F A C U L T Y O F A R T S Ambrose Alii University, Ekpoma, Nigeria UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY IRORO: Journal of Arts Ambrose Alii University Ekpoma Volume 16 Numbers 2, 2015 ISSN 0795-4417 (c) Faculty o f Arts, Ambrose Alii University UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY VI TABLE OF CONTENTS E1.d itBoerniainl. .A...r.t.. .a...Ofofr Btheen iPnr Desisve airnv Mea teKioainnng sas onhdfi pV P iasesur paa elS tCouocamitaiolm nIunnstiictauttiioonn 1 2. DPra.n Sweet UfuFutu-Arefr oicfa AnUism mw, tehne AAkfrenzua-Ebei in the Ageic oafn GRleonbaai gsblissa e anticoen and the 22 3. DMri Amaechi UdefiAdgicrhaiteio’sn and Social Mobility in Chimamanda Ngozi 44 Americanah 4. APrgoof.s tBinenh oE gNeedteo &, A Dnrg oClhar aisntdo pAhferirc Aan yokwu 54 5. APr PofNguo . Isaac gsit cwoalo nI. iaEll iPmim Thiongro’Ote isatn’s of Eurocentric Africa in 68Wizard o f the Crow Ga 6. Camhr birsiteila Kniotsyisong the E, W o Oekonkwosans tPeeronp Eled uocf aEtdioon S atnatde S, o1c9i0a8l C- h 1a9n8g0e 81 7. LNuoclklyyw Souoccde sFsu Enhdiimngem ane d& t hPer oPfo Sliitmicos n Ademola AjayiCritical Concerns o f Sponsorship: 118 8. CSiulvlteurr Oalj iDesroanm AabhulimhenSalami’s a anndd N Eamtimonya dliesgmu:’ sA Study of Irene 131 Emotan Omodoko Iyobosa Jennifer Olaye UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 9. WProem-Ceonlo inni aEls aSntalatunsd and Socio-Cultural Roles of 140 10. DINn r it ge Ju errp liluiaany s O. Vooft A U.n Ju. mAeyners’ Attietru’sd Ve:e rAi fCicaaltli ofonr PSreilnf-cDipelpe eanndde nce 157 11. LAeacnouComu o mt leuu w neit a c l paoat F iCoo imfebpor eAhln Orale e anfesion: Une panacee pour la 174 12. DACh r J nr Ai astmiaensnalys PI.a Artsiikis ci apation in Politics in Nigeria: 187 13. JUergbbaenfu A . Kio-AporiTDreavneslfo oCpremmneatrnteitos: n Aa on Cfda N stiheg eef orQirau tneh seCt iiStoitnersa otef gSiucs tainable 198 14. DDr E20r1am m 5 a m ina nDuaenl cJee:g Aed Re eview of Theatre La’ Danza 216 15. ADuadniieenl cOem Poruan// Operation eirnc Sepotuitohn Wo fe Dsti,g Nitiigzeerdi aBroadcast 22716. DATh r eO ‘Bluag Criticab b ly e-nMgaak Einlegg bFea c&to Rroys’ eSlyynnd Vroonmae Dog Assessment in N hiugdejreia: 245 17. MHorsu. sPe.Ow. OjoNature-Nourkrt aunred PGeernspdeecrt iRvoeles: An Analysis of the 258 Sylvester Idem udia Odia UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY IRORO: JOA Volume 16 Number 2, 2015 227-244 AUDIENCE PERCEPTION OF DIGITIZED BROADCAST OPERATION IN SOUTH WEST, NIGERIA O& lugbenga Elegbe, Ph.D Roselyn Vona D oghudje Department of Communication and Language Aits, University of Ibadan Emails: elegbeolugbenga@gmail.com, fmkama21@yahoo.com A b stra ct This study examines the platform in which the broadcasting stations in South West operate, and the degree to which their transmission influence their audience. The study adopts the survey research design with the use o f questionnaire and a qualitative method in the use o f interview guide to elicit the needed information. 200 sample size were selected from viewers and listeners o f Ondo State Radiovision Corporation, Akure and Splash FM, Ibadan, Oyo State for the study. A total of 182 copies o f a questionnaire duly completed were analyzed. The finding o f the study reveals that majority o f the respondents felt that the technical quality(56.7%), news casting(61.5%), programmes(67%) and audio-visual(72.9%) quality of broadcast station in South-West, Nigeria is poor and the effort put in place by stations and government to transit the country into digital broadcasting is not proactive. The study also reveals that majority of broadcast stations in the South-West, Nigeria are still operating in analogue transmission. Findings also reveal that funding and manpower are the major challenges that are slowing down the smooth switchover from analogue to digital broadcasting. Funds to purchase digital equipment are too costly fo r stations to source for while funds to train manpower to sustain the equipment are not accessible. This shows that broadcast stations in South-West, Nigeria are still operating in analogue, with poor technical quality and facing challenges o f manpower and funding. Hence, the National Broadcasting Commission as a regulatory body should liaise with the federAalu gdoievnercnem Peenrct feoprt fiuonn,d Diniggi support from financial institutions fWore sbtr, oNadigcearsita stations to fulfill their matnizdeate o f dKeywords: d Broadigcaitsitz aOtpioenr.ation, South UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 228 IRORO: Journal of Arts IsDnyisgttireto d u c tiowcoimthp imszua iittniao n is auter baclnheyi pe f no and transmittesdle prrmoc) ( etsesx ot,f p trhaon tcshtorr ootnhuiagcths t dhdieeg viitni tcsoemgs ri(sasspuiohns , fvroomic ea, neatlco.)g utoe dinigfoitraml ation Digit format form broadiczaasttiionng ailsl otvheer tmheo wdoerrlnda ,l c tchoierncrcueefi citohsn, ae scq aaun is pcbmaen epnnretor, c aoensr dsse pndee,c tswiatoolirrzekedsd,. iann NaSliotgugeduriieea snm hboardvoeea odincf adbsirctoiang stations. oprte oitsf rcoolem mmuustn bicea sttirounct uarnedd doarfieg i a itntrifazonarstmmioainttti eoidnn ab(nKrdoh asaedne tded the advantages of digitization over the overemphasi , n c,2 aq0sut1ian0lgi)t..y T Tmhhiaesi rniest fasoienreeen,d i tnahn etdh eiem aways pictures television formzeadt tbheacta duescleiav seting industry in Nigeria sp eoc oratfna snntooctre a bgoeef wfoirt hBD vriegoriastdaalct iTalisettly e Tvtoies ltieohvnei srrieaopnnrg.e e Dr osig fbi itetasttl aeTrp epplilecicvtuaistriieoosnn a sn.(Dd TsoVu) nids qau asuliptye rainodr bteesrctoahabndloicslaohsgetydin hpgar osto gb reademignmital sents a new technological infrastructure regulatory requirem eainrngtgsu berTodha itsdo crefers to practi caiensstv,i intcego . maT . This include psb hth er i at soe shi tanewlsidov e r ifet a tsfrrsaoensmssm maeinsnastil ooongf broerbcoloiaggdanctiaizosentd st e thltehevaits have strategies, and are making a hu ion in N aliwgearyisa . bMeeann yc coonusnidtreireesd o ffp utuhnbed lawicmo erinlndtt eahrla evtsoet bsuropapTdohcseaeds t stiwon gtita (ckO hgnueug ehef,f bo2re0tn1 te0of) is.th wifht ifcrohm d iagnitaallo bgr boraodacdacsatsintign go ftfoe rdsi gaintadl amfrneuaqlltuoipegnluecexi ettsrea leth hreo over from analogue to digital in Nigeria was single frequennvsicmsyi puolgnait h c rtea,r e w tin thensg t h eiot e a h (a stllh i ryeweaarv 2es0 1t2h. aDt To a Vre is strima ucwh p rraeismc eaap rtUyio HdniF fof efo rmre unVlcHte n ibslamerii nttteiple chgoa d nths otean nu rsdadio t nels o ean ro daf ttrhhaeendef ipnt sruiatbinolisn itioncm b fro teiusls m eyiv oh insi ag nalog to diiohsni gd sneeaftilsns i (taOison nw g tieetlalle l avbsisr mioadcauh, 2010o)na. ksien sgt isnugr ein Ftvh ochannel). The Hence, to understand fully the level oft ds iagnitdiz gaetito arlitvd em os efc mshtbaanenrdgsai nrodgf media in South West Nigeria, the study seeks to assess tnh oe fp berrocaedptciaosnt UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Aouf dtiheen cae uPerception o f Digitized Broadcast Operation in South West... 2 2 9scintha aSnloldeuantrhgd-e d W so i enefc sob c tn r e ab Nofriagodenc otauisnttg bria. od rpoiegaridtaictzaiaostntiio ninng aoSmpoueortnhag-tW inbgreo sitan, d NScoaigusettihrni-agW saetnsadtt,i otthhnees AaScaur ntoaaultone m e n t o f th e P ro b lem bnecmda abuu g edd u r sit eoh transe io e tr t miqs uena aslinmtysi.ms Asiinsosanilo ohngo uvbeear stsee ol ednvuliyes isotoonm pteroa fonersw mc ohivussenirdoanrge wed,s ap of kilometer set situated i,no ttA aking longer pictures processes so doirs cpoivceturerde BStraotaed wcailsl tninogt Co Hokpiugehrre aD,t eiOofinnn doitofio OSnyt iaont Sest tawatneidl laa nhrdda.r aTd Thlyis issee any signal from Oyo State as wVe pl sli.e c iwkn broadcasting o f Analogue transmis Ot i hnay L saai ggTonesale,l vLfiarsgoioomn maintenance. Hence, th ther challenges s Ti(tIesTc Uhm)n eionml o2bg0ey0r b6 y ca Jotu Gunneent re1ive7as,2 s eisg iInonentde raan rtaerte iaotthnyea k ln Tcooest of installation and The digital 0to1 5s w(Piatcschh aolv Iehre ct wolen c Daosimg GimEta0ul6n biwcrahotiaicodhnc a aUdsjnutiironengs psdtiergroiftnoagrl metre citnhh hu Uwaoma Uche, 2012). access to thene th o inlt eoairtegs katseu ldeovifo is caioonmnd p vsiidgenoa los uwtpeurte. Afolsuon tde lteov ibsieo clearey. This impli n sets w r oaunldd taou deixop rnet. It would ue tsae ltrshsoa bta eTn dVab stleeet lsteo wp shotoournlede d baheta aan bfdrloese mttos r ,pe rcuoenvivdiededer wpursioelldg r b aeenr idaeb nvlcieseual signals. In essence, the broadcast media will begin transmtaomi stmsriaoennss a ntnoed w soi pdmeimrualettean nsion of transmission, while broadcasters Based o nm( Iit only one fpoeuroorug csrhlayam ntmnraeeln sos fmrr ocihmt a atn hnmee sli nainmim tehu semt aa tniooafnl o ftgohuuaert bNitrsi ogaeagrdeincaacnys t,M iNniagnt,i isoI hthheeceh un uamndtry e rUocuhse , a2d0v1a2n)t. ages in operating digital o2n0 1s2u”c. cHeosswfuelvleyr nt, rataol c ohu and Uche (2012:38 ) observed that “the and Nigerians compn Bfr Ionafdocramstaintigo nCo amnmd iCssoimonm, Nunica w BC, l toiooknss ,c othnrfoiduegnht iHne Snocue,t hth-Wis esstut dNyi gseeerliky siihtniagnt gw e xfitrthoe mntht eaa ndreea mltohageu geo vtoe rdnimgietanlt ,b byr othaed end of as ito casters n tahsese fsasc teh eo fs tdaingnditdaizsr daot ofi otfh nbi,rs ot nhaeedw cpa etsertcc oheppnetoriloaotngi oyon?f UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 2a30 Iitnhu edS coiehunatchlle R OaRbOou: Journal o f Arts-eWngeesst ,c tN obinrgoferarodinact.ainstgi ndgig oitpizearatitoionn asm ino nSgo ubtrho-aWdecsats, tNinigg eSrtiaat iaonnds R 21.. es WW eoparchheaaratt h ti ioQ issn uestions tht ihene sS topauentrdhca-eWrpdet isootf,n Nb roigofea radiuaca?dsite noce about broadcasting 3. WbNrihgoeaardti caaa?rset inthg es tacthioanllse ngeisn Scoounfronti pnegr adtiigoint izina tSouth-West, th-West, Nigeria? ion among L itera tu re R eview AtBrrdaovde awirvneis edmncita sotf Broadcclees. ing sTs smhieoic ner looe c pcfh t airon no nfno baes tidnegfined as the giving out, sharing or ctroanntsemntit tteor .a Bdriospaedrcsae ir,c m odrae tvvionesdti nagu i ice ddisie ooo rrs mmeedssiuamge sc atnh rboeugh an electronic mass commu e tnhcee e ndvdiisaet rrt ihwbeuh taiicuohdn ic ooa nf rabauedd irioeo,f etarenrlevision, radiation i.e. R visual med deid uv mtiod eaoosf disi stthrCiebh uditoiisomsnea mo fP naaitdcraiiotci iwoana v,( e2bs0u (1tI 4bu:u1sl)uu bally on using electromagnetic audience audio and video con dotee, nf2it0ns0 et8so ) a.b droisapdecrsaesdti anugd i“eansc et;h Iet stchcohrmoomulagurhsn dwefhinoien rae“tbicoerniovsae d octfah seint ifinormaiacna teionnti mreelys sealgeecst”r o(n nicgf ormNatimaosne tiaotnio nto saim lau aadln issO sopemef nei nnUcaonti rlotge heterogeneous 2006:2). “Broadcasting is the planned provisidiovi annn goeof uinslfyo”r.m Oatthioenr tehdruocuagtiho ntw anod m eanjtoerr tmaiendmiae notf t mo aas lsa rcgoem amndu hneictearto er iongn eo s nif a et yi n on d uof ofdr eNciogedring television, bro of ths a ia, on the radio e r muaddaitieoino coner, danedco TOdhninea gbd aesuvjoec,lh aan dindca fotset laudiences are able to access broadcast messages with diverse co2hp0am0ll0e r e)nn. mevision through their receivers which help in tg o a ef tion” (Ch s t. hTeh Nei gienr iioamn bar, o2a0d14:1dustry hasc agsot icnitdiung Fne thstrroy olarin, 2000 u igs hb ead elovitl eodf UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY AchudiencdHeovawenlegove es P einrc eptionpemr, esnottm ohfee N od o f Digitized Broadcast Operation in South West... 231 Ntoi gtheeri aco tuhnrtoruy.g Hh eiCg fe etvrheiealos aepf tmcehre nt of the Nigerian social structure. named Western Ninghceiere,i fat e OTleebvlaei atfsh llee ncogleosn iwale mrea sintetrrso gdauvcee idn dbeyp penodliet veiimosinoi nbA r(woWaodlNocTwaVsot) i.n oTgn h inOe cNetsoitgbaeebrrliia s3 hb1me, gea1nn inc cianel ttfaoecl seteovrirvssei:o apnso tbloirtoioadcasting in 959 educational syclsss t teaomn idms tephdraoutvc wea teui N rpoen ig. eTreiale vwisaiso t of qualified teachers in certain os tnuh btehjnee c hltea vanerdel namn podrt oivated by two major tele icapp qegudra albimtyy mt ohefe st sh wheoe rrretega iugoesn eoadlf wteilteh v insuiomne brroouasd cchaasltlienngg beys th as. This establishment of globvHailosizwioaetnvio ener,,l eibncrtdoriaogdencniacos utmisn be (C g r e doh iaa piodomclit, baas i,ct i2anl0 gc1 lb4ass of that time was facmovedu bt ewyointh )e.dg iatnhnde it ghiernnotoueugrshv mernaetddiioioan at on edd wi o f btfaorc d owil eiidtra etfreoadca shd rm te bt o ieynr dtoh f uge s aintet a proliferation of bseotnrteyho elluritnse e broadcast phraivsin t tcweorhmnereby ate anaedt i oagn ola bilnr aogua, ddaicenandsc te wm (eCebhscsioaamsgteiasn, gc2a 0nw1 bh4eico ). s hTe hniest imcso autjnhoterr ycth,r baaunlltes mnogpieses rbiaoetniinn ggfr fioanmc ae ndta hbleoy g tauhneea vNtre n iar gnn smwmeainsyts ioionwn nmNeidog desertai. atHi oewnnith the transmission. The question is why is ldoigggueitreai la ttnrr aabnnrssommadiisscssaiiosotnni nb gteo ti n scd ieun,s ttthhreye analogue transmission? tedri tghitaanl TTprhhoeec e wEsosmirndeg rdingigfeoitnramce o f D ig itiz a tio ntsdheigrisvi,ti caOelk otprfaa bnninsamacrhiysi sd l iagdtietison”no ( ttIehhsea ct“ hais u ps, rocess or device that operates by radio broadcast, Svitoiarntn ulmey(2008) usatnpapdte lUidec dthh aean, t2d d0 si1gt2oitr:a3el9d r) ai.n dC itoohr eris of tbohroemr ap touinfr ega oachlpsapono nroetfulfsen oristny e dfaoactrha m frdueiqlstup edium that improves the sound quality of of object, image, souni acllaalyys t eicnliamgp, ianbbraiotliiantdigec ssa tatic, hiss, pops and fades. It signal, by a discreet seedtn ,o cdyf o.p Hcouienmntcsee;n , ttdh, ieog rirt siaatz iasn rtgeio cmne iiuvsl ettrhipse l erae nhpdirg ehsoe pqneutnaat liiutpy esuilgtsn aol,f uthsiusa pllryo acens saensa aloornge UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 232 fddoiigrg iiat al r1eRp0rR0t isziagtnioa es :e Jnoutartniaoln o, fd Airgtistal image formats to bnl.e D acsea nrornineised MwthcitaQhtu t“haaeill ls(oa2wm0se0 0in:2 for an object and digital form Nmaendciay” H, wichkse rMebayy nthaerd m (u2c0h0 0a)b oduets ectrfhf fio8cir)e also defines the process of produce news will have to change. ieb ewd mn dcaytigi on of all kinds in all Ihechu and ays awintaed l diazelasfotiin oienn,t egarsam t“hiane gmrl eaedng”da. oddigadifg r i via t at idazilatinco et ae onlned vafrom ti sse a ailoe tv eiUcshicohnneo blo(rg201n transitoiioacda 2lc a)in sntfironovmat ioann oththaet rw iplle rcshpaencgteiv teh ed secfoinpee baseBda (steerrest n is th d on rtihnailas) l uosngigudneea rtlsest.rarnesdtirniagl, t ege lietnve iNcshiigneorlioag aicnadl beevyoolnudti. oHne nacned, mdiegditiaal iwzaitlilo enn ahlason cme eaaunds iaon a enndh avn idscuiegaditiza on, wh l vqieuwtailoeitnrys .f ich broadc oeIxrn p tahenrei oebtnrhoceea adsctass ltainndg aafodnrdd i instan r breath, accotnridoewninasgl l craee: E tonpgua legcet roopntiiocn sP, raongdr ainmtemraec tGivuei sdeer v(icEePs Gsu)c, hs ausb tw-hteirtaoltiuhngeghr, trshetoecroreerddfo”inr. egA, hlmsaoso or rts. In HBeaa inrnasfnoo nrS the moved tm oR ta adat n ipi sloaemy e( 2v0e1in0,: digitization of video signals, television in the process gohit n faa el c g lf a o o n i(rn2 mbg0 e a0 ft c r5 a:22r2r4i7e)d, o“vreerd upcheosn eth weiirr essi zaensd; TFahrenrsew aorret htw aon dd Ziswtionrcyt kdiing ittoa tl hfeo rcmom s w atpos.umt it H 1ha) nC asDtloast gaeunse:d “MtjeuPcsh3t nfaioslel ossg,o syuo n oidsf sr(etHasDnodTluaVtr)ido insd ipagi icwttaiuld rteee screen formats and fea etirugizrhee sdd eadfniign uiittlaitorl ant e ctclehelnaervo ilhsoiigogynh. ounp lytoO o gsniaexh cc hhAaannntnhneoelln”s lw eovinti hsti hoseun p sweahrmiiocerh fs wroeuiqlnlu mde.n aTckhye e si tpo pather. ossy (2009 ce t idbhliaegt i ttnoao lb wfroo rcamadracratie sisst MoStviaegtrrio aantnisn”a gslo tIagmtueped l itachnaetd ii motnhpsel i accant )di o itnnhs e ao Cfp dhaiapglielteran l ogtenec sh“ Dfnoiirqgital Broadcasting: Tanhael ostguudey troe vdeigailetadl ttheacth ndiihqgaiutlelaesln bfgoreor apbdorcosaeasddt by uNcinags e t h tshatsea i ts g it ro earfn ia Broonsb sriiontai odNnc a adfsrctoianmst over igeria g. agcocoeds a srn teaocl eoinpgttueieor nnbe,e tcp,a oluessssesib biital ihntaides s wt ooi dfd tohh uw, gqietuh as qlpiuteyac tlsirituym co fno mtre onbrtre po aarodddvcuaantage gnal, among othscettriinso.ng,, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY AudieOncbes ePerrvceerption o f Digitized Broadcast Operation in South West... 233boanInef t alo tdewirge gieue andnatantil o AbnMrao a s dn ihdga iFtvaMel b istri ogtnahdaalct a the difference between traditional towards digitlai zdTicnealges actiolnl mgb rmporom qpsutting uadncicaast aeilitit doonu t re h esseUe. nwT mhobles the disparity existing Obviously, digital broadcastintfgi tsh iaionsn ers tl hd e( Itohu mea TwnU rto)s uttagonorld.h d miitnsa gkr eeqg uumallaoittvioeerss, toainmf saeilgo angnaualesl .oa Prograand Uche g(n2ud0e s1 ip2se )o mcvtrmeure.m Tp herfeefsisceei neantracety it.o rSnuu ewp iponou trledtri mnbges y twohfe c lade fllo aim vantages o underscored that since technolorrgeit pr ygy o o haian vnesgd d ,c qI by rhueeaa vltihetyer improved platforms chu Ttsephleeacvtt iwrsuiiolmln r ateons udbl ert atmdoi aiond wte e fira o llav rc atbiilvraoibtaylde casting, there is need for a big tgeedr mfroemdi aa uwdiliol b aen adb vleis tuoa pl sroi dgvnoida mles u.a c i nhfo bmrr oorraaedd ticoha asantni nrdeg t, eale svitisuiaotnio bnr woahdecraesbty. station can do more than one Tctrchaeens sism mtopi slIinctaetrinone ct oe, isfv ttoihnriges sirsieg tcnheaaivlts. These sion at a time. ead r dadatioa T h e o re tica l F ram ew ork MDMeee(20pd deii10na a :d De 8ed7ne)cp peennddenecnyc yt hTheo gratified by, y “m tthheeed omiraoy ur Aes ceac, eo potehrdr r es i yon r ngi y st oa Blsaor aknn Sotwannle ya sm a n media play in that person’s lifeo” dr. eeInp i emtnhpdisos, roatuna ndhitae wvnicinlelg s b h Mdis eD doarivai sS Dystem on the media; they see media as the only source of thdeeie rtphe her inenf odrro mgl ene entehndaisst Atahnlisdso, t,t hhtehei erm attitude toward any issue being aired by the media ch raaentaigtoelny. rtthhefeeo brmmeehedadiv y ai e o sdrei eoa isati fi t nt as a trsf fluence u eth aen ldif egsetynluei,n aett iitnufdoerm, baetliioenf a. nAds sao rmeestuilmt eosf Tmheudsi,a t wheil ltr oer ilssaeetr iavone hy e tth aheueirdm ide, entphceeen. dmIfe elnadcriigendsh mipe bdeiat’ws reoelne tihn a e te has audiences rely on the media, and the degree of media influence shoe i. nstitm Tsoohuceni ueottvyioe wrnt of oa ivll wll biinllf lbe reshapeduld be centrearllaeyl ml u deoenrpceee cnse dodirect. Bne f atn rthraacnl e., tmahneedd p Diraav y o ipniosfs lu(it2ei0on1nc0 eo) lfac tiyhtsien imgn DethdeeiFa lr edeuelrap taeinonndds eBhnaicplly -b Rtheotekwoereayec. nhF it(rh1se9t, 7 lta5hr)eg pe“rbro asvsoiidcs ieoadlf UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 2sy3s4t IRORO: Journal o f Artstuaoun dtdhei eeemn m,c teeh ddei eamp”edia’s role inrstanding e (wnBdhaeernannc ae na ondn dw mD thaevadits s, y2s0te1m0,: 9a0n)d. Saeucdoienndc, e“ trheela dtihy m e ognrsehei posf btfeheeecl oisnmogcisina, gl o wirn ocbrreledha,a s(vibni)og rtl.yo” daTechtp imernded, ia in ee“ndintia f oomuremrs sainatigdoeunss atisrl titeahrl e a ukdeyie vnacrei baebllie in and (c) for fan on the media (a efs, consequently ttahsey satnrdo negsecra pteha.en F inidngeafplulyell,ny “d athenned c geyrf.ef.e.a cttt )si ovtcoeil euytn yind, we are likelihood (Baran and Davis, 2010:90) that the mehree dt higaer enaane eserodsct iaaenntyd mes ter th de, tthheeo csraoygn, eatseu nwdtii elaln nhcdae v aweu iadllni od e evfpfiesecunta.d l H mimeonprcee o, inn t rheela mtioedni tao w mheedni at hdee pqeun dad their roved drastically. lietyn coyf TManhethodolovn e st ieeedwd aee udqd uiy adrs ananfloditr a ogpyts lmitsitavete ni s omunrers.e v At e oh y fso r Oad em siepnal etrh coeh design with the use of questionnaire raensdp oSnpdlaesnhts F wMe,r eIb dardaawnn,n Ofdroyo omS t Sa f ut2es0 eR0 aordef isionpvtoeinsridvoeinen wtCso gwrupaiosd rseae ttlioeoc nete,l iAdc ikftru the res tate, for the study. One hundr oremed, taontaapllyo znoedfd e.1n8ts2 w ceore drawn from th OeS lRisCte, nAekrsu roef, S wplhaisleh FthMe, oIbthaedra n10. A0 borthoeaTrd hsctaeas ttri oasnntadtoiom pi essa mofp tlihneg qtueecshtnionnaire duly completed were technique w ns (OSRC and Spla iqshu eF Mw)a sa su as erde ptroe sseenlteacttiv tew oof iqsneuscettsriotuinmosne,n natthisre e sa iasnn Suosuedth tWo esdtr, aNwig erreisap, ownhdileen tthse fpourr pthoesi vset usdamy. plingf The bdreosiagdnceads ttion ge l o oisc r ptir tduh csett ursutrucedtduy r. ed interview guide were used as research from the study wte rienarfteoi nragmn iaanlt i inWotneh riovlenie ptwhee rg cqueupidetesiot inco ononnf ttaahiirene ea cduo dn8iet anqicuneee sdy Szoeudt hu-sWinegs ts, iNmipgleer ifar.e Tqhuee ndcayt ac ocuolnla tb itoownuost ptthrraeen s ected fseicnnrdtiebindegd is na o ntfad tb hcleeo sds.et Tuddh wye. isthtr ureclteuvraendt iinssteurevsi aenwd d raettar iweveerde troe scuopr t dpaeondrdt, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Audience Perception of Digitized Broadcast Operation in South West... 235 TDthhaeistFreq a s ePcrtieosne onft tah Two uqheuunencsidteirsoe nodnf v(a2ai triiseorio s ntauddmy ianiimstse but 182 that were0 0d)uu slc yor epcsoipemso npodlfee ranet thtd an es wo aenlyqure e zt ihcnstioe gl l teshecetlee ddcat fetoadr cted were roentrnieavireed wfoerir n roetlelserpcpotreneddta eftrniootmns.. pdreemseongtreadp bheiclo win.formation collected from respondena etn sda iilssyt srhiisbe.ru Tethebdey Table 1: D istribution o f R espondents by A ge, G ender and M arital Status C18a-t2e5gories N18o %2361-30 9.1 .2 510 346 --3450 7181-45 2. .82 4100 46 and above 3276..34 2105 TOTAL 182 100% MGealneder N o . %Female 9847..66 4582 Total 182 100% M MSin a arg r rl ietal Status Nied 415 o.5 %36.5 2755 btheet waTgea Total 182 100% responee b rnldea e n t1gh sntse o hfo 3w6s- 4th0a yte marasj aonridt yn uomf tbheer reeds 4p0o 35 years of age be e awtgweere eer 1na0n t gh(1ee8 a.o2gf%e 4o)1;f - 14a81b--2o45v5 ey y eeyaaerrsas r nd ws ( 7ew e2nts wereree.8 r1%e5 ) 2;( 02re 7s pboentween of age were 10(.3(31%68.) d4.2; e% 3n%1 t)s); - , UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY w23h6il e reIsRpOoRnO: Journal of ArtsTs(h7ho2isw.8 is%m t)ph lwaiete dr dtehnts between age 26-30 years of age were 5 (9.1%). m(8 e w a7j.o6r%it)y ooff t5thh2ee ( a9te 4lrl.e 6rs%eppo)r neodsfee ntnhttsee dbr eeinstwp toehneedn se age range of 36-40 years marital status srrheeosspwpoo nnthddaeetnn tt7ss 5 w we(e1rre3e 6 mf.5ea%mle)a. l t Fne udy. wi. tn seTd w rh Fi iniesgr n ses d t oum ing e marnd a riey lsrd e e s,oh nwo whgisel net dh4ea8r (45 spondents t’ are .m5%ar)r iwede.re single. This implies that majority of the re, swpohnidlee n2t5s ISBSnswo t r and ouorde ar rtod o f itatchdh cWeadse tsoi tnmv Ng e e rig a Besurriroaea, tpdhrceima ospatre yOra dptaieotran a wstteiaornend o aibrndt a Soinof ebudrth W estCommission, to assess the broadcasto f sartodamctaio stnht s , from analogue to digital. se tNtNaht iaigoterati nhosn iiaaavnel Table 2: Television Statio n s’ standard o f op eration in South-West, Nigeria S/N Nam e O f D igitized Yet - To- Be Television Station D igitized 21 A S C(A tfrIaTitcions 3 ' Choann )an Iendependent Television V V 4 Galat ls T xinye Tneta el lTevleviseil iesvioonis nion V V 56 G V 7 NSLa a ii t lggveo erswi aerBai yT eTrd l e Te lveivsiisoino nelevisiAonu,t hLoargiotys, V 8 BOMryIo9 To aV Sd, tcLaaatseting Corporation of V V 1110 OSunp- eTrV s cL go raeg s eons VV 12 Lagos Televis,i oLnagos f U IVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Au1d3ience PerOcSepRtion o f Digitized Broadcast Operation in South West... 2371154 NOTSAB CC,, AOkure V 16 NTA,, Oso sgobgobo VV 1187 NNTTAA, AIbkaudraen VV 2109 NNTTAA , , 2 E S C kiti akhiannel 5 Lagos V 2212 NNTTAA,, OOygobomoso V VV TShoeu rsctued: yN sahtoiwons ainl Bthreo aabdocvaes ttainblge Cthoamt mtheisres iaorne (t2w0e1n4ty)tsgetolve three dInigadit vision stations in s eeipornenmnsd eiennnt tos Twoeunletehvdi- sswitoaentsi ot ou (,nA s th- tized. Io )Tn. )Al y wm etowsntog, tNand Chathee igl etewvria, (8 private and 14 nnelises nTioteynl et wvsiotsai o(t2ino2)n) w st eel(reAev fifsruiiolclnay Table 3: R ad io stations’ standard o f operation in South- West, N igeria S/N N am e O f D igitized Yet - To- Be Radio D igitized 21 8 St 88 a 9..9 t i7 - o - n EB s kriola F FMM, - Sports V V3 V4 895 9920. . .39 7 - -- ETkopo RFaM V 6 92.9 - IBnosnpira dtiioon F FMM V V 87' 9953..17 --RWhayzt dh mFM FM V V 9 96.1 - Traffoicb iraa dFiMo V V UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 238 IR0RO: Journal of Arts 1110 9976..39 -- CColaosls iFcM F M- urban music A1123 9987.. A 14 99.1 7 - 3 -- SMetro FM A 15 102.7-N MigeOOTH FM, - soul, A 16 103.1 -N Uani rjia Info A 17 99.9 - The iBl aa gFea tF M FMM (University A A 18 A 2109 110001..55 -10 -S RtaayrP FoMwe, rI kFeMja, AA 2212 110 25..39 - R- Caditiyo FCMontinental AA 23 06.24 6100970.5 5 -F -- F R a Ra ji Cd Ni FoM ( RLaadgioos, A N Iigeria AA 2 O gu n State A25 89276 9B4a .b1c o-H.1 - ck o UpRainn e.iFbove M wr sFity Radio A A 2298 94. M A 30 110231 5. 9- -P Raramou.5 - Geoocklacit nt FM, FRCN, A 31 90.5 - OGBC 2b i yo uFsM , Abeokuta A 32 8U8n.i2v e- rHsietby rRoand FiFoMM S Ct, FAM, Abeokuta Ao 4 atv bioeenno,aknutt a AA 33 O93n.1d o3 - FSUtTaAte AA 354 9160.52 - OSRC FM A36 94.5 .5- O-Proasnigtiev eF FMM, A (kFuRrCeN) AA UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Au3d387 ience Per9ce868. p1t i-o.9 - n o f RAadyap Doiwgietriz FeMd ,Broadcast Operation in South WeVst... 239ba FM V 39 O89s40 94.. u5n5 - - GO Stat rreisau en FM, lie Ife VV 4412 9150.35. 1- Gold tF FMM V 4434 110041..59 - - UIsniq FM V- Liuvnindgu nSrpinri nFgm FM, VV 45 O92y.1o -S Atajite V 4467 9936..53 -- POr l keem et -i ee rFM, V 48 98.5 - OluyoOlgeu FnM F M(FRCN) VV 4590 99.1 - Amuludu FnM F,M, VV 551 101.1 - 2 9105.5 - DSpialamshon FdM F,M Ibadan VV 5534 A9 71..95 - Beat FM, Ibadan V 55 90ye.1fe -lS - eS t pF arrae F cseh M F F ,M IbadaM (Inte nrnet) STREAMINGVV 5 Ekiti State V567 9(1B10S0.5E.5FS) M- P-r oGgorledsesn F VMo i(cFeR oCfN E)k iEtik iti V SouSricmei:l N atis(t2a4t)i ornasd iiona r sSltyao,t uit o oth ne asl B roadchn-sw inteu sLdta,y g Noshisg,o eew ass itnin tghe C aobmovme itsasion (2014) eight (8) radio stations in Ornigidaho ta r(ae8n )df ri faEtdyki iostie svStetaantt b(l5e7 t)h; attw ethnety r afoduior Osun have seventeen (17) radio stations respeioec,nt iswv,e hilnyil .Oe T,g hOueny o ss ttauantdedy, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 2re4v0e alsI RtORO: Journal of Artswest, Nighearti ath; eornel ya rnei nlaer g(9e) n sutamtiboenrss woef rrea dfuiol lsyt adtiigointisz eind .the south­ ATou fduienceiann dS ol uth Woperaristttihneengr e ie xppelrocree pthtiiso inss uaeb, othuet Broadcast Operation rs)e swt,e rNei sgoeurian South Westg Nhitg oenri ath. oeFp ioninpdieoinrnagsts io oafnr te ho pef rbaerusodeaniedtnecadces bt e(svltoiaewtwi.oenrss Table 4: R espondents’ Perception about B roadcasting Stations O perating in South W est, N igeria S1/N SEtxacetem ents2 Goodl lCeonnt tTeencthnical quality A80g(r4e4e.0d D isagreed Total 3 Intere 112(61. %5%)) 7100(23(85.65.%5%) ) 118822((110000)) 45 VCliesuara p strionggr Namewmse csasting 6700((3338%.5)%) 112122((6671%.5)%) 118822((110000)) Tt1ea0cb2hl(ne5 i6c4.a5.ls% qhuo) w l sa ntdh aaut d8io0 q(u4ality 49(26.9%) 133(72.9%) 182(100) content of atoelfilt teyhv eo 4.0%) of the respondents agreed that n70ew(3s8 c.5a%st)i ndgi soang rlei sfri ebosrnpo oasndtdcaeatnisottinsn sdg i siisna g ersxeoceeudltl,he 1n-w1t 2ien(s6 ts1,o .u5Nt.0ihg%-ewr)e iaasg t,ri sNe eiggdoe trohidaat,, wd7i0es(sa3tg,8 rN.e5ei% ed, 112(61.5%) of the respondents disagreed that respondgd )t hof the ocal stationeenrtiasa ti sdp cirslo ergeaa s grr p ra, emw on emh d di e ele n ts 6p ts har eiansg ersneoetuedtd,h 1o-w2n2 et(hs6te,7 lN%oic)ga eol rfsi ttaah tiesi o rinensst peinoren ssdoteuinnthgts,­ pexrocegFlrlraeomnmtm, weth htierlea nf4os9mr(e2igt6to.e9idn% go),n a tl 0( gotr c 3ta3h%e )q augarleietys aonfd v1i3su3(a7l 2a.9n%d ) aouf dthioe bvireowadercsa satnin e dg l issttaetnioenrss wine Sroe uotfhh tweh elsd ts.utadtyion in south-west, Nigeria is poor. However, findings from theee s oitn pNtienigi eorrnei avt haearaetl s tn hotethi rda oitg pimetirzaaejin the two selected stations under ther svtiuedwy w reitvhe atwleod ktheya tdt odior, nihtsey n acroeef aonf dth me asntaptoiownesr i anr eS othueth m Wajeosrt cNhiaglelerniag.es confronting the dig if iturizenacdttoiinorngs UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Audience Perception of Digitized Broadcast Operation in South West... 241 FDsinisdcinugsss firoonm oTafb Fi le isn 2d ainndg s3 above imply that there is low level of wan wc hSitch over fromillio epuvrteoh tm-rwaoentsesti ,th iNoenai gaenalogue to digital among broadcasting stations tardavnasnittiaog b ne sa mofo tnhgel tbah erifao.r Ae ruyod acidoecnm lgsoopv etehtrietnrie is tendency for private stations to analogue to digital. This imacsept. l isetHsao mownent-owned media. Of course, this in South West Nigeria will experi tetihno in the industry, and it is to the One of the directors in OSRC stata netvs m eirna, jStohoriiust ytsh ho Wof bwersso taa, d slow ceed l i Nciagsetr sipataa ctfrieoo nmosf Eisntnadgtuiionsntere ytrh idanetgs ,ic sir sfi upEltlleiyoc ntdr ioognfit iticez lNeedev,wi sasico Gcnoa prtdhroienrdg tmh taiott e tdthh ece oA onstnseilsnytt as“n aotsn pD eaicriret wcoaive. making use of electronic video and audiiuonc gte.e rEcshN, nrGeo plioso garit ebesrr osfo aardn gcdaa stehtd tnofe rtwh oesf iCanno mdth me presentin itors digitizesudtnication, o gw nneerw ofs ”Sp. laHsho FwMe vise dr,i gitWizeeds.t mA Sidenlaionrd E nCgeianrbeinleegr bbmereoneaetdf ictusap a. twWioiintth hs tttated that: “substanti sdteinrgiv ou hthfiiest able f s ssubro iwmn i mtthciss diheg oiS i tv ooae n, the lu rbt hrd-oWe re aaded a l pasiltsi n Ntee r”nt. of our radio station is listeners will enjoy good picture qualictays atniingde d rTeing ainua h ciasyr efsohro Swpsla sthha FtM t hto w e SoutThh We feisntd Niniggse rwiah iscthil ls hoopwer tahtea t omna ajonraitloy goufe b rdroiaoa h ithdc clmhar ivintiyde.wfuel rosf a tnhde trans cast stations in vafeiblstou tuaht m l a tth is tesion quhire ptreo wcgarsa mbumtterse. sTsheids by findings of audien er than digital Technical hnical quality, ce perception the audie aqnluictaeyl. i toWyf iisbt hrooonaeud toc fag tsohtoi n niemgw pisln ice adsso ttuihntaght, - mwpraeojsogtrr, iatNmy omfe rse sapnodn aduednitos approgramme transmitted fr eod mt ht ientchghes ntshictaaattl ieoqnnudsea alwirt yial i lp gpreror nog igaotr raa imsm mpmoeeo tsro,. wd be fully Ron epp hreciated by the aill eabnvedi ntehgne hc riyso tolhere htoherary tn wmeeh uidcihe nstcaet okeach and Melvin DeeddFsi lager uparlt,ai f . 1y eiesTd th bhiysa tfinding supports the Media more on the media when the qua9 iln7it6 yt:h o4a m t“e tphdeeia m). T us oer,e t hae f the rhcseoo nantu’esd nliitef ep m”e ro(sSroean ni mddrpeapo reBtnaadlnls-t improved drastically. Hence, there is need to im panrncodev wea uibdllri ooda evdpisceuansadtl UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY t2r42 teacnhs IR nOminci astls ORO: Journal of Arts confrontih na ionnd in “The Cehg a itslhls ipnur eSo ogourfat fhmu-nmWest, Nigeria through digitization for high buttress this feein nddgigienistg iz oaafst i doeDin q ing go u it afa ltnihtdye. confronting digitization oft hberoyai zldiascttai osmtnaa tned sioo pnosw, Iehre acsh um anadjo Ur o c chhea l(le2n0 sting fmin Be N rioogafe drthicae sftoinllgo wini nNg igisesr 1gi2eas)” bothyna ttteh tcehh ene qidceadline of migration from analogue t ues of trainingua ilap anmndde rn efit-n, tagrnaacdinigaieln tcgsh paaenllredsn omgneansne wpl othowi cfehitr r.i enTqthouei aor. e dT hihgueigtyae e li mnisvp dehseatlsmaiyzeeenddt ptehpreoil deapuwtcaitcri oepnnoe wassne rdo spurpepsleyn wtahtich tshee inion d vigoiltvael pthroec teasssk, the dTighiitsi zsahtoiowns ptfhr tohactee, saasucdcoierndcine w ,a ognoudvl dke rncnroewatlee dhgieg hg caops tw ohfi pcrho rgerqamuirmees fdaoc endo tw uinthd etrhse challenge of beign to them m, etnhte odfifgiciitaizlsa tainod sug drawn backwards by pne por nodceryss, oisf w2pe0hich was re ple who digr1ict2ei)zp.at Oitoitonhn oe rpf b vtaenadle tdh ein is tsues and other intricacies of the programme the broadcast rdmo roa igcaiejtos drsciz a i aassrstintioeun e hgse itnfhi anStdo ciunotguh lwodfe tsht eN sigteurdiya o(Inh epcohour aanudd Uiecnhcee, oalns o“ tmhee nCthioanllse ontgheesr ocf D li.ag Ewitma ahallenglem n sT a de nnl p oeuv oelt fil i cIpdyoo fskoe a great challenge to the sion Borr Otohnaedu ichma, sp(t2lien0mg1 0ein:n1 t)Na witgiroeintrii naog”f d nouton ihgtinei t -lr a d ,i lt a tigin e istd l ap e lth v h i ta sesieyle o e d n vm signals must onuont din itne rtfheere s twuidthy leikaceh: tfoo ra dni geixtatel rsn iganl adli,i osuiusottn , a alosnoba slcooolgee xtseiws, ti utwcnhilte-hos sfaf nwita oliousg ldc to ernleennvedicsetiroe dna tdincom gital tuner, an external converter box ehsisetic maprro pbatleibmle owf iltah rt gheeex adoption of a badteed o df uri isting analog r 99 nmg idlliigoinnta uulm ntrubasenersd oi tafio nanan lai e onlo cregoadcast standard currently in the storage. Same thing isg tbTh i vrer hVee cUreeSi v awes rhcser ebreae ted in N ceivers a inarneg siant avbtoiigo ig lv n e et dh rtoira e,ta rand in tas nudscuihte t h t e tortoa decnmisg oitna ound to happen itiiloli olo mn.nb isec f ooprfoe w ntaheirer aod faw taehl li acbshsr iowganidlelcd a bsiest UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY TAuhdience Perception of Digitized Broadcastionw iSnso esudht obhwrwosea tsdhtc aaNts ittgh seetrraieta i.oi snH ase gmnrceat chall eOnpgeera ftoiorn b irno Saoductha sWt oespt.e..r at2io4n3 to digital through a gradual upesr, to bcpoelasthsn. ttoh es wpirticvha toev earn fdr ogmo vaenranlmogeunet bTCdrh oen triagonia tfsd ci lu sioimz ncaadtinissisoti n g ost san / R e co m m e n d a tio n that the Fed nei fntr rian i ooonm the study revl sGro diou ne vtreh S our twnom e tmhstwe e e nNet it st og u Nepai glw ethirteiha p, ioef rNiaig. h eTrhiae rsn or eetfneorc o rnee p ,a t etih r tieo a i tin hould prosn u var r iel gg e ssnttaatn nnddeaaerrddd f ooorff oNinriv gCeesartpimai tteaonl s tM ucplimate dceo am dmyennadmeidc ar aBnroda tdhcea tsrtainingi npCog ke or mot t ft hIanenv dpe usfurtmcnding through the Central Bank of Nigeria dealing with statm itohisnesisri,o pnbe hreasnosetn notoef leb tqruoiapdmcaesntt snteaetdioends f oinr dsoiguittihz awtieosnt cshuaplpleonrgte sa nof inadequate fu easd encouragemnced aansu rtts o ee gtr u oum ola amtnoaryyi n bbtraooidnay di tsc.h aAoslust lods, tbtahete il oeNnnasite ional Broadcasting sta n the stations. Hence, they n nfeate cidne ooderpgvpaeolnoriptzumatneiointntie.ss w fhroo t immon igsoh toh keep t nbe er t ihnseoteiurr repcseatesrd,t ies hituohpn coue lrdw pistrehiev katrantributin tgfeo nsmission. troo rnf uadntiodoninnoagrl WBaorarFnko,s uS nCtdaitedof Medaniatlie oinyn t,a hFneed rS moDceainvalti s Wa, nDeE. Boston: Wadsworth.o d(r2 lFd nu:i stM.u “M010)er:ed .i” aa Ms dsee Cpdoeianm damnenduc nSyoi ctchaieetoitoyrny: . T EThdhe.e PRoarosylse:, BBaarlla-anRn,o dSk tceauanlcltehuy,r . SeIa.n nNtrdeorwdau Y&cot iDroken:F Mtloee um Gra rMsasew c 2o8m8-291. m(1o9d7e6l) : o3f- 2m1a. ss media effects. lCv -oHini mlLl,a u2wn0irc1ea0nt.icoen mmunicatio. nA M deedpiae nliteracy Researdcehn c.3y ChioDomfe aRr,ee Pgseuaatlarrictcihoia an. n “CdAh Da Cellovemenlgopepasmr aoetfin vBte r1 oE.8av da(c2lua0sa1tt4iino)g:n 2ion2f - N4th5ige. ePrriae ”a Jnodu rPnoastl UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY F2o4l4a ir I nitnr, R OodB RaOb: Journuctoartyu nTed ael .ofxt. IT Ahrtesbadoanri:e Sst eorlfi nMg aHsosr dCeonm. (m19u9n8ic).ation: An HIbaunlusNon, Raphael. Mass Communication: Living in a media world. Ihechfr beoow, G Yroergko: rMy. cNGirgaewri-aH tiol ls. w20it0ch5 .to digital broadcasting retrieved oCuof , m P mBma wswwrouchanal . afiicanews.com 2008.diccaaatnisdot niUn c5gh. e(i,2 nU0 w1N2a)oi gm ao.r ga/nJod Mass spe cotri ve from Pa ukrinsatalsn/. http://ssm.com/abstract= 1657768 http://dx.doi.org/ McQe1ud0ai.2tili1,o 3nD9)e/Mayn , n sLsoim. 1657768 wFoawrudnw,d N.anatiineoc s mny n. dHMo a i ncc:kQ sSu.a ag“Diel’,is g2 i0Mti0za0asts Communication Theory (4th Introduction.afonsrp. hxJaoruvranradli.semd,u ioHna rovf a National Broadcasting Commissio/nr e(NpBo trhrdet.s M2e0C). R/eagr d0ti0uli a ac .” . tloe ATchc r/ 1 ee0 sN1sie7edm6 5ao/nn NatiMonaarc January - B20r1o5al hO, p2e0n13 University of Nigeria. JLS 608 Foundations of NOkaptiaoDnneacacel dBcraosting. 2hmi,b Seatradnclaesyt 006. Retrieved from www.nou.edu.ng on July 20, APasspoecri aptrioense Cnoten. iRnga dCioom demvieslsoipomn.e Nnet:w Ts, 7, (2012): 5 October- dfe raetn tchee. 22000088. Commhoen wcaesae lothf RBardoiaod Nciagsetriniag. OnuBChor, omEammdcumansatincinaugteo Ilnn ,I NdBoiegkneour.eiTa hS, Atea tsCee hmUanilnliveaenrr gpseaitspy e, OrM, fda eDkpuigardirttiam. l2 e0Tn1et 0loe.vf Misiaosns UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY