership to thrive engagement Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue The sector is seen as a Local institutions like corporate The sector can partner The sector can partner the 4d.To what extent and in distraction to governance business establishments have state institutions in areas of state and local institutions in what specific areas can the hence not worthy of any local demonstrated partnership publicity, enabling good the areas of capacity building, civil society sector partner institutional partnership interest but the state has not governance and publicity, monitoring and the state and local provided a conducive sensitisation. evaluation of its activities, institutions in the management of conflict?. environment for such report writing and institutional engagement linkages etc. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 5 5a To what extent is the Threats to circulation of small arms Incomplete disarmament and The circulation of small arms and Government inability t o Government inability to peace and light weapons a threat demobilization left some light weapons is itself a threat to completely mop the excess provide jobs and alternate consolidation to peace consolidation? weapons in the hands of ex- peace consolidation but the law weapons in circulation means of survival makes ex- militants but this cannot pose prohibits the use of such constitute a potent threat to combatants ready tools in the a serious challenge to peace weapons as a result diffusing the the consolidation of peace hands of those who can pay consolidation strength of such weapons in the and the mere fact that such for their services. Coupled to hands of the owners weapons are in the hands this, the weapons in their of people brings the hands means peace in the objective of peace sub region is under serious 173 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate consolidation under serious threat threat Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 5b To what extent is instability in other member Guinea is a sovereign state Instability in other member states The peace and stability of Instability in any member state of the MRU a threat and despite its contiguous of the MRU can threaten peace Guinea cannot be attained state of the MRU means to the consolidation of borders instability in other in Guinea but due to shared in isolation. instability in Guinea. This is peace in Guinea? member state have very little cultural background, the impact is because in the past the impact on it negligible conflict especially in Liberia and Sierra Leone saw thousands of refugees migrating to Guinea and clearly posing security challenges Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 5c To what extent is bad governance a threat to the Bad governance can only Bad governance could have Bad governance incites Bad governance accounts for consolidation of peace? stimulate mass actions from some negative attributes but not mass actions to enhance most of the uprising in the the public but on its own to the extent of threatening the good governance and this world today and is a potent cannot be a threat to peace consolidation of peace process has some conflict threat to the consolidation of consolidation exacerbating elements that peace threatens peace 174 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate consolidation Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue No such acts of Mismanagement exists within the Acts of mismanagement Acts of mismanagement exist 5d. To what extent are mismanagement exist within civil society sector but it can’t exist within the civil society within the civil society sector acts of mismanagement the civil society sector. threaten the process of peace sector and have often and have often significantly within the civil society consolidation in Guinea. insignificantly affected the affected the sector’s role in sector a threat to peace sector’s role in peace peace consolidation. consolidation? consolidation. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 6 6a To what extent can the Civil society's civil society sector impact The civil society sector have Activities of civil society are Activities of civil society are Activities of civil society are role in peace the process of peace no specific role to play in the directly linked to stimulating good directly linked to stimulating directly linked to stimulating consolidation consolidation? process of peace governance and peace good governance and good governance and peace consolidation consolidation but these activities peace consolidation and consolidation and these are vertically and horizontally these activities are carried activities are carried out in a isolated out in a coherent manner coherent manner and but gives no room for provides opportunity for learning lessons learning lessons to inform strategy redesign Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 175 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate 6b To what extent can the civil society's functions of Civil society performs useful Civil society performs useful Civil society functions when The civil society sector monitoring, protection, functions but these functions functions but these functions can collectively implemented monitors the activities and advocacy, socialization, individually cannot impact the only impact the process of peace help strengthen the peace programs of government from intergroup social cohesion, process of peace consolidation in a democratic process because there abuse, protects the masses facilitation and service consolidation in the direction setting promote the rule of law, from oppression and denial of delivery etc. strengthen peace consolidation? of positive change enhance service delivery basic rights by the state, etc. facilitate dialogue between conflict parties, educate the masses on civic responsibilities and engagements. These activities collectively set the foundation for the consolidation of peace Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 6c To what extent is the environment supportive of The environment is very Despite civil society's efforts in The state has not The environment is fully civil society engagements? hostile to civil society ensuring effective operations, the developed adequate supportive of civil society engagements. state has not seen any merit in confidence in the civil engagements since the state civil society engagement. society sector to allow it a sees the State-civil society free and conducive partnership as mutually operational environment. reinforcing. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your 176 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate opinion on the issue The civil society sector did not The sector supported the The sector supported the The sector specifically 6d. To what extent and play any role in the management of conflict in the management of conflict in supported the management of what specific roles did the management of conflict in the MRU but its support is not the MRU but its efforts are conflict in the MRU through civil society sector play in MRU. specific and insignificant. not well documented. advocacy, reconciliation, the management of conflict publicity, service delivery, in the MRU? repatriation, rehabilitation and reintegration. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 7 7a To what extent are Communication findings from civil society Findings from civil society Findings are often communicated Findings are often Findings are disseminated of findings engagements engagements are not always to members of the organization communicated to external through the media (electronic communicated? communicated with less emphasis on external partners who funds the and print), publications, town stakeholders programs and activities of hall meetings and the organization conferences, internet, person to person as well as to donor partners Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 7b To what extent are civil society findings relevant to Findings are considered to be Findings are considered useful Findings are considered Findings are considered the policy processes? full of biases hence not and credible but no defined useful and credible for useful and credible and have 177 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate credible for policy means of communicating such evidenced based policy often been used to inform consideration findings to appropriate policy formulation but the civil evidence based policy quarters society sector lacks the formulation needed technical capacity to follow up. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 7c To what extent is data/results Data/results communication is Data communication is Data communication is Data communication is a communication a major not considered a critical considered part of the operational considered a central central strategy of the civil strategy of the civil society element in the operational strategy of the sector but it is not element of the civil society society sector and the means sector? strategy of the civil society a key strategy sector but the means of of achieving the objective of sector achieving the objective of communication of findings is communication is not well well defined in the operational defined document. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue Findings from individual CSO Findings from individual CSO Findings from individual Findings from individual CSO 7d. To what extent are interventions are the exclusive interventions are only shared with CSO interventions are interventions are findings of CSOs preserve of such CSO. funders. shared amongst the civil systematically shared interventions shared society community but not amongst the civil society amongst the civil society in a systematic manner. community in Guinea. community in Guinea? Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 178 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate 8 8a To what extent is the Prospects and civil society sector equip to The civil society sector is not The civil society sector has The civil society sector is Lessons learned from civil challenges for face the challenges of the equip from available demonstrated strong capacity to positioned for future society interventions in the the civil society future? indications to face the withstand the challenges of the challenges but needs more process of democratization sector challenges of the future future but seem to be weighed support in the areas of has strategically prepared the down by inadequate funding and capacity building, sector for the challenges of insensitivity of the operational international and the future environment institutional linkages, information tracking and communication and learning lessons based on global best practices. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 8bTo what extent does the Staff meet to discuss progress Staff meet regularly to discuss Staff can discuss openly Staff regularly meet to openly civil society sector critically and sometimes problems and progress, issues, problems and and critically on what is and critically reflect on and reflect on its’ work as a solutions. These meetings are solutions but this is not done in going on but this may not discuss expected and means of learning lesson not regular. an open atmosphere and critical be done regularly or unexpected issues, problems, to prepare it for the future? reflection and feedback is not systematically. Critical and lessons learned for the happening. feedback and learning are future. Critical feedback and stimulated but not learning is stimulated consistently Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 179 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate 8c To what extent does the Members receive occasional Learning opportunities are Learning opportunities are Civil society actors are civil society sector facilitate training. provided for members but there created for both individuals motivated to seek out learning learning opportunities for is a focus that learning is and staff groups. Staffs opportunities for themselves its members? facilitated predominantly through reflect diverse views and both internally and externally. external stimuli or persons. attitudes towards learning They have training & but the civil society sector development plans and is consciously trying to formal and informal learning develop more of a learning opportunities are created or culture amongst members. seized through coaching, mentoring and on-the-job training to prepare its members for the future Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue The civil society sector is Except for the frosty relationship To better prepare it for the The sector would be better 8d. To what extent and in already prepared for the between the state and CSOs, the future, the sector would equipped for the future if it what specific areas can the future. sector is equipped for the future. have to eschew internal can internally generate funds, civil society sector act corruption in the strengthen relevant differently to better prepare management of its affairs. partnership opportunities and it for the future? enhance its capacity and staffing. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 180 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate 9 9a To what extent does the Location and location of civil society The location of civil society Location is a major constrain on Location has an impact on Location impact on the synergy organization affect its organization has little or no the capacity of civil society the capacity of civil society capacity of the civil society capacity to contribute to significant impact on the organizations to contribute to the organizations to contribute sector to contribute to the the peace process? capacity of the civil society to process of peace consolidation to the process of peace peace consolidation process contribute to the process of consolidation but location but these impacts are diffused peace consolidation has its own advantages through adequate information sharing with CSO at the urban centres Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 9b To what extent are civil society organizations that The location or area of Urban centres provides Urban based civil society Urban based civil society are based at the urban operation of civil society incentives for better civil society organizations have more organizations have the centres better equip to organization is not a reason intervention than rural centres but opportunities for capacity advantage of interacting very contribute to the process of for performance or lack of it also exposes civil society actors building than rural based closely with critical peace consolidation than to more danger civil society organizations stakeholders and policy those at the rural areas? influencers than rural based civil society organizations. Such interactions therefore strengthens their capacity for intervention Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 181 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate Information sharing is 9c To what extent is encouraged and is actually in information shared Little or no information sharing Information sharing exist but is Information sharing exist practice as there are defined between civil society exist between civil society not often document but no effective methods of information organizations at the rural organizations in the urban and coordination of the process collection and sharing level and the urban rural centres is put in place centres? between urban based and rural based civil society organizations Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue Location is not an issue in civil CSOs are mainly rural-based and CSOs in Guinea are mainly CSOs in Guinea are mainly 9d. To what extent is society’s role in peace the impacts of their activities are urban-based but the urban-based and their location an issue in civil consolidation. felt nationally. impacts of their activities activities are mostly centred society’s role in peace are felt nationally. on developments in the urban consolidation? areas. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 10 10a To what extent is Democracy as democracy a precondition Democracy has little or no Democracy is essential but not Democracy is necessary to For peace to be consolidated, a precondition for peace consolidation? impact on the process of an indispensable component of peace consolidation but the democracy must first be for peace peace consolidation the process of peace civil society sector has not entrenched as democracy consolidation consolidation fully harnessed the provides the necessary opportunities provided by it ingredients for good to strengthen peace governance and conflict management and peaceful 182 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate coexistence Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 10b To what extent can the civil society sector The civil society sector have The civil society sector is a The civil society sector is a The civil society sector contribute to the process of little or no contribution to the critical driver of the process of critical driver of the process contributes to the entire democracy? process of democracy democracy but the efforts of the of democracy but the process of democracy sector are not coordinated impact of its intervention in through civic education, the process is not monitoring of government measurable programs and policies, accountability and transparency as well as monitoring the electoral process for credibility and fairness. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 10c To what extent can the system of government The system of government in The system of government in The system of government History has shown that the (democracy or military) in practice in other member practice in other member state of in practice in other member system of government in other member states of the states of the MRU have little the MRU has an influence on, but states of the union affects practice in other member MRU affect the process of or no impact on the process not deep enough to affect the the process of peace states of the MRU affects the peace consolidation in of peace consolidation in process of peace consolidation in consolidation in Guinea but process of peace Guinea? the trend and extent of consolidation in Guinea as 183 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate Guinea Guinea impact is not often the type and processes of documented governance in the MRU is mutually reinforcing. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue Democracy has no negative Under democratic regime, CSOs CSOs under democratic CSOs tend to use the space 10d. To what extent can impact on civil society’s role in tend to be reckless in their regimes are more created by democracy to democracy negatively peace consolidation. strategies and utterances hence interested in appointments unnecessarily abuse the state affect civil society’s role in distracting governance and their activities are and its institutions because peace consolidation? processes. tailored to impress the unlike military regime, state in this regard. This democracy guarantees has denied the state a freedom of expression. vibrant civil society hence endangering democracy. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 11 Collaboration exist Collaboration exist amongst 11a To what extent do civil amongst civil society civil society organizations in Interstate society organizations in There is little or no significant The civil society sector across organizations in member member states of the MRU collaboration member state of the MRU level of collaboration between member states of the MRU states of the MRU in the especially in the area of collaborate in ensuring the civil society sector across collaborate in the area of area of information sharing information sharing and the peace consolidation? member states of the MRU to information sharing but the but it is often not used to strength of such collaboration ensure peace consolidation process is not often documented inform evidenced based informs learning lessons and strategies evidenced based review of strategies 184 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue There is a greater level of 11b. To what extent is peace in Guinea than other peace attained in Guinea There is no significant level of Like other member states of the Peace is fully attained and member states of the union vis a vis other member peace attainment in Guinea union, Guinea has attained consolidated in Guinea because while all other states of the MRU? as in other member states of fragile peace but no defined than other member states members of the union the MRU process of consolidation of the union as a result experienced one form of does not need further major conflict or the other, consolidation Guinea has not experienced any protracted conflict Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 11c To what extent do the civil society sector support There is little or no interface The civil society sector supports The civil society sector The civil society sector the security sectors of the between the civil society the security sector in intelligence supports the security sector supports the security sector in member states of the MRU sector and the security gathering and information sharing in intelligence gathering intelligence gathering and to conduct intelligence and sectors in intelligence across the member states of the and information sharing information sharing and such information sharing? gathering and information MRU but the support processes across the member state of support has strengthened the sharing across member states are not often documented the MRU but such support security situation of the MRU of the MRU has not translated into and improved interstate enhanced intelligence collaboration collaboration amongst member states of the union 185 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Key Research Performance questions Limited Being developed Partially functioning Fully effective Explain the reason Element (why/why not) & ideas (Include Why / why not?) 1 2 3 4 for further improvement. Please add extra paper if space is inadequate Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue There are no conscious efforts The governments of the MRU still There are efforts by the The governments of the MRU 11d.To what extent are the by the governments of the operate at their individual country governments of the MRU to have, through the MRU forge governments of the MRU MRU to support a sub- level in supporting the process of forge a sub-regional a strategy of good working to support a sub- regional approach to peace peace consolidation. approach to peace governance and economic regional approach to consolidation. consolidation but there is cooperation as a means peace consolidation? no commensurate political toward enhancing good will to drive the process. governance and strengthening the economic wellbeing of its citizenry. Enter 1,2, 3 or 4 in relevant column that best reflects your opinion on the issue 186 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY DU SECTEUR DE LA SOCIETE CIVILE E SOUTENANT LA CONSOLIDATION DE LA PAIX EN GUINEE. PRESENTATION ET OBJECTIF : Je me nome OBI Ndifon Neji. Je suis candidat de doctorat au programme d’études de la paix et le conflit de l’Université d’Ibadan, Nigeria en Afrique de L’Ouest. Je suis entrain de faire de l’investigation sur le rôle et la capacité des organisations de la société civile dans la consolidation de la paix en Guinée sur l’attribution de Ph.D. Votre réponse franche aux questions dans ce document va permettre une étude de collecte pertinente de données sur le sujet. Vous pouvez être sure que votre réponse seront traité avec la plus grande responsabilité et seront utilisés seulement pour les objectifs statues ci-dessus.  Cocher s’il vous plait comme approprié Section 1:Détails sur le répondant Nom du repondant Sexe Homme Femme Autres: Situation Marié Cellibataire Autres: Matrimonial Niveau de Lycée Diplôme Licence Maîtres PhD Autres qualification educationnelle Religion Chretien Musulman Autres Section 2: profile Organisationelle Nom de Répondant de l’organisation Désignation: Année d’établissement : No de staff: 1-5 5-10 10-15 15 et plus But et Objectifs de l’organisation: 187 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Evaluation de la force des Organisations de la Société Civile (OSC) en consolidation la paix en Guinée Element clé de Questions de performance Limité À etre developpé Fonctionnant partiellement Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché (pour quoi/pour quoi 1 2 3 4 pas) et les idées pour plus d’information. Ajouter s’il vous plait un extra papier si l’espace est insuffisant 1 Le programme de Le programme de Le programme de conception Le programme de 1a. Jusqu’a quelle ampleure conception /reconception conception /reconception /reconception est faite à la conception /reconception METHODOLOGIE le programme de conception n’est pas considéré est faite seulement à la phase de démarrage et après le est faite à la phase de /reconception est prise comme une composante phase de démarrage des démarrage comme partie du démarrage et après le Guidant les comme un processus intégral du secteur de la interventions de la société processus/ progression de la démarrage comme partie du stratégies des intégral et en cours dans les engagements des OSC? société civile, le secteur se civile et n’est pas considéré revue, les missions de processus/ progression de la OSC envers la concentre seulement sur comme un processus supervision etc. par le leader de revue, les missions de consolidation de la délivrance des activités intégral à la gestion de l’organisation de la société civile supervision etc. dans une la paix et rendements l’intervention revue de processus prédéterminées participatif compréhensif pour améliorer la stratégie d’intervention. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Le secteur de la société Le secteur génère des fonds Le secteur est souvent soutenu La majeure source de 1b. Jusqu’a quel point le civile manque la capacité à partir des membres pour par les organisations telles que financement vient des secteur de la société civile de générer les fonds d’où exécuter les activités. l’église spécialement ces OSC partners donneurs génère-t-elle des fonds? dépend surtout du soutien qui sont établit soient par les internationaux des sympathisants corps religieux ou ont un rapport avec les organisations religieuses Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une 188 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de performance Limité À etre developpé Fonctionnant partiellement Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché (pour quoi/pour quoi 1 2 3 4 pas) et les idées pour plus d’information. Ajouter s’il vous plait un extra papier si l’espace est insuffisant colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question La collecte de données et Les données sont souvent Les données sont souvent Les données sont 1c. quel est le Niveau de analyse n’est pas une recueillit a travers l’aide des recueillit a travers des moyens régulièrement recueillit a collecte des données et les stratégie intégrale du outils pertinent mais de variés comme le media, travers les moyens variés et analyses menées par le secteur de la société civile telles données ne sont pas l’enquête, les sondages, les sont analysés et secteur de la société civile? souvent analysés. personnes clées interviewer etc. communiqués pour informer et de telles données sont sur des interventions basées souvent analysées mais pas sur la preuve communiquer Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Il n’y a pas de methodes Les revues de methode ne Les Methodes d’intervention sont Il y a un systeme definit pour 1d. Jusqu’a quel point les d’intervention defines sont pas considerées revues bien qu’elles ne soient revoir nos strategies OSC revoient leurs importantes. pas sysmatiquement faites d’intervention. Le secteur de methodes d’intervention? la Société Civile en Guinée encourage ses members à tenir la retraite de fin d’année dans l’objectif de revoir ses activités. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre 189 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de performance Limité À etre developpé Fonctionnant partiellement Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché (pour quoi/pour quoi 1 2 3 4 pas) et les idées pour plus d’information. Ajouter s’il vous plait un extra papier si l’espace est insuffisant opinion sur la question Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. 2 Il n’y a pas assez de Le Staff est en place pour mener Le staff et personnes Le staff et les personnes personnes en place pour les Activités pertinentes mais ressources ont un Niveau ressources ont une Capacités et 2 a à quel point la changer le processus de paix insuffisant en nombre pour et une connaissance pour connaissance et habilité conditions pour capacité humaine est t’elle par ce que les connaissances mener toutes les activités rehausser la consolidation suffisante et, des activités la adéquate pour la et habilités du staff et pertinentes qui doit assurer la de la paix mais pas assez pertinentes qui vont renforcer le consolidation consolidation de la paix? personnes ressources pour consolidation de la paix. pour un processus complet processus de consolidation de de la paix mener les activités pertinentes Quelques connaissances et de consolidation de la paix. paix et la capacité humaine sont insuffisantes. habilités sur la consolidation de adéquate pour s’assurer que la la paix existent mais insuffisantes consolidation de la paix existe. pour soutenir le processus. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question 190 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. Le staff et personnes Le staff et les personnes Le staff et les personnes Le staff et les personnes 2b a quel le niveau sont ressources mènent des ressources sont seulement un ressources sont ressources sont motivés à encourageants et activités pertinentes mais peu peu motivés a mener les activités généralement motivés à mener des activités de insuffisant la société civile ne peuvent etre très motivé pertinentes de paix mais peuvent mener des activités consolidation de paix Ex: a en place ? Ex. La pour faire ceci Ex. a cause de ne pas avoir assez de capacité pertinentes pour la cause de la capacité technique formation pour le staff, la capacité humaine humaine (habilité, nombres) ou consolidation de la paix humaine adéquate favorable à un connaissance (connaissance, de l’argent pour mener de telles mais ils peuvent ne (Connaissance, habilité et environnement de travail, habilité et nombres), fonds activités.. toujours pas avoir la nombres), finances et l’encouragement des pour l’engagement, ou par ce capacité nécessaire (ex, engagement et par ce que la personnes ressources; que l’environnement humaine, connaissance, consolidation de la paix signifie assez de ressources d’opération est hostile aux habilité, financière) pour le rehaussé l’opportunité pour tout financiers pour un acteurs de la société civile. faire. le tour du développement. engagement civique etc. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Le rapport société Civile –Etat Le rapport entre le secteur de la Le rapport entre le secteur L’état maintien une relation 2c Jusqu’a quel Niveau le n’est pas du tout cordial société civile et l’Etat aux mieux de la société civile et l’Etat mutuellement bénéficière avec rapport société civile-Etat comme l’état a l’habitude peut etre décrit comme est très cordial de sorte le secteur de la société civile est cordial? d’harceler et d’arrêter les oppositionnel a partir du moment que l’Etat fournit la depuis que l’état par un acte an acteurs de la société civile. que l’Etat voit le secteur de la protection aux acteurs de ACT L/2005/013/ du 4 Juillet, société civile comme l’adversaire la société civile contre 2005 a fournit un cadre de de l’état qui doit etre écraser l’harcèlement et les travail légal et a régularisé les arrestations illégales et la activités des ONG. En retour 191 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. société civile en retour elle soutient l’état pour livrer aide à maintenir l’Etat ses promesses Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question L’évaluation de capacité n’est L’evaluation de Capacité est L’évaluation de Capacité L’évaluation de Capacité est 2d Jusqu’a quel point la pas du tout faite. rarement faite. est faite à des intervals toujours faite à des intervals capacité des OSC est irreguliers mais les deficits reguliers et les lacunes évaluée et identifiée la de Capacité identifiés ne identifiés sont utilisés pour capacité des lacunes sont Presque toujours pas informer les decideurs comblées? utiliser pour informer les politiques. decideurs politiques. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question 3. Aucun rapport n’existe entre La société civile aide dans Il existe un rapport entre la Un rapport fort existe entre la 3a quel est le Niveau de la société civile et la l’établissement de la paix mais société civile et la société civile et la consolidation Liens de rapport entre la société consolidation de la paix par ce n’a pas démontré une force consolidation de la paix de la paix et le secteur de la consolidation civile et la consolidation de que la société civile aggrave adéquate dans le soutien de la mais le secteur de la société à demontré ce lien de la paix de la la paix? seulement les situations de paix et des démocraties société civile à besoin de dans les différentes activités en société civile conflit en provoquant le transitionnelles comme le cas de reconceptionner ses soutient de la démocratie, la gouvernement la Guinée. méthodes/stratégies pour bonne gouvernance, la renforcer la consolidation redevabilité, le respect des droits de l’homme, la 192 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. de la paix participation en gouvernance etc. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Les contributions de la société La société civile a contribué a la Les efforts de contribution La participation a la paix est un 3b quel est le Niveau de civile pour participer à la paix paix en Guinée mais de tells de la société civile à la paix résultat de l’engagement de la participation à la paix en sont insignifiants d’où ne efforts n’étaient pas documentés en Guinée sont bien société civile dans le processus Guinée associé aux peuvent pas etre accorder pour soutenir de telles demandes documentés mais ceci est sans le quel aucune réalisation activités de la société une place sur la liste de fait a partir du soutient des significative aurait été civile? contribuant majeurs. partenaires externes, enregistré dans cette direction. comme la société civile Le secteur de la société civile n’est pas assez forte pour est complètement mure pour réaliser de tel exploit avoir un impact même sans le soutien extérieur. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Les hostilités dans la sous Les étapes de campagne, de Les campagnes, les Les campagnes, les 3c Jusqu'à quel niveau la région ont pris fin sans démonstration, de publication démonstrations, la démonstrations, les société civile contribue aucune contribution des visites et plaidoyer de la publication les visites et publications, les visites et t’elle à la cessation des significative du secteur de la société civile à l’intention des plaidoyer etc. étaient faites plaidoyer etc. était hostilités durant les public concernés par les par les organisations de la délibérément initié par le 193 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. années de guerre ? société civile. hostilités dans la sous région société civile pour ramener secteur de la société civile sans mais ces activités étaient plutôt les parties en conflit à la le soutient extérieur pour faire faites d’une manière non planifié table de négociation. mais appel à l’attention du monde cela était souvent fait par les hostilités dans la sous les partners externes région comme un moyen de s’assurer d’un règlement négocié Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Le secteur de la societé Le secteur de la societe civile a La societe civile a souvent La société civile a souvent 3. d. Jusqu’a quel point le manque la competence de la capacité de mobiliser d’autres mobilisé d’autres secteurs mobilisé d’autres secteurs en secteur de la société civile mobiliser d’autres secteurs secteurs pour la consolidation de en soutient de soutient de la consolidation de peut mobiliser d’autres pour soutenir la consolidation la paix mais, ceci est rarement consolidation de la paix la paix et de tells efforts sont secteurs pour soutenir le de la paix fait. mais, de telles tentatives documentés. processus de consolidation de la paix sont à peine documentés. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question 4 Il n’y a pas de partenariat Le partenariat mutuel existe mais Le secteur de la société Le secteur de la société civile a Liens 4a quel est le niveau de pertinent qui existe entre le il n’est pas aussi fort pour civile a bénéficié bénéficié immensément d’un Institutionnel et partenariat entre le secteur secteur de la société civile et impacter positivement le immensément d’un partenariat externe et de tel International de la société civile avec les les acteurs externes dans la processus de gestion de conflit partenariat externe mais de partenariat compte pour la force 194 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. acteurs externes gestion des conflits dans la sous région tel partenariat ne peut pas de la société civile dans la (international) dans la etre traduit dans un impact gestion de conflit dans la sous gestion des conflits en concret du processus de région Guinée? gestion de conflit Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Le secteur de la société civile Le partenariat dans le domaine Le secteur peut etre Le secteur peut etre Partner 4b quel peut etre le niveau peut etre Partner avec les de renforcement de capacité et Partner avec les acteurs avec les acteurs externes dans de partenariat entre le acteurs externes dans le soutien logistique peut renforcer externes dans le domaine le domaine du financement, le secteur de la société civile domaine du financement des les capacités du secteur pour de la publicité, le renforcement de capacité, le avec les acteurs externes programmes et activités gérer le processus de paix et financement, le soutien soutient institutionnel et (international) dans la gestion des conflits en faire un impact. institutionnel et le logistique, la publicité, le suivit Guinée? renforcement de capacité et évaluation de ses activités le rapport et liens institutionnelles etc. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Le secteur est vu comme une Les institutions locales comme Les opportunités de Les opportunités de partenariat 4c Jusqu’a quel point la distraction à la gouvernance les établissements de business partenariat avec les fort existent et l’état a autant société civile est Partner d’ou n’est pas digne d’aucun coorporées ont demontré un institutions locales existent fournit un environnement avec les institutions locales partenariat institutionnel local intérêt de partenariat mais l’état mais pas fort opérationnel pour permettre a dans la gestion de conflit? 195 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. n’a pas fournit un environnement de tel partenariat de prospérer favorable pour de tel engagement Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Le secteur est vu comme une Les institutions locales comme Le secteur peut etre Le secteur peut etre partenaire 4d. Jusqu’a quel point, et a distraction à la gouvernance les établissements d’entreprises partenaire aux institutions à l’Etat et les institutions locales quel domaine spécifique, d’ou n’est digne d’aucun d’affaires ont demontré l’internet étatiques dans les dans les domaines de le secteur de la societe renforcement de capacité, la partenariat institutionnel local. de partenariat mais l’Etat n’a pas domaines de la publicité, civile peut etre partenaire à publicité, le suivi et evaluation fourni un environnement permettant la bonne l’Etat et aux institutions de ses activités, le rapport écrit locales dans la gestion des favourable pour un tel gouvernance et la et les liens institutionnels etc. conflits? engagement. sensibilisation. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question 5 Le désarmement et la La circulation des armes légères L’inhabilité L’inhabilité gouvernementale 5 a Jusqu’a quel point la démobilisation incomplète a et petit calibre est en soit une gouvernementale pour pour fournir du travail et Menace à la circulation des armes laissé des armes dans les menace pour la consolidation Completement balayé alternés les moyens de consolidation légères et petit calibre est mains des ex-combattants mais la loi interdit l’utilisation de l’excès des armes en subsistance font que les ex- de la paix une menace pour la mais ceci ne peut pas poser telles armes en tant que résultat circulation constitue une combattants sont des outils prêt consolidation de la paix? de sérieux défis a la diffusion de la force de telles importante menace a la dans les mains de ce qui consolidation de la paix armes dans les mains des consolidation de paix et le peuvent les payés pour leurs simple fait que de telles services. Couplé à ceci, les 196 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. propriétaires. armes sont dans les mains armes dans leurs mains des personnes qui signifient que la paix dans la amènent l’objectif de la sous région est sous une paix sous une sérieuse sérieuse menace menace Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question La Guinée est un état L’instabilité dans d’autres états La paix et la stabilité de la L’instabilité dans beaucoup 5b Jusqu’a quel Niveau souverain et malgré sa membres du MRU peut menacer Guinée ne peuvent etre d’état membres du MRU signifie l’instabilité dans les autres contagieuse instabilité la paix en Guinée mais due au atteint en isolement. instabilité en Guinée. Ceci par pays membres du MRU frontalière avec les autres Contéxte de partage culturel, ce que dans le passé les est une menace pour la états membres cela a peu l’impact est négligeable. conflits spécialement au Liberia consolidation de la paix en Guinée? d’impact sur le pays et en sierra Leone ont montré des milliers de refugiés migrant en Guinée et posant clairement un défis de sécurité Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question 197 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. La mauvaise gouvernance La mauvaise gouvernance La mauvaise gouvernance La mauvaise gouvernance 5c Jusqu’a quel point la peut seulement stimuler les pourrait avoir des mauvais incite les actions de mass compte pour beaucoup de mauvaise gouvernance actions de mass du publique attributs mais pas au point de pour rehausser la bonne soulèvement dans le monde est elle une menace pour mais cela ne peut pas etre menacer la consolidation de la gouvernance et ce aujourd’hui et est une puissante la consolidation de la paix? une menace a la consolidation paix. processus à quelques menace à la consolidation de la de la paix. éléments aggravant le paix. conflit qui menacent la consolidation de la paix. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Il n’ya pas de tells actes de La mauvaise gestion existe dans Les Actes de mauvaise Les Actes de mauvaise gestion 5d. Jusqu’a quel point les mauvaise gestion qui existe le secteur de la société civile gestion existe dans le existe dans le secteur de la actes de mauvaise gestion dans le secteur de la societe mais cela ne peut pas menacer secteur de la société civile société civile et ont souvent sont dans le secteur de la civile le processus de consolidation de et ont insignifiment affectés signifiment affectés le role du societe civile une menace la paix en Guinée. le role du secteur dans la secteur dans la consolidation de à la consolidation de la paix? consolidation de la paix. la paix. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question 6 Le secteur de la société civile Les activités de la société civile Les activités de la société Les activités de la société civile 6a Jusqu’a quel point le n’a pas un rôle spécifique à sont directement liées pour civile sont directement liées sont directement liées pour Le rôle de la secteur de la société civile jouer dans le processus de la stimuler la bonne gouvernance et pour stimuler la bonne stimuler la bonne gouvernance 198 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. société civile peut avoir un impact sur le consolidation de la paix la consolidation de la paix mais gouvernance et la et la consolidation de la paix et dans la processus de consolidation ces activités sont verticalement consolidation de la paix et ces activités sont menées d’une consolidation de la paix? et horizontalement isolées ces activités sont menées manière cohérente et fournisses de la paix d’une manière cohérente des opportunités pour les mais ne donne aucune leçons apprises pour informer place pour apprendre les sur les stratégies de leçons reconception Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question La société civile a accomplit La société civile a accomplit La société civile fonctionne Le secteur de la société civile 6b Jusqu’a quel point, les d’importantes fonctions utiles d’utiles fonctions mais ces quand elle est mise en fait le suivi des activités et fonctions de suivi, de mais ces fonctions fonctions peuvent seulement œuvre collectivement aide programmes du gouvernement, protection, de plaidoyer, de individuellement ne peuvent avoir un impact sur le processus à renforcer le processus de protéger les masses de l’abus, socialisation, de cohésion pas avoir un impact sur le de consolidation de paix dans un paix par ce que elle de l’oppression et démenti les social intergroupe, de facilitation etc. peuvent processus de consolidation de cadre démocratique. promouvoit la législation, droits rudimentaires par l’état, renforcer la consolidation paix dans la direction d’un rehausse la livraison de facilité le dialogue entre les de la paix? changement positif service etc. parties en conflit, éduque les masses sur la responsabilité civique et engagement. Ces activités posent collectivement la fondation pour la consolidation de la paix 199 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question L’environnement est très Malgré les efforts de la société L’état n’a pas développé L’environnement soutient 6c Jusqu’a quel Niveau hostile aux engagements de civile en s’assurant des une confiance adéquate Completement les l’environnement soutien la société civile opérations efficaces, l’état n’a dans le secteur de la engagements de la société les engagements de la vue aucun mérite dans société civile pour la civile depuis que l’état voit le société civile ? l’engagement de la société civile. permettre un libre et partenariat de la société civile favorable à se renforcer mutuellement l’environnement opérationnel Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Le secteur de la societé civile Le secteur a soutenu la gestion Le secteur a soutenu la Le secteur soutien 6d. Jusqu’a quel point et n’a joué aucun role dans la du conflit dans l’UFM mais son gestion du conflit dans spécifiquement la gestion de quel role spécifique le gestion du conflit dans l’UFM. soutien n’est pas specifique et l’UFM mais ses documents conflit dans l’UFM à travers le secteur de la societe civile est insignifiant. ne sont pas bien plaidoyer, la reconciliation, la a joué dans la gestion de documentés. publicité, service rendu, conflict dans l’UFM? repatriation, rehabilitation et reintegration. 200 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question 7 Les recherches issues des Les recherches sont souvent Les recherches sont Les recherches sont disséminés 7a Jusqu’a quel point les engagements de la société communiquées des organisations souvent communiquées a travers le media (électronique Communication recherches de civile ne sont pas toujours de la société civile avec moins aux partners externes qui et écrit), la publication, les des recherches l’engagement de la société communiquées d’insistance sur les personnes financent les programmes rencontres publiques et civile sont communiqués ? ressources externes. et activités de conférences, l’internet, les l’organisation personnes aussi bien que les partners de donneurs Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Les recherches sont Les recherches sont considères Les recherches sont Les recherches considérés 7b Jusqu’a quel point les considérées a etre remplit de utiles et crédible mais pas de considérés utiles et utiles et crédible ont souvent recherche de la société préjugés donc ne sont pas moyens définit communiquant de crédible pour une politique été utilise pour informer sur les civile sont pertinentes aux crédible pour la considération telles recherches au politiques de formulation basée sur la politiques de formulation processus politiques? politique appropriées prévue mais le secteur de basées sur l’évidence la société civile manque la capacité technique demandée pour donner suite. 201 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question La communication des La communication de données La communication de La communication de données 7c Jusqu’a quel Niveau les données/résultats n’est pas est considérée comme une partie données est considéré est une stratégie central du données/résultats de considérer comme un élément de la stratégie opérationnelle du comme un élément central secteur de la société civile et communication sont une critique dans la stratégie secteur mais il n’est pas une du secteur de la société les moyens de réalisation des stratégie majeure du d’opération du secteur de la stratégie clées civile mais les moyens de objectifs de communication de secteur de la société civile? société civile réalisation de l’objectif de recherches sont bien définit communication n’est pas dans le document opérationnel. bien définit Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Les recherches à partir des Les recherches à partir des Les recherches à partir des Les recherches à partir des 7d Jusqu’a quel point les interventions des OSC interventions des OSC interventions des OSC interventions des OSC recherché des individuelles sont des individuelles sont seulement individuelles sont partagés individuelles sont interventions des OSC reserves exclusives de telles partagés avec les financiers. parmi les communautés de systématiquement partagés sont partagées entre la OSC. la société civile mais pas parmi la communauté de la societe civile et les de manière systématique. societé civile en Guinée. communautés en Guinée? Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre 202 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. opinion sur la question 8 La société civile n’est pas Le secteur de la société civile a Le secteur de la société Les leçons apprises des Perspectives et 8a Jusqu’a quel Niveau le équiper à partir d’indications demontré une forte capacité civile est positionné pour interventions de la société civile défis du secteur de la société civile disponibles pour faire face pour résister au défis du future les défis futures mais a dans le processus de secteur de la est elle équipé face aux aux défis du future mais semble etre alourdi par un besoin de plus de soutient démocratisation ont défis du future? société civile financement inadéquat et dans les domaines de stratégiquement préparé le insensibilité de l’environnement renforcement de capacité, secteur pour les défis du future. opérationnel. les liens institutionnel et international , le traçage d’information et de communication et les leçons apprises basées sur les meilleures pratiques mondiales. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question 8b jusqu’a quel Niveau le Le staff se rencontre pour Le staff se rencontre Le staff peut discuter Le staff se rencontre secteur de la société civile discuter des progrès et des régulièrement pour discuter des ouvertement et régulièrement pour réfléchir réfléchit d’une manière fois des problèmes et progrès, des questions, des sévèrement sur ce qui ne ouvertement pour critiquer et critique sur son travail solutions. Ces rencontres ne problèmes et solutions mais cela va pas mais cela peut etre discuter des questions comme un moyen sont pas régulières. n’est pas fait dans une fait régulièrement ou attendus, des problèmes et d’apprentissage de lesson atmosphère ouverte et réflexion systématiquement. Les leçons apprises pour le future. 203 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. pour la préparer pour le critique et la réaction ne se réactions critiques et Reaction critique et future ? produit pas. apprentissage sont stimulé apprentissage sont stimulés. mais pas constamment. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Les membres reçoivent des Les opportunités d’apprentissage Les opportunités Les acteurs de la société sont 8c Jusqu’a quel point le formations occasionnelles. sont fournit pour les membres d’apprentissage sont crées motivés pour demander des secteur de la société civile mais il y a un mise au point que pour les individus et les opportunités d’apprentissage facilite t’elle les l’apprentissage est facilité et groupes de staff. Le staff pour eux même de façon opportunités principalement a travers une reflète diverses opinions et interne et externe. Ils ont des d’apprentissage pour ses stimulation externe des attitude envers plans de formation et de membres ? personnes l’apprentissage mais le développement et les secteur de la société civile opportunités d’apprentissage est entrain informel sont créer et saisi a consciencieusement de travers un arbitrage, le suivi sur développer beaucoup plus la formation du travail pour de culture d’apprentissage préparer ses membres pour le parmi les membres. future. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question 204 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. Le secteur de la societe civile Excepté pour un partenariat Pour mieux le preparer Le secteur sera mieux équipé 8d. Jusqu’a quel point et est déjà preparé pour le glacial entre l’Etat et les OSC, le pour le future, le secteur pour le future s’il peut dans quel domaine future. secteur est équipé pour le future. aura à éviter la corruption interieurement généré les specifique le secteur de la interne dans la gestion de fonds, renforcer les societe civile peut agir ses affaires. opportunités de partenariat differement pour mieux se pertinent et rehaussé ses preparer pour le future? capacities et staffs. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question 9 La localisation des La localisation est une contrainte La localisation a un impact La localisation a un impact sur Localisation et 9a Jusqu’a quel point la organisations de la société majeure sur la capacité des sur la capacité des la capacité des organisation du synergie location des organisations civile a peu ou pas d’impact organisations de la société civile organisations de la société secteur de la société civile pour de la société civile affecte civile a contribue au significatif sur la capacité de à contribuer au processus de contribuer a la consolidation de t’elle ses capacités a processus de paix mais la la société civile à contribuer consolidation de paix contribué au processus de localisation a ses propres la paix mais ces impact sont paix ? aux processus de avantages. diffusés a travers le partage consolidation de paix d’information adéquate avec les OSC dans les centres urbains Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question La localisation ou domaine Les centres urbains fournissent Les organisations de la Les organisations de la société 9 b Jusqu’a quel point les d’opération des organisations une motivation pour une société civile basées dans civile basées dans les centres organisations de la société 205 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. civile sont basées dans les de la société civile n’est pas meilleure intervention de la les centres urbains ont plus urbains ont l’avantage d’activé centre lieu mieux équipés une raison de performance ou société civile que les centres d’opportunité pour le étroitement avec les personnes pour contribuer au de manque de performance ruraux mais aussi expose les renforcement de capacité ressources critiques et ceux qui processus de consolidation acteurs de la société civile à plus que celles basées dans les peuvent influencer de la paix que ceux des de danger. centres ruraux. politiquement plus que ceux qui zones rurales? sont basées dans les centres ruraux. de telles interactions renforcent donc leur capacité d’intervention Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Pas ou peu de partage Le partage d’information existe Le partage d’information Le partage d’information est 9c Quel est le Niveau de d’information existe entre les mais pas souvent documenté existe mais une encouragé et en réalité est en partage d’information entre organisations de la société coordination efficace du pratique comme il y’a des les organisations de la civile dans les centres processus n’est pas mise méthodes définis de collecte et société civile au Niveau urbains et les centres ruraux. en place. de partage d’information entre rural et les centres lieux? les organisations de la société civile basées dans les centres urbains et les centres ruraux. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre 206 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. opinion sur la question L’emplacement n’est pas un Les OSC sont surtout basées Les OSC en Guinée sont Les OSC sont surtout basées 9d. Jusqu’a quel point probleme dans le role de la dans les zones rurales et les surtout basées dans les dans les zones urbaines et l’emplacement est une société civile en consolidation impacts de leurs activités sont zones urbaines mais les leurs activités sont Presque issue dans le role de la de la paix. resentis nationallement. impacts de leurs activités concentres sur le societe civile pour la sont resentis developpement dans les zones consolidation de la paix? nationalement. urbaines. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question 10 La démocratie a peu ou pas La démocratie est essentielle La démocratie est Pour que la paix soit La démocratie 10a Jusqu’a quel point la d’impact sur le processus de mais pas une composante nécessaire pour la consolidée, la démocratie doit comme une démocratie est elle une pré consolidation de paix. indispensable du processus de consolidation de la paix d’abord etre enraciné comme condition pour la precondition consolidation de paix. mais le secteur de la démocratie. Fournir les consolidation de la paix? pour la société civile n’a pas ingrédients nécessaires pour la consolidation Completement exploité les bonne gouvernance et la de la paix opportunités fournit par elle gestion de conflit et coexistence pour renforcer la paix. pacifique Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question 207 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. Le secteur de la société civile Le secteur de la société civile est Le secteur de la société Le secteur de la société civile 10b Jusqu’a quel point la a peu ou pas de contribution un conducteur critique du civile est un conducteur contribue au processus entier le secteur de la société au processus de démocratie. processus de démocratie mais critique du processus de de la démocratie a travers civile peut elle contribuée les efforts du secteur ne sont pas démocratie mais l’impact l’éducation civique, le suivi des au processus de coordonnés. de ses interventions dans programmes et politiques du démocratie ? le processus n’est pas gouvernement, la redevabilité et mesurable la transparence aussi bien que le suivi du processus électoral pour la crédibilité et l’équité. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Le système de gouvernement Le système de gouvernement en Le système de L’histoire a montré que Le 10c Jusqu’a quel point le en pratique dans les autres pratique dans les autres états gouvernement en pratique système de gouvernement en système de gouvernement états membres du MRU a membres du MRU a une dans les autres états critique dans les autres états (démocratie ou militaire) peu ou pas d’impact sur le influence mais, pas assez membres de l’union affecte membres du MRU affecte le dans les autres Etats processus de consolidation de profonde pour affecter le le processus de processus de consolidation de membres du MRU peut affecter le processus de paix en république de Guinée processus de consolidation de consolidation de paix en paix en Guinée comme le type consolidation de la paix en paix en Guinée Guinée mais les tendances de processus de gouvernance Guinée.? et ampleure de l’impact dans le MRU est mutuellement n’est pas souvent renforcé. documenté. 208 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Sous un regime democratique, Les OSC sous des regimes Les OSC tendent à utiliser 10d. Jusqu’a quel point la La democratie n’a aucun les OSC tendent a etre imprudent democratiques sont plus l’espace creer par la democratie democratie peut affecté impact negatif sur le role de la dans leurs strategies et interessés en rendez-vous pour unitilement injurer l’Etat et negativement le role de la societe civile dans la declaration d’ou le processus de et leurs activités sont ses institutions a cause societé civile dans la gouvernance genante. ajustés à impressionner d’improbable regime militaire, consolidation de la paix. consolidation de la paix? l’Etat à cet égard. Cela a les guaranties democratiques et privé l’Etat d’une societé la liberté d’expression. civile très active d’ou compromettant la democratie. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question 11 Il n’y a peu ou presque pas Le secteur de la société civile a La collaboration existe La collaboration existe entre les Collaboration 11a Jusqu’a quel Niveau de collaboration significatif travers les états membres du entre les organisations de organisations de la société interstate les organisations de la entre le secteur de la société MRU collabore dans le domaine la société civile des états civile des états membres du société civile dans les membres du MRU dans le civile a travers les états du partage d’information mais le MRU spécialement dans le autres états membres de domaine de partage membres du MRU pour processus n’est pas souvent MRU collaborent pour d’information mais elle domaine de partage assurer la consolidation de assurer la consolidation de la documenté n’est pas utiliser pour d’information et la force de la paix? paix. informer sur les stratégies telles collaborations informes basées sur l’évidence. les leçons apprises et les 209 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. revues de stratégies basées sur une preuve Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Il n’y a pas de Niveau Comme d’autres états de l’union, La paix est Completement Il y a un super Niveau de paix 11b quel est le niveau significatif de réalisation de la Guinée a atteint une paix atteinte et consolidée en en Guinée que dans les autres processus de paix atteint paix en Guinée comme dans fragile mais pas de processus de guinée que d’autres états états membres de l’union par ce en Guinée vis-à-vis des que tous les autres états les autres états membres du consolidation définit. membres de l’union autres états membres de membres ont connu MRU comme un résultat n’a pas MRU? l’expérience d’une forme de besoin de plus de conflit majeur ou autres. La consolidation guinée n’a pas connu aucune expérience de conflit prolongé. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Il y a peu ou pas d’interface Le secteur de la société civile Le secteur de la société Le secteur de la société civile 11c jusqu’a quel point le entre le secteur de la société soutient le secteur de la sécurité civile soutien le secteur de soutien le secteur de la sécurité secteur de la société civile civile et les secteurs de la dans l’assemblage des la sécurité en assemblage en assemblage de soutient le secteur de la sécurité pour assembler les renseignements et partage de renseignement et renseignement et partage sécurité des états renseignements et partage d’information à travers les états partage d’information a d’information et de tels soutien membres du MRU pour mener le partage de d’information travers les états membres du MRU mais les travers les états membres a renforcé la situation de renseignement et processus de soutien ne sont pas du MRU mais de tels sécurité du MRU et améliorer la 210 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Element clé de Questions de Limité Etre developpé Fonctionnant Completement efficace Explique la raison recherché Performance partiellement (pourquoi / pourquoi 1 2 4 pas) et idées pour (y compris pour quoi / 3 une meilleur pourquoi pas?) amélioration. Ajouter s’il vous plait d’extra papier si l’espace est inadéquat. d’information? membres du MRU souvent documentés. soutient n’a pas ete traduit coopération inter état dans une collaboration de renseignement rehaussé parmi les états membres de l’union Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question Il n’y a pas d’éfforts Les gouvernements de l’UFM Il y a des efforts fourni par Les gouvernements de l’UFM 11d. Jusqu’a quel point les conscients par les peuvent toujours faire fonctionner les gouvernements de ont, à travers l’UFM forgé une gouvernements de l’UFM gouvernements de l’UFM pour au niveau de leur pays individual l’UFM pour forger une stratégie de bonne sont entrain de travailler soutenir une approche sous en soutenant le processus approche sous-régionale à gouvernance et de cooperation pour soutenir une régionale à la consolidation de d’édification de paix. la consolidation de la paix économique comme un moyens approache sous regionale la paix. mais, il n’y a aucune envers le rehaussement d’une pour la consolidation de la volonté politique bonne gouvernance et le paix? proportionnelle pour renforcement du bien etre conduire le processus. économique des citoyens. Entré 1,2, 3 ou 4 dans une colonne pertinente qui reflète mieux votre opinion sur la question 211 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Appendix X. CONFIRMATION OF TRANSLATION 212 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Appendix XI. DATA CODING SHEET DATA CODING SHEET PERCENTAGE AVERAGE CUMMULATIVE SCORES RESEARCH AREA REFERENCE ORGANIZATION SCORES SCORES RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 1 Mano River Women Peace Network 5a-d 75% 12 Threats to peace (MARWOPNET) 3 The National Coalition of Guinea for the Rights 70% 11 and Citizenship of Women (NCGRW) 2.8 Equal Rights for All (ERA) 2.3 58% 9 Guinean Organization for Human Rights (GOHR) 2.5 63% 10 National Institute of Research and Pedagogic 63% 10 Action (NIRPA) 2.5 Association of African Professionals of 58% 9 Communication (AAPC) 2.3 Rural Radio of Guinea (RRG) 2.8 70% 11 National Platform of United Citizens for 70% 11 Development (NPUCD) 2.8 Association For the Well Being of Communities 63% 10 and Development (AWCD) 2.5 West Africa Network for Peacebuilding 63% 10 (WANEP) 2.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 2 Mano River Women Peace Network 3a-d 63% 10 Civil society-peace (MARWOPNET) consolidation nexus 2.5 The National Coalition of Guinea for the Rights 75% 12 and Citizenship of Women (NCGRW) 3 Equal Rights for All (ERA) 2.3 58% 9 Guinean Organization for Human Rights (GOHR) 2.5 63% 10 National Institute of Research and Pedagogic 63% 10 Action (NIRPA) 2.5 Association of African Professionals of 58% 9 Communication (AAPC) 2.3 Rural Radio of Guinea (RRG) 2 50% 8 213 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY National Platform of United Citizens for 58% 9 Development (NPUCD) 2.3 Association For Community Wellbeing and 75% 12 Development (ACWD) 3 West Africa Network for Peacebuilding 58% 9 (WANEP) 2.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 3 Civil society's role in Mano River Women Peace Network 63% 10 peace consolidation 6a-d (MARWOPNET) 2.5 The National Coalition of Guinea for the Rights 75% 12 and Citizenship of Women (NCGRW) 3 Equal Rights for All (ERA) 1.8 45% 7 Guinean Organization for Human Rights (GOHR) 2 50% 8 National Institute of Research and Pedagogic 38% 6 Action (NIRPA) 1.5 Association of African Professionals of 58% 9 Communication (AAPC) 2.3 Rural Radio of Guinea (RRG) 2 50% 8 National Platform of United Citizens for 38% 6 Development (NPUCD) 1.5 Association For Community Wellbeing and 63% 10 Development (ACWD) 2.5 West Africa Network for Peacebuilding 70% 11 (WANEP) 2.8 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 4 Conditions and capacity Mano River Women Peace Network 75% 12 for peace consolidation (MARWOPNET) 3.0 The National Coalition of Guinea for the Rights 50% 8 and Citizenship of Women (NCGRW) 2.0 Equal Rights for All (ERA) 1.5 38% 6 Guinean Organization for Human Rights (GOHR) 1.8 45% 7 214 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY National Institute of Research and Pedagogic 2.5 63% 10 Action (NIRPA) Association of African Professionals of 2.3 58% 9 Communication (AAPC) Rural Radio of Guinea (RRG) 1.5 38% 6 National Platform of United Citizens for 1.8 45% 7 Development (NPUCD) Association For Community Wellbeing and 3.0 75% 12 Development (ACWD) West Africa Network for Peacebuilding 80% 13 (WANEP) 3.2 OBJECTIVE 5 Institutional and Mano River Women Peace Network 63% 10 International linkages 4a-d (MARWOPNET) 2.5 The National Coalition of Guinea for the Rights 50% 8 and Citizenship of Women (NCGRW) 2 Equal Rights for All (ERA) 3 75% 12 Guinean Organization for Human Rights (GOHR) 1.8 45% 7 National Institute of Research and Pedagogic 58% 9 Action (NIRPA) 2.3 Association of African Professionals of 50% 8 Communication (AAPC) 2 Rural Radio of Guinea (RRG) 1.8 45% 7 National Platform of United Citizens for 50% 8 Development (NPUCD) 2 Association For Community Wellbeing and 75% 12 Development (ACWD) 3 West Africa Network for Peacebuilding 75% 12 (WANEP) 3 OBJECTIVE 6 Prospects and challenges for the Mano River Women Peace Network 50% 8 civil society sector 8a-d (MARWOPNET) 2 The National Coalition of Guinea for the Rights 33% 5 and Citizenship of Women (NCGRW) 1.3 215 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Equal Rights for All (ERA) 1.8 45% 7 Guinean Organization for Human Rights (GOHR) 1.8 45% 7 National Institute of Research and Pedagogic 33% 5 Action (NIRPA) 1.3 Association of African Professionals of 38% 6 Communication (AAPC) 1.5 Rural Radio of Guinea (RRG) 1.8 45% 7 National Platform of United Citizens for 38% 6 Development (NPUCD) 1.5 Association For Community Wellbeing and 50% 8 Development (ACWD) 2 West Africa Network for Peacebuilding 33% 5 (WANEP) 1.3 216 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY