Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sports and Dance as a Tool for Sustainable Development Goal In Africa. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY © June, 2019 Pub lished by: International Council for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport and Dance. ICHPERSD Africa Region. Prlnted by: O M EG A BLUE LLC 4 Dziekpor link, Golf City, Tema, Ghana 0208564449 omegablue741@gmail.com ISSN: 011-9282-18 u UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Journal o f I nternational Council fo r Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport and Dance. ICHPER'SD AFRICA REGION EDITORIA!. BOARD Editor-in-Chief Prof. Grace Otinwa Consulting Editors Prof. E.O Morakinyo Nigeria Prof. Tunji Odedeyi Nigeria Prof. Asiedu-Addo Ghana Prof. Elijah Gitonga Rintaugu - Kenya Managing Editor Prof. 1.0 Oladipo - Nigeria ADVISORY BOARD Prof. Lasun Emiola Prof. O.A. Akeredolu Prof. V.C. Igbanugo Dr. Emmanuel Osei Sarpong Prof. C.A. Ajibola Prof. Patrick Oyeniyi Prof. M.B. Gambari Dr. Ayo Fabunmi Prof. Olutola Oduyale Dr. R.A. Moronfolu Prof. R.O Okuneye iii UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ICHPER.SD ' A F R IC A R E G IO N Journal o f International Council fo r Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport and Dance Editorial I am pleased to prcsent this 5th Volume of thè Journal of International Council of Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sports and Dance (ICHPER.SD African Region) to its esteem and numerous members/readers in thè academia. This edition is in two parts (Voi. 5, No. 1 and Voi 5, No. 2). The articlcs cover issues in Sports and Excrcise Science, Sports Management/Administration, Recreation and Health Education with target on thè theme “Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sports and Dance as a Tool for Sustainable Development Goals in Africa”. The articles written by emerging, experienccd and rcnowned scholars were peerreviewed and carefuliy chosen for publication. I hereby acknowledge thè effort of Editors and Reviewers in thè rigorous process of thè peer assessment of articles. All thè papers published in this Journal are refereed by qualificd people. I would also thank contributors and hope that they will continue to attend our conferences and send qualitative papcrs to be published in thè Journal of ICHPER.SD African Region. Professor I.O. Oladipo Managing Editor e-mail: prò ftvingate@gmail. corri GL IDELINES FOR AUTHORS The mtemational Council for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport and Dance Africa .'.•-mal o f Research :s ihe officiai publication o f thè International Council o f Health, Physical Educane®. Recreation. Sport and Dance (ICHPER-SD Africa Region ). A bind review process is ngerousiy followed .Normally. authors submittng manuscripts are expected to bc currcntly reg iserec members o f ICHPER-SD. Exceptional Research from non members may be considered by thè editor, for review. The following guidelines are to assist authors in preparing manuscripts to be submitted and considered through thè Joumals review and editorial proccsscs. Language iv UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Submit all manuscripts in English Topic Subject matter from all areas ofhealth, physical education, recreation, sport, andtiancc. Topics of international and African interest (espccially cross and multi national) receive high priority. Include a section on practical implications and applications ofthe study or project. Manuscript Preparation Use 7th edition o f APA format being surc it is employed consistently throughout thè manuscripts. Kindly adherc to this in your next paper. All manuscripts must be computer generated, doublé spaced, with 1” margins, and pages numbered. Incorrectly prepared manuscripts will be retumed without review to corrcsponding authors. Prepare a title page containing each authors name. position, affiliation, address and telephone numbers, and email address .This is thè only page where identifying information is to appear. For multiple authorship, identify which author should receive correspondence from thè editor. Follow thè title page with thè abstract, and then full content o f manuscript. These pages are to contain no information identifying thè author(s). Try to make thè manuscript no longer than 10 to 12 doublé spaced pages (including tables, figures, graphics, pictures, and references). Include ari abstract o f between 100 and 200 words. The abstract should be a succinct summary ofthe information presented in thè article. Receipt of manuscripts is acknowlcdgcd to corrcsponding author by thè editor. Submission Process Submit relevant pictures to give greater impact to your manuscript black and whitc prints are preferred, although clear color prints, slides, and digitai pictures can bc used. Submit a computer generated doublé spaced copy o f your manuscript and abstract, in thè form o fa n email attachmcnt (MS Word Format). Corrcsponding author is notified o f status o f manuscript as soon as recommendations are reccivcd from reviewers. This process may take longer than might be cxpectcd since reviewers are located throughout Africa and beyond. Order o f manuscripts acceptance and publication is not thè same since many factors must be considered for each issue. Send manuscript and direct any correspondence to thè attention o f thè editor-in-chief c o Dept. o f Human Kinetics and Health Education, University o f Ibadan. (Adapted fromlC’HPER SD Journal) Professor I.O. Oladipo Managing Editor e-mail: profwingate(^gmail.com v UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The Influence of C u ltu ra l Diversities in Sports Tow ards Prom oting 158 Sustainable N ational Peace and Unity Azubuike C. U. & Daniel U. Amuzie Assessing Social M edia H ealth Inform ation l'or Sustainable T ransform ation 167 of Young A dults H ealth S tatus in W a rri M etropolis, Delta State, Nigeria. Erumi, Blessing Selly-U & Ezeokonkwo Chidinma Chinelo C om parative S tudy of th è M edia and Paren ting Styles on Sexual A ssault 180 of Adolescents in Lagos State Lafiaji-Okuneye, Bidemi Bilkis & Ligali L. Abiodun R e-Engineering G rassroo t Sports fo r Im proved Social Inclusion 188 and T ransform ational Developm ent Oluwatoyin M. Jaiyeoba & Oguntuase S.B G ender D ifferences in thè Developm ent o f A Test Battery of Football Skills 204 Segun A. Olawunmi & Ayobami A. Okundare S port as A V critable Tool fo r Conflict Resolution in C ontem porary N ation-S tate 212 Ebenezer O. M orankinyo, Felix 0 . Ibikunle & Taiwo 0 . Adebayo A dm inistrative Indiccs as C orrela te of G rassroot Sports D evelopm ent in som e 219 Selected Public Secondary Schools in Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria Ajibola Akintayo Dare xiii UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ICHPER.SD Jou rna l o f International Counc il fo r Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Spo rt and Dance VOL5 No. 3. June, 2019 pp.188-203 AFRICA REGION Re-Engineering Grassroot Sports for Improved Social Inclusion and Transformational Development Oluwatoyin M. Jaiyeoba & Oguntuase S.B Department o f Human kinetics, University o f Ihadan Abstract Grassroot sports bave shown to bepre-requites lo outstanding and excellentperformance which can be used for community development and societal transformation. Grassroot sports development in Nigeria is given little orno concerns today as this affectnational development o f youths where many social vices are on thè increase and thè performance o f Nigeria at various international sportmg competitions has reduced drastically compared lo thèpast. Sport serves as a tool that unites people together irrespective o f race, ethnicity, group, age, social status, education level and also contributes to thè overall economie and politicai development. This paper therefore examined re-engineering grassroot sports fa r improved social inclusion and transformational development o f a nailon. Also, thè paper examined concept o f grassroot sport, growth and development, institutional sports, characteristics and benefìts o f sport, grassroot sportsf a r social inclusion and transformational development. The authors recommend refocus thè priorities o f thè sports policies to highlight thè contribution o f sport to achieving thè objectives o f other policies, including those on health, social cohesion, education, youth, non- discrìmination, and thè reception and integration o f migrants Keywords: Grassroot sport, institutional sport, sport development, social inclusion, transformation, Introduction It is becoming more evident that the pursuit o f sports participation or promotion occupies an important place in the world o f today. Some people experience sport as pari o f their culture, while others dedicate their time to watching sport events. Studies revealed that sports mmw i 188 Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sporti and Dance a s a Tool for Sustainable Development Goal in Africa UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY have become an important part o f thè social and cultural profiles o f many societies around thè world (Coakley, 2017; Crossman, 2014; Gasparinr, 2008), Due to thè changing politicai and economie environments in thè world within which sports organizations operate, sport nowadays has acquired a rather universal character that is argued to unite people across thè world m ore than everbefore / « Sport and physical education play an important role at thè individuai, community, national and global levels. As for thè individuai, sport enhances one's personal abilities, generai health and self-awareness. A t thè national level, sport and physical education contribute to economie and social growth, improve public health, and bring different communities together. A t thè global level, i f hamessed appropriatela sport and physical education could have a long- lasting positive impact on development, public health, peace and thè environmcnt (United Nation, (UN), 2005). Sport and physical education provide a forum to leam skills such as discipline, confidence and leadership and they convey coro principles that are important in a dcmocracy, such as tolerance, cooperation and respect (United Nation, 2005) Sport and physical education participation and promotion will provide an opportunity to experience social and moral inclusion for populations otherwise marginalized by social, cultural o r religious barriere due to gender, disability or other discriminations. Through sport and physical education, individuate can experience equality, freedom and a dignifying means for cmpowcrmcnt. The physical experience gained during sports participation is particularly valuable for girls and women, for people with a disability, for those living in conflict areas and for people recovering from trauma (United Nation, 2005 ). It is worthy to note that Nigeria as a nation has, through thè years been guided by well formulated policics for every designed programme with a view to achieving thè set goals o f such programmes. While this has, for a long rime, been thè case with most sectors o f thè Nigerian economy, thè Nigerian govemment's first officiai policy guidelinc for thè sports subsector was only formulated in 1989 (Aibeku, 2002). In 2009, thè Federai Government o f Nigeria reieased thè National Sports Policy which targeted year 2020 for optimal development. This was thè govemment's second officiai policy guideline on thè development o f thè sports subsector in Nigeria. Also, thè recent release in 2018 by thè National Sports Policy (NSP) draft clearly articulates thè vision and direction o f thè Federai Government (FG) on sports development particularly on grassroots sports. The Federai Govemment's vision is to “develop thè sports scctor to a world class level, taking into cognizance sports for all, amateur and professional sports by providing programs and facilities that encourage stakeholders to perform at their best in pursuit o f excellence, while benchmarking with best practices for continuai development.” Three objectives in thè National Sports Policy (NSP) pertinent in this paper are; (1) thè promotion o f school and institutional sports development, (2) thè emphasis o f sports is an integrai part o f thè curriculum of educational institutions at all levels (Nursery, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary), and (3) thè identification and development o f athletes (Akintokunbo, 2020). The NSP calte on the three tiers o f govemment to put in place frameworks and mechanisms for the identification, training, nurturing, and monitoring o f talented young athletes. Despite the robust National Sports Policy and abundance o f human and material resources, the country is yet to optimize its filli potentials in the area o f grassroot sports development which i n tum promote social inclusion and societal transformatiop. 189 HeaUk Physical EduwUor. P * ~ w t o n S p c 'K and Dar.-.e k a Tool forSustainable De^etocmerit Goal in Africa. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY G rassroo t Sport, G row th and Developm ent _ Onifade (2003) viewed sports as an institutionalized competitive activity that involve vigorous physical exertion or thè use o f rclatively complete physical skills by individuals. United-Nations (UN) Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace (2003) defined sport, for thè purposes o f development, as 'all forms o f physical activity that contributo to physical fitness, mental well-being and social interaction, such as play, rccrcation, organised or competitive sport, and indigenous sports and games. In thè assertion o f Mars (2003). sports tend to exert more influence on people's behaviour than religion or politics. European Union (2011) stated that grassroots sport is “participative sport”. It is a broad term covering non-professional physical activity, sometimes referred to as 'sport for all'. European Union further stated that, grassroots sport covers all sport disciplincs practiced by non- professionals and organized on a national levcl through national sport. The definition thus excludes individuals who spend thè bulk o f their time practicing sport, or who eam s thè bulk of their revenue from thè practice o f sport. Grassroots sport provides a medium through which individuals who engagé in sports can leam fair play and justice, conflict resolution as well as generating sociability and collectivc effort. The social function o f sport relies in thè fact that grassroots sport is traditionally organised within voluntary sport associations (mainly small and locai sport clubs) where members join a locai community hence generating cooperation and collective initiatives and sense o f ownership (International Sport and Culture Association, (ISCA), 2011). The Federai Republic o f Nigeria Sports Development Policy ( 1989) defined sports development as thè process o f continuous improvement o f thè sport structure, institutions and programmes in order to create a societal condition conducive to physical fitness for all and thè effective fimctioning and self-actualization. Collins (1995) defined sports development as a process whereby effective opportunities, processes, systems and structures are set up to enable and encourage people in all or particular groups and areas to take part in sport for recreation or to improve their performance to whatever level they desire. Grassroot sports development means the exposure o f young and old, male and female from all comers o f the nation in physical activities and sports skills including hamlets and villages (Joseph, 2012). Anyanwu (1999) opined that grassroot approach is the most appropriate measure to sports development in Nigeria as well as any nation struggling to find its hearing in the world o f sports. Grassroot approach places emphasis on the youth sport development effort. To involve and expose citizens especially the young ones to grassroot sport development, institutional sports must bc put into greater consideration. Grassroots sports are when future athletes begin their sportingjoum ey and through proper organization and administration of sporting event, by sports administrators, most o f the athletes are brought to lime light which has brought to the development o f grassroots sports (Ladani, 2008) According to Amuchie (1992), Sport growth and development can be measured in two ways (Vertically and horizontally). It is measured vertically by identifying increase in the number of new sports a country has participated in over the years. Furthermore, it is measured horizontally by determining the levels o f frequency o f competition in sports within a given pcriod. In addition, sports could also be measured from the number o f successes achieved in national and 190 Health. Physical Educatori Recreation. Sports and Dance a s a Tool forSustainablc Developrrent Goal in Africa. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY intemational sports competitions There is no gainsaying that thè 2009 National Sports Policy and a recent draft in 2018. by National Sports Policy o f N igeria on grassroot sports development in Nigeria are conceptually clear and theoretically sound, addressing vital issues that are germane to grassroot sports development in Nigeria. The noble ideals upon which thè policy mandate is based are su d i that would ordinarily elicit a quick and positive response from any well-meaning govemment, organization and individuals. According to Akpeji (2019) in his statement thè Kwara State Deputy Govemor, M r Kayode Alabi during National Youth Games in Ilorin Kvvara State 2019, expressed confidence that grassroot sports will be revived with thè Minister of Sports' approach, saying that “something must be done by thè new M inister o f Sports". Athletics is something that is very important. A lot o f young people are going into drug addiction right now, but sport is one avenue that can be used to prevent that. W hilc thè M inister o f Sports explained that grassroot games remain thè bestm eans o f identifying talents that will represent thè country in Continental and intemational toumaments. H e fiirthcr stressed that “thè ministry is committed to developing grassroots sports. We want to revive thè past where talents are discovered at young age from events like these”. Odegbami (2017) on calling of foreign based football players to thè national team he said, it is not far-fetched to think that one day, in thè not too distant future, Nigeria's Super Eagles will be dominated by a foreign legion o f Europcan-bom, bred and honed football players, good but lacking thè flair, showmanship, individuai expressiveness and dribbling skills o f thè hom e bred due to thè death o f grassroot sports in Nigeria. According to Danagogo (2016), thè Minister of Sports said that, N igeria has blueprint for sports developm ent but lacked thè will to implement it. As a minister, he m et a well-documented program me for sports development. He further stressed that, after Nigeria's bad outing in thè 2012 Olympics, former President Goodluck Jonathan convened a national sports summit, which brought together everyonc that mattered in sports. “They proffered Solutions. They carne up with modalities, blueprints, plans and programmes on what to do to devclop sports. “The document contained pian for grassroots sports development, a sustained and well-structured stream of incom e for sports, even camping (locai and foreign) preparations for competitions. He emphasized that, it was worrisome that money meant for preparation o f athletes in Nigeria would always be released a w eekor few days to any competilion. According to Ogunseye (2006) N igeria would bave developed her sports by far better than countries like, Kenya, Cuba and Brazil, i f we had channeled all thè monies budgeted and released for sports into sports developm ent effort. M oreover, thè chosen Ministers and Commissioners o f Sports in thè Federation and in each state o f thè country during different politicai regimes are not sports oriented and lack adequate way to executc and implement sports policy. The professionals who know how to develop sports are really never involved in thè implementation stage o f our sports policies. At best they are often invited only to come and deliver lectures and read papers at seminars and conferences but their recommendations are never taken seriously or implemented (Ogunleye, 2006) However, few years after thè enaetment o f this policy, it can be observed that thè sports subsector is stili bcdevilled with challenges bordering on scientific analysis o f sports and physical activities. This situation thus calls to question thè extent to which thè 2009 National Sports Policy o f N igeria is being implemented with regards to social inclusion and transformational 191 Health. Physical Educatori. Recreauo,-, Spo ra and D a rcc a s a Tool for Sustainable Development Goal in Africa UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY dcvclopment o f thè country. Institutional Sports Anyanwu (1999) described institutional sports as sports programme organized, administered and practiced in educational institutions from primary, secondary to tertiary levels. This practice provides ampie opportunities for young persons in their formative stages of development to acquire and develop thè basic movement skills fundamental to performance in sports.-The institution o f leam ing provides a good foundation for formai leaming and skills acquisition for optimum development Primary School Sports The National Policy on Education (2004) made provision for thc school curriculum and time- table for sports through thè teaching o f physical education. The instruction in Physical Education is normally done during thè m om ing schools' periods with or without facilities and equipment. Dankadai (2011). stated that m any o f our play grounds have disappeared and most schools have no sporting facilities and equipment as was thè case before. I t is only in some private schools that haphazard inter -house sports are organized on borrowed grounds. Physical education used to be compulsory in primary schools but thè educational policy that m ade thè Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE) thè minimum teaching qualification in primary schools is a cog in thè wheel o f progress in primary school sports. A teacher may possess thè NCE certificate without an additional qualification in physical education which enabled Grade II certificated teachers to teach any class subject. physical education inclusive (Joseph, 2012). The govemm enfs takeover o f schools has not made thè situation better unlike when schools were under thè control and m anagement o f voluntary agencies. In those days, adequate provision was made in every prim ary school for thè formai teaching o f physical activities and drills (Joseph, 2012). It was m andatory for every class teacher, male or female, to take his or her class out for a thirty-minute vigorous physical training. It was a marvel watching teachers in teachers' training colleges in practical classes because o f what was expectcd o f them. According to Musa (1999), daily break-periods in schools provided ampie opportunities for pupils to participate recreation and organized sports under thè watchfiil eyes o f thè class teacher or games master/mistress. These are all absent or non-existent presently. It was as a result o f these approaches that thè Empire Days o f old became veritable avenues for thè discovery and grooming of talents who later represented Nigeria in intemational sports competitions. Denying primary school pupils, thè opportunity o f developing interest in sport amounts to offering them incomplete and inadequate education. (Musa, 1999). Secondary School Sports The potentiality o f secondary schools' sports to develop Nigerian sport is not in doubt i f one gets down thè memory lane o f thè history o f school sports. Specifically, soccer had its root in schools where many who represented Nigeria were produets o f school sports. The likes o f late Sam Garba, thè Atuegbus, Ismaila Mabo, Jonny Egbuonu, Haruna Ilerika, Tunde Disu, Peter Aneke, Tony Igwe, Late Daniel Okwudili, etc. are shining examples o f footballers groomed from school sports (Joseph, 2012). There were series o f friendly matches/contests between schools which are extinct nowadays; where such competitions exist nowadays, shameless sports organizers recourse to thè use o f non-bonafide students otherwise known as mercenaries (Joseph, 2012). Stressing thè need for grassroot sport, a one-time national triplejum per, Ajayi Agbebaku opined that it was school sports that brought so many athletes o f my generation to 192 Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sports and Dance a s a Tool for Suswinable Development Goal in Afnca. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY limc-light. He emphasized that we must return to grassroots and school sports if w c ever hopc to develop our athletes. School sports today are pathetic. Many schools no longer ha ve interest in school sports in spite of thè National Policy on Education (2004) which specified thè role sports should play in thè education o f thè Nigerian child. In schools which think about sports, it is only during their haphazardly organized annual inter-house athletic meets that school heads make unnecessary and heavy demands on parents and invitees in well worded addresses. At thè end o f thè day, whatever is realized is not ploughed into grassroot sports development. Sports in Tertiary Institutions The history o f thè development and spread o f modem sports cannot be complete without a tribute to thè role o f educational institutions, particularly at thè tertiary levels. Kabido (2001 ) noted that universitics have been centres o f intellectual pursuit and scholarship and university authorities have opposed strongly to anything that might detract them from this purpose. Every tertiary institution in thè world has her primary objectives as promotion o f academic excellence. Any programme that is likely to impede this objective was frowned at. This is exactly what obtains in nearly all thè tertiary institutions as far as sport is concemed. Oduyale in Joseph (2012) observed that one major problem facing sports in Nigerian Universities is thè uncompromising attitude of some university authorities towards sports. Some lecturers, he pointed out think o f sports activities and academic work as diametrically opposed to each. Consequently, students are tom between two loves-academics and sports. Though, sport is o f thè moment, their educational qualification is a lasting effort which they will not forgo (Jeroh, 2005). The right caliber of human resources from whom thè needed sports talents can be groomed and developed abound in thè Nigerian tertiary institutions, but bccause o f thè poor state o f sports in these institutions due to poor organization and management, thè realization o f thè cherished expectations remains elusive (Anyanwu, 1999). There is thè need to go back to university/tertiary sports to produce replicas o f thè past athletes who are illustrious sons of Nigeria such as thè Amus, thè Ekongs, thè Usorohs, thè Ogans, thè Ifeajunas, thè Urhobos, thè Shinabas, etc who represented thè country in intemational competitions. The tertiary institutions through NUGA (Nigerian Universities Games Association), NIPOGA (Nigerian Polytechnics Games Association), and NICEGA (Nigerian Colleges o f Education Games Association) need to organize their games without rancour o f complaints o f thè fielding o f non-bonafide students. For instance, in Australia, universities contributed so much to thè development o f sports in respect to m ass participation and elitist sports. Through formation o f Sports Clubs run by students, thè sporting life o f Australian was greatly influenced. As at 2004, there werc more than 60 Sports C lubs affiliated to thè University o f Sydney and that, thè University o f Sydney alone produced 45 athletes from Sydney University Clubs, which represented Australia at thè 2004 Athens Olympic Games (Geogakis, 2006) Club/Association and Community Based Sports: Previously in Nigeria, there were thè Nigerian Police Games as well as thè Armed Forces Games where stars like Joseph Adeola, Alfred Belleh, Edward Akika, David Ejoke, Sunday Oyarekhua, am ong others were discovered who represented Nigeria in intemational sports competitions. The materials for this arm o f thè sports development effort abound through thè existence of various sports associations and clubs. The Youth Sports Federation o f Nigeria (YSFON) has 193 Health, Pnysieal Education, Recreation. Sporti and Dance a s a Tool for Sustaina bie Development Goal in Africa UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY done a lot in thè discovcry o f talcntcd footballcrs from thè grass root. The All-Nigeria Open Athletics Championships brought thè beat from thè Police, thè Army, thè Customs, and thè Prisons in thè late seventies (Joseph, 2012). There is thè need to resuscitate such competitions so as to raise standing standard teams in all sports. G rassroot Sports fo r Social Inclusion and T ransfo rm ationa l D evelopm cnt Grassroot sport can be used to achieve success and self-realisation through competition and perhaps thè biggest benefit from grassroot sport is that it promotes social inclusion amongst thè disadvantaged. The concept o f social inclusion denotes eliminating social exclusion and celebrating diversity, as opposed to tolerance and assimilation, to wit that everyone has thè same human rights, social privileges, civ ii and constitutional liberties and rights, such as equal access to education, health care, and employment. Inclusion focuses on helping everyone and leaving no one behind. As defined by thè Indian, Nobel-Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen: “Inclusion is characteriscd by widely shared social expcrience and active participation in society, by widespread equality o f opportuni ties and life chances avai lab le to people on thè individuai level and by all citizens reaching an elementary level o f wellbeing” (UNESCO, 2008). Despite thè focus o f UNESCO in promoting social inclusion in all aspects o f life and sport inclusive, thè defmition and meaning o f social exclusion givenby European Commission (1993) as 'multiple and changing factors resulting in people bcing excluded from thè normal exchanges, practices and rights o f modem society' stili persist in Nigeria as some people are deprivcd of equal opportunities in thè society and sport inclusive. The grassroot sport are not developed nowadays to include all persons. The wcalthy and thè rich people in thè society are more privileged and opportune to participate in various sports due to thè ability to afford some sport supplies for themselves and their folks. This social exclusion affeets individuals and groups, particularly in urban and rural areas, who are in some way subject to discrimination or segregation; and it emphasises thè weaknesses in the social infrastructure and thè risk o f allowing a two-tier society to bccome established by default' (Commission o f the European Communities, 1993). According to Curatolo (2014), the Australian Institute o f Health and Welfare reported that participation in sports was shown to increase social inclusion as well as decrease social exclusion. Sporting programs provide vulnerable and at-risk people with a place to go to which is not only physically safe from conflict around them, but also emotionally safe. The programmes can also provide a welcome relief from daily struggle. For people who have been displaced, who become disaffected or simply disengaged from their community, belonging to an ongoing sporting program or team can be a lifelinc, espccially during times o f chaos where routine and stabi lity are desperately needed yet hard to find. The Australian Football League (AFL) run some very successful multicultural programmes which have grown in size and opportunities. They now offer ongoing football programs at the locai level as well as one-off programs, such as the multicultural cups. The AFL has realised the potential for talent and skill amongst this group o f people and is now actively supporting player development and recruitment through these multicultural programs, and some of these recruits are now playing at the elite level o f AFL and making a good career from it. These players are seen as role models for kidS from migrant backgrounds and take on a cult (Curatolo, 2014). Bonias 194 Health, Phyjtfal E d u ca rla Recreeton. Sports and Dance as a Tool forSustainable Development Goal m Africa. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY (2019) who interviewed sevcn Paralympic athlctes and World Champions. According to thc findings, thè athletes all highlighted thc significanfrole and contribution of sport in their social inclusion and integration, also acknowledging that sport gave meaning to their livesr it gave them a reason for living, getting up in thè m om ing and a purpose in life; it gave them an identity, a social identity and a sport identity. Envisaging this, grassroot sporls can thercfore be a tool to use to inp rove social inclusion and social belongings in Nigeria. According to Coalter and A llison( 1996), assumptions made aboutsport'spotential benefits have been accompanicd by a shift in politicai rhetoric and sport policy. In thè UK during thè 1980s and 1990s, when economie conccms dominated, sport was considered almost exclusively in terms o f its regenerative impact, i.e. how it could increase income and jobs. Yet in contemporary politics, sport is now also analysed in terms o f its potential to promote tolerancc, improve hcalth and develop social skills, as well as to combat poverty, unemployment and social exclusion (Committec for thè Dcvelopment o f Sport, 1998). Also, it was noted that thè impact o f sport, particularly football, extends to spheres that are hard to rcach through more traditional politicai activities (Football Task Force, 1999). Curatolo (2014) stated that in remote Indigenous communities in Australia where infrastructure and funding for long-term projeets to address systemic disadvantage and risk factors are often unreliable, inconsistent and inappropriate, providing structured locally relevant sports and recreation programs can be useful in building a sense o f purpose, hope and belonging in these communities”. When sports programs are structured, work within thè needs o f thè relevant group, provide rules, boundaries and are ongoing, then thè results will build cohesion and promote social inclusion for thè participants o f thè programmes as well as thè wider community through thè flow on effeets. Sports has thè power to transform individuals, communities, societies, States and countries. By putting sports to best use, one can realize benefits such as better physical and mental health, leam responsibility and teamwork, and build an overall positive self-image. On a bigger scale, sports can impact areas such as education and health, prevention o f violcnce, peace-building, good govemancc, social inclusion, economie development and gender equality. Sport offers thè opportunity for physical exertion but is also a wonderful forum for social interaction. Evidence from thè field clearly indicatcs that sport improves personal and social skills, such as cooperation, trust, respect and fair play (UN Intcr-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace (2003). Sport can also provide a platform to develop leadership skills, confidence and thè social skills to work as part o f a team. Grassroot Soccer's African Leadership Programme (ALP), set up with funding from thè Laureus Sport for Good Foundation, empowers young people across Southern Africa to become future leaders for thè continent. Through a coaching and training programme, participants leam key skills in leadership and management to enable them to make a diffcrence in their communities. Quality, well-structured sports projeets, delivered by well-trained coaches, can multiply these personal benefits to bring about positive social change on a large scale, ranging from improved school attendance (Kay, 2009) rates to increascd opportunities for people living withdisability (Fukuchi, 2007). Sport can be seen as thè only language that connect, unite and bring thè world together. Onifadc in Joseph (2012) commenting on role o f sports says, “Sports has become a social phenomenon of m odem times in all ramifications of education, politics cconomics, arts, thè mass media, foreign 195 Health. Phyjical Education. Recrea con. S a c ra and Dance as a Tool for Sustairwble De.'eiopment Goal in Africa UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY policy, ideological propaganda, politicai ideology and diplomatic relations. Success in sport also has an impact on a country's prcstige, status and rcspectability as well as being an instrumcnt of patriotism. Countries also use sport to rcvive severed relations or strengthen -cxisting ones. M andela (2000) said “sport has thè power to change thè world. It has thè power to inspire. It has thè power to unite pcople in a way that little else can. Sport can awakcn hope where there was previously only despair” Through grassroot sport and physical education, individuate can experience equality, freedom and a dignifying means for empowerment, particularly for girls and women, for people w ith a disability, for those living in conflict areas and for people recovering from trauma (Beutler, 2008). Dam ell and Black (2011) recognizes that thè 'power1 o f sport signifies not only thè potential for social and politicai emancipation but also for thè marginalization and dominance o f groups based on geography, politics, and economics as wcll as gender, race, sexuality, class and ability. Based on research into sport-based crime prevention initiatives in thè United States and thè related work o f other scholars (Black, 2010; D am ell, 2 0 IOa, 201 Ob; Giulianotti, 2011 ; Guest, 2009; Levermorc & Beacom, 2009a, 2009b), Hartmann (2003) identified several key elements required for effcctive sport-based social intervention and most basic is thè recognition that sporting activities play a cmcial role in outreach, recmitment, and retention o f participants. Sport provides thè “hook” that draws otherwise disconnected, marginalized young people into a program, and thcn that gets them actively involved and invested in its activities taken as a whole. Sport can reinforce interaction between communities, peoples and societies and hcnce plays a part in maintaining open channels o f communication in open or dormant situations o f conflict. In conflict and post-conflict situations, sport can support building a beneficiai outlet for people affected which is directcd towards peace fui reduction o f hostilities and tcnsions. In addition, sport can contribute to managing trauma after naturai disasters or violence in refugee camps, for instance (Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, 2005). Damell (2010b) has postulated that sport is popular in development circles for precisely its reproductive qualities. Given its history and ideology, sport is easily understood by thè dominant class as a socially beneficiai and culturally normative “character builder” and because thè symbols, emotions, and dominant meanings o f sport-based development “motivate individuate to transform life through sport-based processes o f body management”. Woodhouse (2009) highlights thè importance o f innovation and creativity in peace building and proposes thè use o f cultural tools, including sports, as a way to energizing thè field o f peace studies and conflict transformation. In thè updated version o f his Contemporaiy Conflict Resolution (2011), he elaborates on thè importance o f sport in peace building processes and highlights thè currcnt initiatives between academic institutions and football clubs to promote peace and education programs. Recognizing social inequalities and seeking to reshape social ordcr, sport takes on a more radicai social change emphasis, focusing on thè empowerment o f otherwise marginalized through an understanding o f thè broader structures o f power and privilege within they are contained (Hartmann and Kwauk, 2011). Sport is part o f thè society both as an educational fixture and as an entertainment enterprisc. Sport forms part o f human and social development, it can contribute to social cohesion, tolerance and integration and it is an effective channel for physical and socio-economie development 196 Health. Ptiyaeal Education. Recreotion. Sport* and Dance as a Tool for Sustainable Development Goal in Africa. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY (Onifade, 2001). Sport is a catalyst for economie development. Individuaily, each o f thè vaiious scctors o f thè sports economy can create activity, jobs and wealth. When several are combined together into a single strategy, it is possible to achieve additional economie gains because o f thè synergies that re su lt The locai economie potential o f sport is further enhaneed when supported by national 'sport for all' strategies. Oloyede (1999) conducted research to determine thè role o f sports in thè Universal Basic Education and found that sport has thè foliowing fiinctions: i. That sport releases emotions, acts as a safety value and relieves aggressive tendencies ii. That sport offers opportunities to be recognized and to express one's individuai qualities iii. That in a society where deviance is prevalent, sport provides a means o f control over people. iv. That sport serves as a means o f socializing those individuate who identify w ith it. v. That sport results in social change, introduces new behaviour pattems and changes thè courseofhistory; and vi. That sport creates a communal spirit that brings people together in search o f common goals. As stated in thè Report o f thè Vision 2020 given by National Technical Working Group on Sports Development (2009), thè leading sports countries have established special structures o f facilities, funding, training, high performance centres, nutrition, medicine, and sports Sciences through schools, inchiding special schools, training camps, scholarships and various incentives for their sports development which include grassroot sports. The leading countries in thè various continents are Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Egypt and South Africa), Americas (USA, Cuba, Brazil, Jamaica and Canada), Asia (China, Japan, Korea and India), Europe (Great Britain, Russia, Germany and Spain) and Oceania (Australia). National Technical Working Group on Sports Development (2009) ftirther stated that global developments that have impacted sports include: a. Concentration o f some countries in certain sports b. Emphases on early identification and scientific training for athletes and coaches c. Change o f nationality by some compctitors which had produced intemational honours for som e countries that have no tradition o f winning in those sports. In thè mentioned countries, sports have become major co n tr ib u ir to social and economie development. We can no longer underestimate thè potential o f modem sports as an industry that can positively impact on thè social, economie and politicai parameters in thè process o f nation building. The African countries have taken little effort to acquire thè benefìts accrued to sports as a result o f lack of development in sport (Oloyede and Afolabi, 2011). In order to tap thè benefìts o f sports and use it for Nigeria's transformation, relevant grassroot sports development programmes have to be designed and propcrly executed. Stakeholdcrs from thè tiers o f govemment, intemational development agencies, private sectors, non-govemmental organisations and communities are needed in promoting programmes, which hamess thè power o f grassroot sports. Collaborative efforts are necessary to ensure systemic and structured delivery of grassroot sports-based development programmes across communities. Characteristics and Benefks of Sport 197 Health Ph/wcal Education. Recreaticn, Sports a rd Dance a s a Tool forSusta ina bie Development Goal in Africa. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY H am essingthe power o f sport, a publication by thè Sport for Dcveiopment and Peace International Working Group (SDP IWG) (2008) identifics additional benefits o f sportasi m * (a) Sport is universal Sport, games and physical activity in generai are activities present in virtually every society across thè globe. The popularity o f sports transcends politicai, national and idcological frontiere and it is a practice enjoyedby spectators and athletes alike. (b) Sport's ability to connect people One o f thè raost important attributes o f sport is its capacity to connect pcoples and communities in an extTemely effectivc manner. These communities, when they are inclusive, tu ra into important sources o f social networking fostcring community capacity to work cooperati vely. Furthermore, sport has emerged a global mass entertainment and has become one o f thè most- far reaching communication stages in thè world today. (c) Sport's potential to inspire and motivate By shining light on what people can do, sport inspires and motivates individuals. In addition, sport promotes self-esteem, physical and mental health and fosters positive connection with others (Sport for Development and Peace International Working Group, 2008). Furthermore, a four-year study headed Coalter and Taylor (2010) ffom Sterling University andconducted by thè charity International Development Through Sport (IDS), thè UK-based charity Comic Relief and thè organization UK Sport International, was done to test thè hypothesis “ sport contributes to personal dcveiopment and well-being in disadvantaged children and young people”. The investigation, which analyzed thè effectiveness and impact o f eight organizations from Africa and India employing sports in differcnt ways, w asreleased and among other findings, it concludes that: i. On thè area o f personal development, sport programs do have an impact on thè self-esteem and perceived self-efficacy o f participants as thè majority o f them underwent a transformation in their self-evaluation. Most interestingly, thè scores o f those participants with thè lowest self-esteem evaluations a t thè beginning o f thè research, increased significantly by thè end. ii. With regard to gender equality and women's empowerment, attitudes towards w o m en 's in v o lv em en t in sp o rt and education w ere re in fo rced acro ss participating programs. iii. Research concluded that sport proved to be an effective medium for thè dissemination o f information about HIV and other health -related issues to young people. iv. Participants rcportcd that sport trainings had boosted their confidence both through meeting and addressing issues with peers and coaches as well as by dcveloping their leadership skills (Coalter and Taylor, 2010). Conclusion 198 Health, Physical Educatici Recrealion. Sports and Dance * Tool for Sustairable Development Goal in Africa. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY It i$ evident that grassroot sports in Nigeria has not attained expectation and fulfilled thè objectives and thè 2009 National Sports Policy towards vision 2020 o f ali-round development, which is dishcartening to thè social inclusion and transformational development of thè country. The grassroot sport in thè country which was known to be an impetus from elementary, secondary, tertiary institutions and club associations for social inclusion and transformational development in thè country is a thing o f thè past. These mcntioned channels are stili thè best ways o f reaching thè populace and thè citizens for thè betterment o f achieving thè robust and clearly stated 2009 National Sports Policy for all round development. Until thè grassroot sport is revived and re-engineered that thè country will have a balanced and well distributed society and stabiiized economy. Recom m endations To this end, thè authors recommend thè following: 1- Refocus thè priorities o f thè sports policies to highlight thè contribution of sport to achieving thè objectives o f other policies, including those on hcalth, social cohesion, education, youth, non-discrimination, and thè reception and integration o fm igran ts 2. Strengthcn thè school sports and clubs association at cvcry levcl to involve every Citizen irrespective o f age, gender, ethnic, education, socioeconomic status among others to promote grassroot sport. 3. Strengthen thè collaboration o f public institutions working in these areas, especially when they are in contact with young people and vulnerable groups and increase thè syncrgies between their activities and those o f sports organisations so that thc various stakeholdcrs play an active role together in combating all forms of discrimination in sport. 4. Physical education subject should be channeled to achieve thè priotised objectives o f thè policy a t all level of education to promote grassroot sport for social inclusion and transformational development. 5. Allocation resource to thè sport sector should be overhauled and utilized at every point and level ofneeds. 6. Public authorities should in particular involve schools and universities sports to a greater extent in thè promotion o f “sport for all” in cooperation with sports organisations, especially in order to reach a younger population and reduce “dropping out o f s port” 7. Involvement equality bodies and national human rights institutions to a greater extent in combating discrimination in sport, promote their co-operation in running awareness- raising activities, and authorise these bodies to participate in legai actions brought againstperpetrators o f discrimination 8. Recognize women athletes' achievements and encourage young women to participate in 199 Health. Physical Education, Recreation, Sport* and Dance as a Tool for Sustainable Development Goal in Africa UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY sports; seek to reduce gender-based remuneration gap and award disparities 9. Signifìcantly increase in media visibility o f women in sport, notably by devoting more public Service broadcasting air time on women's sport and by promoting a non-sexist vicw o f sport / 10. Commit to eradicate all forms of discrimination and stigmatisation bascd on gender, gender expression or sexual orientation in all aspeets o f sport, including policies, practices, administration, funding, programming and training; in particular, hold ind iv iduai accountable for thè use o f sexist language in sports competitions 11. Intensify efforts towards thè inclusion in sports activities of person with disabilities and support a widcr media broadcasting o f sport events involving them References Aibueku, S. O. (2002). 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