Journal of African SOCIAL STUDIES Volume 1 Number 2 June (2020) This first issue is dedicated to the memory of Professor Mobolaji Bashir Ogunsanya (15th June, 1949 - 15th April, 2015) Fellow of Social Studies UNIV ERSIT Y O F IB ADAN L IB RARY JOURNAL OF AFRICAN SOCIAL STUDIES (JASS) (Volume 1, Number 2) June 2020 ISSN: 2756-4061 A Journal of the Social Studies Educationists Association of Nigeria i UNIV ERSIT Y O F IB ADAN L IB RARY JOURNAL OF AFRICAN SOCIAL STUDIES (JASS) Vol. I (2) JUNE, 2020 Contents Tributes To Mobolaji Bashir Ogunsanya (15 June 1949- 15 April 2015) 1. A Contextual Analysis of The Emergence of Social Studies Education and the Advancement of Cybercrime (Yahoo-Yahoo) in the Nigerian Society Timilehin Olayinka Omoniyi & Taju Ayodele Salaudeen 2. Re-Examining Social Studies Curriculum in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges Confronting The All-Round Development of 21 st Century Learners B. A. Adeyemi & O. Onigiobi 3. Impact of Social Media on Awareness of Human Rights Among Undergraduates in a Nigerian University Victory Collins Owede & Oyindeinyifa Benita Government 4. Techniques and Controversies in The Interrogation of Suspects by The Nigerian Police Richard A. Aborisade & Sunday S. Adedayo 5. Deepening The Teaching Effectiveness of Human Rights Education Through Transformative Learning Perspective Afolabi Olubela 6. Impacts of Globalization on African Culture: The Nigerian Example Abidemi Oyinade Akinsola 7. Social Injustice Against Child’s Rights in Public Secondary School in Ekiti State F. M. Osalusi & Cecilia Oluremi Adanikin 8. Ethnic Violence in Nigeria: Implication on True Federalism John Adelani Fayemi 9. Undergraduates’ Political Culture and Influence in Nigerian Universities: Implications For Sustainable Democracy Issa Nasiru Olokooba & Alliyu Ayodele Abdulsalam 10. Correlation Study of Students Restiveness and Exposure to Media-Aggressiveness in Selected Tertiary Institutions of South East-States, Nigeria Agbonna Samuel Ayorinde, Manafa Fausta & Njoku Ugochukwu 11. Corruption and Materialism: Pedagogical Nuisance Among Social Studies Teachers in Surulere Local Government Area, Lagos State Ayotunde Adebayo, Funsho A. Olatunde & Alex Friday Obaje vii 1 12 20 27 40 47 55 62 67 74 84 V UNIV ERSIT Y O F IB ADAN L IB RARY » 12. Perception of Pre-Service Teachers on The Application of Whatsapp in The Teaching of Social Studies Zabur Olayiwola Soluade & Joseph Olukayode Ogimbiyi 95 13. Need For Social Studies Curriculum in Senior Secondary Schools in Nigeria Educational System Bilqees Olayinka Abdu-Raheem & Sola Elijah Olorunda 104 14. Indigenous African Welfare System: A Tool For Addressing The Challenge of Retirement in Post-Colonial African Society Adedayo Oyewole Sofadekan & Olatubosun Tope Omotayo 114 15. Households Attitudes and Willingness to Pay For Solid Waste Management in Two Southwest States, Nigeria Ayodeji Peter Ifegbesan 122 16. Social Studies, Sex Education and Curbing Paedophilia in Delta State, Nigeria Onamrewho Favour Atubi 133 17. Improving Pre-Service Teachers’ Achievement in and Attitudes to Economics Through Psycho-Personal Variables For Sustainable Development in Ibadan, Oyo State Tolulope Victoria Gbadamosi 141 18. Institutional Capacity and Teacher Effectiveness in Technical Colleges in Lagos State Olusola Ayodele Opaluwa & Femi Sunday Akinwumi 151 vi UNIV ERSIT Y O F IB ADAN L IB RARY JOURNAL OF AFRICAN SOCIAL STUDIES (JASS) VOLUME 1, NUMBER 2., JUNE. 2020 A CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION AND THE ADVANCEMENT OF CYBERCRIME (YAHOO- YAHOO) IN THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY Timilehin Olayinka OMONIYI & Taju Ayodele SALAUDEEN, Department of Arts & Social Science Education University of Ibadan, Ibadan Abstract Technology has merged nations o f the world into a global village and has made the socio­ economic and cultural activities o f many nations are easily accessible. With its advent, there has been positive internet revolution as well as many maladies and atrocity which threaten social order and tranquility enjoyed in the society. Nigeria is now known as hotspot for cybercrimes with new waves o f engaging in criminalities. The focus of Social Studies discipline is to correct the abnormalities in the society as well as create a new reaction to the inadequacies ofpast practices with particular reference to inculcation of desirable norms, skills, knowledge, values and rights attitudes for sustenance of individual and societal growth But with the emergence o f the discipline and its lofty objectives, the menace o f cybercrime is still unmatched by every standard and measure. Findings show that most Nigerian youths are now rooted and grounded in criminality and have vast experience in defrauding people using the internet mechanism. However, it is not peculiar to Nigeria alone in Africa or the world at large but its embrace is significantly greater than what anyone can ever imagine. The study carefully perused qualitatively literature in journals, textbooks, and oral interviews. The study therefore recommends that Social Studies as a school discipline on corrective journey must live up to expectations in terms of national orientations, incorporation of cybercrime concepts, themes and topics in creating teenagers and youths awareness of the nefarious act, advocating dignity of labour and de-emphasizing the get-rich-quick syndrome. It also advocate for strong measures, viable policies and programmes on poverty reduction and eradication mechanism which must be judiciously backed by actions and measure. The study finally reminded that unemployment has to be dealt with to get rid o f this cybercrime. Keywords: Social Studies Education; Cybercrime; Technology, Criminality Introduction Social Studies as one of the school subjects came into being at the beginning of the 20th century. It has been made one of the core subjects in the primary and junior secondary schools in Nigeria and has ever since gained recognition in the school system. The focus of the discipline in Nigeria education system is to correct the abnormalities in the society as well as create a new reaction to the inadequacies of past educational practices, particularly in its primary concern for the inculcation of desirable norms, values and attitudes that were required to sustain the new independent nation. It is problem solving discipline which focuses on human issues and challenges with the sole aim of proffering solution to them all (Adediran, 2014). Some of the problems are political, economical, social, cultural and technological in nature among which include fraudulent practices, truancy, rigging, unemployment, prostitution, tribalism, nepotism, high incidence of youth immorality and restiveness, indolence, ostentatious display of wealth, violation of fundamental human rights, frauds and scams of various fonns and magnitudes, flagrant disrespect for rule of law, sex abuse and rape, inflation, bunker, religious clashes, smuggling, disrespect for elders and examination, inflation etc (CrimeAlert. 2015; Transparency International, 2014). Most of these problems were born the advent of technology and massive failure of character by Nigerian youths. UNIV ERSIT Y O F IB ADAN L IB RARY A Contextual Analysis o f The Emergence o f Social Studies Since the attainment of Nigerian independence in 1960, geography and history are taught as traditional, separate, and un-integrated subjects. Geography featured specifically the learning of definitions and of landforms, places, names, and economic activities in foreign lands while history is characterized by learning the biographies of foreign heroes and heroines (Adediran, 2014). After sometimes, they become unsuitable and was not really addressing the needs, yearnings and aspirations of the Nigerian populace. The social relevance of the two separate subjects was not enough as problems of the world do not come in a departmentalized form but as a whole. Also, the astronomic increase in crime, value deterioration, loss of respect, love for ostentatious living while abandoning dignity of labour etc, propelled the need for a single school discipline to prepare pupils and students to challenge and face head on both personal and societal problems, later formed part of the general concern that prepared the way for the now famous National Curriculum Conference of 1969 held in Lagos (Sofadekan, 2012). This invariably led to the introduction of Social studies education at primary and junior secondary school in Nigeria. Coupled with the changing social condition of mankind within the society, Social Studies makes its scope assume an increasing horizon. It is an interdisciplinary subject that cut across several other disciplines particularly in the Social Sciences and Humanities. National Council for Social Studies (NCSS, 1992/93) defines Social Studies as an integrated study of the Social science and Humanities to promote civic competence within the school programme. The primary purpose of Social Studies is to help young people develop the ability to make informed and reasoned decisions for public good as citizens of a culturally diverse democratic society in an interdependent world. It is primarily culture bound as most of its’ curriculum contents derived from different cultures which change from time to time depending on the needs, yearnings and aspiration of the people. Adaralegbe (1981) affirmed that Social Studies is the study of human being in totality ranging from where they lives, activities in the past and present; culture; frame of mind and how they relates to others. Ajiboye, (2003) noted that it is a contemporary and environmentally focused field of study that develop and provides the learner with requisite knowledge, skills, values, abilities, attitudes and competencies to contribute meaningfully to Nigeria’s national development as well as help them to relate well and become a responsible citizen. It focuses on developing the right values, attitudes and abilities. Social studies is embracive as Comparative Education Study and Adaptation Center (CESAC, 2010) adjudged that it deals with human, environment, problems, knowledge acquisition, relationship, behavioural patterns, and ways of life. With clearly stated objectives of Social Studies as; making human beings’ aware of their environment as well as survival in them; helping in the discovery and utilization of their reasoning, imagination, critically and constructively to identify their skills, talents and potentials in solving personal and societal problems and contribute to national development and ultimately, helping human beings in acquiring knowledge, right attitudes, and values essential for harmonious and effective co-existence, interdependence and functionality (Eliss, 2007). Hence, cybercrime must be an aberration for Nigerian youths as it does not depict the rationale for which the discipline was established in particular and the cardinal goals of National policy on Education in general. Technology, on its part has merged nations of the world together. It has knitted it into a global village. The socio-economic and cultural activities of many nations are easily accessible through the aid of electronic via internet (Bakardjieva, 2005; Ojedokun and Owolabi, 2003). The global electronic market is open to everyone irrespective of location, as it is open to sane and trustworthy individual, so also it does to criminals and bandits which make false pretence thrives easily without stress. However, with the advent of information technology, there has been a revolution associated with the internet and it resources available for use; positive values to the world as well as produced many maladies, atrocity and confusion which threaten social order and tranquility enjoyed in the society. Internet fraud has ushered in new waves of committing crim inalities in the highest order. Cyberspace has changed in totality 2 UNIV ERSIT Y O F IB ADAN L IB RARY Timilehin Olayinka Omoniyi & Taju Ayodele Salaudeen the horizon of business dealing and has opened flanks for cyber criminals to ply their trade (Bakardjieva, 2005; Zero Tolerance, 2006). With countless but suspicious business dealing on a daily basis, many opportunities have been a nightmare as a result of internet fraud. No doubt, the contribution of internet to the growth and development of nations have been faced with diverse challenges with new waves of crimes and fraudulent activities. The internet has also become a ground to breed touts and thugs where lucrative business has turned to dust as online robbers scam people on a daily basis (Salovaara, 2012; Overdijk & Diggelen, 2006). Cyber crimes have indeed been recognised as great menace in the society and has constituted problems of world class countries while no country is exempted. The Dark Continent called Africa has been recognised as having great rate in internet connectivity and usage. With daily internet and increasing number of people on the internet in the region, the number of internet users and surfers is out pacing some part of the world. According to Internet World Stats (2014), Internet use in Africa had reached 2.3 per cent of the total worldwide use by December 2007. Africa’s internet usage from 2000 to 2007 increased by 423.9 per cent compared to 180.3 per cent for the rest of the world. Due to this high number of users, Africa as a continent and Nigeria as the giant of Africa, has made internet a most acceptable and popular means of communication as well as platforms for ceaseless opportunities. In the same vein, as interest in the usage increase, so also is criminality burgeoning massively without restriction and mechanism to checkmate these atrocity (Adaramola, 2018; Zero Tolerance 2006). The likelihood of people engaging in criminal acts is very high in Africa due to the lack of security awareness programmes and specialised training on how to combat cyber crime. Many innocent online users have become victims of cyber attacks which is increases with great impunity. Literature is replete with cases and incidences of cyber fraud and its related activities emanating from Nigeria and nothing has been done to curb its excesses. Cyber fraud incidence keeps on increasing also as a result of poor orientation, awareness, security check, online regulations, policies, reportage etc. Whereas, Zero Tolerance (2006) asserted that globally, only about ten per cent of all cyber­ crimes committed are actually reported and fewer than two per cent result a conviction, against the backdrop of ill-trained police and security agents and in the absence of cyber­ crimes records, one can only conjecture that the statistics of reporting and conviction will inevitably be lower for Africa (Ojedokun, & Owolabi, 2003). However, it will be sheer misrepresentation, if one concludes that all cybercriminals and their nefarious acts are perpetrated only in Nigeria, West Africa, it cuts across human race. According to Transparency International, 2014 and World Bank, 2012, Internet has also turned out to be a veritable tool for governments, enterprise, military, associations and persons while cyber crime has generally been seen as a criminal cum nefarious activity which involves the use of computer, internet facility, applications as the objects of crimes such as hacking, phishing, spamming etc. It is also defined in the content and context of tools used in committing sexual immorality and illegality such as child pornography, hate crimes, computer fraud. Criminals also use computers for communication, interactions, chatting, online banking and wiring, goods exchange, data storage etc. The massive technological advents, rapid diffusion, digitalization of economic activities and improvement have led to the emergence of new brats and breed of criminals. In recent years, economical, political, social, technological impacts of these cyber criminals’ activities have received considerable attentions and request. Individuals, businesses, and government are worried about their systems, network and IT infrastructure. Objective of the study The study seeks to examine the emergence of Social Studies education with its clear aims and objectives as well as the advancement of 3 UNIV ERSIT Y O F IB ADAN L IB RARY A Contextual Analysis o f The Emergence of Social Studies cybercrime (yahoo-yahoo) in the Nigerian society in contextual perspective. Doing this will provide justifications to whether Social studies education has lived up to expectations as some of its specific objective have stated. Hence, this study has the following as specific objectives i. To assess qualitatively, the level of cybercrime in Nigeria. ii. To peruse critically the menace of the cybercrime on the Nigerian people. iii. To ascertain the impact of technology on youths’ embracement of cybercrime in the Nigeria society. iv. To evaluate cybercrime as colonial creation in the Nigerian society v. To proffer plausible solution to the menace of cybercrime the Social Studies way. Cybercrime in the Nigerian Society The famous number, 419 refers to the section of the Nigerian Criminal Code dealing with fraud, charges and penalties for offenders (Balancing Act, 2014). Nigeria, is a renowned hotspot for internet scams and at times is being referred to as internet scam hotbed, nation of criminality (Ajayi, 2015) and absurdity empire, this is due to the advance free fraud her youths are engaged in it. It is an affirmative fact that able Nigeria youths like every other societies are blessing in disguise, they are of paramount importance and needed to proffer "plausible solution to personal and societal problems. They are seen as leaders of tomorrow who are still innocent, undefeated, naive and without prejudices. But apparently not so, Olaide & Adewale (2004) observed that a sizeable numbers of cyber bandits in Nigeria are very youthful in age and experience of life. They are rooted and grounded in crime and have vast experience in defrauding people using the internet mechanism in engaging in criminal activities. Criminal activities are not peculiar to Nigeria alone in Africa or the world at large but its embrace is significantly greater than what anyone can ever imagine. In 2006, 61% of internet criminals were traced to locations in the United States, while 16% were traced to the United Kingdom and 6% to Nigeria (Aransiola, & Asindemade, 2011). Other nations known to have high incidence of advance fee fraud include Ivory Coast, Togo, South Africa, Netherlands, Spain and Jamaica (Internet World Stats. 2014; Internet Crime Forum IRC Subgroup. 2001; Zero Tolerance, 2006). In her studies on cybercrime and poverty in Nigeria, Adesina (2017) observed that advances in global telecommunication infrastructure, including computers, mobile phones, and the Internet, have brought about major transformation in world communication. She opined that in Nigeria, youths and the aged now have access to the world from their homes, offices, cyber cafes and so on. Lately, internet or web-enabled phones and other devices like iPods, and Blackberry, have made internet access easier and faster. However, one of the fall outs of this unlimited access is the issue of cybercrime. Consequently, It is known as " Yahoo Yahoo or yahoo plus" and serves as a source of major concern to the country. Nigeria's rising cybercrime profile may not come as a surprise, considering the high level of poverty and high unemployment rate in the country. What is surprising, however, is the fact that Nigerian youths are wallowing in poverty despite the huge human and material resources available in the country. In Nigeria, cyber criminals are taking advantages of e-commerce system available on the internet to defraud, bully, spy and steal vital information and documents, huge amount of money and other valuables from victim which are foreigners. Cyber criminals dupe victims with fake identity of either a business man, government officials, high and mighty in the society to scheme and dupe them of their possession. Atimes, they claim to have a loan scheme or financial institution where money can be given out with little or no collateral. In this regard, so many persons have been duped or fallen victims. However, there are countless other methods employed by cyber criminals in duping innocent minds. Every measure put in place by Government to curb excesses have not met great success as identities of cyber criminals remain silent, hidden and inadequate. A study by Zero Tolerance (2006) indicates that cyber criminals are usually within the age of 18 and 30 years and they indulge in the crime in order to survive and have a taste of good life. Adeta & Okeshol (2013) carried out a study on the “nature, causes and consequences of cyber crime in tertiary institutions in Zaria- 4 UNIV ERSIT Y O F IB ADAN L IB RARY Timilehin Olayinka Omoniyi & Taju Ayodele Salaudeen Kaduna state, Nigeria” where it was assessed that in the present day Nigeria, numerous internet assisted crimes are committed daily in various forms such as identity theft, desktop counterfeiting, internet chat room, cyber harassment, fraudulent electronic mails, Automated Teller Machine spoofing, pornography, piracy, hacking, phishing and spamming. Usually these crimes are committed in form of sending fraudulent and bogus financial proposals from cyber criminals to innocent internet users which has become strong threat to Nigeria’s e-commerce growth and has led to ill- reputation intentionally and consequently denied some innocent Nigerians certain opportunities abroad. Menace of the Nefarious Act According to ICAR, and Clab, 2016; Action Fraud UK, 2014 and Forbes Today, 2018 have all agreed that the massive impact of fraudulent activities in the economic cum financial world is alarming, demeaning, killing and unwarranted. Whenever issues regarding cyber frauds and improprieties are raised, what comes to mind is direct financial loss and porous security measure. On yearly basis, millions of Naira is being lost in the financial cum economic sector, e-commerce, telecommunication due to fraudulent practices. Employment issues have gone overboard, most African countries including Nigeria are living below poverty level, some are wallowing in abject poverty and redundancy, their citizens are malnourished and are dying daily. Due to all of these, many Nigerian youths take to fraudulent activities whether online or face to face transactions to survive irrespective of the weight of such atrocities. The growth of cyber crime does not necessary struggle to survive in Nigeria and the rest of Africa countries due to the vulnerability of an average African child. According to the World Bank, ‘African States are to face great challenges; they have to work by themselves to generate 100 million new job opportunity by 2020 or the region’s instability will increase’ (World Bank, 2008). Statistics reveal that the unemployment rate is very high among youths in Nigeria most of whom are university graduates with computer and internet competency. Most of these crooks are social miscreants, educated elites and street boys working solely for financial and fame motive. Many of them lack deep understanding of core basic programming but with relative knowledge of computer operations, and free provisions available for public on how to navigate illegitimately on the internet. They take advantage of understanding hacking techniques and build massively on it for their nefarious jobs. Also, the reservoir of information online makes crime to thrive at its best. People leam on the job of cyber criminality. Hence, hackers have all they need at beck and call and this make them to be able to launch attacks easily (Internet Crime Centre Complaint, 2014). Internet service providers have made access to internet facility very cheap, affordable and accessible. Hence even if they could still not surf the internet online, they can easily dashed into nearby cyber cafe to surf the internet for new catches. With these and many more put together, creates and advance the cause of a new set of local fraudsters, hackers, spammers and buggers (Internet Crime Centre Complaint Centre, 2012). There is massive loss of income which is inimical to the growth and development of the Nigerian society. Cyber crime and other fraudulent activities have greatly imparted the financial sector far beyond reasonable measure. In the same vein, most times they penetrate into institution’s systems and networks to damage their reputations. Some great firms lose their reputation, investors, and patronage while suffering massive breach of trust in relationship and partnership. Youths embrace of cyber crime (Yahoo- yahoo) Cybercrime is known as one of the most populous criminalities in the 21st century. It is seen as world’s social problem that is evolving and napping the feeble minds of this present generation of youths. It has become massive and burgeoning (Ayomide, 2018). Government agencies, ministries and parastatals, 5 UNIV ERSIT Y O F IB ADAN L IB RARY A Contextual Analysis o f The Emergence of Social Studies corporations and individuals keep on losing large some of amount of money, valuable data and information daily. It is a well known fact that cyber crime has become a threat to the global world in Europe, America, Africa, Asia etc (Aransiola & Asindemade, 2011). This is also penetrating the Nigerian society as threat with surprises and strange phenomenon. With days going by, the roaring vortex of criminal activities keep widening in Nigeria. Internet crime is taken new forms, dimension and with more new shocking cases. It has been a myth yet unraveled as such online criminality is denting the image of Nigeria in the comity of states. Criminally minded youths are stealing and engaging in illegality and are still unchecked (Ayomide, 2018; Akogwu, 2012). People are suffering as a result of the perception about Nigeria in the International community. Businesses online are folding up and the quest to get money quickly is burgeoning among youths (Ajayi, 2016.). National Bureau of Statistics (2018) affirmed that 16 million Nigerians were unemployed during the third quarter of 2017, hence unemployment has helped the growth of Internet fraud. Youths who have no jobs and living below the poverty line would most likely engage in crimes such as internet fraud. These factors of unemployment and poverty have led many young Nigerians to crime including Internet fraud. Nigeria's long-term approach to dealing with this menace will be to reduce the poverty and unemployment rates (Ayomide, 2018 Overdijk, & Diggelen, 2006). If a sustainable approach is developed, the level of crime in the country will dwindle. The quest for get rich-quick syndrome has turned average Nigerians to criminals and devil’s work tools. Excessive materialism plays a huge factor in internet fraud and other nefarious activities engaged in by Nigerian youth. Whether pandemic or endemic, corruption has also eaten too deep into moral fabric of the country, Nigeria. With corrupt politicians and businessmen having field day and hardly ever face the wrath of law, most society have done away with the value of hard work, diligence and integrity. They have imbued themselves with excessive quest for ostentatious life and do anything to make money at all cost. 6 --------------------------------------------- Zakariyya (2018) opined that though greed and hungry for love give many Nigerians away to cyber criminals, internet scammers known here in Nigeria as yahoo-yahoo boys, the criminals also have their antics with which they catch their victims. Studies have shown that cyber criminalities are massive in the western world, forgetting the fact that the world is now a global village, wired and interconnected together to share resources, information, data as well share in the liability and pains thereoff. A person who has access to computer and connected to the internet might be participating, attempting or planning a criminal act anywhere in the world (Kumar, 2003). Awe (2009), confirmed that computer attacks can be generated by criminals from anywhere in the world, and executed in other areas, irrespective of geographical location. And often times, these criminal activities can be faster, easier and more damaging with the use of the internet. With these above assertion, cyber criminalities are global phenomenon. As Nigeria, it has become a nightmare thereby making both the government and her citizens sitting on a keg of gun powder. Based on two of the five sources (interviews and the self-report study of (Kerstens & Stol, 2012), information was gathered about the views young people have on committing cybercrime in a broad and narrow sense. Three recurring aspects were observed which are; Firstly, young people make use of neutralization techniques when they talk about cybercrime: e.g. "everybody does it" or "it's normal to do so" in relation to virtual theft, or "to bring malpractices to the forefront" as a reason for hacking. Secondly, young people downplay the criminal aspects of cybercrime, they think or do not know that something is punishable, or think that there is no police investigation taking place into this form of crime (low probability of detection). Finally, they also discovered evidence for the role of dis-inhibition among young people as they go online and the reactions of others on the internet are often delayed and asynchronous, which makes young people think that their criminal actions online do not have any harmful effect. In addition, the interviews revealed that young people often take on UNIV ERSIT Y O F IB ADAN L IB RARY Timilehin Olayinka Omoniyi & Taju Ayodele Salaudeen another name online, which sets the stage for experiencing dissociation. They do not ascribe the criminal actions to themselves anymore, they perceive it as a game (Symantec Corporation 2012; Balancing Act, 2014). People admire and hero-worship individuals with questionable sources of wealth than people who grind daily to earn honest living. When a society promotes the thinking of getting rich by any means necessary, hence people and mostly youths will be willing do anything to get rich. Many young Nigerians were bom into this way of thinking and instead of working hard to make something out of themselves they choose the fast life of quick money and crime. In other to correct these abnormalities, objectives of Social studies need to be evaluated. Cybercrime as Colonial Creation Colonialism is a fact of history which implied the exploitation of people and raw material (Rodney, 1973). It was the imposition of the powerful. It is a tantalizing idol, charming the needy nations for salvation with a guise of a saviour. Surely, colonialism is bad for a colony. Different social, political, and economic institutions were controlled and morphed into systems as would suit the colonizing agencies and mostly to the dismay of the natives. It makes colony a resource field and whatever production is carried out in a colony is geared towards benefits of colonial masters even on the cost of starvation, loss of lives and properties of the locals in the colony. In clear terms, colonialism in any shape and form is not and should not be tolerated, rather should be cursed, because of its deterrent and dividing nature (Mandela, 1990; Awolowo, 1947). The first principle of all colonizing forces is "divide and rule". They are so many unanswered questions as to rise against the catastrophic nature of the colonialism. Colonialism lies behind degraded and exploited natural resources, lose of self- governance capability, national identity, languages, cultural values, divided society, double standard of treatment, dumping ground for surplus and inferior goods, diseases, unwanted prisoners as well as taking some local people to become slaves in the colonizer's countries etc (Rodney, 1973). Fanon (1964) submits that occupant makes a class of privileged peoples who govern the country after liberation. When occupant leaves the country they have already made various unsolvable regional issues. The West (colonial) has been hegemonic to all its colonies and there has been no denying to it. However, the hegemony extended to realms of language, skill, knowledge, faith, polity, education, social customs, law, medicine, arts among others (Fadeiye, 2005; Sofadekan, 2012). The 19th Century Western colonial forces were convinced of their universalistic models in each of these above categories, and they were to be imposed on the local and lesser native models in other to create the tendency to see the other as lesser, evil, foreign, or uncivil (Rodney, 1973). This get worse when one gets perpetuated further accept colonial systems and institutionalize them. Colonization needs to be checked as an aberrant code that has potential to disrupt varied worldviews of different people. To ask for justification of colonial excesses could be penny wise but pound foolish. However, there is a notion which lacks empirical evidence to back the fact scamming the Europeans were a way of getting back at them. Criminality and colonialism may be separable concepts, but many youths in a colonized country have termed it as an avenue to get back at colonial masters. The evil perpetrated by colonial masters are seen as needless, killing and unwarranted (Ayitey, 2010) where African resources both (human and material) are carted away unjustly and the resultant effect is where many African countries found themselves today. The economic pillars of development have actually being dented and the import has affected to a large extent the psyche and structure of African traditional settings. Colonialism has presented a number of impediment and constraints that has been ingrained on the feeble mind of the colonized countries in Africa. Riding on this gives, some African youth the illegal and 7 UNIV ERSIT Y O F IB ADAN L IB RARY A Contextual Analysis o f The Emergence of Social Studies uncivilized license to fire back. Emeka Okonkwo (n.d) opined that in Abuja within the month of June 2019, four teenagers were arrested and interrogated for engaging in internet crime and swindling European nationals. They submitted that it was a mechanism set in motion to gain revenge for defrauding their forefathers during the colonial era. While some eighteen suspects aged between 18-27 years of age were ambushed and arrested by the operatives of the EFCC, Endurance Ahunwan who is the chief suspect and oldest submits that they are getting back at the colonial whites who cashed and carted away their country resources even before they were bom. EFCC spokeperson opined that "Upon arrest, the prime suspect confessed that he recruited the team, saying they were paying back Europeans for stealing from their forefathers," Hence, the nature of colonialism served to unleashed crime in the society which has negatively affect the needs, yearnings and aspiration of the African society (Robbins and Judge, 2009). It has slowed the progress of development in Nigeria, as youth are given in to get-rich-quick-sydrome (Okeshola & Adeta, 2013). Olupohunda (2019) opined that the Nigerian street sensation, Naira Marley submits in its totality that internet fraud is not as bad as it is being preached. He proceeded by saying that “the activities of Yahoo boys are retributive actions targeted at paying back western people for colonising Africa”. This simply implies that the ace singer considers cybercrime and other related internet activities as nemesis of the western world- the acclaimed way of getting back at the white colonial masters. By every standard and measure, fellow musicians Ali Baba, Ruggedman, Falz Simi Gold have refuted such claims as nothing justified engaging in cybercrime. Ruggedman particularly opined that the entire black race should not be dragged into the gory scenario of internet crime. Of a fact, the activities of cybercriminals have cost many young Nigerians their freedom, jobs, peace of mind. In his world Ruggedman submits that “if they wanted to scam anyone in the first place, it should be Nigerian leaders. From his perspective, most Nigerian leaders were looting trillions of naira and to dupe them of this money and give it back to the poor masses would mean going the way of Robin-hood, and this would be embraced more”. Social Studies Education as Corrective Study Education and schooling in all societies purports to teach students the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to function as responsible citizens. Social studies is seen as one of the principal vehicles for preparing youth to accept roles as responsible adult citizens. Students who have sound understanding of their country’s culture and historical development will be more inclined to address recent societal problems and not building criminalities and absurdity. In order to help the Nigerian people to cope with rapid economic, social, and political developments, and to bring about meaningful participatory citizenship among her youths, strong implementation of core Social studies curriculum strands is very important now than before. In Nigeria of today, countless number of criminal activities are being perpetrated, this is apparently due to low level of understanding of the concept of civility, dignity of labour, values, patrioticism, integrity and host of other required societal principles (Cyber Intelligence Company, 2018; Aransiola, & Asindemade, 2011; Fadeiye, 2005). Furthermore, according to Alexander (2001) given the burgeoning tide of crime and violence, the future stability of Nigeria depends on being able to cultivate citizens most especially youths to demonstrate socially and morally responsible behaviour. Early in this decade, citizenship education in school became statutory for learners between the age of 11 and 16years. In addition, Social studies should help to groom youths with positive required societal principles which will enable them to participate effectively in public life. Social studies with all its principles and agenda is saddled with the responsibilities of making a total man in any society with its countless strategy in capturing youths through the forceful re-introduction of topics encapsulated under citizenship education into her curriculum as an antidote to decreasing levels of participation in public life by young people (Kerr 2000). The aim of citizenship education programmes is to help children develop the attitudes, skills and knowledge to 8 UNIV ERSIT Y O F IB ADAN L IB RARY Timilehin Olayinka Omoniyi & Taju Ayodele Salaudeen equip them for participation in public life (Alexander, 2001). Conclusion Cybercrimes and other nefarious activities, driven by technology have shown a greatly, negative effect on people, computer system, data network etc. It is not peculiar with the western world alone but the entire geographical cum political zones in the entire universe. It is across board as long as there are internet facilities in the regions or countries with burgeoning jobless youths. In Nigeria, it is rising by the day due to lack of infrastructural facilities, poor economic opportunities and bad leadership. Also, there are weak cyber laws, policies and programmes to curb cyber crime which makes my cyber criminals evade convictions put in place to curb it excesses. Jurisdictional challenges and legal hurdles has hampered and handcuffed the way and manner at which its amelioration goes. Based on the existing facts, corporations, blue-chip companies, organisation, nations and private individual have begun to play key role in debarring the activities of evolving cybercrimes but have only met with little success. Hence the need to gear up effort by Social studies stakeholders, curriculum planners, educators, scholars, researcher and promoters etc on fighting and upholding he mandate given the discipline in clearing off abnormalities and absurdities in the society. Social studies as a discipline must up her game in tandem with Nigerian cyber laws to combat cybercrime and its new waves of scamming innocent people of the hard earn valuables. Recommendations Hence, to properly deal with cybercrime, the following recommendations are made; i. Social Studies as a school discipline must live up to expectations in terms of incorporating cybercrime concepts, themes and topics in form of creating awareness into its curriculum. ii. Social Studies as a corrective study should continue to advocate for dignity of labour and de-emphasized the get-rich quick syndrome and put away mindset of excessive materialism of the Nigerian youths. iii. There is need for national reorientation of Nigerian citizens most especially teenagers and youths on Nigerian values. There is need to put back honesty and hard work on the pedestal. Nigeria has to play the long game to deal with and defeat cybercrime. iv. There must strong re-orientation of the Nigerian youths in shunning illicit and ostentatious living. v. There is need to fashion out more characteristics that are peculiar with cyber criminals in terms of determining the core rationale alongside the motivating factors for Nigerian youths engaging in cyber crime must be assessed, known, combated, degraded and killed over period of time. vi. There should be strong measures, viable policies and programmes on poverty reduction and eradication mechanism which must be judiciously backed by actions and strong measure. Unemployment has to be dealt with to get rid of this national menace. vii. Nigerians and internets users across the globe should be security conscious as well as gear up their knowledge about the changing world of ICT as well as cyber crime. viii. The remote and immediate causes as identified above must be statistically and qualitatively traced and examined, thereby leading to getting a plausible solution to the cancer worm. References Adaralegbe, A. 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