African
Journal" of Biomedical Research
for research in health and biological sciences
Contents
REVIEW ARTICLE
. Essential Hypertension: Another Look at Possible Aetiology
and Treatment
. MI. Ebomoyi and VI. jyawe :..1
FULL LENGTH RESEARCH ARTICLES
Determinants of Food Security Status of Rural Households
Living With HIV /AIDS in Southwestern Nigeria
Adenegan, K.O and Adewusi OA 9
Trichomoniasis in Special Treatment Clinic Patients in Ibadan,
Nigeria
'"OA.Akinloye, D.O Ogbolu, F.0 Kolade and OA. Terry Alii .19
Incidence of Syphilis in Prostate Specific Antigen Samples of
Patients Attending 'Cancer Screening Unit in Nigeria
Ogbolu D. Olusoga, Adedapo K.S, Okafor PNi and Daini OA 27
,~,(~
Pea~Expiratory Flow Rateand Respiratory Symptoms Following:
Chronic Domestic Wood Smoke Exposure in Women in Edo,
Nigeria '
Ibhazehiebo.K, Dimkpa. U, Uche. OK, Iyawe. VI.. 33.
Management of Low Back Pain: -Attitudes and Treatment
Preferences of Physiotherapists in Nigeria
Ayanniyi O! Lasisi 0 T,Adegoke B.OA, Oni-Orisan MO .41
, .
Antagonistic Effect of Vitamin E on the Efficacy of Artesunate
against Plasmodium berghei Infection in Mice
O. Awodele, P M Emeka, A. Akintonwa, 0 0 Aina 51
Interaction and Enhancement of the Toxic Effects of Sodium
Arsenite and Lead Acetate in Wistar Rats
Oyeronke A. Odunola; Kazeem A. Akinwumi,. Babatunde Ogunbiyi
and Oladimeji Tugbobo .' .; 59
. ,;~
............................. see back cover for more
,
Biomedical Communications Group, IbadanrNigeria
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
African Journal of Biomedical Research, Vol. 10 (2007); 9 -18
ISSN 1119 - 5096 © Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group
•
Full length Research Article
Determinants. of Food Security Status.
of Rural Households Living With .
HIV/AIDS in Southwestern Nigeria
Full-text available at
.!f}£_!f,gi9.!J!..L<;"Q!!"!
}Y2f}£J?jgli!J?:_9.1!!!1d. Adenegan, K.O. and Adewusi O.A.
www.ajol.com
Department of Agricu.ltu.ral Economics, University of Ibadan,
Nigeria ..
ABSTRACT
The study assessed the determinants of food security status of
households living with HfV /AIDS in Southwestern Nigeria.
Eighty-five people living with mY/AIDS were interviewed for
the study, Descriptive statistics, cost of calorie measure and the
Logitmodel were used in analyzing the data collected. The result
Received: shows that there is high prevalence of food insecurity among the
October, 2006 househol ds living with HfV /AIDS. The result ofthe Logi t model
Accepted (Revised):
December, 2006 also shows that gender, education, monthly food intake (Kcal),
Published total monthly income, drug share and food share significantly
January, 2006 influertce the food security status of the households living with
mY/AIDS. To improve the food security status of households
living with mY/AIDS, it is recommended that economic policy
should be directed towards the reduction of the food prices, thus
reducing the food share of the household monthly expenditure
(Afr. J. Biomed. Res. ]'0: 9 -18, January 2007)
• Keywords: Food security, Rural household, Hfl7/AIDS, Southwestern Nigeria
•
*Addressfor Correspondence: (e-mail):bllmkem@vahoo.com
Abstracted by:
African Index Medicus (WHO), CAB Abstracts, Global Health Abstracts, Asian Science Index, Index Veterinarius,
s
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
African Journal of Biomedical Research 2007 (Vol. 10) / Adenegan and Adewusi
INTRODUCTION over 20 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa
(SSA), where the majority of the people live in
Food is rated as the most. basic of all human rural areas and more than 80% are dependent on
needs (Koontz et at; 1983). Man needs food for agriculture for their livelihood .. Also, most rural
life's sustenance, prevention of sickness and in areas in SSA are 'typified by their poor access to
providing energy for the normal psychological health and education services, and limited use of
activities of the body including the normal state agricultural inputs. HIV/AIDS represents a
of mind. Hence, the need for food security severe burden on SSA countries' ancP it is
becomes pertinent as it eventually affects a compounding poverty in the continent. While by
nation's productivity and growth. Food security the end of 2004 over 2.3 million Africans had
requires access to food both in tenus of died of the disease, 25.4 million people were
availability which is described by the ability of living with the HIV virus. Among those living
the people to get food and for the people to buy with the virus, more than half (13.3 million) were
the food. The bulk of food consumed in Nigeria women (UNAIDS, 2004).
is produced by small scale farmers whose small The first case of HIV /AIDS in Nigeria was
contributions are aggregated to meetthe demand reported in 1986. In 1991, the Federal Ministry'
for food in the country, hence ensuring food of Health conducted the first sentinel sero-
security. Any medical problem which affects the prevalence survey in Nigeria. In Nigeria,
health of these small scale farmers will affect however, HIV prevalence rate is lower than that
their productivity. HIV/AIDS is one of such in some other African countries, but the absolute
medical problems, 'but it also has social and number of people affected may be larger in some
economic dirnensions. Its impact can affect cases. The 1991 sentinel survey showed that
labour and potential income of the victims and Nigeria, with a population of over 120 million
their families, which results in neglect or had a national average seroprevalence of These
reduction in productive activities. Acquired surveys show a rise in HIV infection in Nigeria:
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a from 1.8 percent in 1991 t~ 3.8 percent in 1995,
condition of illness caused by a virus known as to 5.4 percent in 1999, and 5.8 percent in 2001.
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The These figures indicate that about 3.5 million
devastating nature of this disease in the world Nigerians between the ages of 15 and 49 years
today is unquestionable. No part of the world and are infected with HIV (NPC,2000; National
no section of the population haye been left AIDS/STD Control ProgrammelFMOH, 2001).
untouched. Not only individuals and families but Thus, HIV /AIDS normally hits the most sexually
also the whole social environment itself is in active part and most economic active segment of
danger. the population, which includes farmers, and the
Of the 2.9 million HIV-related deaths in skilled and trained labour force. The most recent
2003, 2.2 million were from sub-Saharan Africa National HIV /syphilis sentinel seroprevalence
(UNAIDS, 2004). Alarmingly, the sub-Saharan survey was in 2004 and it estimated that there
African region contains only 10 percent of the o were 3,300,000 adults living with HIV/AIDS in
world's population, but accounts for 60 percent Nigeria, 1,900,000 (57percent) of these are
of the worldwide HIV/AIDS cases (25 million women. In this survey, the national prevalence
HIV /AIDS cases out of a worldwide total of 39 rate had fallen to 5 percent from 5.8 percent in
million) (UNAIDS Africa Fact Sheet, 2004). 200 1(Adeyeye, 2005). .
Thus, Sub-Sahara Africa where an estimated 26.6 Insecure livelihood is one of the means to
million people are living with HIV and increase the vulnerability to risky behaviours and
approximately 3:2 million new infections HIV infection through immoral actions. People
occurred in 2003 -is the region of the world that engage in high-risk survival strategies that
is most affected by AIDS (CTA, 2004). The increase their chances of contacting or spreading
HIV/AIDS pandemic has claimed the lives of . HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.
10 HIVIAIDS·andjood security in rural Nigeria
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African Journal of Biomedical Research 2007 (Vol. 10) / Adenegan and Adewusi
Such strategies may be the only means offeeding and the nation ~ a whole. The issue of food
one's family during desperate times of food security and HIV /AIDS is perceived to be
insecurity like lean periods, drought, economic inseparable. Indeed, food security can be seen as
decline or war. During these periods of food one more way to prevent the spread of AIDS, and
insecurity, male family members migrate in reduce its impact (WFP, 2003). HIV/AIDS
search of work and are separated from their mortality also affects food security by reducing
wives and families for long periods of time. This household's ability to produce and buy food by
increases the chances that they will take on depleting assets; reducing agricultural
multiple casual sex partners. The fact that productivity by affecting labour availability, thus
families often split up while flee insecurity can forcing households to remove labour from
also easily contribute to the spread of HIV•. agricultural production to care for the HIV
(WFP,2003). . affected members of the family.
Increased adult mortality leaves large This is also linked up with the economic
number of surviving family members with lower situation of the household. Since HIV /AIDS is a
incomes, worsened health and reduced prospects medical problem, which has social and economic
for the future. Also, women are important actors dimensions and is becoming a particularly big
in relation to food security and development and problem in rural Africa, Nigeria inclusive, it is
their role is very critical for food security; in pertinent to look into the effects of the disease on
Nigeria. They are the primary agricultural the food security of rural households. This study
producers they prepare food and take care of the therefore seeks to determine the food security
family. According to Meludu et al (1999), profile of the HIV / AIDS households and
women produce between 60-80 percent of food ide~tify the determinants of food security.
in Nigeria. Their high vulnerability to HIV /
AIDS poses a big problem for the future of Conceptual Framework
agriculture. As the HIV/AIDS pandemic has Food security is defined as physical and
evolved, it has become apparent that the economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious
increasing contact between rural and urban areas foods which meet the individual's dietary needs
through trade, migration and improved and food preferences for an active and healthy
transportation networks have made HIV spread life. There are three key dimensions to household
fast to rural areas and this in turn has affected the food security; food availability, food access, and,
labour intensive sectors such as agriculture. utilization of food by the body (Kennedy, 2003).
For poor households, HIV /AIDS represents Food security in general is a concept that
one more often massive and temporary shock integrates a number of important issues the
that can seriously affect their ability to sustain magnitude of which range from microeconomics
their livelihoods and remain food secure. As to macroeconomics. The World Bank
impoverished families try to cope with (1986) however defined household as a group of
HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality, they become individuals living under the same roof and eating
incrementally poorer after reducing their meager from the same pot or source of provision of food.
assets, sometimes to a crisis point that threatens For house'holds to achieve food security, they
to dissolve the" family unit. Faced' with must have the me~ns to produce or purchase the
significantly reduced income, fewer people food they need to ensure that the dietary
available to work and an unrelenting need for requirements of all family members are met. •
food and medicine, family members may be • The inter-relationship between HIV /AIDS
forced to adopt high-risk behaviours (such as and food security is very strong. HIV/AIDS
trading sex for foodrjust to survive. Poor people reduces food availability through falling
who are affected by HIV /AIDS need both production, loss of family labour, land and other
treatment and food. And this ultimately affects resources; loss of livestock assets and
the food, security of households, communities implements. It also reduces food access through
HIVIAIDS andfood security in rural Nigeria 11
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
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African Journal of Biomedical Research 2007 (Vol. 10) / Adenegan and Adewusi
.declining income for food purchases. In addition the country. The socio-economic deterioration
HIV/AIDS reduces the stability and quality of will eventually lead to a decrease in the labo'ur
food supplies through shifts to Jess labour force, worker productivity, total outputs and
intensive production (Loewenson and Whiteside, . overall economic growth which would lead to a
2001). decline in national food' supplies and a rise in
Impact ofHIV /AIDS on households can also food prices. The epidemic has a major impact on
be analysed from a livelihood perspective, development because it undermines three of the
looking at access to resources of households main determinants of economic growth: physical,
especially farmers. In terms of human capital, human and social capital.
HIV /AIDS leads to loss oflabour of the infected Many. agricultural and rural development
person, but eventually time allocation of his or institutions can no longer achieve their planned
her caretakers and those attending funerals will programme output. Without the necessarY
be shifted away from productive labour. Human institutional support services, the agricultural and
capital is not only about manual labour but-also rural development sectors are failing to realize
about knowledge and skills. Illness and death of the forecasted growth rates and planned
parents prevent the transfer of knowledge to their production targets (FAO, 2005). The impact of
children on land preparation, crop cultivation, HIV/AIDS on crop production relates to a
cultural beliefs and traditions. reduction in land use, a decline in crop yields and
In terms 'of financial capital, direct expenses for a decline in the range of crops grown. The
the infected individual concern medical and reduction in land use is incurred as a result of
funeral expenses. Loss of income of infected sickness and death in households, leading to
person may also have serious consequences. fewer family members available to work in the
More indirectly, access to credit or savings fields and thus reduction in the size of the land
becomes difficult as affected households become that can be cultivated. This ultimately results in
less credit worthy (Bechu et al, 1997) .. poverty, which results in malnutrition, and f.;hich
In terms of social capital, the generation of in turn affects the health of family member and
orphans constituted an important loss of social their ability to perform agricultural work, and
capital without access to formal or informal which leads to reduced cash incomes needed to
training, or access to resources. Hence, their purchase inputs such as seed and fertilizer.
'opportunities to build up a 'safe and adequate :.The impact of HIV/AIDS on livestock
livelihood are minimized. Social networks often production has been felt in so many ways. Cattle
provide safety nets for those having problems. are frequently sold to pay medical bills and
Yet the stigma attached to HIV/AIDS may lead funeral expenses and decrease in labour
to exclusion from social networks for those availability result in lower levels of care for
needing' support. Feared stigma may prevent livestock. mY/AIDS can manifest itself in
people to acknowledge their status. Furthermore, various ways. It may result in labour shortages,
poor families have less access to social networks forcing farm households to shift from cash to
as these are built upon the concept of mutual subsistence crops when food security is being
assistance (S~ah et al, 2002). threatened.
. In terms of physical and natural capital, .Moreover, in rural Nigeria, where farming is
HIV /AIDS leads to the neglect of infrastructure. predominant, youths and adults in their most
Lack of labour leads to. reduced soil fertility productive age groups are the most vulnerable
maintenance because most of these activities are and at highest risk to AIDS, The high death rate
labour intensive. The reduction in capital will among young adults (20 to 40 years of age) is
lead to insecurity of livelihoods and thus food depleting human capital and the skill base
insecurity. The negative impact ofHIV /AIDS on necessary for social development and economic
nutrition and food security expands from the growth. The high replacement cost of workers
household to the community to different parts of .and rising labour costs caused by diminished
12 HIVIAIDS and food security in rural Nigeria
•
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African Journal of Biomedical Research 2007 (Vol. 10) I Adenegan and Adewusi
productivity, sick leave, and absenteeism The causes of their movement being employment
discourage investments, and hence reduction of seeking in other African countries like Ghana,
farm labour results which will force farmers to Togo, Republic of Benin and most especially
switch from large scale commercial farming to Cote d'ivoire.
subsistence agriculture. As a result, the high rate
at which this group is being infected is currently Sampling procedure
a matter of concern to the governments at all The study used primary data collected with the
levels since these youths constitute virtually 75 use of structured questionnaires. The target
percent of the Nigerian labour force (Oke, 2000; populations were men and women who had
USAID, 2000). tested positive to HIV/AIDS"and were receiving
The rural sector is also not unaffected in aids and antiretroviral drugs at the Baptist
several other ways because the households Hospital, Ejigbo. One hundred questionnaires
sometimes sell their production assets in order to were administered, out of which only eight-four
pay for medical bills and take care of infected were properly completed and returned. Data were
member(s). This, no doubt wiil reduce collected on household head age, sex, marital
productivity, diversification of sources of income status, family size, primary occupation,
and outputs, food security, nutritional status, and household health information, household income,
sustainability of resources (CTA, 2004). household expenditure, and household food
consumption and household coping strategies
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY against food insecurity.
The main thrust of the study is to identify the •
determinants of food security status of rural Methods of Data Analysis
households living with HIV / AIDS in Analysis was carried out using descriptive
southwestern Nigeria. The specific objectives are statistics, Greer and Thorbecke food security
to: measure and the Logit model. The food security
i) Determine the food security profile of the for the households was measured from the food
households living with HIV/AIDS. insecurity line which was constructed with a
ii) Identify the factors influencing food security regression model using the cost of calorie
of rural household living with HIV/AIDS. method proposed by Greer and Thorbecke
(1986).
METHODOLOGY The cost of calorie function of these forms were
estimated
The Study Area LnX = a+~C (i)
The study area is the southwestern Nigeria. The Where X == food expenditure
technical report of the National HIV sero- C = calorie consumption
prevalence sentinel survey FMOH, Abuja (2003), The calorie content of the recommended daily
records the prevalence in such peri -urban areas nutrient level
as Ejigbo, Saki and Eruwa in the southwestern (L = 2250Kcal) was used to derive the food
parts of Nigeria. Ejigbo has the highest insecurity line Z.
prevalence and is therefore chosen as the case Z = e(a+llL) (ii)
study for this research. People below this line are classified as food
Ejigbo is a peri-urban center with rural suburbs msecure.
located on latitude 7.95 degrees north of the
equator and longitude 4.40 degrees west of the Calorie consumption per adult equivalent of
Greenwich meridian in South Western Nigeria. households were estimated following Oguntona
Emigration is a prominent feature of Ejigbo and Akinyele, (1995)' s table of the nutrient
households with close to four fifths of the composition of commonly eaten foods in Nigeria
members being migrants at one time or the other. . while the determinants of food insecurity of the
HIVIAIDS and food security in rural Nigeria 13
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
African Journal of Biomedical Research 2007 (,{ol. 10) / Adenegan and Adewusi
households under study were identified using the X2 = Age squared
Logit model. X3= Gender (1=male-headed household, 0 if
otherwise)
THE LOGIT MODEL. J4 = Household size
The logit model postulates that the Xs = Years of formal education .
probability (PI) that a household living with X6 = Non-farm income (W)
HIV /AIDS is, food secure as a function of an X7 = Monthly food intake (Kcal) -
index (Zi). Xg • =. Total household .monthly' income
Zi is also the verse of the standard logistic (household monthly expenditure used as proxy)
cumulative function of Pi i.e. Pi (y) = f(Zi)
Zi is also the verse of the standard logistic X9 = Food share of the total household monthly
cumulative function of Pi i.e. Pi (y =1) = f(zi) expenditure ..
The probability of a household living with XIO= Drug share of the total household monthly
HIV /AIDS being food secure is given by expenditure
P, (y = 1) = 1/1 + e-zi
pz(. 1Since 1- y = 1)=1-
+«:. RESULTS1
1+«" -1 Household Socio-Economic. Characteristics.1- Pi(y = 1) = . The household's socio-economic characteristics
" 1+ e= were described using descriptive statistics of.
e-Zi frequency and percentage distribution tables.
1- Pi(y = 1) = _. -Table 1 show that the mean and the modal age of
1+ e= household heads with people living with HIV·
But were 44.72 years and 45 years respectively. 111is .
__ 1~_=I+e-Zl . indicates that on the average, household heads of
P;(y = I) households. with people living with HIV are intheir economic active years.
Thus,
P;(y = 1) 1 Table 1:
I-P;(y = I) Socioeconomic characteristics ofHIV household
heads
P;(y = 1) = ezi Statistics Age Household Years of
I-P;(y=l) size formal
education
The dependent variable (Yi) is a dummy. it takes Mean 44.71 3.92 5.71
the value of 1, if a household living with Mode 45.00 4.00 0.00
HIV/AIDS is food secure and 0 if otherwise Standard 7.63 1.57 5.08
because dependent variable is binary. The deviation
Source: Field SII",ey, 2006
maximum likelihood estimate is used to analyze
the model. The probability of a household living On the average the mean and modal household
with HIV/AIDS being food secure.(Pi) by an size was four with a low standard deviation of
household is calculated from Y1 value: 1.57. This shows that. most of the HIV
Yj = b, + b, XI + b2 X2 ----------- + households were small. The average years ofbn x, formal education of the HIV-infected household
where bo = constant heads 5.71 while a larger proportion of the
The explanatory variables Xi are: household heads had no formal education. Thus,
XI = Age (years) on the average, the household heads had at most
14 HIVIAIDS andfood security in rural Nigeria
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
African Journal of Biomedical Research 2007 (Vol. 10) /Adenegan and Adewusi
primary education. This reflects a characteristic Table 2:
of rural and pew-urban centres Statistical distribution of household monthly
dru ex enditure food intake and food share
Statistics Drug Food Food
. ex enditure Intake (Kcal) Share
Mean 1295.75 209505.94 0.41
Median 10000.00 176728.50 0.41
Mode 1000.00 156717.00 0.47
Standard 973.24 10403466.00 0..16
Deviation
Minimum 0.00 72785.10 0.12
Maximum 6000 658902.00 0.81
Source: Field Survey, 2006
Table 3: •
The Result of the OLS Regression Analysis of the
Cost of Calorie
\tariabl Coefficient Std. t- probabilit
es Error statistic y
Fig. 1:
Primary Occupation of the Respondents s
Source: Fif.ld Survey, 20.0.6 a(const 7.834427* 0.17584 44.5542 0.0000
ant ** o 6
The results. in Fig 1 indicate that only 17.6
percent of the household heads were fanners C(Kcal) 1.0500** 0.5080 2.19591 0.0368
while 83.4 percent are engage in non-farm 2
activities as their primary occupation. About 60.8 Rssquared= 0..30.1054; Adjusted Rssquared 0..290.982
percent were traders. This indicates that the F- Statistics = 0..0.87564*** Prob (F-statistics) 0.0080.36
major primary occupation in the study area is *** Significant at 1% ** Significant at 5%
trading. TIle mean drug expenditure, food intake
and food share of the monthly expenditure are Table 4:
WI295.75, 209505.94KCal and 0.41 respectively Distribution of household food securi
(see table 2). The standard deviation for drug Food security status Frequency Percentage
expenditure and food intake is high (973.24 and
Food secure 17.00 20
10403466.00 respectively) indicating a large
deviation from the mean. Food insecure 68.00 80
Total 85.00 100
Household Food Security Profile
The Ordiary Least Square (OLS) regression Source: Field SlInJey,2o.o.6
model for estimating the constant value in the
cost-of calorie function used in determining the The explanation of this result is that, a large
food security profile of the household. This proportion of the income of the respondent is
regression result was significant at ~ percent spent on drugs. Thus affecting the amount
level and has a direct relationship with food available to them to spend on food, this in turn
expenditure. The coefficient of determination is affects the quantity of food available to the
0.301 meaning that calorie consumption explains household to meet their daily food requirements.
about 30.1percent of the variability of food The food insecurity line Z was estimated to
expenditure. be 45,987.926 Kcal. The fmdings on Table 4
show that majority (80' percent) of the
HIVIAIDS andfood security in rural Nigeria 15
•
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African Journal of Biomedical Research 2007 (Vol. 10) / Adenegan and Adewusi
households living w'ith mY/AIDS fell below intake (Kcal) and total household monthly
food security fine. Thus, there is high prevalence income would result in increase inthe probability
of food insecurity among the households living of the household being food secure. Thus, a
with HIV/AIDS. household with high monthly income stream is
expected to have high calorie consumption and
Determinants of household food security be food secure. '. .
The determinants of household food security Also,' an increase in : years of. formal
were identified using the logit model. The result education, would result in increase in the
of the model is given in Table 5. The model has probability of the household living with
the log likelihood value of -20.91178 and is HIV /AIDS being food secure. This indicates that
significant at one percent. This indicates that all education is a means to enhancing food security
the independent variables jointly explain the in- the . rural areas.' This could be because
dependent variable and that the model displays education enhances early adoption of innovation
good fit. which would result in higher productivity and
The result shows that gender, years of formal farm income. Also, education could enhanee
education; monthly food intake (Kcal), household engagement in non-farm activities,
household monthly income, drug share and food thus increasing household income: Households
share significantly influence the food security 'with higher income would spend less proportion
status of the households living with HIV/AIDS. of household income on food.
Food intake, years of formal education and Thus, .a reduction in the food share of the
household monthly income have direct monthly incoine would result in increase in the
'relationship with the probability of the household probability of. the household '. living with
being food secure while gender, years of formal HIV/AIDS being food secure. This is consistent
education, food share and drug share of monthly with Engel: s law that the higher the income the
expenditure are inversely related to the less the proportion of the .income spent on
probability of the household being food secure. consumable goods, while the higher proportion is
. The result indicates that an increase in food spent on luxuries .
Table 5: The Result of Logit Regression Analysis
Variable Coefficient Std.Error Z-Statistics Prob.
t.
C . -5.522610 13.17937 .-0.419034 0.6752
Age 0.792074 0.594681 1.331931 0.1829
Agesq -0.005084 0.006248 -0.813677 0.4158
Gender -2.320889* 1.331875 -1.742572 0.0814
Hhsize -2.510443 1.834610 -1.368380 0.1712
Education 0.849700* 0.490874 1.730995 0.0835
Nfinco -0.000101 0.000760 -0.133173 0.8941
Food Intake 0.000120** 5.53E-05 2.162873 0.0306
Hhincome 0.003702*** 0.001273 2.908437 0.0036
Foodshare -0.001706*** 0.000609 -2.801513 0.0051
Drugshare -38.37567*** 13.45811 -2.851490 0.0044
Source: Estimated from field survey, 2006
Dependent variable: Food security
Log likelihood -20.51068
Avg log likelihood -O.}15549
Restr. Log likelihood -33.86526
Mclcadden Rssquared 0.394345
LR statistic (10 dj)) 26.70917
Probability (LR Stat) 0.002895
"Significant at 10% **Sigllificallt at 5% ***Significallt at 1%
16 HIVIAIDS and food security in rural Nigeria
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African Journal of Biomedical Research 2007 (Vol. 10) / Adenegan and Adewusi
Households with higher food share are food of the prices of food items, thus increasing the
insecure and low-income earners, who spend a purchasing power of households living with
higher proportion of their monthly income on mY/AIDS and consequently reducing the food
food. Also, a decrease in the drug share of the share of the household monthly expenditure.
total household monthly income would result in Government should also ensure availability of
an increase in the probability of being food highly subsidized anti-retroviral drugs in all the
secure, This indicates that if the prices of the . sentinel centres. Increasing Government
anti-retroviral drugs are reduced, the households expenditure on the Universal Basic Education is
have additional money to augment their food not sufficient, the constitution should enforce
need. Furthermore, a decrease in male-headed adherence of the populace to the policy,
households living with HIV /AIDS would result especially in the rural areas.
in increase in the probability of the household
being food insecure. This indicates that female- REFERENCES
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18 HIVIAIDS andfood security in rural Nigeria
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