COMMUNITY POLICING AS A CORRELATE OF EFFECTIVE SECURITY IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA RYBY RA IB BASIRU FOLORUNSO, BELLO L B.Ed, M.Ed (IBADAN) Matric No: 101947 N A AD A Thesis Submitted to the Department of AIBdult Education, Faculty of Education OF In partial fulfilYlme nt of the requirements for Degree of SI T DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ER IV of the N U UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, IBADAN. August, 2019 ABSTRACT The incessant incidents of breakdown of law and order as well as the persistent threats to life and property have shown the lapses in the regular policing system in Nigeria. This trend, therefore, led to the introduction of Community Policing Approach (CPA) in Oyo State in February, 2004 as an alternative strategy to ensure effective security (Prevention of Crimes (PoC), Early Detection of Crimes (EDoC), Apprehension of Offenders (AoO), Protection of Life and Property (PoLP), and Enforcement/Preservation of Law and Order (EPoLO). However, since its introduction, there has not been an independent assessment of CPA‟s successes as available reports have been self- reported by the Nigeria Police Force. This study was, therefore, carried out to assess the impact of the CPA (Police-Community Relations (PCR), Police-Community Joint Patrol (PCJP), Police- Community Accountability (PCA) and Intelligence Gathering/Sourcing (IGS) on EffeYctive Security (ES) in Oyo State, Nigeria. This is with a view to having an independent assesRsment of ES. A The Normative Sponsorship and Broken Window theories served as the anRchor, while the descriptive survey design was employed. The 12 Local Government Areas (LGBAs) where the CPA was introduced in Oyo State were enumerated. In each LGA, the leade rLs aInd active members of groups involved in CPA were purposively selected: market associations (115), community development associations (120), vigilante groups (144), Police Community Relations Committee‟s (PCRC) (132), community and religious leaders (146) and lanAdloNrd associations (144). Twenty police officers involved in CPA in each LGA were randoDmly selected. Different CPA and ES scales were administered to the community and the police. The ES (r=0.87) and CPA (r=0.75) questionnaires with five and six subscales respectively wAere used for data collection. These were complemented with two key informant interview sesBsions with the LGA Chairman and Divisional Police Officer/PCRC desk officer in each LGA. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson product momentF co rrIelation and multiple regression at 0.05 level of significancewhile qualitative data were content analysed. The six platforms for the CPA weYre r a Onked: market associations (92.5%), vigilante (92.2%), public office holders (91.2%), PCRC (87.5%), community and religious leaders (87.3%) and landlord associations (86.3%). The acceptability of CPA‟s and ES„s components was rated high: IGS (88.7%), PCR (87.2%), PCIJPT (86.4%), PCA (85.1%): AoO (93.2%), EDoC (87.7%), EPoLO (84.5%), PoLP (53.4%) andS PoC (50.2%). The IGS (r=0.54), PCR (r=0.41), PCA (r=0.41) and PCJP (r=0.40) had signiRficant correlations with ES. The CPA had a significant joint prediction on 2ES (F(4,1036)=80.67, Eadj. =0.40); accounting for 40.0% of its variance. Only PCJP (β=-0.19) significantly conVtributed to ES, while other components did not. Lack of adequate knowledge of CPA and age-loIng distrust affected the general composition to and acceptability of CPA. The introduNction of community policing approach, particularly police-community joint patrol had positiveUly influenced effective security in the sampled communities of Oyo State, Nigeria. Keywords: Nigeria Police Force, Police-community relations, Security in Oyo State, Community policing Word count: 477 i i CERTIFICATION I certify that this study was carried out by Basiru Folorunso BELLO (Matric. Number:101947) under my supervision in the Department of Adult Education, Faculty of Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. _____________________ _____________________ RY Date Supervisor A Omoregie, C. O. Ph.D R Department of Adult EdIucBation Faculty of Ibadan, I N bLadan, Nigeria DA IB A F O ITYS VE R UN I ii i DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to Almighty Allah, the most beneficent, the merciful, who has been my pillar of support and has made it possible for me to attain this height; my wife (a jewel of inestimable value), Alhaja Rofiat Iyabode Bello, my mother, Alhaja Raliat Ayoka Bello, my children –Babatunde, Biola, Bolaji and Boladale; and my wards- Fatimah and Taofikat. RY BR A LI AN AD F I B O TY RS I VE UN I iv ACKWOLEDGEMENTS All praises and adorations go to Almighty Allah, my Creator and guard for making my desire for attainment Ph.d status a reality. I thank Him for giving me sound health, intelligence, determination, dedication, courage and vigour with which this study was undertaken. I am highly grateful to my Supervisor, Dr. C.O Omoregie, for his untiring efforts directed towards the supervision of my thesis from the beginning to the end. It is obvious that he is not just a supervisor to me but a mentor, a motivator and a brother who devoted part of his tight schedules to offer me professional and scholastic guidance, admonition and motivation. All these propelled me to reaching this enviable end of my academic programme. While I pray to Almighty God to grant you longevity of life to enjoy the fruits of your labour, I will also like to state that Yyour contributions to my academic upliftment will remain indelible in the annals of my familyR history. Thank you Sir. RA I am also grateful to the Head, Department of Adult Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Professor Rashid A. Aderinoye, an inspirator and a teacher for allowIinBg me share from his wealth of knowledge and experiences and for promoting a serene envi roLnment for scholarship in the Department. My profound appreciation goes to my role moNdel, a reservoir of academic doggedness and unrelenting guide to many students of the DeApartment; Professor Kehinde O. Kester for encouraging me to keep to time as regards my work and for his onerous support and meticulous handling of Ph.D seminars in the DepartmAent.D I indeed gained a lot from his ever updated experiences and contributions. May God rBeward you abundantly in health, wealth and intelligence. I I also appreciate Professor Ezenwa NwFok ocha of the Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Ibadan,Ib aOdan for his intellectual and moral supports. He indeed gave constructive criticisms on my work and offered useful advice. May God continue to promote you from strength to strength. At thYis juncture, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to all my lecturers in the Department: PrIofTessors M.O Akintayo, P.B. Abu, Kester Ojokheta, I.A. Abiona and A.A, Sarumi, Also, Drs Bola Adelore, O.E Olajide, M. Momoh and O. Oladeji, for all the valuable corrections anRd reScommendations made on my work. God bless you all. I specially acknowledge the treEmendous supports and guidance of my sisters and young lecturers in the Department; Dr. Biola Omokhabi and Dr. Fumilola Akinyooye. I appreciate all the academic information youI Vdished me from time to time. Thank you and remain blessed. I amN also indebted to my brother, Professor Jacob Kehinde Mojoyinola, Department of Social UWork, Faculty of Education, University of Ibadan for his ceaseless words of inspiration, encouragement, moral and academic guidance. I cannot but appreciate the assistance received from the administrative and secretariat staff (especially Biodun) of the Department. More powers to your elbows. I also thank my dear wife, Hajjia Rafiat Iyabode Bello. Apart from God, she is my pillar of support, my life, my love and my comfort. I appreciate her moral and spiritual supports. I thank her for making my home a reference point for others in terms of peace building, expression of care, love and home management. The spiritual and moral supports of my children: Babatunde, v Biola, Bolaji and Boladale, and my wards: Fatimo and Taofikat would not go unnoticed. I thank you all. May the mercy and kindness of Almighty God continue to be with all the members of my immediate family, Amen. My profound gratitude goes to my research assistants and respondents to questionnaire and key informant interview. Some of which include Bolaji Bello, Biola Bello, Alh. Saheed Adejare Yusuff, the former chairman, Iseyin Local Government, HRM Oba Dr.AbdulGaniyy Adekunle Salau, Oloogunebi-Ajinese 1, Aseyin of Iseyinland, Major Fatai Shittu (Rtd.), Colonel John Fagbire (Rtd); DPO, Iseyin L.G, Supol Segun Famuyide- officer in charge of community policing, Iseyin L.G, Assistant Commissioner of Police ( Rtd), Victoria Oladigbolu, Pastor Sola AgYbola, CAN Chairman, Iseyin Local Government. Imam Fatai Shittu, Chief imam, Central RMosque, Sawmill Area, Iseyin, Mr. Adelabu Rasaq, Mr Ogundiran, Chairman, Iseyin DevelopAment Union, Home Chapter, Alhaja Nimotallah Wahab, Iyaloja of Iseyinland, Alhaja FaRtimo Salaudeen Ajinese, the Olori of Aseyin, to mention but a few. May they all succeed in their endeavours in life. I also give thanks to all my colleagues and friends who supported mIeB morally and in the questionnaire administration from different parts of Oyo State most espe cLially Omogoye A.M. and Adeleke M.S. May God bless them. N I acknowledge the countless contributions of my lateA parents; Alhaji Bello Siyanbola Akande and Alhaja Raliat Ayoka Bello to my education. DThey laid a solid foundation for my education and supported me financially. May God granAt them Aljanah Fridaos. I also thank my biological sisters (Risikat Abebi and Serifat ArikeI).B They were extremely wonderful, loving and caring. They spent their wealth, time and pra yers on my education. May God grant them opportunity to reap the fruits of their labour. Also the supports enjoyed from the proprietor, librarian and staff of Raji Oke-Esa Mem oOrial F Library, Oremoje area, Iseyin cannot go unnoticed and unappreciated. The Library provided me relevant reading materials and serene environment under which the study was carriedY out. May God make all your endeavours easy tasks to accomplish. Lastly, I thank my IMTissioners, NASFAT, Iseyin Branch, for their moral and spiritual supports. May God answer Sall their prayers, and may all their efforts be crowned with brilliant successes. VE R NI U v i TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Title Page ............................................................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... ii CERTIFICATION ............................................................................................................................ iii DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................Y.... iv ACKWOLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................................................R............ v TABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................................................R......A................ vii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ....................................................I..B.............................. 1 1.1 Background to the study ............................................................................ ...L......................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the problem ....................................................A......N................................................... 5 1.3 Objectives of the study.................................................D................................................................ 6 1.4 Research Questions .................................................A......................................................................6 1.5 Research hypotheses ................................. ...I...B............................................................................. 6 1.6 Significance of the study ....................F......................................................................................... 7 1.7 Scope of the study ..................... ...O................................................................................................ 8 1.8 Definitions of terms, ...I...T......Y......................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTERTWO LISTERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................... 11 2.1.1 Policing in ENigReria ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.2 CommIuVnity policing ................................................................................................................... 15 2.1.4 SeNcurity ........................................................................................................................................ 29 2.1.5 U Effective security ........................................................................................................................ 30 2.2.1 Attitude of people and police towards community policing and effective security .......... 38 2.2.2 Platform structures of community policing and effective security ...................................... 39 2.2.5 Strengthening police-community relations and effective security ....................................... 42 2.2.6 Improved police accountability and effective security .......................................................... 43 vi i 2.2.7 Community intelligence sourcing and effective security ...................................................... 49 2.3 Appraisal of Literature ............................................................................................................... 50 2.4 Empirical Studies ........................................................................................................................ 54 2.5 Theoretical framework ............................................................................................................... 56 2.5.1 Normative sponsorship Theory (Sower, Holland, Tiedke and Freeman, 1957) ................. 56 2.5.2 Broken Windows Theory, BWT, (James Wilson & George Kelling, 1982) .................Y.... 57 CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY .........................................................A......R.......... 61 3.1 Research design .................................................................................................R......................... 61 3.2 Population of the study ............................................................................I...B............................... 61 3.3 Sample and Sampling Technique ............................................N....... ... L....................................... 61 3.4 Instrumentation ....................................................................A....................................................... 64 3.5 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument ................D.............................................................. 65 3.6 Key Informant Interview ................................B......A..................................................................... 65 3.7 Administration of research Instrument ... ...I.............................................................................. 68 3.8 Method of data analysis ...............O.......F....................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER FOUR RESUYLT S AND DISCUSSIONS OF FINDINGS ...................... 69 Figure 4.1 Analysis of demograpIhTic characteristics of the respondents..........................................69 Figure 4.2: Age DistributionS of Respondents.......................................................................................... 70 Figure 4.3: ReligiousE DiRstribution of the Respondents .......................................................................... 71 Figure 4.4: MarIitVal Distribution of Population ....................................................................................... 71 Figure 4.5. NEducational Qualifications/Distribution of Respondents .................................................. 72 4.2 UAnswering the research questions for the study: .................................................................... 73 4.3 Discussion of Findings ............................................................................................................. 103 CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .... 111 5.1 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 111 5.2 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 113 vi ii 5.3 Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 113 5.4 Contributions to knowledge .................................................................................................... 115 5.5 Limitation of the study ............................................................................................................. 116 5.6 Suggestions for further studies ............................................................................................... 116 References................................................................................................................... 118 Appendix I.................................................................................................................. Y 127 Appendix II........................................................................................................A......R.......134 R IB L AN D IB A F O ITY S R VE UN I ix LIST OF TABLES Pages Table 3.1: The Population and Sample size for the study 64 Table 3.2: Schedule of KII session for the study 68 Table 4.1a: Citizens General Attitudes to Community Policing 74 Table 4.1b: Police General Attitudes to Community Policing 75 Table 4.2: Platform Structures of Community Policing in Oyo State 78 Table 4.3: Acceptability of Component Elements of Community Policing Y83 Table 4.4a: Multiple Regression Analysis on the Component Elements of Community R Policing onEffective Security A 85 Table 4.4b: Relative contribution of component elements of Community PoliBcingR on Effective Security I 86 Table 4.5a: Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient on Relat ioLnship between component elements of Community Policing on EffAectiNve Security (Community) 89 Table 4.5b: Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficiDent on Relationship between component elements of Community PolicinAg on Effective Security (The Police) 90 Table 4.6: Level of Effective Security in the Local government area of Oyo State 102 Table 4.7: Relationship between Effective Secu riItyB and Police-Community Joint Patrol 104 Table 4.8: Relationship between Effective SFecurity and strengthened Police-Community Relations O 106 Table 4.9: Relationship between EYffective Security and Police Accountability 108 Table 4.10: Relationship betweIeTn Effective Security and Intelligence gathering/sourcing 109 S ER NI V U x LIST OF FIGURES Pages Fig.2.1: Conceptual Framework for the study 58 Fig. 4.1: Sex Distribution of Population 68 Fig. 4.2: Age Distribution of the Respondents 69 Fig. 4.3 Religious Distribution of the Respondents 70 Fig. 4.4: Marital Distribution of the Population 70 Y Fig. 4.5: Educational Qualifications/Distribution of Respondents 71 RA R B N LI A AD F I B O ITY ER S IV UN x i LIST OF ACRONYMS Apprehension of Offenders AoO Community Police Developer CPD Community Police Offices CPO Community Policing Approach CPA Divisional Intelligence Officer DIO Early Detection of Crime EDoC Y Effective Security ES R Enforcement/Preservation of Law and Order EPoLO A Federal Capital Territory FCT R Informal Policing Structure IPISL B Intelligence Gathering/Sourcing IGS Intelligence-Led Policing N ILP Key Informants Interview A KII Local Government Ares D LGAs Local Safety Partnership A LSP Oodua Peoples Congress/Vigilante Group I B OPCVG Police Community Relations CommitteFe PCRC Police-Community AccountabilityO PCA Police-Community Joint Patrol PCJP Police-Community RelatIioTns Y PCR Prevention of Crime PoC Protection of LifRe anSd Property PoLP Vigilante SupEport Officers VSO V UN I xi i CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study In recent times the level of insecurity witnessed in Nigeria has been unprecedented with increase in crime rate, high rate of robbery and kidnapping, breakdown of law and order, and threat to lives and property among other security challenges. The resulting effect is that secuiry at all levels of government has become a major challenge leading to increase in the amount of fund allocated for combating crimes and criminals in the budget. Insecurity affects different indiviYduals in different ways; hence, it is interpreted in different ways. To some people, insecurityR includes desire for safety, confidence while avoiding danger, hazard and uncertainty, doRubtsA, inadequate protection, instability, and many others. Insecurity according to Beland (2005) is the situation where fear or anxiety arises due to concrete or perceived inadequate LproIteBction. “It is a state indicating that dange is imminent.” There is no dispute that Nigeria t erritorial integrity has not faced more insecurity challenges as currently faced now (FalaAna, N2014). Threat to peace in the society may vary from low level civil disturbance to violencDe on a large scale or even insurgencies of armed bandit (Adejumo, 2011). Insecurity is not peculiar to Nigeria. The USA, the UK, and numerous other nations confront the difficulties of security issues. The y IhBave, however, adopted community policing successfully to check insecurity. The differencFe between these developed countries and Nigeria is the manner by which they deal with the Odangers, how proficiently ready they are; the means by which they convey assets against theY dangers; how compelling they are and how enthusiastic and unified these individuals are agaIinTst the threat of insecurity (Adejumo, 2011). Effective security reSquires that the police with the appropriate state defence apparatus provide inspection on nReighbourhood and on the actions of individuals deemed as safety threats in order to avoiVd hEarm and subversion of the country and its institutions, established for the mutual existencIe of the citizenry. Ineffective security in Nigeria is caused by the number of men and officersN working to provide security as police. The police officers that are usually on duty at point inU time are far less than the expected number, and will find it hard to be physically present in all the nooks and crannies of the communities to prevent crimes. Most of the situations that result into crime and disorder in the communities are directly under the control of the police. Police officers are supported based on the law to a large extent in the provisions of security for lives and properties. However, the levels that the police are expected to use their lawful experiences depend on the general population, which police should continually endeavour to develop and maintain. 1 There is no regular police-community joint patrol in Nigeria. This would have enabled the two parties to recognise the apprehensions that they experience which are more intimidating to their security and well-being. Lack of police community joint patrol impedes justice, and crime control. It also prevents early crime detection and prevention, leading to escalation of crimes in society. Also, effective security is impeded by lack of strengthened police-community relations. This affects mutual interaction, trust, accessibility and contact with the police on regular basis by community members. Since there is no cooperation and friendly relationship between the pYolice and the community, people do not see the police as a source of protection. Rather, they Rsee them as the sole provider of safety and security in the community. This instils fears in theA mind of the public. Hence, the members of the public are unwilling to offer their time,R manpower and monetary assets to support the police in securing the nation. IB The state of inadequate security in Nigeria is also affected by la cLk of police answerability to the neighbourhood. The police in Nigeria are not ready to take Nresponsibility for their action and inaction. Hence, they do not undertake effectual performanAce of their most important duty of crime deterrence and control. The demand for persoDnal concentration from police and management over police actions in the neighbourhooBd isA also denied. All over the world, effective security is aInchored in better intelligence gathering. This promotes a good rapport and goodwill betweeFn th e police and the public. With this, the police are able to serve the community better. How eOver, the Nigeria Police lacks good intelligence sourcing and gathering. Hence, the police lackY prompt enforcement of information released on criminals by members of the public. The poliIceT are often accused of releasing information sources (informants‟ identities) to criminals andS this affects free flow of information between the police and the Nigerian public. IntelliRgence gathering by the police in Nigeria is also affected by lack of cooperation on the pEart of the police, language barrier and the belief by the police that they are the only agency emIpVowered by the constitution to deal with security matters in the country. TheN state of insecurity in the country has brought about so many negative consequences. InsecurUity is caused by endemic urban and rural poverty, high rate of joblessness, incapacitating youth joblessness, low modern yield, insecure and breaking down exchange rate, high inflation rate, huge household obligation and rising load of external debts. The government security device is unequipped for ensuring the well-being and security of the populace. This affects the general human security of the general population. 2 Owing to the inability of the government to arrest this ugly situation, the devastating effects of insecurity in Nigeria have spreadwide. For instance, Oyo State, located in the South Western part of the country has had its fare share of the security problem. Since its creation in 1976 to early 2000, it enjoyed relative peace probably as a result of the closeness of families and interpersonal relations, improvement in the living standard of the people and regard for the rule of law. However, the return to civilian government in 1999 in Nigeria brought serious threats to lives and property of the people of South Western Nigeria, IFRA-Nigeria, The Nigeria Watch PrYoject (2014) reported that the security of the region has always been undermined by criminal aRctivities, such as armed robberies, killings by security forces, cultism, domestic violence and riAtual killings. Evidence of these was the violent activities of the members of the NationalR Union of Road Transport Workers over the control of motor parks which led to loss of livIeBs and destruction of properties. Aremu (2014) states that Oyo State has been experie nLcing recurrent cases of kidnappings and ritual killings; for instance, the ritual killings in SokNa, a suburb of Ibadan. Based on the plan to minimise crime rate, the FeAderal Government initiated the community-oriented policing and also commenced the Dcriminalisation of terrorism through signing into law in 2011 the Anti-Terrorism Act. CoBmmAunity-oriented policing was initiated by a former President in Nigeria Chief Olusegun Oba saInjo in February, 2004 after an official visit to Houston in the United States. With the initiativFe from the President, 18 police command out of the 36 and Federal Capital Terrory have in aOugurated community-oriented policing. Aremu (2009) noted that out of 1579 police statesY only 129 have community-oriented policing in existent in Nigeria. One of the states beneIfTiting from policing based on community-oriented is Oyo state, Nigeria. Community poliRcingS as an initiative was firstly discussed when Sir Robert founded the London MetropolitaEn Police in 1829. Peel claimed that the focal mission of the police is to forestall wrongIdVoing. They fill in, as contrasting option to military power. The police need to enlist the Nwilling collaboration of the general population. The rise of automobile, telecomUmunications and sub urbanisation in the early 20th century transformed policing. This made them change to using reactive strategy, responding as speedily as feasible to emergency while depending on engine watches at different circumstances to stop wrongdoing. This idea made Chicago Police Department begin the rotation of its officers between different neighbourhoods to check corruption. This approach makes the police to become detached from their community since foot patrols were rare occurrence (Trajanowicz and Bycqueroux, 1990). 3 The new movement for community policing began in 1980, in the United States of America as a consequence of the theory of Broken window theory that was developed by James Wilson and George Kelling in 1982. The hypothesis recommends that low-level wrongdoing and turmoil in the neighbourhoods make a domain that empowers more violations, including genuine ones. A little side effect of turmoil, (for example, a broken window) is probably going to be overlooked by conventional policing, particularly if there is no wrongdoing conferred. This is a marker of social disruption which requires the consideration of commune-oriented police offYicers (Bratton and Kelling, 2014). Publications by Michigan Criminal Justice AcademRics and Practitioners in early 1980 influenced many future law implementation pioneers on thAe best way to actualize the components of neighbourhood policing. Michigan assigned foot waRtch officers to a particular geographic zone to help decrease wrongdoing in problem areIaBs. Furthermore, the administration of Clinton in 1994 promulgated Act against Violent CLrime Control and Law Enforcement while establishing within the Justice Department, the ONffice of Community-Oriented Policing Services for the purpose of promoting neighbourhood pAolicing. Aremu (2009) states that one philosophy of policing Dconceptualised to make the police and the public work intimately for the good of all is comBmunAity policing. Quoting Oliver and Bertgis, Aremu (2009), further states that community policIing is a thought whose time has come and has been viewed as a transformation and a worldFvie w in the way policing is practised all over the world. The community policing approachO is meant to reduce crime rates, decrease police-citizen conflict, lessen pessimistic and apath y towards the police, improve police interpersonal relationship, increase positive pTolicYe attitude towards the public, advance a dynamic flow of communication between theS polIice and the neighbourhood, prepare and enable neighbourhood to distinguish and react to sRecurity issues. The essenceE of community policing according to Kohnke (1995), is to make an environment ofI tVrust, with the goal that individuals feel good strolling their own avenues and think of reportinNg anything irregular to the police. Neighbourhood policing decreases fear in the neighboUurhood. The increase in the number of stations manned by police officers have led to closeness of the police to members of the community and in turn help build trust of the community in the police. There is increase in the comprehension of community members of the services of the police and its dynamic nature in relating to public. The relationship between the police and members of the community is enhanced and eventually, the satisfaction of people in the community is enhanced while a decresed in crime rate is on the increase (Teacher, 2015). 4 Since the introduction of the community policing approach to security operations in Oyo State and Nigeria, in general, the security situations could not be said to have completely improved. There are still incidences of robbery, theft, burglary, break down of law and order; kidnapping and threat to lives and property. This therefore raises the salient question: To what extent has the community policing approach helped to enhance effective security in Oyo State? Most previous studies have focused largely on citizens‟ satisfaction with community policing (Yusuff and Fatih, 2013), urbanization and community policing in Nigeria (ArYemu, 2010), the impact of emotional intelligence and community policing (Aremu, 2014), Rliterature review on community policing (Coquilhat, 2008), community policing principles aAnd elements (Gordner, 1996) and challenges and prospects of community policing in NigerRia (Okesola and Mudiare, 2013). The previous studies have focussed less on the successes oIrB the extent to which community policing has been used as an alternative strategy for ensurin g Leffective security; hence, the need for this study. N A 1.2 Statement of the problem D The ineffectiveness of the regular policing systeAm in stemming the tide of incidences of armed robbery, kidnapping, crimes, breakdown o fI lBaw and order, mob action and threat to lives and property led to the introduction of theF community policing approach in February 2004 (Onovo 2010). This approach was int roOduced with the aim of increasing police-community personal relationship, instilling trustY and promoting a dynamic flow of information between the police and the community as wIelTl as empowering the community to identify and respond swiftly to security issues within the Scommunity. However, since Rthe introduction of this approach, the salient issue or question is that are the citizenry secureEd and safe to go about their normal duties? This raises concern about the effectiveness oIf Vthe community policing approach. Previous studies focussed more on citizen‟s satisfactionN with community policing, community policing principles and elements, challenges and proUspects of community policing in Nigeria and the adoption of community policing as an alternative/complementary strategy for ensuring effective security; the Nigeria Police Force have only embarked upon self reportage of community policing approach, no independent assessement of the success of the approach is available. This study was therefore carried out to assess the impact of community policing approach in Oyo state, Nigeria as a way of ensuring independent assessment of effective security. 5 1.3 Objectives of the study Generally, the study examined the extent to which community policing correlated with effective security in Oyo State. The objectives were to: (i) assess the attitude of the people as well as that of the police (staff) towards community policing; (ii) ascertain the platforms through which community policing is being implemented in Oyo State; Y (iii) determine the level of acceptability of the elements of community policing; R (iv) examine the relationship between police-community joint patrol and effective Asecurity; (v) assess the relationship between strengthened police-community relatioRns and effective security; IB (vi) ascertain the relationship between increased police accountabil itLy and effective security; and N (vii) determine the relationship between community intelAligence gathering and effective security. AD 1.4 Research questions IB The study was guided by the following queFstio ns: (i) What are the attitudes of people anOd the police towards community policing in Oyo State? (ii) What are the platforms throuYgh which community policing is being implemented in Oyo State? T (iii) To what extent does Sthe Icommunity accept the elements of community policing in Oyo State? (iv) To what exteEnt dRoes community policing correlated with effective security? (v) What isI thVe level of Effective Security System in Local Government Areas of Oyo State? (CoNmmunity People) ReseUarch hypotheses The study tested the following hypotheses: HO1: There is no significant relationship between police- community joint patrol and effective security. HO2: There is no significant relationship between strengthened police-community relations and effective security. 6 HO3: There is no significant relationship between increased police accountability and effective security. HO4: There is no significant relationship between police and community influence on better intelligence gathering/sourcing and effective security. 1.6 Significance of the study The findings of this study will guide the police and decision-makers to make appropriate policies and decisions on community policing. This will foster mutual relationship/partneYrship between the security personnel and community members towards enhancing effective secRurity. To a very large extent, the findings will provide a sound basis for informing the general pAublic on the relevance of community policing as a complementary strategy for promotinBg eRffective security. Furthermore, findings from this study can reveal how to prevent and cIontrol crimes in the community by using community-oriented strategies. Also, this work ca nL be used to reduce crime rate, decrease police-citizen conflict, reduce negative resentment toNwards the police and improve police interpersonal relationship with the community. A The study will also provide more efficient waAys Dfor police and community leaders in promoting public safety and enhance the quality of life of their neighbourhood. It will give the police officer the chance to get comfortable with m IoBre individuals, who will equally become more acquainted with the officer. The result of this iFs better correspondence, improved relationship with people in general and in conveyance of vOalue benefit. It will give the neighbourhood a voice on how it will be policed customarily. UYnd er people group policing, the neighbourhood works in an organization with the police toI Tchoose the style of policing which will be utilized inside the neighbourhood. The study mightR givSe a lasting answer for recurring security issues. It might give a more grounded, more secEure and friendlier neighbourhood in which to live. The neighbourhood will build up a feelIinVg of solidarity and association with the police. This might advance a security-cognizant nNeighbourhood. To do this effectively, reviving neighbourhoods is fundamental. UMoreover, this research will incite compelling security at diminished expenses. The association between the police and the neighbourhood will be so firmly sewed with the end goal that individuals from the neighbourhood would see it as a commitment to report suspicious characters and violations to the police. Accordingly, police will be adequately equipped with wrongdoing counteractive action procedures as opposed to battling wrong doing when it has happened. 7 1.7 Scope of the study The study examined community policing as a correlate of effective security in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study focused on Oyo State, one of the states where community policing was first experimented in Nigeria after its eventual launch in February, 2004 by Chief OlusegunObasanjo‟s administration. The focus was further delimited to four local government areas from each of the three senatorial districts of Oyo State. The 12 local government areas were chosen because they constituted experimental local government council areas during the introduction of commYunity policing practice in Oyo State. Also, their selection was based on the fact that the basic sRtructures of community policing were visibly present in the chosen localities. The selected localA government areas were: Iseyin Local Government, Iseyin, Kajola Local Government, OkehoR. Itesiwaju Local Government, Otu and Atisbo Local Government, Tede ( from Oyo NorthI BSenatorial District); Oyo West Local Government, Ojongbodu. Atiba Local Government , LOffa-Meta; Afijio Local Government, Jobele; and Ogo-Oluwa Local Government, Ajawa N(from Oyo Central Senatorial District); and Ibarapa East Local Government, Eruwa. IbarapaA North Local Government, Ayete .Ibarapa Central Local Government, Igboora and Ido LocaDl Government, Ido (from Oyo South Senatorial District). The 12 local government areas Arepresented a sample of all the local government areas in Oyo State where community pIolBicing was being practised. The scope was further delimited to Fthe divisional police stations operating within the jurisdiction of the selected local govern mOents. Lastly, the study focused on the executives and members of police-community relations committees, landlords associations, community leaders, religious leaders, market womeTn Yassociations, OoduaPeoples Congress/vigilante groups and community development assSociaItions and the public office -holders fora. 1.8 Definitions of teErmsR, Community PoIlVicing: This refers to a joint effort between the police and members of the public with aim of identifying and solving chanlleges perculiar to the community. EffectiUve SNecurity: It is a state or feeling of safety and being protected, that is protection against attack from without or subversion from within in a matter of national security causing a desired or intended results. Increased Police Accountability: It is a situation where police officers are responsible for their action and inaction. It calls for continued concern for checks and oversights for surveillance and authority and also indicates that every society demands more attention personally from the police 8 while the activities of the police is monitored by community. The intension is not to completely eliminate or undermine power of the poilce but rather ensure such power is not used for repressing and exploitating the people. Strengthened Police-community Relations: It is a state where there is cooperation between the police and the community with the major goal of achieving a safe, peaceful and orderly society. This promotes trust and confidence between the police and community members and guarantees internal security of Nigerians. It further makes members of the community to commit Ytheir resources (time, manpower and money) to the realization of a secure and peaceful societyR. Prevention and Detention of Crimes: This term refers to a plan that sets out the opAerational and organizational priorities for the police. The plan demonstrates how the force Rwill continue to deliver its specialized policing services and capabilities to differents customIBers over the coming years. It also provides a summary of the important works undertaken b y Lthe force during the year in support of the security requirements of the nation. N Apprehension of Offender: This is to arrest or escort an offenAder into custody. This arrest could be done by legal warrant or authority. D Preservation of Law and Order: This means fundamenAtal function of government that makes an official order to be maintained in good condition. IB Protection of Life and Property: it is the Fact of ensuring an individual or something is not harmed or destoryed; that is, the focus of Othe police is to ensure the people are protected from all forms of injury that is likely to affect the m. Dire Enforcement of Laws andI TRegYulations: This is the process of making sure that people obey /comply with laws and regulSations of the state. Intelligence GatherEingR: It means collection of secret security or political information within the community. V Joint PatroNl: TIhis is the regular tour made by the police and community members in order to guard thUe community or to maintain order Attitude of People to Police: This refers to the extent of trust and confidence people have in the police as a security outfit, which guides their interaction and support for the security agency. Components of Community Policing: These include the forum of police-community relations committee, the vigilante group, community and religious leaders, landlords associations and 9 public office holders in Oyo State. They initiate the process for which community policing is being undertaken in Oyo State. Crime Reduction: This is the act of reducing illegal acts or activities that involve diminishing or breaking of laws in the community. RY RA LI B DA N A F I B O ITY ER S IV UN 1 0 CHAPTERTWO LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter is devoted to review relevant literature and theories. It examines the major constructs involved in this investigation so as to bring out their relevance to the study. 2.1.1 Policing in Nigeria The British government influenced the origin of organised policing in Nigeria in 1861, when the British consul demanded his principal‟s permission to establish a consular guard. This was called Hausa Guard. In 1896, a comparative force called Lagos Police Force was institYuted. The police as submitted by Reiner (2000) recruits men from various ethinc backgroundRs for the purpose of enforcing law and maintaining order while the state pay for the services pArovided. The main duty of the police is anchoring consistence with existing laws and similBarityR with statutes of social request. The police is not the main organisation associated with LpoIlicing.There are other national offices that carry out law enforcement duties. They include the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency, Custom Services, Immigration Services and ENconomic and Financial Crime Commission. Other intelligence agencies are the Directorate of AMilitary Intelligence and the state security services whose functions relate to dealing with cArimDinal issues affecting state security. Policing has dependably been required for tIhBe protection of request, well-being and social relations. In the customary social orders, all grown -up males were assembled to contribute towards the anticipation and control of wrongdoing aFnd turmoil. In the police, officers are detailed to prevent crimes, ensure safety of lives and Oproperty, uphold the laws, keep up the peace and give an extensive variety of administrations tYo nationals (Martin, 1990). Bitner (1970) claims that a typical pattern bringing together this diIffTering exercise is the potential for brutality and the need to utilise coercive means to set up socSial control. The Nigeria Police FEorRce The emeIrVgence of Nigeria police in the Lagos colony in 1861 came into limelight when the first thirty N(30) consular guard members were recruited. This was followed by a set of 1200 paramilUitary Hausa constabulary in 1879. The Lagos police was later formed in 1896 coupled with a similar Niger Coast constabulary in 1894 in Calabar when the Niger Coast Protectorate was proclaimed by the colonial administration. In a similar vein, the Royal Niger Company Constabulary operating in Northern part of Nigeria came into being through the influence of the Royal Niger Company in 1888. 11 The division of Nigeria into Northern and Southern protectorates in 1900 led to the emergence of Northern Nigeria police from the Royal Niger Company Constabulary and Southern Nigeria Police from Niger Coast Constabulary. Many years after the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria by the colonial masters, the Nigeria Police Force could not be formed until 1930 and has its Headquarters located in Lagos. The police were then put under native authorities until 1960 when regionalisation of policing in Nigeria became more pronounced. Y According to Dambazau (1999), the police constitute the biggest, most visible Rand most important sub system of the criminal justice system as a body that has regular direct Acontact with the public. They are also the entry point into the criminal judicial system eitheRr through crime reportage by police members or through their own discovery. Other polIicBing agencies whose works are complementary to those of the Nigeria police force include , LNigeria Custom Service, State Security Services, Federal Road Safety Corps, The NatiNonal Drug Law Enforcement Agency, National Security and Civil Defense Corps, NationAal Intelligence Agency and the Defense Intelligence Agency. AD Structure of the Nigeria Police Force B The constitution of the Federal Republic o f INigeria (1999) says the Nigeria Police Force is a law enforcement institution of the Federal GFovernment of Nigeria with a centralised command structure headed by the Inspector Genera lO of Police who is directly responsible to the president of the country. Y The president is expecteId Tto consult with police council before the appointment or removal of the Inspector GeneralR of PSolice. The council as an oversight body has its members (Governors) drowns from the 36 Estates of the federation. The 1979 constitution provided for a Police Service Commission sadVdled with responsibility of making policy, organisation, administration and financing tNhe pIolice except for pensions. The Babangida administration in 1989 abolished the commisUsion and replaced it with the Nigeria Police Council under the direct control of the president. The new council was made up of the president as its chairman, the chief of staff, the ministers of internal affairs, the Inspector General of Police were members. This council was responsible for appointing, promoting and discipline of all members of the police force with the exception of the Inspector General of Police. All these were later delegated to the police force for all junior and rank-and file police personnel. 12 Balogun (2017) further said the police council was later replaced with eight-member Police Service Commission consisting of a chairperson, a retired Justice of the Supreme Court or Court of Appeal, a retired police officer at or above the rank of commission of police; one representative each of women‟s interests, the press, non-governmental human right organisation and organise private sector and the secretary of the commission. The chairperson and members are appointed by the president and subject to confirmation by the senate. The Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Police Affairs both performed civYilian oversight functions, however, in 2007, the Ministry of Police Affairs was disbanded anRd made a department under the Ministry of Interior. In 2008, the Ministry of Police AffAairs was re- established as a separate ministry (Balogun, 2017). R Each of Nigeria‟s 36 States, as well as the Federal Capital TerriItoBry is served by an administrative unit known as a state command. The state commands arLe grouped into 12 zonal commands – with two to four states in each zone – each under tNhe supervision of an assistant Inspector General of Police. Each state command is headed byA a commissioner of police who is directly accountable to the Assistant Inspector General in theD respective zone. State commands are divided into smaller areas command, police divisions A(headed by a divisional police officer), police stations, police posts, and village police postIs.B The Nigeria Police Force was reorgaFnise d into seven area commands in 1986 and this superseded a command structure corres poOnding to each of Nigeria‟s states. Each command was under a commissioner of police and Ywas further divided into police provinces and division under local officers. Nigeria police forIcTe headquarters, which was also an area command supervised and coordinated the other area coSmmands. The crises that erupted between the police and army officer in 1986 over border patRrol jurisdiction led the armed force chief of staff to announce a thorough reorganisation of thEe Nigeria Police force into seven area commands and five directorates (Criminal inveIstVigation, logistics, supplies, training and operations under Deputy Inspectors General). INn the mid-1989, the Nigeria Police Force created a quick intervention force in each state, sUeparate from the mobile police units to specifically monitor political events and to quell unrest. Each state unit of between 160 and 400 police was commanded by an Assistant superintendent of police and equipped with vehicles, communication gadgets, weapons and crowd control equipment such as cane, shields, batons and tear gas. 13 The need for Nigeria police The need for Nigeria Police became more pronounced when Akintoye in order to become king, refused to cede Lagos to the British Authority. However, Dosumu, his son, was pressured into signing the treaty in 1853 after the death of his father. This led to English control of Lagos. This period (1852 to 1861) had an essential bearing on the Nigeria Police that started in Lagos (Tamuno, 1970). During this period, the determination of the British was to control trade and commerce in Lagos and the Yoruba hinterland. Soon they understood that the authoritative cYourse of action in the Lagos zone neglected to create the important security for business and Rdifferent interests amid the period. The Yoruba wars that threatened Ikorodu and Egbaland seAcurity in the 19th century greatly influenced security in Lagos. R Another factor that threatened lives and chances of legitimate commIeBrce in Lagos Island was the reality of alliance between the exiled King Kosoko and K Ling Ghezo of Dahomey (Tamuno, 1970). The prevailing situation created anxiety for theN British consul and European residents. Hence, they prepared a proposal for consular guaArd of 100 men to protect their commercial interests. The desire of the emerging ruling clDass in colonial Nigeria to overwhelm and abuse the indigenous individuals in the light of a Alegitimate concern for their metropolitan economy made them to force a watchful recon nIaBissance over Nigeria so as to forestall any insubordination. F Community and policing in Nigeria O Without having a decent TassoYciation with the environment they live in, the police cannot perform their duties. In the sSameI vein, without the police, the community may live in fear and total anxiety. Hence, it is crucRial that the police and members of the community establish, maintain and sustain mutual connEection. The affiliation of Nigeria Police according to Akpotu (2003) with members of thIe Vcommunity from the beginning is very pitiable (Mbachie, 2005). Based on the aforesaid, Nthe police perceived by the members of the public as enemies. The police heve developUed some programmes that were aimed at ansuring that friendly and cordial relationship exist between the people and police so that the attitude of the people towards the police could change positively. The relationship existing between the citizens and the police in the assertion of Adesina‟s (2003) is a poor one in Nigeria because they cause disunity which has resulted in losing confidence in them but increased in dislike, distrust and hatred. This is evidenced by the poor police-public relationship in Nigeria. 14 The Nigerian police have not met their expected role to a large extent. They have failed in their duties of averting and identifying crimes. This has attributed to fraud, which has been entrenched in Nigerian police (Okumagba, 2003). In August 2006, Benue State University Students protested the death of their members who were killed by accident. The police officers who were asked to go and arrest the situation ended up aggravating it through arbitrary arrest of people (Office of the United Nations on Human Rights, 2004). It also condemned the Nigeria Police under the leadership of Tafa Balogun for committing lots of atrocities. There wereY both local and international condemnations of the Nigeria Police by human rights agencies on Rthe abuse and indiscriminate killings of innocent citizens in the country. This type of situation aAffects police- citizen relationship in Nigeria. The police have the problem of making investigaRtion an unending process. This way, the public finds it difficult to cooperate with the police. LIB 2.1.2 Community policing The basic assumption which brought about community policNing as an idea is the conviction that community problems cannot be managed viably withouDt theA dynamic investment, support and help of people in general both in its policing formulationA and implementation. The police found it impossible to arrest community crime and disord erI fBor many reasons. One of such is the fact that the general population are in the best position to give the principal line of safeguard against wrong doing and turmoil. In the event that they cOare lFess about their security and neighbourhood welfare, there is little the police can do. Also, the police do not haTve aYdequate resources for dealing with the multifaceted problems of the community. The comSmuInity must, therefore, police itself first and can only get assistance from the police (GoldsRtein, 1987). In addition, the police possess restricted ability to manage wrongdoing as a mEultifaceted social crisis (Reiss, 1986). The police cannot be relied upon to manage neighbIouVrhood wrong doing issues without any help. They need to depend on offices in the neighboNurhood and other social organizations. Similarly, the police do not have control over the poliUtical, social, monetary and social situations. Consequently, they cannot successfully change or enhance them. (Riechers and Roberg, 1990). Community policing has its base in a precise connection between the police and the residents. It is an authoritative technique that leaves setting needs and the methods for accomplishing them to a great extent on inhabitants and the police who serve in their neighborhood. Neighbourhood policing is a process rather than a product. It is a worldwide reform and conversion from customary policing to a modern one (Skogan, 2006). Okiro (2007) sees 15 community policing as a practice and philosophy; and a means of transportation for police reorganisation. The stage for the departure from conventional ways of providing police was set at the introduction in Nigeria in 2004 that was receptive and episode-based to critical thinking and focused policing that is proactive, with the neighbourhood as the foundations of policing targets (Abdul-Rahaman, 2007). Nigeria embraced neighbourhood policing based on the need for a society that is egalitarian, the police are required to secure and serve people crucial righYts to freedom, equality and equity under the law. To get this fulfilled, the police should be pRart of the community. A While emphasising the importance of community policing, Onovo (2R010) posits that community policing recognises that the police alone do not have the imIBportant proactive or receptive ability to address certain difficulties. Neighbourhood policing iLs meant to give a climate in which the police and law-abiding subjects can work in associatioNn to take care of issues, share assets, counteract wrongdoing, advance office- coordinated efforAts, diminish struggle, and enhance the general nature of neighbourhood life. NeighbourhDood policing centres on valuable commitment with the general population (end clients of pAolice administrations) and re-arranges the agreement between the general population aInBd the police subsequently becomes the neighbourhood co-makers of quality police Fadministrations. It does not supplant conventional policing (Onovo, 2010). O Alemika (1993) conceives thYe p olice as facilitators or inhibitors of progress. Basically, people group policing is a cooIrTdinated effort between the police and the neighbourhood that distinguishes and takes care Sof neighbourhood wrong doing issues (Wilson, 1993). Neighbourhood policing system differs Rfrom one place to another. The first standard where upon neighbourhood policing theory was Ebased was to keep up consistently an association with people in general to foster neighbouIrhVood welfare and opposition (Bittner, 1967). TheN people group policing model embraced by the Nigeria Police in its pilot division has effectivUely coordinated many policing ideas into a complete working model of neighbourhood policing, including the policing brilliance display neighborhood policing, insight drove policing, struggle avoidance and understudy-focused critical thinking preparing approaches. The Nigerian police depend on the neighbourhood decentralised to the area level to be more available, keep up contact and collaboration with their neighbourhoods, participate in strategies to target particular issues recognised by the entire neighbourhood, work in association with other open and private 16 associations and persistently assess and adjust their systems. Neighbourhood policing likewise empowers knowledge-drive policing on account of the expanded level of trust between accomplices, (Office for International Development, 2010). Nigerian community policing models are based on the fact that the police will regard and secure human rights; be straight forward and open in their policing capacities; exhibit responsibility consistently to convey best quality administration; enable and speak with all levels of police workforce; be responsible and liable for what they do; and guarantee that subjects wYith a grievance against the police have viable correspondence channels. ( Department for InteRrnational Development, 2010). A Peak and Glensor (1996) claim community policing provide the society wRith the following advantages such as giving the officer smugness from resolving troubles, engIeBnders a chance to be inventive and creative.The officer is also given the opportunity to m akLe a real impact and the opportunity to be familiar with most members of the community is cNreated. The community members have the opportunity to voice out howA the police should operate, has a say in setting law implementation needs to wind up a more Deffective police division which gives a perpetual determination to repeating issues. It also giAves a more grounded, more secure and friendlier neighbourhood to live in. Security consIciBous neighbourhood is central and engenders effective security at reduced cost. F There is an amplified surge of infoOrmation exchange between members of the community and the police as a result of improveme nt in trust level and mutual respect towards one another. This information is pulled togetheTr inYto intelligence which is utilised to organize issues like wrong doing and crime. SI Methods of commuEnityR policing The struIcVture of community policing centres around task officers assigned to a particular beat and inNfluencing these officers to get comfortable with the beat through beat profiling. The officersU are instructed to outline particular watch systems to manage the kinds of wrongdoing peculiar to that beat. This widens the obligations of the cop and individualises the practices to the neighbourhood they are policing. They utilise the contributions from the neighbourhood they are policing. Besides they try to expand the benefits of positive cooperation with the police (Bertus, 1996 ). 17 Principles of Community Policing Community policing is characterised by four main principles as identified by Gordner (1996). These include community policing is not a panacea because it does not provide solution to departmental problem. It is just a solution to current problems of the police; also it is not wholly new, it has been in practice amongst few police departments, although some aspects of community policing are relatively new as a police strategy for combating crimes. Community policing strategy is no “hug a thug”. It is purely crime fighting and never plan to revert police work into sYocial work. It is concerned with crime reduction as against conventional policing of crime repoRrtage that has been in practice for years and lastly, this strategy is not a cook book, it does nAot possess a single universal definition and how the strategy is implemented vary from Rplace to place, although, it contains a set of universally acceptable principles. LIB Elements of Community Policing Kasali and Odetola (2016) in their investigation of alAternNative approach to policing in Nigeria conclude that the outcomes of community policinDg are wholly based in some essential elements such as: A Structure: Here, they said police institutiBon should appreciate the essential benefit associated with partnering with the public. The s trIucture of the institution should be the one that facilitate execution of philosophical methOodolFogy and tactical dimension of community policing. Hence, organisational structure and train ing should be established to support community policing. (Skogan, 2006). Y Management: here, it isI Tthe responsibility of the police authorities to take the lead in ensuring effective execRutioSn of policy of community policing and by providing the needed leadership which enEsures public involvement in the activities of community policing. Also, there is the need to enVhance police information system which will assist the identification and analysis of communNity Iproblem, the police has to reform its relationship with local people, change their behavioUurs and attitude towards the community people. The police need to seek community assistance in gathering information so as to reduce crime and disorder. Problem solving: This is essential for community policing, it involves the coming together of the police and the public in identifying and solving the community problems. Cordner (2007) in support of this partnership says both the police and community members should be encouraged to imbibe problem solving techniques and work against all situations that may cause security lapses. 18 Justification for community policing The aim of community policing in Nigeria according to Onovo (2010) is to give air in which the police and honest nationals can work in association to take care of issues, share assets, avoid wrongdoing, advance inter-agency coordinated effort, convey guilty parties to equity; lessen strife, and enhance the general nature of neighbourhood life. In this regard, the police will ensure human rights are protected with respect for the individual; be straightforward and honest in their capacities while policing the people; perform their duty consistently to convey best quYality administrations and empower and speak with all levels of police workforce. R Community policing as a philosophy was introduced in Nigeria in 2004 in Aline with the response of the Nigeria police to democratic governance. The Nigerian Police hRaving discovered that crime control requires the support of the community members in order tIo Breduce fear of crime embarked on community policing strategy as its being done in other dev elLoped world. This strategy was based on the assumption that both the puNblic and the police have joint responsibility for securing their neighbourhood. Perhaps, this wAas why Wright in Balogun, (2017) posited that policing work is characterised by three modelsD. (i) The enforcement model which is concerned with police crime control and law enforBcemAent (ii) The service model which police employ in consultation with the public in their deIalings with crime control, maintenance of law and order and service delivery while the laFst model (iii) the community model is all about maintaining public peace at the expense oOf crime control. With this policing approach, the police, of course, no longer stand as sole pYrov ider of law and order, the public becomes its partner in provision of community safetIy Tand peace. Schanzer, Kurzman, Toliver and Miller, (2016) consented to the adoption oSf community policy strategy with a view to improving trust between the police and community. Okiro (2007) complemented the above assertion when he said community policingE proRvides a way for the people and the police to work together to resolve community proIbVlems. Through the involvement of community members, more resources (human and materiaNls) are made available for crime detection, prevention and control as against the use of force (rUeactive response) to crime management and public safety. Hence, community policing becomes a collaborative work between the police and the public through which security challenges are identified in the community and workable solutions are offered to solve them. Community policing provides a ready tool for the police and the community to join hand together to define community problems and work jointly to resolve the problems contrary to 19 indigenous policing method that makes security planning and enforcement as the sole responsibility of the police (Balogun, 2017). At the initial level of its introduction, the Nigerian police created regular interactive session just like the town hall meetings with the community members. The aim was to build community confidence on the activities of the police as it provides community members direct interaction and access to air their views/problems with the police. At another level of the interaction, the Nigerian police high command actively invoYlved community members in the management of security challenges. This arrangement led toR building of mutual trust and confidence between the police and the public. This approach also lAed the police high command to see the need to be polite, friendly, approachable, honest, Rlaw abiding and demonstrate high sense of responsibility in dealing with the public and in diIscBharging their duties. Also, there was the belief that community policing practices will streng tLhen the link between the police and the public and through their interaction; they will be abNle to address the challenges of their neighbourhood. Okesola and Mudiare, (2013) state that theA policing challenges in Nigeria led to the search for a new approach which seeks to focus on Dconstructive engagement with people who are the end users of the police services thereby makAing community the co-producers of justice and a quality police service. Coquilhat (2008) cIoBrroborated this stand by saying community policing offers the public a larger windowF int o police activity and provide opportunity for „grassroot‟ support for police. O Y Strategies for community policIiTng Community policingS requires that police divide control with the occupants and basic choices are made at the Rcommunity echelon. Achieving the goals of community policing involves three operationaVl sEtrategies such as community partnership, problem solving and change management. I ComNmunity Partnership relates to maintenance trust based on mutual relationship betweenU members of the community and those in authority in police in the force. The police recognize the need for cooperation and therefore encourage the community people to come up with useful information for fighting crime. The community worried by wrongdoing and confusion, cooperate with the police (Bohm and Haley, 2002). Problem Solving includes police reactions to wrongdoing and turmoil based on thought, vitality and activity as opposed to those that are customary and casual frequency. Here, the 20 neighbourhood way of life turn into the subject of worry for both the police and neighbourhood. The police need to give time to distinguishing community apprehension for this strategy to work effectively. Change Management is meant to achieve the first two approaches necessitates assigning new duties and appropriation of adaptable style of administration, unlike in the traditional model where low status was accorded officers on patrol. Community policing stresses the estimation of the watch work and the watch officers as a person. It requires changing of activity, Ybasic leadership and duty descending inside the police association. The watch officer must be Rin charge of the conveyance of police administration and neighbourhood administration. TheyA ought to be comfortable with the necessities and worry of their neighbourhoods. R Challenges to community policing in Nigeria IB Community policing as a policing strategy has the capac itLy to promote policing effectiveness and was welcomed when it was introduced in 2004 inN Nigeria. However, despite the high expectations of the stakeholders, there remain a numbeAr of serious obstacles that have hindered its effectiveness. According to Balogun (2017), theDse include among others; Poor coverage: Nigeria is a federation with 3B6 stAates and a federal capital territory (FCT). It has a total of 6424 police stations that provide p oIlice administrative services. Out of these, only 129 stations spread across 18 state are currenFtly operating community policing. This shows that only an extremely insignificant segment oOf the population experience the operation of community policing in Nigeria. Poor understanding of thIeT coYncept and philosophy of community policing: There exists a low penetration and understSanding of the concept among the members of the Nigeria police and their civilian counterpaRrts. Even within communities where community policing has been introduced and impElemented, many stakeholders believed the philosophy behind community policing is eliteI-dVominated and elite-driven, this results in poor participation in some areas. InadNequate funding: for any plan to be properly executed, it requires adequate funding. The NigeriaU police as an institution is faced with problem of inadequate funding and corruption. This has serious impact in the execution of community policing when it was introduced with little or no financial backing from the federal government. Since inception only the DFID has been the major donor for funding community policing projects in Nigeria. 21 Weakness of Divisional Structure: It was discovered that Beat Officers in the pilot states lack clearly defined responsibilities, no prescribed guidelines and standard operating procedures to work with. Poor Documentation: Community policing in Nigeria is faced with lack of proper documentation of its gains and experiences in most of the pilots states, there is factually no tangible data to sustain most of the information supplied by Divisional Police Officers in many of the 129 police divisions where community policing has been implemented. Y The DFID Nigeria Security, Justice and Growth (SJG) Programmer (2010) Ridentifies various difficulties encountered by community policing in Nigeria. These include pubAlic resistance to change, which is often caused by absence of understanding with regard to tRhe exact idea of neighbourhood policing; personal stake with respect to those profiting fromI tBhe norm; a fatalistic state of mind, including conviction that progression is not conceivable wLhile the police "general population" keeps being ineffectively paid; unwillingness to forsakeN hones that are natural for the obscure or indeterminate; and viewing neighbourhood policingA as unnecessary. Neighbourhood policing is erroneously considered by some as an importDed idea and irrelevant to policing in Nigeria. A B Barriers to community policing I Social disorder and crime still enOdureF in Nigeria despite the police efforts at curtailing them. Nigeria still loses lives and pYrope rty on regular basis. Some of the inconveniences facing neighbourhood policing in Nigeria are examined below: The Problem of CorrupItiTon: This is common among the officer and men of the Nigeria Police. This makes themR maSltreat residents and undermine the rule of law in the nation. They are involved in unlawfuEl detention and demonstrations of brutality, including rape and even killing extrajudicially (IHVuman Rights Watch, 2010). Another problem is the pessimistic community perception of police personnel and their servicesU. ThNere is the general belief a policeman is ineffective, brutal, corrupt and uncivil to the public. These beliefs are based on personal experiences of Nigerians. However, some police officers are dedicated and usually demonstrate tenacity, courage and professionalism while carrying out their duties. The issue of institutional constraints constitute a serious hindrance to the organisation of equity and keeping of peace in Nigeria. The Nigeria Police lacks adequate manpower, sufficient 22 education and professional training; there are insufficient apparatus and pitiable conditions of services. Transformation of the police to service oriented from the use of force extremely difficult based on the mere fact that the police in Nigeria is resulted from various military administration. Besides, there is godfatherism, which makes many police officers to distort equity. As indicated by Alemika (1993), these issues noted about Nigeria Police Force are obvious and are a cause of genuine worry to the general population, government, police experts and authorities and huYman rights associations. R What Community Policing has accomplished in Nigeria A Balogun (2017) says community policing initiative was anchoredB upRon institutional architecture and strategies that exist in all the states currently operati nLg iIt. However, there are variations in the application of the main principles of community policing depending on each area peculiarities. Common among all areas was the concentration Aon Nboth the internal and external measures directed towards the creation of a new police cultDure that are similar to the visions and missions of community policing in Nigeria. SummarilyA, the main goal of community policing in Nigeria is to serve as reform strategy for the entire NBigeria police organization in order to make it more democratic, professional and proactive (FIwa r,I 2010). Despite it selective mode of operation, community policing cannot be seen as aO special unit, responsibility or function but a holistic reform measure. Within its rank and file, the NYigeria police force has identified the gaps in its existing roles and responsibilities and the estaIbTlishment of new ones to rectify identified lapses. Balogun (2017) says efforts have also RbeeSn devoted to the training and retraining of police officers in the acquisition of neceEssary skills and knowledge for effective implementation of community policing. DeliberVate efforts are made at these training workshops to emphasize the need for a change of aNttituIde and behaviour among police personnel. Some of the training manuals used at the varUious workshop include; Reprinted Code of Conduct for Nigeria Police (2004), Nigeria Police Force Operational Handbook on Community Policing (2007), the Nigerian Police Force Community Policing Divisional Management Team Course Manual (2008); Nigerian Community Safety Handbook (2009) and Nigeria Police Force Operational Community Policing Intelligence Led Policing (Level I) Practitioner Handbook (2009). At its external level of operation, the focus has been on forging partnership and collaboration with Communities, Local Government Councils, Civil society Organisations, Non- 23 Governmental Organisations, Religious Groups, Public and Private Agencies and the Mass Media. Other platforms for such partnership and mobilisation for the implementation of the community policing include Vigilante Support Officers (VSO), Community Police Offices (CPO) and Community Police Developer (CPD). In 2008, the Nigeria Police Force selected four model sites for the execution of the Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP) in Federal Capital Territory (Maitama, Gwagwalada) and Lagos state (Victoria Island and Apapa). A Divisional Intelligence Officer (DIO) with support staffY was appointed for each of the Division to gather information and intelligence from patrols aRnd other reliable sources, recording the information on normal cards, analysing the informatAion gathered with crime information, and providing regular briefings to the Divisional PoliceR Officer and all officers. IB Furthermore, in 2009, the Local Safety Partnership (LSP) progra mLme was experimented in two areas: namely Gwagwalada, FCT and Apapa, Lagos. The LNSP was to work with other agencies and civil society groups under the community pAolicing framework to establish sustainable LSP structure, undertake local community safetyD audits, develop communication plans to support their work, and to implement these acBtionA plans (Nigeria Police Force, 2009a in Balogun, 2017), these experiment were adjudged tIo be highly successful. With them, the Nigeria Police came up with two publications to serFve as a reference guide for those considering the establishment of similar community saf eOty scheme in other parts of Nigeria (NPF, in Balogun, 2017). In short, community policing experiment has handsome degree of success in Nigeria. DFID (2005) in its first official attempItT to Yevaluate the performance of the initiative find the scheme to have positively impacted iSn the security landscape of the country, as well as on the public perception of the police.R E Prospects of coImVmunity policing in Nigeria In NNigeria, neighbourhood policing requires better correspondence and comprehension betweenU the police and the general public. It supports a more humanistic and unbiased state of mind towards criminals. Police that is dynamic is more powerful accomplishing guilty party's identification and healing activity post-offence. The potential prices of community- oriented police cannot be completely acknowledged except there is a common understanding of the neighbourhood towards that strategy. Neighbourhood policing requires the incorporation of all things considered necessary. 24 All other styles and techniques of policing are supplanted in Nigeria by neighbourhood. Rather, it complements central policing capacities, for example, activity authorization, wrongdoing avoidance, and open request administration. These duties remain fundamental and integral to meet the execution principles and criteria requested by the neighbourhood policing (The Dawn, 2011). Ikuteyijo (2009) avers that neighbourhood policing involves neighbourhood organisation in making a protected and secure condition for all. It is policing whereby the general populYation takes a dynamic part in their own particular issues. With people group policing, the policRe are not viewed as dangerous and risky agents. The connection between the police and indAividuals has engaged the attention of researchers. The fourth republic in Nigeria, which began Rin 1999, ushered in ethnic militias that challenged the policing space. The Nigeria Police FoIrcBe has not taken care of the basic issue of fair policing whose cardinal components are "equi tyL, equality, responsibility, and effectiveness". AN The Oodua People’s Congress (OPC) Self-help outfits in DCrime Reduction The Oodua People's Congress (OPC) , namedB aftAer the legendary progenitor of the Yoruba, is one of the biggest ethnic state armies in Nige riIa today (Guichaoua, 2006:22). It is extremely persuasive in the states demographically overwFhelmed by the Yoruba in the Southwest. The OPC's authentic targets are set out in its constitutOion along these lines: To accumulate everyY on e of the relatives of Oodua everywhere throughout the earTth particularly in Africa, the Caribbean, South America and NorIth America for a most significant, comprehensive and totally resolute solidarity; to relate to a perspective of re-living the brilliaRnceS of our past with the end goal of family; to teach and prepare the relatives of Oduduwa with the end goal of the above; to coordEinate the desires and estimations of the considerable number oIfV relatives of Oduduwa into an aggregate stage of an Oduduwa element; to screen the different interests of relatives of Oduduwa Nby whatever name called, any place on the substance of the earth U and battle for the insurance of these interests; to guarantee greatest self-assurance of the general population of Oodua; to assist the advance of Oodua human progress by securing and advancing our qualities, mores and the between generational transmission of same; to find a direction for an Oodua world view and build up its place on the planet and to activate the general population ofOodua for the National reason (OPC's Constitution and Bill of Rights:102). 25 There are conflicting records of the arrangement of the OPC and its date of development by the two factions of the group. The association as indicated by Fasheun, was shaped by a gathering of seven individuals including him; the other six were prominent market pioneers at the Mushin territory of Lagos. They were namely Mrs Adebowale (Iya-Ijebu), Alhaji Ibrahim (Baba Oja), and Mrs.Taiwo, and three other people brought by each of them to the debut meeting on August 29, 1994. Aside from Fasheun and Taiwo a semi-educated resigned military officer, the enrolled individuals were all ignorant people (Sesay et al., 2003). Gani Adams noted that Ythere were nine establishing individuals from OPC involving Tony Ugurugbe (an Ijaw maRn), Gani Adams, Dr. Fredrick Fasheun, Olumide Adeniji, Kunle Adesokan, Idowu AdebowAale, Ibrahim Abobolanwo, Ibrahim Atanda and Silas Atanda. “He added thatUgurugbe, a nRon-Yoruba, was prodded by the invalidation of the June 12 race and felt that there was aI Bneed to build up an activist gathering that would battle to recover and upgrade the status oLf Yoruba race even with unending audacious abuse and enslavement.” N OPC has many members that cut across Christians, MAuslims, and traditionalists. These members are principally from the old South-western RegionD (Lagos, Ekiti, Ogun, Osun, Oyo, and Ondo states). Some Yoruba people are also found inB EdAo, Kwara, and Kogi states, as well as the Republic of Bénin, North America, the Caribbean , aInd Europe. The OPC can be marked as a mass deFvelopment that is known by everybody in Nigeria (Adams, 2002; Guichaoua, 2006). The c amOpaign for National Soveraign Conference to be held by OPC was intended to redraw the struYcture of the Nigerian Federation. The OPC according to IHTuman Rights Watch (2003) has a strict progressive structure, levels of leadership, and prSoductive frameworks of correspondence. The association has at the national and states levelRs structures and official boards of trustees with the National Conference held annually as the Ebasic forum for leadership and the National Executive Council (NEC) as the administrative IboVdy. Each part is expected at the level of neighbourhood to have a place with a branch whiNle branches are grouped into zones, which are assembled into sub-areas. There are distinctUive wings, including esos' wing and ladies‟ wing. In each zone, there is a lady called "Iya Oodua" who remains as another worldly pioneer to be consulted on any issue for divination and direction. The esos as a unit (who go to fight), additionally called 'ushers' in Gani Adams group, is associated with vigilante exercises. There is another subset known as the checking bunch. There is strict adherence to disciplinary systems. The offences could be acts that undermine the viability of 26 the association, defilement, sexual manhandle, battling and show of religious or some other types of separation. Vigilante (informal policing structure) Vigilante, according to Etannibi, Alemika and Chukwuma (2004) is an informal policing structure set up by the general population living in destitution because of the clear failure of the formal police to satisfactorily shield them from wrongdoing. The poor naturally have the ability to recognise and clarify their well-being and security concern. Their understanding goes beYyond insurance from criminal exploitation.They also consider security to be an imperative inRstrument for sustaining their livelihood and for developing their local communities. This isR becAause security affects their health, family co-existence, lives and property. They employ coBnventional jumping techniques, customary security strategies, supplicating and fasting, and hoLrdeI actions as their main mode of operations. In trying to effectively discharge their duty of ensu ring safety and protection of their neighbourhood, vigilante group are faced with the proAbleNms of lack of funding by the government, provocation and coercion by the police while Dembarking on their obligations, quick utilization of privately influenced weapons, absence of fAundamental operational gear, for example, street lights, warm dress, raincoats uniform and id eIntBity carss. There is also the problem of lack of recognition by the local government authoritieFs. Why vigilante groups are patronised O The basic reasons for patroniYsing vigilante groups, according to a study in South Africa in 2002, include apparent increaIsTe in wrongdoing and poor capacity of the criminal equity framework to react to the nSecessities of the casualties of wrongdoing and the deficiencies of the formal police. In NigeRria absence of trust in the police is the most critical motivation for patronising vigilVanteE groups, in addition to complaints against the police owing to debasement, ineptitude, brutIalisation of nationals and institutional disappointment (Shaw, 2009). Types oUf viNgilante Chukwuma (2002) avers that not less than four sorts of vigilantes could be recognized. These are religious, ethnic, state-supported, and neighbourhood vigilantism. Religious vigilantism began in South Africa and spread to Nigeria with the presentation of Shariah laws in the Northern part of Nigeria in 2000, (Chukwuma 2000). They were called the Hisbah, whose primary obligation was to implement Sharia laws on utilisation of alcohol, 27 occurrence thickening (wearing of pants and meagre dresses by ladies) and capturing cheats. They regularly enforce disciplines for such "Offences" all alone without the suspects been taken for trail in a court of law. Ethnic vigilantism alludes to bunches compose along ethnic or inborn lines to protect the line interests or check wrongdoing. Protection of ethnic interest serves as control mechanism. A very good example is the Oodua People's Congress (Tersakian, 2003). State-supported vigilantism involves slippery kind of vigilante that works with the heYlp of governments or state organisations. An example is the Bakassi Boys in Abia, AnambraR and Imo States of Nigeria. This group had dangerous weapons, including guns, utilised for partAisan politics. R Neighborhood or Community vigilante: This group focus on mainItaBining security, road passageways or towns' entryways in the evening. It is involved onfoo t Lwatches around evening. The group members work with shrieks to stir the general populationN in the area if there is entry of undesirable visitors. DA 2.1.3 The concept of crime A Saliu (1997) defines security as absence ofI Bphysical dangers. The improvement in social orders with specific references to WesternisaFtion has not improved the situation. Rather, it has been damaging the social estimations o f Othe general public. Universally, 60% of city occupants have been casualties of some sort ofY crime. These crimes include fakeness, duping, 419 disorder, (Omede, 2005). T The Nigerian urban areaIs are favourable for crime since they give the secrecy expected by offenders. A report uncoRvereSd a "preparation school" for equipped burglars at Ajegunle territory of Lagos, the people reEcruited are in the range of eighteen and twenty-eight years. The school was where the outlaIwVs arranged projects on which territory to assault and how to operate. Suspects were arrestNed during their morning instructional course where they were working out modalities on varioUus houses to be raid for the week (Omede, 2005:45). Crime undermines the social harmony, well-being and security. It constitutes an issue when its frequency is uncontrolled,which make it a danger to the security of people and property (Onoge, 1998).Crime is a danger to stability of a country.It produces underdevelopment, it decimates human and social capital (Onoge,1996). 28 2.1.4 Security Security does not have a universally acceptable definition, as taught. Scholars from different fields based their definitions of the concept on their different ideological background or on their intellectual acumen. According to Imobighe (2003) security means the building up of standard military defense for the protection of the state territorial integrity from both internal and external interferences. This is otherwise called militaristic security. This means that security end product is the achievement of the country‟s territorial integrity and sovereignty. It may also mean freedom from threat of the physical existence of the state as well as the capacity that proRmoteY self protection and development and the improvement of the total well-being of the peoplAe in entirety. This sometimes is referred to as human security which often promotes huRman needs and protection in all spheres of life. Usually, the target is preservation and satisfaIctBion of humanity. However, issue of threat is usually associated with insecurit yL, threat is anything that implies danger or constitute an obstacles to goal accomplishment. NHence, for the security of any state to be guaranteed, it must be devoid of threat whether pAhysical or otherwise objectively, security connotes an absence of threat to acquired values likDe state independence, socio-economic interests, territorial sovereignty and political system.B To Abuttress this up, McLaurin (1988) posited that national security helps in defining the health o fI a nation within the context of the state system. This is better expressed in the light of the avaFilability or non-availability of threat to a country‟s collective interest. In other words na tiOonal security entails the removal of threats (social, economic, cultural, religious, politicaYl and ecological) and protection of the nation‟s territory. Ujomu (2002) stated thaIt nTational security is mainly concerned with nation‟s survival, self-defense and the preservatioSn of state government sovereignty, aiming at promoting peace and progress in the state. InR short, national security encompasses the protection of national interests, preservation of natiEon‟s survival and the enhancement of the collective aspiration/need of the people to live dIecVently and within a peaceful state. MorNe than ever before, national security challenges have become enormous in Nigeria. The patheticU situation of security has led many individuals to their early graves. Many of such cases remain unresolved owing to the slow pace of investigation by the Nigeria Police. Immediately after the inauguration of the fouth Republic, there was a spate of armed military engagements against the Nigerian Government. A growing state of criminality and violence also created pervasive local insecurity, which led to the engagement of local 29 neighbourhood watch groups, youth militias and vigilante groups, some of which were organised or supported by the government. This ever-increasing spate of violence and terrorism has greatly exposed the security challenges in the police. According to Aremu (2014b), the Nigeria Police cannot match the sophistication, weaponry and intelligence of many of the criminals, most especially, the Boko Haram sect and racial mercenaries in the Niger Delta (Egbesu Boys, Indigenous People of Biafra, the Pan-Niger Youth Movement, Movement for the Emancipation of Niger-Delta and theY Ijaw Youth Movement for the Survival of Ogoni people (MOSOP) and the Niger DeltRa People Volunteer Force. This operational lapse by the police has relegated the force to the Abackground. The implication of this for people‟s security is regular robbery, theft, conRning, and other workplaces, illegal tax avoidance, oil bunkering, pipeline vandalisation, humIaBn trafficking, digital crime and other vices (Odekunle, 2011). L Citizens now live in fear, uncertainty, anxiety and suspensNe, (Olujinmi, 2004; Bruce and Neild, 2004). The enormity of these security challenges haveA led to extensive deployment of military and security agencies and extensive security operatiDon (Ikelegbe, 2014).This means that a huge chunk of national resources which ought to be dBeplAoyed for development has been devoted to security. I Aremu (2014b) observes that policing Fin civilised climes is a serious business and is well funded and articulated. To be at par with wOhat obtains in other countries, the Nigeria Police should enjoy good funding. There should be a serious enlistment of young“non-disabled” and educated men into the force. The police aIutThorYities should ensure the training of police personnel. 2.1.5 Effective securitRy S One of the Efundamental responsibilities of the government is to guarantee safety and protection of lifeV and property in the country. This involves the protection against attack from without or subvIention from within in a matter of national security causing a desired or intended result. EffeNctive security in a state is characterised by apprehension of offender, crime prevention, crime dUetection, crime reduction, protection of life and property and enforcement of law and order. According to Said (2019) effective security is therefore measured by highly secure environment, easy to use appliances that are also flexible and scalable. Kovacich and Halibozek in Said (2019) posit that effective security mean the use of physical control to protect the premises, site, facility, building and other assets. It also leads to both the people and information protection, this is done through the use of sophisticated protection measures. Also, the National Crime Prevention and 30 Community Safety Strategy (2013), an initiative of the Ministry of National Security in Jamaica identified four main elements of effective security as including maintenance of law and order; protection against internal and external threat; safety of borders and punishing and rehabilitating offenders. When all these are guaranteed, it will resort to crime reduction that will henceforth facilitate economic growth and employment generation. Effective security aims at strengthening the rule of law and promotion of police legitimacy with the local community. It also helps in bridging the gap between the police and the pYublic through such instruments as community policing and inclusion of police support services Rdesigned to meet the needs of the people in a state. Effective security also strives to restoreA trust in the people for a lawful and better ordered nation, a situation where more people will Rfeel safe and the territorial borders will be well protected Kovacich and Halibozek in Said (20I1B9). For a state to enjoy effective security, National Research CLouncil of the National Academies (2004) says police as a matter of must should develop eNffective policies, protocols and working relationship with the public and with the criminal justicAe system so as to achieve its target objective. It was also postulated that the need arises to Drefine and improve the macro level measures of policing and community protection. BAlsAo, emphasis must be laid on the local community sense of safety, security and peace o f Imind, its reliance and trust in the local police, traffic and motor safety as well as the proteFction of welfare of most vulnerable and indigent citizens. There group may include menta llOy impaired, drug addict, the aged, young and physically, handicapped. Many tactics have been TideYntified by different security outfits for ensuring effective security. Grimaldi (2014) listed:I Risk Analysis wRhichS helps to determine tolerance of risk which one can accept, avoid, prevent or transfer. IEt helps enlisting security priority initiatives and budget planning. Data anId Vassets classification which is important to appreciate the data and assets that can be maintaiNned. It is also useful to prioritise security level and determine level of access to informaUtion. User Security Awareness Training that many organisations are usually faced with danger of information misuse, hence workers need to be trained on data sensitivity, its threats and usage. This can be done through organisation‟s policy and procedures awareness training. 31 Approval by Management which ensures effective security, the management of the organisation must approve and sponsor it, so as to be in line with the business objectives. This promotes workers obedience to policies and programmes of the organisation. Effective security aims at crime prevention, a safe home, office and implementation of justice in the society. To achieve this tasks, Sheriff (2016) states 4Ds of highly effective security measures that are needed be followed religiously. They include: Detect: This means the identification of potential threats, risks, dangers and loopYholes which helps in early mitigation of insecurity. Effective security measure will not onlyR help to identify problem through effective definition of vital assets but will also promote exAposures, and vulnerabilities of threats to assets. R Deter: This involves a way of discouraging forthcoming threats, haIzBards and risks from happening through a holistic risk assessment measure. It may take ph yLsical display of security measures like electric fence, CCTV Camera and a sign post with “bNeware of dog” signal available to deter criminals from gaining access to the organisation or keepA criminals at distance. Delay: This measure helps in interrupting potenDtial risks, dangers and threats from occurring. A lot of impediments are created for crimAinals to cross for them to execute their nefarious activities. The unwanted visitors are del ayIeBd and criminal attack is forestalled. Deny: This measure exhibits all securiFty measures available through their physical display on structures in and out of the organisationOs environment, such sophisticated appliances and gadgets usually frustrate plans of crimYina l and throw them off-guard. Similarly, in order to ensIuTre effective security Madelaire (2019) advocates a regular supply of power to promote less vuSlnerability of one home to theft. There should be backup power supply like generator or batteryR. Also the IP rating of security cameras and sensors should be very high against dust, water oEr other things that may lead to damage. There should be an efficient system that will not miIstVake good people for bad ones. And lastly, the security system should be designed towards meNeting the organisation‟s needs. This idea was buttressed up by Cameron (2018) when he submUitted that effective security requires that the security outfits and agencies must possess integrity, well trained, experienced officers. The officers must also possess quality like alertness, fitness, bravery, communication skills, versatility and capable of controlling their temperament. Notwithstanding their power, and assets, the police require the help of others to reasonably and adequately control and counteract crime. This is due to the number of men and officers in the police charged with the responsibility of protecting lives and property are far below the number 32 envisioned by most natives, and physical nearness cannot be consistently built by these officers in all locations of the neighbourhood; police specialists who are regularly and generally deficient. Also the police do not specifically control the conditions that produce crime and the level at which the police can effectively utilise their legitimate specialists depends larges on the society's assistance for and trust in the police. The police should endeavour to continually develop and maintain cordial relationship with members of the community (Cameron, 2018). The capacity to work efficiently in a professional manner by the police in all sRociaYl and legislative frameworks for the police to be successful especially in the following areasA: i. Community associations R ii. Government offices. LIB iii. Mental well-being frameworks N iv. Public well-being and administration of theraDpeutAic framework for crisis v. Administration of Government and non-Agovernment organisations which includes medication and liquor treatment an dI dBetoxification vi. School frameworks F vii. Corporate and businesYs ne i Oghbourhoods viii. Juvenile equity frIaTmeworks ix. AlternativRe qSuestion determination frameworks (Cameron, 2018). CompelliVng Esecurity is comprised of components like trepidation of criminals, crime decrease, crimeI development, crime identification and implementation/conservation of lawfulness. ApprehUensNion of offenders The organisation of equity comprises the recognisable proof, capture, arraignment and discipline of the individual that committed the crime, the goal is intentional consistence with the law. It is the police responsibility to activate the process of equity framework once a crime has been commutted for the purpose of identifying and arresting the suspect, to get essential information and coordinate other processes involved in dealing with the crime. Smith (2012) avers 33 that if the police believe that there is already enough evidence against the individual, they are likely to charge him with the offence. However, there is a limit to the amount of time that the police can keep an individual in custody without charging him/her to court.The police cannot arrest people who committed minor offences where an arrest is refined, as warrant must be issued. However, minor offences, like theft and assault may not require a warrant.While arrest could be made immediately some offences are committed, some may take years after lengthy investigation or when new evidence is available. After an arrest, the police reserve the power of caution tYhat is the right that the police have to warn a suspect not to talk, for whatever he says after Rthe arrest may be used against him in the law court. Soon, an interview will be conducted andA recorded to avoid the question of intimidation or manipulation. After the interview, a suspectR may be released when the police discover that no offence was committed or that they do not IhaBve enough evidence to connect the suspect to the crime. A bail may be given where polic e Lneeds to carry out more enquires. This may require that the suspect should report back as theN station some other days. The Nigerian constitution stipulates the limit of the timeA the police can keep an individual in custody.After some prescribed days, the suspect will be Dformally charged with an offence in a law court, the defendant may be released on bail or mBay Abe held in custody where police feels he is going to be a threat or may escape. Thereafter, thIe suspect file is submitted by the police to the office of Director of Public prosecution, wFho decides whether there is enough evidence to prosecute the suspect in the public intere stO or to convict the suspect. Crime Reduction Crime reduction impliesI Y rTeduction of open door for a crime to be committed. To reduce crime involves various actiSons, such as convalescing the environment, the substantial safety of susceptible objects aEnd fRunctioning to make available a better personal satisfaction. In the past,the police authority wVas expected to handle issue of crime reduction alone. Crime rIeduction may take situational methods, which include adjusting the physical state of potentialN locales from which crime may happen. Situational crime lessening may take the form of imprUoving fencing or fitting strong locks to premises, taking defenceless things from where they could be stolen. Improving the visibility in an area which may take the form of bush burning, cutting down of trees and improved lighting. It may also take the form of access control, for example barring entry into some rooms or premises to prevent intruders from entering them. 34 Crime prevention This is an effort made by the government to reduce crime, deter crime and criminals and enforce law. Several factors encourage crime to be committed. According to Royal Gibraltar Police (2004), they include an individual having the desire to participate in a banned or prohibited behaviour; the possession of the skills and tools for committing crime and; having an opportunity to be acted upon.. There are three types of prevention. RY The primary prevention, which may include individual and family level facAtors: On the individual basis, connection to school and participation in pro-social actioRns may reduce involvement in criminal activities. IB Secondary prevention: This concerns the use of intervention te chLniques directed at youth who are at the height of danger of committing crimes. Crimes that Nare committed at this level are related to social and physical problems. DA Tertiary prevention is used to check successive incidentsA after a crime has been committed. Royal Gibraltar Police (2004) identifies tIenB principles of crime prevention, useful for securing home, car, motorcycle, garage,F boat or other personal property. i. Target hardening: This involv OYes m aking criminal target such as object, property, person or animals were resistant to atTtack or difficult to damage or remove. ii. Target removal: This SinvoIlves making invisible object of potential attack through temporary or permanent remRoval. iii. RemovingV theE means to commit crime: This involves the removal of materials that can possibly Ibe used for committing crime by a criminal. iv. RUeduNcing the pay-off: This is the act of decreasing the benefits for the crime commited by the criminal when perpetrated. It may involve the use of safe to reduce cash held in a till or using a replica in shop displays. v. Access control: This may involve the use of door locks identity cards, entry card systems, and many others to restrict access to sites, building or part of a building. 35 vi. Visibility/surveillance: This has to do with ensuring that criminals are visible if they carry out a crime. It may take the natural form, such as improving lighting or changing the height of fences or formal form using technology or specially trained staff to deter or identify potential criminals through CCTV, alarm system or the store security guards or the informal surveillance where community or residents use vigilante, counter staff or receptionists. vii. Environmental design: This involves the changing of the surrounding of a structure of a location or domain to lessen open doors for carrying out crime. Y viii. Regulation Laying: This involves making law or code of conduct which set out aRcceptable behaviour, for example wearing of badges or request to report to a receptionR. A ix. Increasing the chance of being caught: This may include anything thIatB slows a criminal or increases his risk of being apprehended, for instance proper mana geLment of CCTV system. x. Detecting Offenders: Thisinvolves agencies working with yoNuth to divert the offenders or potential criminals from community crimes, for examplAe youth education programme or organisation. D Crime detection BA In many countries, the police are in charg e Iof crime detection whereas some crimes could be easily detected by special law enforcemOent Fagencies specifically trained for those crimes. Crime detection is of three phases: discover y of the crime committed, suspect identification and collection of tangible and sufficientY evidence for indicting the suspect in the law court: Most crimes are not discovered by theI Tpolice but other members of the society in the community where the crime has been comRmuttSed, for instance those that include a subject consent, like medications or prostitution, or thEose without distinct casualty except if the police find a way to decide if they have been commVitted. To identify modern violations, a few strategies are frequently required: electronic lNistenIing in, surveillance capture attempt of interchanges and invasion of groups. The roUle of forensic science in crime detection The identification of an individual by his finger print was the achievement in this field. It was discovered that a latent mark is left when there is any contact of the finger and a fixed surface that could be easily be seen using different procedures because it has been established that the finger prints of two individuals are not similar. Originally, fingerprint was used to identify the criminal records of individual offender but later become useful as a method to identify the person 36 that commutted that specific act of crime. At the onset, finger print was time-criminal acts because it is used in repadily identifying the suspects due to information that is stored on the computer. However, the detection of error in the use of finger print to detect offenders led to the adoption of other scientific techniques for this purpose. An example is DNA finger printing of biological evidence (for example, hair, sperm and blood) can establish guilt with a very high degree of probability. Y Identification of suspect R Most criminals are identified through the mode of operation used in comAmitting the crimes. For instance, the method that burglar used in entrying a house, the thinRgs stolen by the individual or the method of deception adopted by a suspect on the victimIB(s) or the fraud can suggest who the criminal is. The victims‟ visual identification of the sus pLect can also be used also. Members of a particular race may have challenge differentiating mNembers of another race which has led to this method been condemned. DA Gathering evidence A In any country with the rule of law, investigaBting agencies need enough legally admissible evidence to prove that a suspect is guilty. TheF po liIce use different powers and procedures by the police to achieve this. A search can be carried out if OY the re are reasonable grounds for suspecting that proof can be found. For instance, a police officTer can stop and search an individual after identifying themselves and stating the purpose of seSarchIing the person. A search of private house may involve issuance of warrant of search by Rthe Magistrate Court after the authorities are satisfied that there are reasonable ground foEr suspecting that the evidence being sought will be found on the premises. Enforcement/PIrVeservation of law and order ManNy factors are responsible for violence. Some are the rapid pace of urbanisation, failure to adapUt to this revolutionary and nuclear age, restless search for identity and purpose, the feeling of hopelessness and dissatisfaction, slum living conditions, discrimination and lack of employment opportunities. These have manifested in the rising crime rate, lawlessness and violence experienced in society. The police and other agencies involved enforcing the law are charged with the responsibility of protecting lives and property. To do this, conditions which will result in 37 greater cooperation, understanding and mutual respect between the police and the community must be created and encouraged. To achieve this, better communication among the police, other security agencies and the citizens is essential. With this, grievances can be detected and addressed timely. Also, responsible law enforcement officials have to recognise the need for better training in police-community relations. Through this act, the police will be able to obtain a better understanding of the socio- economic political forces involved in current lawless demonstrations and other manifestatioYns of violence. Also, community leaders and the entire citizens need to have a better understaRnding of the problems confronting the police and their own responsibility towards ensuring laAw and order and the safety of the community. R Law enforcement should be everyone‟s concern. The police IdeBserve support and understanding but they often lack this in trying to carry out their respo nsLibilities. Public officials, in turn, must recognise the fact that the community has a legitimaNte interest in law enforcement policies and performance. A 2.2.1 Attitude of people and police towards community Dpolicing and effective security Many factors have been found to be assocIiaBted Aempirically with shaping the attitudes of members of the community toward policeF an d their responsibility. Factors that has been persistently researched with significant association is the attitude of the people to the police and type of interaction with the police; type ofO interaction with the police (for example,is it intiated by the citizen or the police); satisfactionY with service provided by the police; an individual experience with the police; confidence in thIeT police; the influence of the media either electronic or prints; and factors relating to demogrSaph, such as nationality, age, gender, and socio-economic status (Kennedy andHomanEt, 1R983;Weitzer and Tuch, 1999; Skogan, 2005). Another factor is fear of the police as a resulVt of negative experiences with the police. The police are feared by the public majorly becausIe the inappropriate behaviour of the police (such as excessive use of force, corruption Nand abuse either verbally or physically) and the legitimacy of the policy that is questioUnable (Goldsmith, 2005). The attitude of the public towards the police has been linited by most researchers as being distributed uniformly within racial or ethnic groups (Rosenbaum, Schuck, Costello, Hawkins and Ring, 2005). Attitude toward the police is not linited to demographic factors of an individual. A critical determinant of attitude towards the police is race (Weitzer and Tuch, 2005). An important role is played by ethnicity in how the people in the community view the police (Chow, 2002). 38 Studies showed that minority groups express less favourable attitudes toward the police. However, race/ethnicity as is not intrinsic factor that influence the attitude of an individual toward the police. Neighbourhood‟s crime conditions and socio-economic status equally affect attitudes toward the police (Weitzer and Tuch, 2005). The treatment given to the Blacks by the police is harsher and not adequately presented when faced with cases of brutality from the police. This has engendered negative views of the police (Weitzer, 2000). The tendency of individuals living in neighbourhood identified as economic disadvantaged displaying attitudes that are negative toYward the police (Wu, Sun, and Triplett, 2009). R The attitude of females towards the police is generally more favourable (O‟CoAnnor, 2008). The regular contact of male with the police will result to holding attitudes that isR less favourable. The per capita rate of male contact with the police in 2001 was higher when IcoBmpare to the female at almost 20%. In 2001 male that are 16 years and above had contact w itLh the police at the rate of 1 out of every 4.3 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2002), N 2.2.2 Platform structures of community policing and efDfectiAve security In a free and democratic society, citizens are expected to contribute to the way the government is been conducted while the police in IthBe p Arovision of services should be responsive, accountable and display interest in the input oFf ci tizens so that the support and cooperation can be given by the citizens when required (Gordner, 1996). To enhance citizens‟ inputs in co mOmunity policing, the following techniques/structures are utilized in some countries: Y Agency Advisory BoaIrdTs: The group of people meet on regular basis with the commissioner of police and Sother top police officer to give advice on the impact of police policies and important issues. R Unit AdvVisorEy Boards: Here citizens meet with unit commanders and related personnel to provide input/aIdvice on unit policies, priorities and issues on regular basis. BeaNt Advisory Boards: Here the provision of advice and input that has to do with issues and prioUrities through regular meetings held between citizens and beat officers. Special Advisory Boards: Group of citizens that has special interests constantly meets with police Chief and top officers or other personnel for the purpose of providing input/advice on policies, priorities and issues related to those interests specifically. 39 Community Surveys: Different methods is used in conducting surveys (telephone, mail, in- person, in the newspapers, and many other) so that the view of citizens on policies, priorities and issues is obtained Electronic Mail/Homage: The internet, social media services, computer bulletin boards and others are used for obtaining information on policies, priorities and issues from citizens. Radio/Television Call-in shows: Programmes such as call in on the radio and Television is used to get the view of citizens on policies, priorities and issues. Y Town Hall Meeting: Meeting is held in the public where the citizens are inviteRd to give their input/advice on policies, priorities and issues. (Gordner, 1996). A Community policing sees policing as broad and not narrow law enforcRement or crime fighting. It involves police officers enhancing neighbourhood safety bIyB working with the residents. They resolve conflict, help victims, prevents accidents, solv e Lproblems, fight fear and reduce crime through apprehension of criminals. The structureNs available for implementing community policing in Oyo State include: police-Community rAelations committees, the vigilante groups, community and religious leadership forum, landloDrd‟s association, the market women associations and forum of public office holders. BA 2.2.3 Structural elements of community poFlic inIg and effective security In the Nigeria context, (GordnOer, 1996) asserts that the structured elements for implementing community policing highl y relied on ten principles of community policing: 1. Community are the focus Tof tYhe police approach 2. By reducing the raSte oIf crime and trauma on the road, safety is improved through community policRing while the community is reassuring. 3. The communEity have increased access to the police because they are more visible, and familiarI iVn the community 4. TheN concerns of the community are prioritised by the police and citizens, the community Uprovide information to the police who in turn listen to them. 5. Opportunity is provided for community to participate in securing lives and property by police. 6. Identified security problems are responded to with support from the state command and other relevant agencies. 7. Government agencies, non-governmental organisation and community groups are engaged by the police in solving problem. 40 8. The emphasis should be on flexibility with accountability with the aim of achieving the goals of the community. 9. Approach that is integrated with intelligence should be adopted in community policing 10. Ireespective of responsibility and rank it is the responsibility of all to participate in community policing. For the purpose of this study, the componentsof community policing shall include strengthened police-community relations, increased police accountability and better intelligYence gathering and police-community joint patrol. R 2.2.4 Police-community joint patrol and effective security RA In most agencies of the police patrol is the biggest work performed bIyB the police. Officers often patrol using patrol cars, motorcycle, on foot among others. While doLing this, they may target suspicious behaviours and traffic violations. In the twentieth century, police patrol was dramatically influenced by automobiles and two-way. A larger aArea Ncan easily be patrolled through motorised patrol which makes it more effective when compaDred to patrolling on foot. The addition of the two-way radio made it possible for police officerAs to communicate well. As the personnel on patrol cound reach the headquarters for any for mI Bof assistance. Police officers should develop a synargy with residents in the neighbourhood Fand other agencies that they are expected to patrol, rather than watching happenings in community by driving around in patrol cars or waiting so that problems can easily be identified and s olOved immediately because this method of patrolling the community is more collaborative andY proactive than previous models. Naturally, officers on patrol must still handle crimes thSat aIr Te reported and other request for help but solving problems is emphasised more when Rcalls for assistance is not handled rather than watching or waiting. Specifc post Eare assigned to police officers wearing uniform while searches is on suspects before making IarVrest or warn the person where necessary. Most of these activities are carried out as responseN to complaints and emergency call from citizens. In larger departments there is tendencUy for the role to be more compartmentalised. About 95 percent of Nigerians reported in the year 2001 that most men and officers of the Nigeria Police Force were corrupt while 66 per cent submitted that all personnel in the police were corrupt, the perception of 92 per cent is that there are some corruption among judges and magistrates (Afrobarometer, 2001). However, fifty per cent of the respondent reported that they had no trust in the police at all while in year 2000 about 58.3 per cent of Nigerians reported that they felt that they are safer than they did five years earlier, 41 roughly 40 per cent of the respondent knew someone who had been a victim of crime within the previous two years (IFES, 2000). The issue of insecurity and vulnerability has been responded to by most citizens around the country through the formation of community-based groups that is usually known as informal policing organisation or vigilantes with the group sometimes working in collaboration with the police to confront local crime and insecurity problems. Such groups are formed due to limited manpower and skills relevant to the demand of the community which is unable to providYe the required services. Inadequate funding, obsolate equipment and general lack of proper orRientation and commitment by some police officers are also some of the challenges to effecAtive policing (Otubu and Coker, 2006). R A study was conducted by Pretoria-based Institute of Security (200I2)B in South Africa on violent justice, vigilantism and state response with various reasons give nL for patronising informal policing structures by the respondent. These includes perceived Nincreased in crime rate, poor perceptions about criminal justice system to respond appropriateAly to the needs of victims of crime and the inadequacies of the formal police service (SekhonyDane, 2002). Community policing was initiated due to the perceived inability of the state Bto pArotect her citizens as expected (Huggins, 1991; Findlay 1993; Abrahams 1998; Scharf 2000 ; IShaw 2000). Increased in crime and perceived inabFility to adequately protect the lives and proprety of the citizens is one of the major reas oOns given for patronising vigilante group by citizens, particularly among the poor. The peYrception that there is increase rate of and the ability of the police to cope is not as expecteIdT with the request for protection from members of the public is acute in countries facing draSmatic transformation economically and politically (Shaw, 2002). The socio-political context isR provided in which there appear to be an increase in the rate of crime in transitional societiesE (Shearing and Kempa, 2000). 2.2.5 StreNngtIh Vening police-community relations and effective security The best results of community policing relate to improved police–community relations. For exaUmple, in Timor-Leste, a survey on perception by The Asia Foundation (2014) reported that, in 2013, 92% and 94% of the general public and community leader respondents respectively have that view that the police and members of the communities have good relationship while only 78% community leaders and 48% of the general public have the same perception in 2018 (The Asia Foundation, 2008). Improved perceptions of local police officer(s) do not appear to members of the community that the services of police have significantly improved. The reputation of police 42 units as observed in Jamaica, tends to be overshadowed by the especially paramilitary units, these tend to over look the improvements citizens might notice from the officers policing the community. Some community in Jamacia for instance may prefer approach that citizen-friendly while enforcing the law by community police officers but does not necessarily extend to other police units at the national level. An opinion survey conducted in 2010 noted that out of 11 public institutions the police are ranked least based in terms of public trust (UNDP, 2012). The method adopted for the establishment of a single unit in the larger service Ywith responsibility for community policing could improve the relationship between the commuRnity-and the police. However, as the units are isolated from wider responsibilities of pAolicing, the achievement of changes that are cultural or behavioural can be elusive in the policRe. Robert Peel in 1829 first articulates the preferred approach which is to make community pIoBlicing the pervasive philosophy of the police making all citizen in the community a police of fiLcer. Community policing can engender improved community-Npolice relations. However, it might be limited to the local level. This implies that, in viewA of the potential pitfalls of both approaches, the focus should be less on the particular shapDe community policing takes. It should instead be on the functions that can be achieved in parAticular places. There is need for a greater emphasis on the result of public service rather thIanB the institution responshible for performing such (Andrews, 2012). F 2.2.6 Improved police accountability a nOd effective security The mechanism for policTe dYisposition to accountability according to Stone (2007), vary from one country to another buIt accountability is crucial in governance of corporate entities and nations. Disposition illustratSes the agitation for checks and oversight, surveillance and institutional challenges as well as exRert power and authority. Powers are not meant to be undermine due to accountability buVt shEould be controlled so that it is not used for repressing and exploitating others. The concerns oIf accountability among the police is ensure that the police officers are responsible for all actioNn and inaction and for efficient performance of their primary role in the prevention and controlU of crime in civil manners. For police agencies to achieve their goals accountability is important (Walker, 2007). Research on accountability and police revealed that the police have a different level of internal control system which can be theoretically invoked by members of the community who are disgrunted by any action of irresponsibility of a police officer (Alemika, 2003; Stone, 2007). The 43 benefits of internal accountability are stressed by Skolnick and Fyfe (1993) with specific emphasis on supervisors. The importance of strengthening the mechanism of police attitude through the supervisory bodies like the Police Service Commission (PSC), and community policing experiment is the focus of Alemika (2003). The concerned of Carter (2002), Stone (2007) about police accountability is the decrease in the incidents of racial profiling, particularly in the United States. Bayley (1997) focuses on accountability among police in the United States and in particularY in a democratic context that should enable a prompt response to an individual needs and privaRte groups as well as the needs of government. A Perez (2000) focuses on the challenges faced in the establishment of Ran efficient and accountable policing system in young democratic societies and developing cIoBuntries, arguing that this is the case, as police in these countries have always been known to bLe an agent of oppressions sponsored by the government. . In the same vein, Pustintsev (2000) Nargues that the Russian reform attempts to increase police accountability for improving police-Acommunity relations has not been successful because the political and social structures of thDe country have made the government responsible. Unable to ensure that more and more serioAus incidents of misconduct by police are reduced. In the opinion of Macovei (2000) the mi scIoBnduct of the police will be drastically reduced when the police are made accountable to the cFivilian justice system. All types of reform in police accountability must consider the problem Oin the community and the police as an institution that led to misconduct in the police in the firYst place (Silva, 2000). In order to prevent misconduct among the police Sanders and Young, I(aTs cited by Alemika, 2003) noted that the focus should be on the different department in the Spolice because a single case of misconduct and ineptitude among the police can undermine thRe confidence of the public in the police. AccountabiliEty among the police according to Goldstein (1977) will ensure superior officers apply IVvarious approaches in the improvement of the conduct and performance subordinates. Accountability among the police can be facilitated through the recruitment of individUualsN from minority groups or group that are underrepresented (O‟Rawe and Moore, 1998) which is particularly relevant because the police will be reflected in the population it is servicing when religious, ethnic and gender balance is adopted in all the departments of the police. Globally, there are different approaches that control is exerted over the police which vary from one community to the other which depends on the type of political structure or the participating countries. These mechanisms in United States of America and Nigeria is basically 44 classified into three different levels: internal or departmental, state or governmental control and social control or what is generally referred to as civil society control (Chukwuma, 2003). The easiest method of achieving accountability is to ensure that police supports corrective measures put in place. Regulation guiding external interaction will be considered as important only if the police are convinced that they will be trusted to handle activites that will lead to the enforcement of appropriate law. The most visible way of ensuring control among the police in Nigeria is through vaYrious departments or internal control headed by commissioner of police, Inspector General Rof Police office, Public Complaints Bureau (PCB) in the police-public relations department oAf every state command, while at the Force headquarter the officer in charged is the proRvost. Generally, members of the community trust in the internal control of the police is noIt Babsolute because in most situtions the mechanism has not been efficient as expected and “g eLnerally only if the police are critised by the press for committing human rights infraction suchN as extra-judicial killing or the person involved is important personality that the disciplinary Asystem will be efficiently applied (Chukwuma, 2003). D The police code of conduct is another form Aof internal control that stipulated strict compliance to rules, rewards or punishment for IeBither adherence or not (Alemika, 2003). In Nigeria the requirement of the police code of cFond uct is that all police officers must understand an have appropriate knowledge of the laws, aOnd orders and instructions of the police, and to develop, among others, the attributes of coYurtesy, forbearance and helpfulness when interacting with members of the public; patienceI, tTolerance while in situtions that requires emotional control. Most police departmSents in the United States of America have a more efficient system of internal control used forR identification, investigation, adjudication, and punishing police involved in cases of miscondEuct. Some police departments for example have started using early warning systems for theI Videntification of officers that are potentially dangerous. Computer database are increasinglyN relied upon because of the possibility of tracking variables such as officers age, educatiUon, arrest rates, reprimands, issues of discipline and complaints from civilians by supervisors to intervene to ensure that every police officer is held accountable for any actions or inaction. In the city of New York Police Department (NYPD), the CompStat programme is a form of internal police accountability (Geoghegan, 2006). The goal of CompStat is to ensure that there is reduction in crime rate while the quality of life among community members is enhanced. The various aspect of the process are collection and 45 analysis of date relating to crime, development of strategies that can effectively solve the challenge, resources are rapidly deployed, and follow up and accountability. A bi-weekly meeting is held by CompStat. The commanders are expected during each meeting to present an overview of police activities under their commands as well as the strategies for addressing crime and issues relating to quality-of-life. The emphases of this approach are accountability and monitoring (Geoeghegan, 2006). The major challenge that is associated with the system of internal control is that the pYublc often do not trust the system due to the perception of secrecy and suspected bias towardRs officers and most time it is criticised that are not based on the subject of well-funded reforAm efforts. In Nigeria, internal mechanism of police accountability is seldom trusted by the publRic because of the perceived culture of corruption in the police (Alemika, 2003; Chukwuma, 2I0B03). The mechanism of accountability in the police is still the most viable despite criticisms oLf internal control because strict disciplinary measure is crucial in ensuring quality and theN improvement of relationship between the police and the community. Most times, it is the Aonly department that can swiftly respond to crime. D There are two organs principaly established byA the the Nigerian Constitution to ensure internal control of the Nigeria Police while the ex teIrBnal control is peformed by the Nigeria Police Council and the Police Service Commission (PFSC). The President of the Federal Republic and 36 state governors are members of the P oOlice Council the highest organ of the state with the responsibility for the organisation and administration of the police (Alemika, 2003). A function of the Council is approval of the peIrTsonY nominated for the office of Inspector General of Police while budgeting, recruitment, promSotion, training and ensuring discipline among the police force is the responsibility of the PoRlice Service Commission (PSC). The judiciary and provisions for the fundamental human Erights of an individual in the constitution is other mechanism used by the state in ensuring conItrVol. Rights to life, dignity of labour, rights to be presumed innocent until found guilty by a Ncompetent court are guaranteed in the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria while use of torture and unuUsual punishment are prohibited. The level of control by the executive depends on the personality in power and political traditions. The police force is used by some political office holders as a political wheel to further their political ambition. The judiciary exercise her control through the court, also known as judicial oversight which is a critical method of ensuring accountability both in Nigeria and United States of America (Chukwuma, 2003). Usually, abuses by police officer are regularly checked by 46 the courts globally, particularly in situation where confession is obtained under duress from an accused person. This has resulted in the elimination of using force to interrogate a suspect in the United States by the police. The judiciary in Nigeria is known for initiating criminal proceeding against officers in the police who for one reason or the other have used their office and power to commit crimes. Despite the court's involvement in Nigeria curbing police abuses, the use of force and brutality while interogating a suspect remains a peculiar feature of the police due to diffYerent factors, such as; inadequatte training on appropriate method of interogating a suspect andR attitude of police. Effective judicial supervision of the police requires a judiciary with strong dAetermination and effective legal representation, which is still not feasible in Nigeria due to theR development of its democracy after more than three decades of military rule. The effectivenIesBs of the judiciary to control the police has been affacted by factors such as poverty and lac kL of education. (Alemika, 2003). N Generally, majority of Nigerians are afraid of having aAny form of relationship with the police due to the possession of fire arms and the incidents oDf stray bullets. The major challenge of the external control mechanism is police aggressive BnatuAre towards the external control as a result of factors such as fear that this mechanism will unIdermined the authority of the police supervisor and the confidence of the subordinates. TherFe i s also the possibility of using it as a means of revenge when arresting and prosecuting Oan individual while the fear that individuals who have poor understanding of the nature andY pe culiarities of the work performed by the police will serve as judges over their conduct (AlIemTika, 2003). The best type of mecShanism that can be used for social control is performed by the media to reduce abuses andR poor conduct among law enforcement officer. In Nigeria, media professionals have bEeen recognised for bringing into limelight the different form of abuses by the police, such asI dVetaining a person illegally, extra judicial killing and manipulation of the justice system (ChNukwuma, 2003). In the United States, in addition to police control by the media, there are othUer forms of social control, including local security councils, community organisations, police investigations, and political institutions. The examination of civil complaints, external auditors and the management of human rights is also crucial mechanisms for the control of police using social mechanism and when exploited fully, can lead to improved relations between police- communities and effective police performance. A major reason for lack of cooperation in Nigeria 47 between the police and members of community is that most of them are not adequately informed about the responsibilities of the police and the benefit of citizens participating in policing. There is doubt about the ability of police in comunity to develop positive relationship between the state and the society. The fact is that the development of appropriate relationships between states and societies, even in warfare after the council, is a long process. It is possible that a few-dimensional insurance estimates indicate that local police policies are improving in this regard. However, the inabilty of community police to affect the police station in the outside Ystreet has not seemed to be a promise. In areas where local police have been used to conquer theR existing relationship between international community and members of the law enforcementA, as in South Africa, you do not have to adjust the relationship between the state and the comRpany's business center. IB In South Africa for example the experience of community poLlicing has largely been describe as a failure. The perception is that it is an additional functNion to other responsibilities of the police (Pelser, 2000), failure to improve accountability amonAg the police (Brogden and Nijhar, 2005) and ultimately result in the people unwillingnessD to cooperate with the police with preference to provide sercurity for themselves insteadB (MAinaar, 2009). Some of the challeges that is associated w ithI community policing is the level of interaction existing between the state and the society bFecause the „state‟ and „society‟ are not complex, multifaceted and often contested but a reO assumed as homogenous entities and unitary actors. Security in most parts of the society iYs improved through the used of community policing. A major achievement of community poIliTcing in Jamaica is the ability to reduce animosity among the people In Timor-Leste, Ra vSetting process for recruits was introduced as part of wider police reforms to weed outE those facing serious disciplinary issues following the 2006 political-military crisis, but is laIrgVely perceived to have been ineffective (International Crisis Group, 2010). The relationshipN between the state and the society can be strengthened through community policing in situatioUns that ensures that actors involved in policing are more accountable for their action while the institution is made more credible (be it formal or informal). While members of the community may be pleased to see a police officer behaving in an approachable manner, if this is not accompanied by seeing repercussions for those officers who continue to use excessive force, or accept bribes, then there is possibility that there will be a change in overall perception of the police 48 as an institution. As a matter of fact, estabilishing the structure of accountability in police force is a highly sensitive issue and specifically for external actors such as donors. The possibility of community policing to change the view of citizens about the police as an institution depends largely on political impact on local policing strategies. Political interference in Ethiopia, Jamaica and Sri Lanka was identified as an important factor limiting effectiveness of the police. In situation like this, it is difficult to identify strategies for change in the perception of the citizens about community policing. RY 2.2.7 Community intelligence sourcing and effective security A The Nigeria Police Force swears an oath of allegiance to the Federal RepRublic of Nigeria, to perform the functions of detecting and preventing crime while criminals IaBre apprehended with the aim of creating an environment peaceful for the sustenance of Nig eLrian society. The Nigeria police unlike other police force in the world was not instituted Nto serve the state, but of the communities they serve. The power of the police is derived froAm the constitution and used at the discretion of the person. This important quality of the NigeriDan Police Force policing by consent is now in jeopardy and there is evidence that no security foArmation can develop significantly without having good working relationship with community ImBembers. Good relationship between the police and the public will lead to reduction in crime rate in Nigeria and make the work of the Nigerian pFolice more effective because there will be harmony between the police and the public theYreb y O enabling community members volunteer information on planned criminal activities to the police for proactive measures. It is crucial that the attitude and values of community membeSrs iIs Tunderstood by the police if they want to make positive impact on the community. An appRropriate relationship to perform assigned functions and goodwill between the public and policeE will enable the police provide better service to the public that will make them feel comfortabIleV. In modern society according to Black (2011) it is difficult for government organisatioNn to successfully function without the support of the public. UThe police require knowledge on how the community operates in order to take full advantage of the facilities and services provided by an officer of the law. The relationship between such officer and community members will lead to the police having better understanding of the conrcerns of the people specifically on issues relating to crime in situation where the relationship is positive and there will be more inclination of the reporting criminal activities to the police, provide tips and intelligence to the police, and readiness to serve as witnesses while participation in the criminal justice system will be done without force. In such a situation, the police will be 49 proactive in crime prevention before such occurs or the impact will be minimised on the public, rather than just reacting to calls from members of the public. The public will not think that the police are mechanism for intelligence gathering where there is good working relationship between both parties. The police will lack the basic understanding of the challenges faced by the public in the community where there is poor between the police and citizens with the public denied access to the police. Y The Nigeria Police is as an institution is highly and visibly subservient to the Rrich and powerful, even when prodiving services which in turn have affected the relationshipA between the police and members of the poblic. The Nigeria Police have been involved in bruRtalising the poor masses for the rich and people in power which has led to lack of cooperationI fBrom the public. A 55 years old Evangelist Bose Basulaye according to report by Kunle (201 4)L was dragged by men of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) on the floor because askNed for the where about of her arrested son which resulted to the woman‟s paralysis. A Generally, the failure of the police in most developinDg countries and Nigeria can be traced to ignorance. The public do not have confidnece iAn the police as an institution and the uncooperative of the public due to the insensitiv itIy Bof the police to the suffering of the masses. The police should learn how to stop snipers in FNigeria rather than being snipers to the people. O 2.3 Appraisal of Literature Review of literature waIs TcarYried out on policing in Nigeria and the need for the Nigeria police-community and policing in Nigeria. The reviewed literature also covered concept and historical development Rof Scommunity policing, worldwide and in Nigeria in particular. This involved the strategEy for community-policing such as community partnership, problem solving and change mIaVnagement. The study also used the spiral approach to review each of the independenNt variables (police-community joint patrol, strengthened police-community relations, improvUed police accountability and community intelligence gathering/sourcing) and dependent variable (effective security). The literature review of past studies, however, explained that policing dependably been required for the protection of request, well-being and social relations. Police officers were detailed to prevent crimes, ensure safety of lives and property; uphold the laws, keep up the peace and give an extensive variety of administrations of nationals (Martin, 1990). 50 Community policing which was introduced in 2004 was a part of efforts by the Nigerian police to change from traditional system to modern and more professional policing so that the police and residents can work together to ensure the community and environmental protection. The traditional or informal policing such as OPC or Vigilante Group set-up by the community was an instrument for sustaining their livelihood and for developing their local communities. Evidences from pass studies indicated that effective security (Apprehension of offenders, crime reduction, crime prevention, crime detection and enforcement/preservation of law and order) Ywere hackling tasks because officers assessible for policing obligation were far less than moRst native resident envisioned and the police do not specifically control the conditions that prAoduce crime. However, there is no evidence from past studies (Gordner, 1996; Okesola andR Mudiare, 2013; Yusuff and Fatih, 2013; Aremu, 2014c) on the relationship between comIBmunity-policing and effective security as a way of curbing crimes in the Nigerian communitie sL. Theoretically, the relationship between this variable N(police-community relations committees, the Vigilantee Group, the community and religiouAs leaders fora, the market women associations and the forum of public officer holder) was exDplained using normative sponsorship theory which suggested that the police can not achieveA any positive transformation without the support of the public, with community support in pIoBlicing, normative sponsorship theory asserted that the police and the citizen will gain an undFers tanding of the quasi-causes of their problematic situation which aid citizen to solve their owOn problems. Previous studies showed thaYt the more different groups share similar values, perception and goals, the more possibility agTreement will be arrived on the same goal. Several theories have been proposed regarding how toI promote effective security, however most of the theories largely neglected the influenceR of Scommunity policing on effective security. Broken windows theory argued that citizen fEelt saver because fear of crime was reduced in community where foot patrol was introducedI. VIt was based on such perception that misconduct and criminal activities were connected tNo the sequence of development. Hence, an increased police presence and enforcement of inforUmal rules of conduct and law can make a community seem less chaotic and saver, thereby increasing the presence and involvement of residents in their community and reducing crime rate (Palmiotto, 2000) The development and attainment of improved quality of life in any human society is only possible in situations where there is peace, safety and security because that is the best way of providing enabling environment for citizens to live and work towards social, economic and 51 political development (Groenewald and Peake, 2004). Unfortunately, in Nigeria social life has remained largely controlled by fear and insecurity (Odekunle, 2005; Odinkalu, 2005; Bach, 2004; Alemika and Chukuma, 2004). The National Assembly was told by Sunday Ehindero, a former Inspector General of Police, on 6 August, 2006 that the mobile police are not adequately equipped to match the sophistication of the modern-day robbers in the country (Jamiu, 2006). In its 2008 annual report the Nigeria Police force acknowledged that offences against persons by the police in Nigeria witnessed an increased from 34,738 in 2007 to 35,109 in 2008 (NPF, 2008). The offeYnces against property were equally high. R In response to challenges relating to security in Nigeria, many commAunities and neighborhoods have used informal security providers or what are sometimeRs referred to as community-based security structures to improve their security and safetyI. Bespecially since the return of the country to civil rule on 29 May, 1999. The report reveals Lthat nearly 50 percent of Nigerian citizens use services by local security personnel to proteNct themselves from criminals (Chukwuma, 2005). He also knows that some states in NigAeria have publicly supported the military as part of their anti-crime campaign (Amnesty IntDernational 2002, 2008). Recently, the state government of Plateau in northeastern Nigeria haAs encouraged many local communities to establish self-defense groups because of the extr emIBist monitoring of these communities. In Edo State, three groups of protected areas or territFories do not have detailed information with specific functions and procedures. These groups aOre organised by the State, the councils selected by the members of the local authorities and Ythe groups of owners and / or residents. In modern times, instituItioTns of the states, such as the police, have arrested, controlled the functions of the criminal anSd civil regime. At the same time, very active players, such as self-defense companies andR security agents called tutors. However, when it comes to supporting reforms and improviEng participant performance, the state alone focuses on the reporting of non- state characterisItVics (Chukwuma, 2011). It is in this situation that many researchers have addressed the issue ofN trust in the police (Sharp and Johnson, 2009; Tyler, 2005; Stoutl and, 2001; Hurst and Frank, 2U000; Goldsmith, 2005; Macdonald and Stokes, 2006). The police will be without consent and legitimacy where public does not have trust in police (Goldsmith, 2005). Public perception or image of the police is complex (Aremu, and Odutola, 2014). Public perceptions are the goals and impressions that people hold; they are pattern of public opinions about the police. The police vigilance will provide for a well-ordered society which is vital for the appearance of the materials that examine these functions. An important 52 section of this literature use data from survey to distinguish the variables in relation to civilian citizens with the police. Successful research attempts to measure actual performance indicators to work expectations should be (Cronin and Taylor, 1992). Until the level of satisfaction is high when prospects and ideas are consistent (Roch and Poister, 2006). Findings also reveals that victims of crime do not have the same level of confidence in the police as those who have not been a victim (Cao et al., 1996; Maxson et al., 2003; Allen et al., 2006). The attitude of the police towards crime can also play an important role. Studies Yhave shown that people can show their trust when they see the police doing the truth in specificR sessions (Maxson et al., 2003; Skogan, 2005; Tyler, 2005; Skogan, 2006). This may explain tAhe reason for using an approach that is wrong in dealing with suspected criminals, the OPC inR the South West when compare to the Nigerian police is more preferred for issues relating toI sBecurity (Oyeduntan, 2003). In the submission of Ogaga (2003) one of the major obstac leLs to having trust in the Nigerian police is the issue of increased hostility by the public in Nfavour of an increased public invitation now being extended to the primordial groups, especialAly the OPC in South-West Nigeria for security services. D The Speaker of Lagos State House of AssembBly Afor example was informed serious risk the police often put vigilantes in cause of fighting cr imIe armed robbers and other criminal activities. Suspected criminals handed over to the the pFolice by Vigilante Group are often released who in turn go after members, maimingsome a nOd killing others (Olawale, 2013). In another case, three law enforcement officers from the MYowe Divisional Police Station were arrested by members of the Special Enforcement Unit, aI bTranch of the Nigerian police, for allegedly aiding in the forcible take-up of a large expanse Sof land. Orimerunmu, in the Mowe area. One of the arrested police officers was even wearRing a military camouflage. The police that were arrested escaped from custody of the SpeciEal Enforcement Unit as they been taken to the Police Command Headquarters at Onikan ZonIe V(Nigeria Police Watch, 2013). Police are major offenders that are involved in illegal activNities such as those described above, can not develop the confidence of public in the police. UThat is the reasons suspicion, prejudice, lack of mutual respect, conflict and violence characterise the relationship between the law enforcement and community members (Alemika and Chukwuma, 2000). The widening gap between law enforcement officer and community members, which has led to the apathy of perpetrators, could have originated in these strange actions of Nigerian police. 53 2.4 Empirical Studies Since the 1970, community policing strategies or the language thereof have been purportedly initiated by a number of police departments nationwide to address notable issues such as crime, neighbourhood disorder and fear of crime. This policing philosophy has received considerable attention and support among scholars, police administrators and criminal justice practitioners (Crowl, 2017). Nalla (2016) states that the notion that community residents are key players responsibYle for the well-being of the larger society has become a cornerstone of approaches to modern poRlicing in democratic societies. That is, residents partner with police to help maintain RsociAal order. An essential element of successful implementation of ay programme is communication and understanding between various partners in the partnership. Nalla (2016) examI Bines whether there is congruence between police officers and residents in how they perceiLve their relationship on various dimensions of police-community relations. These dimAensiNons include residents‟ respect for police and their willingness to cooperate in various Dcommunity-policing activities. Using survey data collected in 2011 from a larger project with Aa national sample of 581 Slovenian police officers and 959 residents, they analyse both grouBps‟ perceptions of community support and willingness to partner with police officers. FRe suIlts showed that on the one hand, residents appeared to have respect and confidenceO in police and were willing to cooperate with police officers in various crime prevention and community policing activities. On the other hand, it was found that police officers‟ percepTtionYs of residents willingness to cooperate with the police ranked lower than residents; reflectioIns on these matters. On many of the dimensions of police- community partnerships, reSsidents appeared more willing to cooperate and support the police compared to what ofEficeRrs perceived of residents‟ willingness. (Nalla, 2016). CommuInVity oriented policing strategies vary across agencies as some may require different strategies tNo tackle unique community-related problems. Consensus has not been reached on defininUg community policing (Sozer & Merlo, 2013 in Przeszlowski & Crichlow 2017), but it is generally referred to as a philosophy that aims to empower communities rather than control them. Community policing encourage police to find solutions for a multitude of community problems and concerns such as crime, fear of crime, quality of life, and neghbourhood conditions.(Reisig and Parks, 2004). Most advocates of community policing believe that it can strengthen cohesion among community residents as well as social organization, further leading to reduced crime and 54 disorder (Kerley & Benson, 2000). It is important to understand; however, that community- oriented policing does not flow in one direction, police to community but instead works best when there is flow of information between the two. To that point, a proactive style of policing is more likely to garner positive public perceptions of police and allow for community policing initiatives to function more effectively. (Wertz & Schlimgen, 2012). Positive encounters with police should then theoretically increase community confidence in police work and relationships in which members are willing to approach officers with their local problems. This may lead to higher cYrime reporting rates in communities in which community policing is implemented properly. TRhis type of outlook should not be dismissed but instead considered when answering the questiAon as to why studies on community policing effectiveness may have varying conclusions regaRrding increasing and decreasing crime rates. IB A variety of empirical research has been conducted on differ enLt aspects of community policing, like its effects on crime, fear of crime, citizens‟ satisfactioNn with police, police officers‟ job satisfaction etc. Most research shows that citizens who areA satisfied with the police are less likely to fear victimization, more likely to cooperate withD the police, and even less likely to commit crime (Tyler, 2003). Although,most AmIeBrica Ans hold favourable attitudes toward the police. It is becoming increasingly clear that many do not in this respect understand the determinations of satisfaction, which becomeFs satisfied or less satisfied, and why, are essential questions that have been interest of a gre atO number of studies (Tuch & Weitzer,1997). In a research study coInTducYted by Ngwu and Ahuruonye (2017) on the efficacy of community policing in NigeSria, the study focused on the concept of community policing and its effectiveness in “order Rmaintenance”, crime prevention and fear reduction in the community as opposed to the tradiEtional focusing prosecution of serious street crimes based on jungle justice. The study highIliVghted the performances of both the formal security agent (the police) and the informal seNcurity agent (Neighbourhood watch/vigilante group).It was revealed that police corruptUion, brutality, insensitivity, high-handedness, extortionist tendencies, rudeness, ignorance among others, and on the part of informal group deviating from their original duty scheduled by taking unilateral actions, such as, meddling with husband and wife issues, aligning with politicians to unleash terror on their political, business or other opposers in the community, debt collectors and so on. The former (police attitude) resulted in lack of cooperation with the police and the public in giving the police information or crime situation in their respective communities. 55 2.5 Theoretical framework This aspect of the study deals with the theoretical framework underlying effective security in any society. Community policing comprises mainly the involvement of citizens in crime control, problem solving and decentralisation of policing duties. Although, community policing approach has been used successfully in many countries to check criminal activities, there has not been a generally acceptable theory that explains and predicts community policing strategies. Some of the community policing theories identified in literature include: Broken Window‟s theory,Y Zero tolerance theory, Communitarian theory, Public relations theory, Modern management teRchnology theory, Democratic theory, Social resource theory, Organizational structure and culAtural theory. Others theories of community policing identified by Trojanowicz (1990) includRe Organizational theory, Open system theory, Critical social theory, Normative sponsorshIipB theory and Public policing analysis while police-community relatives is based on conflict thLeory intergroup relatives theory and communication theory. However, for the purpose of thiNs study, the researcher applied only the normative sponsorship theory propounded by Sower,A Holland, Tiedke and Freeman in 1957 and the Broken window‟s theory propounded by ADmerican criminologists – James Q. Wilson and George L. kelling in 1982. BA 2.5.1 Normative sponsorship Theory (SowFer, HIolland, Tiedke and Freeman, 1957) The Normative sponsorship theorOy postulates that a lot people have consideration which will make them to work with others to ensure that consensus developed. The more the different groups share similar values, percTeptYions and goals, the more it is possible for them to come to terms on the same goals whIen they interact together for the purpose of improving their neighbourhoods. The theorSy stipulates that a community programme or effort will only be promoted or suppoErtedR in situation whenre the normative (within the limits of established standards) to evVerybody and group that interested. The police cannot achieve any positive transformation Iwithout the support of the public. With community involvement in policing, normative sNponsorship theory assists the police and citizens to gain an understanding of the quasi- causes Uof their problematic situation, which aid citizens to solve their own problems. The Normative Sponsorship Theory posits the following: • Most people are of goodwill. • They will cooperate with others to facilitate the building of consensus 56 • The more the different groups have the same values, beliefs, and goals, the more it is possible for them to agree on the same goals Members of the community are classified into different classes and status, with similar interests in many basic aspects. Individuals without the required resources to get what they desire due to inequality in the resources available in the comunity, those who do not have access to resources will want a change in the structure and this is a basis of conflict in society and thus the death of goodwill. The perceptive relating to conflict, therefore, averrs, that the purpoYse of creating the police was primarily to serve the community or individuals but to provide serRvices for members of the community or influencial person in the society at the expense ofA the masses (Alemika and Chukwuma, 2000). R IB Relevance to this study L The theory is related to this study because community policNing is made up of community members and the police. For the police to solve the problems Aof security, community members should be involved because they understand their neighbouDrhoods better but they also share the common aspiration of promoting and protecting it. TBhisA explains the re-emergence of community policing.This brings policing closer to the commu nIity members.It also makes vigilante groups and community members work hand in hand to acFhieve security of lives and property in their various communities. O Yero, Othman, Abu Samah, YD‟S ilva and Sulaiman (2012) aver that normative theory is relevant to community policingI bTecause it helps to explain the philosophical basis of community policing. They further posSit that a significant number of people with goodwill will always cooperate towards buildRing a united community. They will support community program when in line with the commuEnity established standard. Hence, the police are there in need of public support to achieve any mIVeaningful and positive transformation in the community. 2.5.2 U BroNken Windows Theory, BWT, (James Wilson & George Kelling, 1982) The theory of Broken Windows is a direct result of the New Jersey, Foot Patrol Experiment that led to the reintroduction of patrolling on foot into community areas so that the rate of crime can be minimized. The feeling of safty among citizens increased due to reduction in crime rate; that is, fear of being bothered by disturbed by people who are perceive to be of disorder conduct, such as drunks, pan-handlers, addicts, gangs and rowdy teens. The assumption is based on the percepyion that there is a relationship between disorderliness and crime in the 57 sequence of development. Leaving a broken window in building without making necessary repair will lead to other windoms in the building to be damaged. The sign of one broken and unrepaired window sends an indication that nobody cares. So, another window can also be broken and nothing will happen. It suggests that public order offences like drunkenness, begging, vandalism, disorderly behaviour, graffiti and litter, can create neighbourhood deterioration and fear of crime that lead to more deterioration and more serious if not checked by the community. This is because little crime, vandalism, broken windows and others tend to create the impression that nobody Ycares about the community and that residents as well as the police have lost control over the comRmunity. Increased police presence and enforcement of informal rules of conduct and laws Acan make a community seem less chaotic and safer, thereby increasing the presence andR involvement of residents in their community and reducing crime rate (Palmiotto, 2000). IB It is on record that Taylor criticized broken window theory in hLis book „Breaking away from broken Window‟ when he attempted the determination of sourNce of civilities on whether they affect urban and city life over a period of time. He concluded thAat there could be misjudgment in police strategies such as zero tolerance and maintenance of lDaw and order targeting at reduction of crime. According to him incivilities result from econBomAically neglected societies and never a sign of disorderly environment. He did not support Igrim fighting but fighting of crimes. While complementing this ascertain, Sampson and FRaudenbush (1999) observe that both crime and disorder are resultant effects of the s aOme explanatory procedures as they all have similar social/structurally sources. In theirY views, structurally disadvantaged community with weak collective work are causes of criImTe, hence, community needs to regulate its conduct. Relevance to this study S The theory is veRry useful in explaining the co-operation/collaboration between the police and community VmemEbers in crime reduction. The Broken Windows Theory can be incorporated into the concepIt of community policing in the sense that collective effort by both the police and communityN dwellers can help reduce the rate of crime in the community as the police see residents as partUners in development and vice versa. The Broken Windows Theory assumes that neighbourhood crimes are often not perpetrated by offenders who reside near the victims. This makes crime primarily a local problem which can be solved locally. 58 Y CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY R INPUTS PROCESS OUTPUT A IMPACT Law Enforcement CompoCneRnItM EIlNemALenJUtsS oTfI C Community Process within Society Agencies Community Policing RCommunity Policing Platforms  Preventing and Detecting IofB  Peace  Police community crime  Orderliness  Police Joint Patrol Relations Committee  Apprehending of offeLnders.  Safety of life and property  Strengthened Police-  OPC/Vigilante  Preserving of laws and  Community Development community relations.  Market Women order N  Police Accountability. Associations.  ProtectingA of life and  Community Intelligence  Community Leaders property Sourcing  Police Officers.  ADireD enforcement of law  Local Government and regulations. Chairman B Intelligence gathering  Traditional Authorities  Reduction of crime rate  Landlords AssociationFs I Process of Community Policing O  Active Partnership between the police Expected Actions and their community. Y - Joint Actions  Police commitment to high-quality IT - Common goals/belief/value/attitude service delivery. - Consensus building  Development of appropriate skill, - Goodwill attitude and behaviour of poRlice S - Quick intervention/responses personnel.  Problem-solving approach to training, monitoring and retVrainiEng. Figure 2.1 Source: FiNeld WorIk 2016 59 U Figure 2.1 showed that the components of community policing (police-community joint patrol, strengthened police-community relations, police accountability and intelligence gathering) give way for active partnership between the police and their community, police commitment to high-quality service delivery; development of appropriate skill, attitude and behaviour of police personnel and problem-solving approach to training, monitoring and retraining when processed through the platform structures of community policing (police-community relations committee, vigilante/OPC, market women association, community religions leaders, landlord associationYs and forum of public office holders). The process would build some effective actions (JoinRt actions, common goals/belief/value/attitude, consensus building, goodwill and quick interAvention and responses in the minds of those who constitute the component structures of comRmunity policing, thereby producing effective security for the law enforcement and IdBetecting crimunals, apprehending suspects, maintain of law and order, protecting of lLives and property, dire enforcement of law and regulations, intelligence gathering, crime Nreduction. This action in turn, impacts society through peace, orderliness, safety of liveAs and property and community development. AD F I B O ITY RS IV E UN 6 0 CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research design The study adopted a descriptive survey design which assisted the researcher to measure the degree of association or relation between two or more variables using statistical procedure of correlational analysis. The degree of association expressed as a number indicates whether one can predict another. This design was considered appropriate for a study of this nature because, in a study where one was unable to provide an intervention or to assign individuals to groups, oneY may focus more on examining the association or relation of one or more variables thaAn teRsting the impact of activities or materials. R 3.2 Population of the study IB The population of the study consisted of the entire memb erLs of Police-Community Relations Committees, Peace and Security Committee, landAlordNs associations, members and officers of the Nigeria Police, Oodua People‟s Congress,D Community and traditional leaders, market women associations and leaders of the commuAnity development associations in all the local governments in Oyo State. The total populatioInB for the study was 3603. 3.3 Sample and Sampling Technique F In order to have representative s aOmpling for the study, a multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted comprising of the purpYosive and stratified sampling techniques for the study. This was done in stages. IT Stage I: Selection of 12 locaSl government areas where community policing was piloted. Stage II: Use of the cluRster sampling technique to divide each local government area into six platform structurVes uEsed in the execution of community policing. Stage III: Use oIf purposive and total enumeration sampling techniques to select the leaders (chairmen) Nof each platform and to identify the existing platform structure used for the execution of commUunity policing in each local government area. Stage IV: Purposive sampling was developed to select viable and active landlord associations, community development associations, and market women associations that were registered with the local government councils. 61 Stage V: Total enumeration of members of Police Community Relations Committee (11), the police (20), and the officers of the community development associations (10) in each of the selected local government areas used for the study through purposive sampling. Stage VI: Proportionate sampling technique was used to select 30% of the entire members of Landlord Associations (144), Oodua People‟s Congress (144), Community and Religious Leaders (146), Market Women Association (115) as representative for the entire population of the associations. The total sample for the study was 1081. Y The purposive sampling technique was employed to draw information from the noRn-literate respondents whose activities involve security issues in their local government Aareas. They included members of vigilante groups and community leaders or members of poRlice- community relations committees. LIB AN D IB A F O SI TY R VE UN I 6 2 Y Table 3.1: Population and Sample Size for the study R Senatorial Local Govt Population Police- Landlords‟ Police OPC/Vigilante Community Market Officers of Total District community Associations Officers Groups and WomenR ACommunity Relations Religious Associatio Development Committees Leaders n Associations Oyo North Iseyin 393 11 12 20 12 19 I13B 10 118 Kajola 300 11 12 20 12 12 L 07 10 90 Itesiwaju 337 11 12 20 12 16N 10 10 101 Atisbo 333 11 12 20 12 A14 10 10 100 Oyo Oyo 300 11 12 20 12 D 12 12 10 90 Central West Atiba 283 11 12 20 B12A 11 10 10 85 Ogo- 257 11 12 20 I 12 08 08 10 77 Oluwa Afijio 297 11 12 F20 12 13 11 10 89 Oyo South Ibarapa 270 11 12 20 12 10 07 10 81 East O Ibarapa 280 11 TY12 20 12 10 10 10 84 Central Ido 267 1S1 I 12 20 12 09 08 10 80 Ibarapa 286 11 12 20 12 12 09 10 86 North Total 36E03 R132 144 240 144 146 115 120 1081 Source: Researcher‟s cons NI trVuct 6 3 U 3.4 Instrumentation The major instruments used for this study were sets of self-structured questionnaire tagged “The Correlation of Community Policing With Effective Security Scale.” It was complemented by with the use of the qualitative method of “Key Informant Interview.” The instrument had seven sub-scales: 3.4.1 Attitude of the People and Police Scale This scale was self-structured. It was on a two point rating scale ranging Yfrom (Yes=2,No=1). It contained questionnaire items on the attitude of the people and policeR towards community policing on effective security. The questionnaire was subjected to faceA and content validity through criticisms from experts, while the test-retest was used in dIetBerm Rining its level of reliability. L 3.4.2 Community Policing Structural Platform Scale N This scale was a self-structured. It was on a two-point rating oAf (Yes=2 and No=1). It contained questionnaire items on the structural platform of communityD policing on effective security. It was subjected to face and content validity through criticisBms Afrom experts, while test-retest was used to determine its level of reliability. I 3.4.3 Acceptability of Component EleOmenFts of Community Policing Scale This scale was also developed by the researcher. It was on a four point rating scale ranging from (strongly agree = 4, agree = 3, Ydisagree = 2 and strongly disagree = 1). It contained items on the level of acceptability of the IcoTmponents elements of community policing on effective security. The scale was subjected to Sface and content validity through criticisms from experts; test-retest was used to determinEe itRs level of reliability. 3.4.4 PoliceI-cVommunity Joint Patrol Scale ThisN scale was equally self-structured. It was on a four-point rating scale (strongly agree = 4, agreeU = 3, disagree = 2 and strongly disagree = 1). It contained items on the effects of police-community joint patrol on effective security. The scale was subjected to face and contend validity through criticisms from experts; test-retest was employed to determine its level of reliability. 3. 4. 5 Strengthened Police-community Relations Scale This scale was developed by the researcher. It was on a four point rating s (strongly agree = 4, agree = 3, disagree = 2 and strongly disagree = 1). It had items on the correlation of 64 community policing on effective security. The questionnaire was subjected to face and content validity through criticisms from experts; test-retest was used in determining its level of reliability. 3.4.6 Increased Police Accountability Scale This scale was self-structured. It was on a four point rating (strongly agree = 4, agree = 3, disagree = 2 and strongly disagree = 1). It had items on the effect of increased police accountability to the community on effective security. The questionnaire was subjected to face and contend validity through criticisms from experts, while the test-retest was used in deterRminYing it level of reliability. A 3.4.7 Community Intelligence Sourcing Scale R This scale was a self-structured questionnaire developed by the reseaIrcBher. It was on a four point rating scale ranging from (strongly agree = 4, agree = 3, disagree = L2 and strongly disagree = 1). It contained questionnaire items on the effect of better intellNigence collection on effective security. The questionnaire was subjected to face and contendA validity through criticisms from experts, while the test-retest was used in determining its leveDl of reliability. A 3.5 Validity and Reliability of the InstrumenIt B The questionnaire was structured by thFe r esearcher with the assistance of selected experts in Sociology, Guidance and Counselling Oand Adult Education. Copies of the questionnaire were later given to experts in the fieYld of Research Psychology, Sociology and Community development to determine its faIceT and the content validity. Corrections, criticisms and suggestions of the experts were carefully studied and incorporated into the final draft copy. Also, a pre-test consisting of 10% of theR enStire copies of the questionnaire was done in another local government areas outside the oneEs selected for the research for face and content reliability of the instrument to be confirmed. TIhVe questionnaire was made up of 6 sections of 39 items drawn on a modified four-Likert scaleN of Strongly Agree (SA), Agreed (A), Disagree (D), and Strongly Disagree (SD) and carried Uthe scores of 4,3,2,1, respectively. 3.6 Key Informant Interview The qualitative method of key Informant Interview (K11) was used as supplement to the survey method in order to ensure that some information that were not captured by the survey technique was captured through mutual interaction of the researcher with the respondents. The interviews were conducted with key individuals within the communities. This method provided 65 the researcher with detailed, qualitative information about impression, experiences and opinions. It was conducted in informal and more formal structures. The resources used were interviewees, respondent time and minimum cost. The interviewees included local government council chairmen and Divisional Police officers and or officers in charge of community policing in the twelve local government areas used for the study. The key informant interview was made up of seven themes and conducted at the twelve local government areas covered by the study after the questionnaire had been administeredY. The interview date was scheduled about a week in advance. Before the commencement of Reach KII session, the motive for the study was explained to the interviewees individually. AfteAr confirming their readiness to participate, the KII process started. Selection of location and timRe was based on participants‟ job schedules. Each session lasted 40 to 60 minutes. All were tIaBpe recorded with the permission of the respondents; the researcher also took notes. The KII eLnabled the researcher to get varied responses of the respondents on their experiences aboNut the impacts of community policing on effective security in their local government areas. TwAo (2) respondents were randomly selected from each of the local government areas studied. ThDe respondents were of two categories. Category A included the chairmen of local government cAouncils while Category B was made up of Divisional Police Officers and or the Desk Offic eIrsB in charge of community policing affairs in each of the police stations in the selected locaFl government areas. These individuais were selected because they constituted part of the poOpulation knowledgeable enough and possessing direct involvement in the implementation oYf co mmunity policing in the local government areas whg can best enable the researcher to ansIwTer the research questipons RSE IV UN 66 Table 3.2: Schedule of KII Sessions for the Study S/N Local Government No. of No. of Date Conducted No. of Respondents Sessions Respondents per Session 1 Iseyin 2 2 April 13, 2016 1 2 Kajola 2 2 April 20, 2016 1 3 Itesiwaju 2 2 April 24, 2016 R1 Y 4 Atisbo 2 2 April 28, 2016 RA 1 5 Oyo West 2 2 April 30, 2016 1 6 Atiba 2 2 May 8, 2016L IB 1 7 Ogo-Oluwa 2 2 May 9,N 201 6 1 8 Afijio 2 2 MaAy 12, 2016 1 9 Ibarapa East 2 2 ADMay 14, 2016 1 10 Ibarapa Central 2 2 B May 17, 2016 1 11 Ido 2 F I2 May 18, 2016 1 12 Ibarapa North 2 O 2 May 20, 2016 1 TOTAL 24Y 24 12 Source: Feed work 2016 IT S KII Sub-themes R The following issuesE were covered: 1. GeneralI aVttitude of people to community policing 2. ComNponent elements of community policing 3. UThe platform structures of community policing 4. The police-community joint patrol and effective security 5. Strengthened police-community relations and effective security 6. Police accountability and effective security 7. Intelligence gathering/sourcing and effective security 6 7 3.7 Administration of research Instrument The instrument was administered by the researcher with the help of experienced research assistants who were trained by the researcher. The researcher explained (where necessary) some aspects of the questionnaire to avoid ambiguity. Also, the interview guide administered by the researcher and the trained assistants. Effort was made to translate and explain parts of the interview guide to the respondents to get their objective responses to the interview. The interviewer focused on the specific role and responsibilities of each informant. Y 3.8 Method of data analysis R The data collected were collated and analysed using the descriptive statisAtical tool of Scientific Package of Social Sciences. Simple percentage and frequency counts wRere used for the demographic information of the respondents. Multiple regression and PearIsBon Product Moment Correlation were used for the analysis of the responses from the hypot hLeses and questionnaire at 0.05 salpha level of significance. On the other hand, the qualitative Ndata collected through the key informant interview were analysed through content analysis. A Data collected from key informant interviews wereD subjected to coding process with the intent to identifying the extent to which communBity Apolicing factors aided effective security. Participants‟ responses were analysed to exami neI emergent themes, the meaning extrapolated from the sentences or phrases were compiledF together with the themes and clustered. There was re-examination of the categories identifiedO to determine how they were linked. Finally, the themes in each category were translated intoY me aningful story lines to generate results, which were used to complement the qualitative reIsuTlts in chapter four. RSE IV UN 68 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF FINDINGS In this chapter, the analysis of data collected from the field is presented in graphs and tables, followed by detailed explanation. The chapter is divided into two parts: A and B. Part A focuses on the demographic characteristics of the respondents, which include gender, present age, religion, marital status and educational background, shown in graphs and charts. Part B is on the research questions and hypotheses raised and testedat 0.05 alpha level of significance. PART A RY 4.1 Analysis of demographic characteristics of the respondents A This section deals with the presentation of analysis of data on tRhe demographic characteristics of the respondents as contained in the first section of theI Bresearch instrument administered on the respondents. There are five types of demographic iLnformation presented in graphs with detailed explanation. N AD A F I B O ITY ER S Figure 4.1: Sex Distribution of Population Source: FieNld wIo Vrk, 2016 Figure U4.1 shows that the community people had 67.4% males, 32.6% females from a total sample of 840; the police had 71.7% males and 28.3% females from a total sample of 240. This indicates that more males participated in the study than females. 6 9 Y AR LIB R Figure 4.2: Age Distribution of Respondents N Source: Field work 2016 DA Figure 4.2 reveals that among the community peoplBe 27A.5% were aged 20-25 years, 17.6% were aged 26-29 years, 19.4% were aged 30-34, 35.5% aIre aged 35 and more years from a total sample of 840 among the police, 17.5% were aged 2F0-25 years, 25.4% were aged 26-29 years, 31.7% were aged 30-34 years and 25.4% were 3O5 years and above from a total of 240 sample size. This shows that about 70% of the responYden ts from the community and about 80% from the police were in their prime age, during wIThich the optimal performance and full involvement in community activities could be realised. S VE R NIU 70 Y RA R LIB s Figure 4.3: Religious Distribution of the Respondents Source: Field work 2016 AN Figure 4.3 shows thata total of 53.6% of the commuAnityD people were Christians, 41.1% are Muslims while 5.4% are in other religious organBisations. As for the Police, 58.8% of the respondents are Christians, 40.0% are Muslims w hIile 1.3% was in other religious organisations. This shows that more Christians participatFed from both the community and the police as respondents than Muslims and member s Oof other religious faiths. It further indicated that more Christians were involved in communYity policing than the Muslims and people of other faiths. SI T ER NI V U Figure 4.4: Marital Distribution of Population Source: Field work 2016 7 1 Figure 4.4 reveals that among the community people, 31.4% were single, 62.0% are married, 4.3 %were divorced while 2.3% were widowed and/or unmarred. From the Police, 31.3% of the respondents are single, 65.8% are married, 2.5% were divorced while 0.4%were either widowed and/or unmarried. This implies that half of the respondents from both the community and the police were married and had direct link with participation in community policing in order to ensure effective security in the state. AR Y LIB R N A AD IB Figure 4.5. Educational Qualifications/DistrFibution of Respondents Source: Field work 2016 O Figure 4.5 above shows thTat aYmong the community people, 7.0% had no formal education; 12.9% had primary educationI; 13.9% had WASCE; 29.0% had NCE/OND; 28.9% had HND/Degree, and 8.2%R hadS Second Degrees. Among the police,3.8% had no formal education; 2.5% had primary edEucation; 17.9% had WAEC; 37.1% had NCE/OND; 35.4% had HND/Degree and 3.3% had seVcond degrees. This shows that many of the community members and the police were sufficNientIly educated and, as such, could independently respond to the questionnaire items. This inUdicates that the results from the study were not predetermined or imposed on the respondents by the researcher. 7 2 PART B In this section, each of the research questions and hypotheses tested are presented in tabular form, followed by detailed interpretation and discussion of findings. Analysis of research hypotheses and research questions for the study 4.2 Answering the research questions for the study: RQ 1a: What are the attitudes of the citizens towards community policing? Y The attitude towards community policing was measured from two levels- the citizens andR the police. A Table 4.1a: Citizens’general attitudes to community policing. IB R S/N QUESTIONS L NO YES 85 Does the lack of trust in poilce has any influence on yoNur attitude 121 719 towards community policing. DA 14.4% 85.6% 86 Inadequate knowledge and understanding of community policing affect 59 781 public‟s positive disposition to community pIolBicin Ag. 7.0% 93.0% 87 Police brutality and impunity when Fon duty affects community‟s 66 774 confidence in their ability to combat crime and subsequently the believe 7.9% 92.1% in community policing. O 88 The age-old tradition that peoYple who joined the police were rogues and 60 780 dregs affects commuSnityI/p Teople interaction with the police on crime 7.1% 92.9% control through the various community policing platforms. 89 The fear of pEolicRe releasing the identities of informants to criminals 107 733 affected thVeir relationship with community members and this impacted 12.7% 87.3% on peoplIe‟s attitude to community policing. UNResponses on the attitudes of the people towards community policing are analysed below: The study confirmed that citizens attitude toward community policing was in the negative. Does the lack of trust in police have any influence on your attitude towards community policing. 14.4% of the respondents indicated “No”, while 85.6% indicated “Yes.” Inadequate knowledge and understanding of community policing affected public positive disposition to community policing. Community policing was seen as a ploy to cheat and extort money from community members. 7 3 7.0% of the respondents indicated “No”, while 93.0% indicated “Yes.” Police brutality and impunity when on duty affect community‟s confidence in their ability to combat crime and subsequently, the belief in community policing; 7.9% indicated “No” while 92.1% indicated “Yes.” So, it was concluded that the age long tradition that people who joined the police were rogues and dregs affected community‟s interaction with police on crime control: 7.1% indicated “No” while 92.9% indicated “Yes.” The fear of police releasing informants‟ identities to criminals affected their relationship with community members and this impeded on people‟s attYitude towards community policing 12.7% indicated “No” while 87.3% indicated “Yes.” R RQ1b: What are the attitudes of the police (Staff) toward community policing? A Table 4.1b: Police general attitude to community policing BR S/N QUESTIONS LI NO YES 1. L ack of adequate knowledge and understanding of commuNnity policing 33 207 by the police affects their interest/attitude towards commAunity policing. 13.8% 86.3% 2. T he police see the involvement of community memDbers in crime control 5 235 as encroachment on their constitutional duBtiesA and this affected their I 2.1% 97.9% support for community policing. 3. T he police do not see community polFicing as a practical way of curbing 11 229 crime and insecurity, hence they eOmbraced it reluctantly. 4.6% 95.4% 4. P oor motivation and remTunYeration impede police effectiveness in the 24 216 practice/implementationI of community policing. S 10.0% 90.0% 5. T he quality of Rthe police personnel via recruitment policy and training 25 215 affects the Elevel of their involvement in the practice of community V 10.4% 29.6% policing. Source: FieNld wIork, 2016 ResponUses on the attitudes of the police (staff) toward community policing are summarised thus: Lack of adequate knowledge and understanding of community policing by the police affected their interest/attitude towads community policing. 13.8% respondents indicated “No” while 86.3% indicated “Yes.” The Police see the involvement of community members in crime control as encroachment on their constitutional duties and this affected their support for community policing 2.1% indicated “No”, while 97.9% indicated “Yes.” The police do not see 74 community policing as a practical way of curbing crime and insecurity, hence, they embraced it reluctantly 4.6% indicated “No”, while 95.4% indicated “Yes.” Poor motivation and remuneration impeded police effectiveness in the practice/implementation of community policing. 10.0% of the respondents indicated “No”, while 90.0% indicated “Yes.” The quality of the police personnel via recruitment policy and training affected the level of their involvement in the practice of community policing; 10.4% indicated “No”, while 89.6% indicated “Yes.” Summary of the findings of research questions 1a and b indicated that community pYeople have no trust in police as regards crime control. There is the fear that the policeA caRn release informants‟ identities to criminals; and this affects their attitude towards workingR with the police on community policing. These findings were generally in agreement withB the submission of Alemika and Chukuma (2000), when they aver that the police-citizen rLelaItionship in Nigeria is characterised by deep suspicion and violence. A KII session assertsN that : People have negative attitude to police bDecauAse of fear of the unknown. They believe police cannot be trusted, they can reveal secrets and identities of informants to crimAinals. (KII Session, Ido, 15/4/2017) IB Nwolise (2004) is of the opinion that Fthe deep-seated dislike of the police is due to long standing perception of the public about the police as an instrument of oppression rather than an agent of the state saddle with the resp OYons ibility of the lives of citizen. This affects peoples‟ attitude toward the police; hence the pubIliTc feels no sense of obligation to co-operate with the police. It was further discoSvered that the police brutality and improbity when on duty affect community‟s confidencRe in their ability to combat crime. Similarly, the age old tradition that people who joinVed Ethe police were rogues and dregs affected community interaction with the police on crimeI control. This was supported by Aremu (2002) who notes that the Nigeria Police Force is theN most discussed and most vilified of all the security agencies in Nigeria and that no good reUlationship exists between the public and the police. Furthermore, it was established that lack of knowledge and understanding of community policing affects police interest in the use of community policing for crime control; not all stakeholders in community policing are able to understand the concept. Some community people believe they are not supposed to be involved in such exercise and that the police are being paid for their jobs. The police see the involvement of community members in crime control as encroachment of their constitutional responsibilities. This 75 was probably why Roberg in Aremu (2009) claims that the Nigeria police should practice the issue of education in the police. For Community policing to have any chance of positive impact, a college degree should be made a condition for upwardly mobility of police officers. While supporting this assertion, Lewis, Rosenberg and Sigler (1999) warns that an officer‟s predisposition or receptivity to new ways of doing things is meaningless if the officer is trained on the job in traditional policing. The findings also established that poor motivation and remuneration impeded pYolice effectiveness in the practice of community policing and that the quality of police persoRnnel via recruitment policy and training affected the level of their involvement in theA practice of community policing. Aremu and Adeyoju (2003) consented to this position whRen they said the Nigeria police are not only poorly paid and trained, promotions are dLelaIye Bd for too long and thereby making the morale of the police low. A KII session says that: N Police are not well paid like in the developed cAountries. They are badly equipped and lack the desired trainiDng to keep abreast of current developments on security matters.A (KII Session, Eruwa, 16/4/2017) B OF I ITY S VE R UN I 7 6 RQ 2: What are the platforms through which community policing is being implemented in Oyo State? Table 4.2: Platform Structures of Community Policing in Oyo State Platforms Citizens Police Average n = 840 n=240 th th th Police Community Relations 87.1% (5 ) 87.9% (4 ) 87.5% (4 ) Committee Y rd st nd Vigilante Groups 88.6% (3 ) 95.8% (1 ) 92.2% (2 ) AR th th th Community and Religious 87.9%n (4 ) 86.7% (5 ) 87.3% (5 R) Leaders B th th I th Landlords‟ Associations 86.8% (6 ) 85.8% (6 ) 8 6L.3% (6 ) st rd st Market Women/Men 95.7% (1 ) 89.2% (3 ) AN92.5% (1 ) Associations nd Dnd rdPublic Office Holders 90.7% (2 ) 91.7%A (2 ) 91.2% (3 ) Source: Field work, 2016 IB Table 4.2 shows the platforms throughF which community policing is being implemented in Oyo State, Nigeria. There are six p laOtforms through which community policing is being implemented in Oyo State. These pYolice-community relations committee, the vigilante groups, Community and Religious leadIeTrs, landlords‟ associations, market women associations and the forum of public office holdeSrs. Among the cEitizeRns, it was revealed that the forum of market women association (95.7%) was rated higheVst. This indicates that this forum provided the most viable structure for implementiNng cIommunity policing in Oyo State. This may be as a result of the provision of financiaUl, materials and information supports to the police by this forum. The vigilante groups (95.8%) was rated highest structures by the police in the implementation of community policing in Oyo State. This may result from complementary assistance being enjoyed by the police from the vigilante and OoduaPeoples Congress through regular police-community joint patrol and supply of intelligence about criminal activities and hideouts in their neighbourhood. 77 It was also discovered that the citizens preferred the forum of public office holders as second among the structures for implementing community policing (90.7%). This was because the forum provided legal, administrative, financial and materials needs for prosecuting community policing in the state. The police also rated the forum of public office holders (91.7%) as second among the structures for implementing community policing, since the forum provided logistics and financial support to the police in combating crimes in their localities. The study confirmed the vigilante groups as the third (88.6%) in the rating of the platfYorms structures for implementing community policing among the citizens. This was because ofR the trust in the vigilante groups in their ability to support and make information available tAo the police regarding the activities of suspected criminals. The police, however, rated the Rforum of market women associations third (89.2%) among the platform structures for imLpIle Bmenting community policing in Oyo State. This was because the police solicited markNet women is support in crime control via material, financial and intelligence gathering. A The forum of community and religious leaders as Dwas rated fourth (87.9%) among the structures for implementing community policing amoBng Athe citizens of Oyo State. This forum met regularly with the police and provided a veritable pIlatform for discussing and addressing security matters within the community. However, Fthe police rated the police-community relations committee forum as forth (87.9%), be caOuse the forum provided opportunities for community people and the police to meet and disYcuss security issues on regularly basis within the community. Also confirmed by the sItuTdy from among the citizens was the forum of police-community Relations Committee, whichS was rated fifth (87.1%), The committee members met regularly with the police and discuEsseRd ways of checking crimes and criminality within the community. The police, however,V rated the forum of community and religious leaders fifth (86.7%); The forum aided discussioIn of security and crime on regular basis in their meeting. UNLastly, the community people (85.8%) and the police (86.3%) considered Landlords Association as the sixth in the rating scale of the structures of community policing in the state. It was ascertained that the forum provided intelligence information on crime matters to assist the police. On a general note, the findings confirmed that police community relations‟ committee, the vigilante group forum, community and religious leaders‟ forum, the landlords‟ associations, 78 market women associations and political office holders forum constituted viable platforms for implementing community policing in Oyo State. From the findings of the studies, it was revealed that,considering the average rankings of the two respondent groups (citizens and the police), the forum of market women association was rated first (92.5%), followed by the vigilante groups(92.2%)The forum of public office holders (91.2%) police-community relations Committee (87.5%) community and religious leaders(87.3%)and the landlords‟ associations (86.3%) with respect to implementing commYunity policing in Oyo State, Nigeria. R The implication of the above to the findings was that both the citizens anAd the police accepted market women associations as the most important platform through wRhich community policing was being implemented in Oyo State. The reason was thatI Bthe market women associations, through their involvement in community policing, ac tiLvely participated in the dissemination of information and material support to the policeN towards early detection and prevention of crimes, as well aspreservation of law and order in Atheir communities. Also vigilante groups were rated second becaAuse Dof their ability to support in patrol exercise and making relevant information availabBle to the police regarding the activities of suspected criminals in their neighbourhoods. TFhe fIorum of public office holders being rated third by both the citizens and the police wasO based on the fact that these people provided legal, administrative, financial and other logist ics needs of the police for the prosecution of community policing strategy in order to eTnhYance effective security. The Police-Community Relations Committee was rated fourth becIause the committee provided viable avenue for discussing security issues with the police withinS their community. The community and religious leaders‟ forum came fifth.In order to ensure eRffective security, the forum had been providing opportunities for regular meetings with thVe coEmmunity leadership through which they partook on security matters affecting their communitIies.The landlord associations were rated, they provided workable partnership with the police fNor gathering intelligence on criminals. UPolice-community relations committee provides a viable platform for community people for discussing security issues within the community. 12.9% respondents indicated “No”, while 87.1% indicated “Yes.” Community members trust the vigilante groups in their ability to support and make information available to police regarding activities of suspected criminals. 11.4% indicated “No”, while 88.6% indicated “Yes.” Community and religious leaders through their 79 regular meetings with the police authority provide a veritable platform for discussing and addressing security matters within the community. 12.1% indicated “No” while 87.9% indicated “Yes.” The forum of landlord associations provides a workable partnership with the police for gathering intelligence from communities on criminals. 13.2% of the respondents indicated “No”, while 86.8% indicated “Yes.” The provision of financial, information and material supports to the police by market women associations towards crime prevention are indicative of their trust in this structure. 4.3% indicated “No”, while 95.7% indicated “Yes.” The provision of lYegal, administrative, financial and material needs by public office holders for prosecuting coRmmunity policing are indicative of their support for community policing 9.3% indicated No”,A while90.7% indicated “Yes.” R Summary of the findings on Research Question 2 indicated thIaBt the platforms for implementing community policing include police-community relations c oLmmittee, vigilante group members, community and religious leaders, forum of landlords‟N associations, market women associations as well as public office holders in the local governmAent areas in Oyo State. From the findings, it was established that more participants responAdedD positively to this assertion than those against it. B It was established that Police-Community RIelations Committee provides a viable platform for community people to discuss security isFsues within the community with the police. The community is involved in the problem-s oOlving process as a collective action, especially on crime control. Lewis, Rosenberg and STigleYr (1999) assert that, in community policing, the police take account of the wishes of the Ipublic in determining, evaluating, identifying and solving local problems. Trojanowicz and BSacqueroux (1990) liken it to police-community relations. It was also esEtabRlished through the research findings that the community members trust the vigilante groups Vin their ability to support and make information available to the police regarding activities of susIpected criminals in their community: World Economic Forum (2017) affirmed this position, nNoting that vigilantes are formed purposely to protect their community and have succeedUed in tackling insurgence and insecurity problems in some weak African states. Adegbusi (2009) claims that vigilante service groups are important in crime control and prevention as the majority of them can partner the police to check criminality in the community. Both community and religious leaders, through their regular meetings with the police authority, provide a veritable platform for discussing and addressing security matters within the community. To support this position, a KII session posits that: 80 Apart from being a member of the Police-Community Relations Committee where I preside as chairman, other bodies, like traditional institution, vigilante group, youth leaders and landlords associations, are also partakers in the provision of security and protection of lives and property in the community, the forum provided opportunities for discussing crime and other security- related matters with the police on prompt and regular basis. (KII Session, Tede, 21/4/2017) Y In addition, it was confirmed by this study that the forum of landlords‟ associations pRrovides a workable partnership with the police for gathering information and logistics from theA community on criminals. To achieve this, the associations donate logistic, materials, like paRtrol vehicles and even cash gifts for their maintenanceto the police. This was supported by IthBe findings of Fabiyi (2004) who where he discovered that the vigilante groups truly Lprovided logistics, like accommodation, as well as other apparatuses, which include purchNase of patrol vehicles, fuelling of cars and provision of fund for ammunition to the police. A It was further confirmed by the study that thAe pDrovision of financial.Information and material supportsto the police by market womenB associations towards crime prevention is indicative of their trust in these structures ofF co mImunity policing. United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the OAdvancement of Women (2009) stresses that women facilitate information sharing, support ca pacity building and give socio economic support to peace process; and they are natural peacTe mYakers, good listeners and skilled negotiators. Finally, the findings coInfirmed that the provision of legal, administrative, financial and material needs by publicR offSice holders for prosecuting community policing attests to their support for it. Akeredolu (2E017) argues that one cardinal role of the government is the provision of assistance to thIe Vpolice in the area of logistics (finance, laws and materials) for them to discharge their selflesNs duty of promoting security through community policing. A KII session asserts that: UTo effectively prosecute community policing, the government provides regular financial, vehicular and other logistics support, this has made community policing more effective in our locality. (KII Session, Ojongbodu, 26/4/2017) 81 RQ3: To what extent does the community accepts the component elements of community policing? The table below measures the level of acceptability of community policing by both the community and the police. Table 4.3: The Extent of the acceptability of the components of Community Policing Component elements of Citizens Police Average Community Policing Y Police-Community Joint Patrol 86.5% 86.2% 86.A4% R Police Community Relations 82.7% 91.7% BR87.2% Police Accountability 83.1% 87.1% LI 85.1% Intelligence 93.2% 84.2%N 88.7% Gathering/Sourcing DA Source: Field work, 2016 A The findings of this study showed that the lIevBel of acceptability of the four components of community policing among the citizens andF the police was very high. The four elements are police-community joint patrol, strengthe neOd police-community relations, police accountability and the intelligence gathering/sourcing. Y The citizens rated intelligeTnce gathering/sourcing (93.2%) more than any other component elements of community poSlicinIg. The police preferred police-community relations (91.7%) to other component elemenRts of community policing in Oyo State. Furthermore, police-community joint patrol (86.5%E), came second in citizens‟ rating scale, while the police picked police accountability (I8V7.1%) as second. Among the citizens, police accountability (83.1%) came third; while the thNird position went to police-community joint patrol (86.2%) in the rating of the police. The comUponent with the least acceptance level was the police-community relations (82.7%) in the rating scale of the citizens while the police rated intelligence gathering/sourcing (84.2%) last. The average by both the citizens and the police on their level of acceptability of component elements of community policing indicated that intelligence gathering/sourcing (88.7%) was rated highest. This was followed by police-community relations, (87.2%), then police-community joint patrol (86.3%), and lastly accountability (85.1%). This implies that intelligence gathering/sourcing 82 was the most accepted component of community policing among the citizens and the police. Through intelligence gathering/sourcing, the community people participated in crime reduction by reporting miscreants and criminals to the police. In sum, both the police and the community accepted the components of community policing as including police-community joint patrol, strengthened police-community relations, police accountability, community intelligence sourcing. The study further confirmed that the community members, through vigilante groups, willingly participated in patrol exercises organized by the police to ensure adequate security.Y This finding was supported by Monaliyo (2016) who argued that the literature stresses the invRolvement of civilians (community) in the maintenance of peace and security in their area sincAe the time of Americans settlement where local community people were patrolling streets as Rvolunteers along with the police.The community participates in crime reduction by repoIrtBing miscreants and criminals to the police. The community members provided relevant inte llLigence information to the police with the hope of ensuring adequate security. N Lastly, community policing is widely perceived by theA members of the community as a strategy for strengthening police-community relations. TDhis, afterwards, was referred to as democratisation of policing services by some authoBritieAs. For instance, Nalla (2009) asserts that the underlying premise that the police as an ins tiItution of democratic development (democratic policing) is that officers function as an agenFt of the community with the aim of serving and protecting members of the community. W Ohile recognising the extent to which community and the police accepted component elementsY of community policing. Segrave and Ratelitte (2004) contend that an appropriate utilisation IoTf these components of community policing will lead to the mobilization and empowermentof the community through improved public interpersonal relations and positive attitudes anRdthSe reduction of resentment and low police-community conflict with a dynamic flow of infoErmation between the people and the police. NI V U 8 3 A KII session, while confirming the elements accepted by the community as constituting the component elements of community policing says: We (police) usually receive prompt and regular intelligence information from the people during meetings of Peace and Security Committee, Police-Community Relations Committee and from the vigilante members who were always ready to assist in arresting offenders. At times, we held meetings with the leaders of market women and landlords associations on security and allied matters too. The citizens pinpointed criminal hideouts within the community and Y interacted freely with the police. Through prompt responses to R distress calls, the police also made itself accountable to the people. A (KII Session, Iseyin, 22/4/2017) BR I From the foregoing, it was established that both the citizens an dL the police accepted the four components of community policing. N A Ho2 (a): There is no joint effect of strengthenAed Dpolice-community relations, police community joint patrol, police, accountability anIdB intelligence gathering on effective security (community). F Table 4.4a: Multiple Regression Ana lyOsis on the Components of Community Policing on effective security. Y R R Square IT Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate .636 .404 S .399 4.3566 A N O V A ER Model IVSum of Squares DF Mean Square F Sig. Remark RegressioNn 10717.985 4 1531.141 80.673 .000 Sig. ResidUual 15791.044 832 18.980 Total 26509.029 1036 Source: Field work, 8 4 Table 4.4b: Relative Contribution of component elements of community policing on effective security Model Unstandardized Coefficient Stand. Coefficient T Sig. B Std. Error Beta Contribution (Constant) 2.817 2.405 1.171 .242 Strengthened Police-Community 1.9362E-02 .047 .016 .413 Y .680 Police Community Joint Patrol -.211 .051 -.185 A-4R.150 .000 Police Accountability -1.287E-02 .051 -.010 R -.254 .800 Intelligence Gathering 5.112E-02 .042 .065 IB 1.232 .218 Source: Field work, 2016 L Table 4.4a shows that the joint contribution of police-comAmNunity joint patrol, strengthened police-community relations, police accountability and intellDigence gathering to the production of effective security was significant. The table also shows Aa co-efficient of multiple correlation (R = 2 .636 and a multiple R of .404 which implies tha t I4B0.4% of the difference was accounted for by the predictor variables when jointly consideredF. A test for the joint significance was conducted at P < .05. The table also revealed that F-ratio was 80.673 (significant at 0.05 level) based on the analysis of variance. The implication is tOhat there is significant contribution of the independent variables to the dependent variIabTle Ywhile variables that were excluded from this model may be responsible for the remaininSg variance. Table 4.4b reveaRls the relative contribution of the independent variables to the dependent variable: police VcomEmunity joint patrol (β = -.185, p<.05) had significant relative contribution; strengthened poIlice-community relations (β =.016, p<.05) had no significant relative contribution; police accoNuntability (β = -.010, p>.05) had significant relative contribution; and intelligence gatherinUg (β = .065, p>.05), had no significant relative contribution. 85 Analysis of the results of the findings has related to the theories used Strenghtened Police Community Relations β= .016 Effective Security Police-Community Joint β= -.185 Patrol 2 (f(4,1036) = 80.67; R = 0.40) Police Accountability β= -.010 Intelligence Gathering β= .065 AR Y R From the assumptions of the two theories (Broken window and Normative SpBonsorship Theories) used for the study, the results of this study revealed that crimes in the LcomImunity are bound to reduce through the cooperation and collaborative engagement of the m embers of the community and the police. It could further be deduced from the discussionA of Nthe theory that the police and members of the community need to see themselves as partnDers in progress in crime detection and control, knowing fully well that criminals and other laAw breakers reside within the community. Both the community and the police therefore hav eI thBe responsibility of working together so as to nip the community security challenges on the bud. Furthermore, community will be less chaotic and safer where the police involve the comOmunFity members in crime monitoring and control. In summary, both the commYunit y and the police agreed that the four factors used in the analysis are good predictors of eTffective security in the area studied. The four predictors showed the joint contribution of polSice-Icommunity joint patrol, strengthened police-community relations, increased police accounRtability and intelligence gathering, since the four factors were made up of the elements of comEmunity policing in Oyo State, Nigeria. The findings corroborated Aremu (2009), who arIguVes that part of the philosophy of policing conceptualised to make the police and the public wNork intimately for the good of all is community policing. Quoting Oliver and Bertgis, Aremu U(2009) states that community policing is an idea whose time has come and has been seen as a revolution and a paradigm in the way policing is practised all over the world. According to him, the approach will reduce crime rate, decrease police-citizen conflict, reduce negative public attitude towards the police, promote a dynamic flow of information between the police and the community, and mobilise and empower community to identify and respond to security issues. 86 Teachers (2015) submit that community policing will eliminate anxiety among members of the public. Community members will feel more secure with increase in police work in the community. It also enables the police to develop trust within members of the public making community member to be actively involved in the security of their community; a better understanding of the role play by the police in securing the community will also be developed. The implication is that the relationship between the police and the public will ultimately ensure improvement in the quality of life for the community with a reduction in the rate of crime. TYhus, in this study the joint contribution of the independent variables to the dependent variRable was significant. A Similarly National Institute of Justices (1995) gives the following as the Rresultant effects of the four dependent variables on the dependent variable (effective security)I. B There is a reduction of citizens‟ problems, improved attitude to wLards the public which decreases potential for conflict between the police and the citizens. Also satisfactory relationship within the rank and files of the poNlice authority will in turn cause a drastic reduction in crime ratio. DA This result is in line with Denney and Jenkins (2013), who claim that a wide range of objectives are attributed to community policing to aIcBhiev Ae different goals. This is to reduce crime, Increase police accountability and intelligence co llection and also to increase police-community relations. Onovo (2010), while emphasissi nOg th Fe core values of the Nigerian community policing, asserts that the police will be transparent, respect and protect fundamental rights, act upon public opinion and show commitment to qYuality service delivery. It will also improve communication channels between the citizens anIdT the police. A KII session posits Sthat: The esseRnce of community policing is to foster good relationship betweEen the people and the police; make the police accountable in the diVscharge of their duties; be opened and friendly with the community pIeople so that they can get intelligence information; community will Nalso help in reducing crime and violence in the community. ( KII session, Iseyin, 22/4/2017 ) U 87 Another KII session says that: If community policing is effectively implemented, it will give room for effective security via crime control, improved police-community relations, and the police will be answerable for their actions and inactions on crime prevention. There will be early detection and prevention of criminal activities through reliable information from the public. ( KII session, Jobele, 26/4/2017 ) RQ4. To what extent does community policing correlated with effective security ? RY Table 4.5a: Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient on RelationshAip between component elements of Community Policing on Effective Security (CommuniRty) Variables 1 2 3 4 5 IBMean S.D Effective Security (1) 1 L 44.6857 5.6210 Police Community Joint .410** 1 N 33.1857 4.67094 Patrol (2) A .000 D Strengthened Police- .399** .622** 1 A 35.3381 4.9380 Community Relations (3) .000 .000 IB Police Accountability (4) .407** .61O4**F .686** 1 28.9869 4.5641 .000 Y.0 00 .000 Intelligence Gathering (5) .53I7T** .659** .707** .650** 1 58.6917 7.1247 S.000 .000 .000 .000 ** Sig. at .01 level, *E SigR. at .05 level. (2-tailed) Source: Field wIoVrk, 2016 TabNle 4.5a indicates that there were significant relationships between effective security and police-cUommunity joint patrol (r = .410**, p(.000) <.01);strengthened police community relations, (r = .399**, p(.000) <.01); police accountability , (r = .407**, p(.000) <.01) and intelligence gathering (r = .537**, p(.000) <.01).All this reveals that when the components of community policing were available between the people and the police, they yielded a significant correlation at 0.05 level of significance among the people of Oyo State, Nigeria. 8 8 Table 4.5b: Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient on Relationship between component elements of Community Policing on Effective Security (The Police) Variables 1 2 3 4 5 Mean S.D Effective Security (1) 1 44.8958 8.2356 Police Community Joint .644* 1 32.7958 5.7021 Patrol (2) * 6 Y .000 R Strengthened Police .516* .660* 1 34.5833 R6A.5317 Community Relations (3) * * .000 .000 LIB Police Accountability (4) .737* .719* .668* 1 N 29.2417 5.0263 * * * A .000 .000 .000 D Intelligence Gathering (5) .762* .687* .539* B.72A7** 1 58.3208 8.6726 * * * I .000 .000 .000 .F000 ** Sig. at .01 level, * Sig. at .05 level. O Source: Field work, 2016 TY Table4.5b. above shoSws Ithat there were significant relationships between effective security and police- community Rjoint patrol, (r = .644**, p (.000) <.01); strengthened police-community relations, (r = .516E**, p(.000) <.01); police accountability , (r = .737**, p(.000) <.01) and intelligence gathVering/sourcing (r = .762**, p(.000) <.01). There were significant correlations among the indeIpendent variables. This indicated that, when the elements of community policing were efUfectNively utilised by both the people and the police, they yielded a significant correlation at the 0.05 level of significance among the people of Oyo State, Nigeria. The findings of this study also showed that, among the community, there was a positive joint significant relationship between police community joint patrol and other independent variables used for the study (police-community relations, police-accountability and intelligence gathering). The components of community policing correlated with effective security in Oyo State 89 but intelligence gathering/sourcing (r = .537; p < .05) correlated most, with the highest level of relationship with effective security in Oyo State. The finding further showed that, among the community, intelligence gathering/sourcing was the first factor, which determined effective security in Oyo State before any other elements of community policing could be chosen or considered. Police community joint patrol was the second highest component of community policing (independent variable) which correlated with effective security in Oyo State, Nigeria. This was followed by police accountability as the next variableY that correlated with effective security (dependent variable) in the study; while strengtheneRd police community relation was the last independent variable, with the weakest correlation wAith effective security (dependent variables) R The implication of this finding was that both the community and thIeB police accepted the component elements of community policing as including police -cLommunity joint patrol, strengthened police-community relations, police accountability Nand community intelligence gathering. Thus, the elements of community policing could Aensure adequate security through community participation in crime control, informationD and intelligence gathering, police accountability for their actions and inaction to theB puAblic, and strengthened police community relations, thereby fostering public confidence inI the police and creating awareness among members of the public regarding their contribFuti ons to community safety and security. Alemika and Chukwuma (2000) submit that the Opolice perpetrate evils and illegalities and these affect public trust and confidence in themY wh ich has led to characterisng the relationship between the Police and the public by suspicionT, prejudice, mutual disrespect, conflict and violence. The analyses further shIowed that there was a significant relationship between police- community joint patrol and Seffective security in Oyo State (r = .410, N = 1080, p < 0.05). This implies that, for OyoE StaRte to enjoy effective security, there must be police-community joint patrol ,Gordner (1996I) Vobserves that it is a mistake for the police to try to assume the entire burden for controlling Ncrime and disorder; there is the need for citizens‟ active participation in the patrol of their neUighbourhood, usually in co-operation with the police and often in radio or cellular phone communication with police dispatch. Police-community joint patrol will promote community participation in crime detection and control. With fostered mutual relationship between the police and the public, control of crime and disorder will be the target of the efforts of the police and community while working together 90 which in turn will help a policeman to appreciate the values held by the community in crime fighting and build mutual trust among them. A KII session asserts that: Police-community patrol exercise provides opportunity for the duo to operate with mutual trust and confidence, they have to be partners in progress; that is in crime control within their neighbourhood. This helps in reducing incidences of violence, fighting, burglary, theft and kidnapping in the community. Once criminals see the police Y on regular patrol, it is either they stop their nefarious R activities or they relocate to other places. ( KII session, Otu, 16/4/2017 ) A There was also significant relationship between strengthened police-BcomRmunity relations and effective security in Oyo State (r = .399, N = 1080, p = 0.05). This mLeaIns that a strengthened police-community relation can improve effective security in Oyo SNtate. International Association of Chiefs of Police (2012) note that the network relationshAip between the community, law enforcement and groups in the community will be compDrehensive in a nation where there is improved relationship between the members of the publiAc and the police,. High level of trust, open and transparent dialogue, deep understanding of IisBsues, needs, expectations and collaboration would be established. In another KII session, it was repoOrtedF that strengthened police-community relations help the community to reduce crime: When youT cY ompare the population of the police with communiIty members, the police men are few, community policiSng helps to reduce crime due to the support from the peRople and their interpersonal relationship on security matters to the police. Before the introduction of community Epolicing, crime rate was very high in Oyo State. However, V support from local security outfits (vigilante) have helped to I check crimes to a minimum level. N ( KII session, Ajawa, 2/5/2017 ) U This presupposes that strengthened police-community relations gives room for greater interaction and trust between the police and the community, it promotes intelligence sourcing and there will be cooperation between the police and the community with the aim of achieving a safe, 91 peaceful and orderly society. This will also make the community people to commit their time, energy, manpower and money to the realisation of a secure and peaceful society. The study revealed that, for a nation to experience effective security, there should be police accountability (r = .407, N = 1080, p < 0.05). On this, Gordner (2003) notes that citizens are expected to contribute to how their community is governed in a free and democratic society. The departments of police, like other government agencies are expected to be responsive and accountable. Agencies involved in law enforcement are more likely to be supported by citYizens when interest is shown towards the input of members of the public and accountable to theRm. Effective security is assured in a state if police accountability to the public is nAot meant for elimination or eroding their power but to ensure that the power is not used as aRn instrument for repressing and exploitating the public. Police accountability will over coLmeI Bthe poor confidence and lack of cooperation between the marginalised community Nand the police. This ensures efficient execution of the law enfrcement officers of primary responsibility of preventing and controlling crime. It also makes them to achieve their goalsD of Alawfulness, legitimacy and ensure effective police-community relations. The study confirmed that effective securIityB is A assured where there exists community intelligence gathering. Bureau of Justice AssisFtan ce (2005) claims that intelligence-led policing is a collaborative enterprise that is based on improving intelligence operations and community- oriented policing and solving problem. TOhe implementation of intelligence-led policing, police organisations will require the re-TevaYlutaion of the current police policies and protocols. There is need to incorporate intelligenceI into the process of planning to reflect the challenges and issues faced by the community. SThe process of sharing information must become a policy. While corroborating this asEsertRion, a KII session states that: NI V U 9 2 Community policing has actually reduced crime in the local government because timely issuance of information is very important and, without involving the community people, security personnel who are professionals may be denied of the right information at the right time and in the right quality. Regular and genuine information helps in putting security personnel on their toes 24/7 and on alert, the networking is so potent that without community policing, the security of lives and property will be suffering from a lot of things. Community policing has assisted the police to be more proactive, because they get information on time and the fear Y of releasing information to criminals by the police is allayed. R ( KII session, Iseyin, 22/4/2017 ) RA This implies that better intelligence gathering helps the police to easIilBy detect and prevent crimes, promotes rapport and goodwill between the police and the pub lLic, which enable them to secure the public better. This encourages free flow of information iNn the community. It brings the police and the community into harmony, thereby enabling the pAublic to volunteer information on criminals. Intelligence gathering makes the citizens moreA incDlined to report crime, provide tips and willingly stand as witnesses to the police on crime. B From the angle of the police, this Fstu dIy showed that there was a higher positive relationship between effective security anOd intelligence gathering among police officers in Oyo State, Nigeria; The release of the GSM numbers of senior police officers, like Divisional Police Officers, Area Commanders andT StYate Police Commissioners, promotes intelligence gathering between the police and the coImmunity. This helps the police to detect and prevent criminal activities at early stage. ASpart from this, better intelligence gathering helps the police to understand the attitudesR and values of the community which they relate with. In support of this assertion, Virta (200E6) observes that community policing is a process that ensure the process of controlling crimIeV is shared, and co-produced with members of the community and the strategies used inU the Ndevelopment of effective communication with the public, thus quality of life of citizens is improved while relationship is built with the police. Fielding and Innes (2006) support the correlational relationship of effective security and intelligence sourcing from the public by the police, noting that community policing that leads to effective security is not a single concept but could mean a contrast to rapid response and enforcement-oriented policing. Better intelligence gathering make the police get adequate knowledge of how the community operates. This enables them to typically understand public 93 problems, goals and desires. It brings the police and community together, enabling them to get reliable information on criminals within their neighbourhood. Bohm and Haley, (2003) state that the the importance of cooperation with the community members has always be recognised by the police and have encouraged members of the public to come forward with information on the process of fighting crime. This implies that better intelligence gathering will ensure that the police understanding the public better, specificially on issues related to commitment of crime. The police would be more proactive in crime preveYntion before they occur or the impact of such crime on the community will be minimised. ThRis means that intelligence gathering from the community promotes sensitivity of the police to Athe suffering of the people, hence aids effective security. R While emphasising the importance of intelligence gathering, a KII sesIsBion asserts that: The duty of crime prevention and control is not the soLle responsibility of the police, without reliable infoNrmation from the people, security personnel cannot peArform their duties effectively, intelligence report and information need be sourced from the local people, vigilantDe groups, local government police-community relatIioBn co Ammittee members. There are local security mechanisms who complement the work of the police to combat crFime and criminality. ( KII session, Igboora, 27 /4O/2017 ) The study further revealed Ythat there was a significant relationship between effective security and police accounStabiIlit Ty. The study indicated a higher positive relationship between effective security and pRolice accountability in Oyo State. There was the realisation that police accountability is a crEitical component in the discussion of major rules that is governing the country and unity of thIe Vnation. It was gathered that police accountability was dependent on the level of collaboratioNn and support derived from the community and that police accountability would not eliminaUte or undermine the power of the police but rather control it from been used as an instrument of repressing and exploiting the public. The finding of this study is contrary to the submission of Law Commission of Canada in Okeshola and Mudiare (2013), that the demand policing in a democratic socity has not been acquieved by the Nigeria Police, whose cardinal elements are “Justice, Equality, Accountability and Efficiency” Accountability implies that the actions taken by a police officer are questioned 94 and that channel to lodge complain formally is made available for the public This is rather difficult to attain in Nigeria. The finding of the study on police accountability having significant relationship with effective security was further disputed by Gordner (1996). He claims that although most departments of police assign officers to patrol different beats, the accountability of officers is usually not geographically based but temporal (for their shift). The accountability of specialised personnel within law enforcement agencies have been for performing assigned functions buYt not for any geographic locations. The study affirmed that police accountability makes for eRfficiently performing assigned duty of preventing and controlling crime. It also helps in the achAievement of set goals in a lawful and legitimate way through effective relationship betwReen the security agencies and the public. It further calls for continued concern for checIkiBng the oversight in surveillance among authority. In other words, police accountability mLeans that every society demands more attention personally from the police and jurisdictNion over the activities of the activities in the community. A KII session says: A Police are supposed to be agent of the state coDnstituted by the people for the maintenance of law and oArder in the society. They are being paid from the taIxBes collected from the citizens. The weapons and tooFls for combating crime were bought from tax payers money, hence they should not use weapon and authority fre elOy given to them by the people to lord themselves over the people. They should be subjected to the control of the publYic, at least to the level permitted by the constitution. T ( KII session,S OffIa Meta, 25/4/2017 ) The study eqEualRly revealed that there was a significant relationship between effective security and streVngthened police-community relations. The null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypoIthesis adopted. There was a highly positive relationship between effective security and strengtNhened police-community relations in Oyo State, Nigeria. This assertion was affirmed by YusUuff and Faith (2013) who submit that one of the key components of community policing philosophy is to increase the quantity and quality of police-citizen contacts. The Dawn (2011) further confirmed the finding of the study by saying “to fulfil that privileged role, the police must be a part of, not apart from, the communities they serve. Hesbutzki (2017) avers that to patrol a neighbourhood effectively; police officers must also win residents‟ trust. Patrols offer an ideal opportunity for achieving this goal. 95 Strengthened police-community relation fosters greater interaction and trust between law enforcement officer and the public. It would also make the police more friendly, accessible and helpful during distress. Also, it was confirmed by the study that there will be cooperation between the police and community with the sole aim of achieving a safe, peaceful and orderly society. Strengthened police-community relations would make community members view the police as a source of protection rather than that of insecurity. It would increase police response to community calls for protection from criminals and other threats. A KII session notes that: Y R Strengthened police-community relation provides a synergy A between the police and the community on crime detection and control. It reduces criminal tendencies in the community becausRe criminality is detected at early stage and prompt action given ItoB it to prevent its escalation. There will be removal of fear or intimidation by the police because a better and more friendly relat ioLns occur between the community people and the police. N ( KII session, Ajawa, 2/5/2017 ) DA This implies that an improved police-community Arelation gives room for safety of lives and protection of the members of the community. TIheB study showed that there was a significant relationship between effective security and pFolice-community joint patrol. The null hypothesis was thereby rejected and the alternative hypothesis adopted. There was a high positive relationship between effective security and police- cOommunity joint patrol in the practice of community policing in Oyo State. Y It was realised that policIe-Tcommunity joint patrol ensures justice and reduces the incidence of corruption and crimRe. ISt encourages those that are not in community policing forum to participate in securitEy matters and also helps to maintain and sustain a mutual relationship between the public and IlaVw enforcement officer. This is in line with the submission of an audio and video forensic exNpert, Y&J Expert Witness (2017) say a crucial role is served by officers patrolling in commuUnity policing strategy because they could easily be seen maning their beats on the streets. An opportunity to interact with members of the community is provided for the officers patrolling the streets which can result in passing information to the police on patrol. This includes tips about recent or inpending crimes. The officers will also be able to give necessary advice and resources to citizens. The sense of distance and barriers between the police and members of the public is reduced through regular patrol work and interaction, making the place more accessible. Gresham (2017) also asserts that police departments use patrolling officers to limit criminal activity and 96 maximise safety in particular areas, protecting both people and property. Patrol involves police officers visiting an area not to respond to a specific call but to travel through the area and observe it. On the relevance on police community joint patrol, a KII session asserts that: Police patrol with our people (vigilante) provided opportunity for joint security in the community. Security was more tightened and there was harmonious and better relationship between the police and the local security men. Information were freely shared between the police and the vigilante from the community this exposed the criminal and Y their hide-out, thus reducing crime in the local area R ( KII session, Ayete, 27/4/2017 ) RA The study confirmed that, through police-community joint patrol, theI cBommunity concerns with crime and disorder become the target of the effort of the police an dL the community working together. This enables the police to appreciate the values of the sNociety in crime detection and control. Thus, the community come forward with crime fighting information. The study confirms Gresham‟s (2017) position that officers who patrol an areaD gaiAn an intimate understanding of it. They pick up on the routines of neighbourhoods and recoAgnise when something is wrong or out of place. From a street level, they have an optimum v iIewB of an area and can look for potential crimes. This means spotting suspicious activities or circumstances. However, it also means recognising when people make themselves vulnerable toF becoming the target of crimes and being able to advise them on safety measures. O Police-community joint patroYl helps in confronting local crime and insecurity problems of the community, thus helping to IenTS sure early crime detection, prevention and escalation. It helps to ensure mutual trust betwReen the police and the community members. Gresham (2017) observes that patrolling areas Ethat are highly prone to crime will lead to quick response when any form of crime is resportIeVd from such areas. Maintaining a presence in the area through patrol can improve the chancesN that officers will respond promptly to emergency calls and be able to help a victim quicklyU and catch criminals before they can flee the area. A key aspect of police patrol is providing a high visibility for the police force in a neighbourhood. Visible patrolling officers provide residents, visitors and others in an area a strengthened sense of safety and security. Table 4.5b gives the descriptive statistics and inter-correlations among the study variables. It shows that effective security significantly correlated with intelligence gathering (r = .762; p < .05), police accountability (r =.737; p < .05), platform structures of community policing (r = .702; 97 p < .05), police community joint patrol (r = .644; p < .05), strengthened police-community relations (r = .516; P < .05). There was a positive significant relationship between effective security and other independent variables of the study (community policing), such as intelligence gathering, police accountability, police joint patrol and strengthened police-community relations in Oyo State, Nigeria. All indices of community policing correlated with effective security in Oyo State. But intelligence gathering (r = .762; p < .05) most highly correlated with effective security in Oyo State. Y It could also be deduced from the findings of this study that the attitude of peoplRe and the police to community policing would be the first index of community policing whicAh determines effective security in Oyo State, followed by the level of acceptability of theR components of community policing, police joint patrol and strengthened police-communityI rBelations. There were also correlations among the independent variables of the study. Findin gLs by the study contradict Robert and Stalans (2000) claim that the literature on public attituNde towards the police is wide which includes various areas. The view of the public towardAs the police is not positive when compared to institution of justice and most public instituDtions. Importance is place on mutal respect and fair treatment from the polce by the publBic dAuring interaction. The amount of disorder and criminal activity in their neighbourhood shapIes their view of police performances, whereas personal victimisation has little effect. F Supporting this was Skogan (19 96O) observes that community members are of the opinion that the police are crucial for efficYient effort in enforcing the law. The attitude of the public towards the police is often measIuTred by law enforcement agencies so as to improve on their image with the public because pubSlic trust and cooperation is required for successful combat of crime. Huang and Vaughn (19R96) are of the view that the shift towards more community policing and foot or bicycle patrEols has heightened the importance of positive attitude towards the police because such stIraVtegies will lead to working closely with community members in other for crime to be prevenNted and where possible eliminated. UThe study further revealed that the level of acceptability of component elements of community policing and effective security has significant relationship (r = .773; p <.05). This will, to a greater extent, determine its correlation with effective security in Oyo State, Nigeria. Result from the findings shows that there was a positive relationship between effective security and the level of acceptability of component elements of community policing in Oyo State. This was because the police support community policing as a medium through which their relationship with 98 the community could be strengthened. Through this action, crime reduction was assured, intelligence information could be sourced from the community and they would be able to give prompt attention to distress calls from the community. This is supported by Fridell (2004), who claims that the objectives of community policing is to bring about reduction in the rate of crime and disorderliness while the quality of life of members of the public is promoted, minimise fear of crime and improve the mutual respect of police-citizen. A KII session while talking about the level of acceptability of component elemenYts of community policing notes thus; R Police duties cannot be individualised, it has to be collective A and everybody must be involved. The need for a secured R nation has made it expedient for the police to seek the B support of the public through which intelligence informa tiLon Icould be sourced, mutual respect and understanding between the police and the community could be attained. Also, the components of community policing will improve tNhe well- being of the community through crime reductionA and it will make the police submit themselves a little tDo the control of the public by listening to distress calls from the public promptly and by sharing security roIleBs of A the police with the public through police joint patrol. ( KII session, Ojongbodu, 25/4/F2017 ) The null hypothesis was therefo rOe rejected and the alternative hypothesis adopted. This further indicated that there was aT hiYgher positive relationship between effective security and the structures of community policinIg. (Police-community relations committee, landlords‟ association, market women associationsS, public office holders, Vigilante groups, religious and traditional authorities) in Oyo StateR. Community policing in the submission of New Zealand Police, (2008) is both a community-Ecentered philosophy and a strategy for managing crimes related to the community and pVroblems of safety while solving problems, as well as working with government, non-governmenItal and groups in the community in a way that it is coordinated to reduce crime and accidents oNn the road and increase in the safety and reassurance of the community was therefore valid aUnd corroborated the findings of the study. The community, members through vigilante groups willingly participated in patrol exercise organised by the police in order to ensure adequate security. Through community policing, community people reported miscreants and criminals to the police. The community also provided intelligence to the police via regular meetings held on security matters with religious leaders, traditional rulers, and chiefs, and public office holders. The police also received information, material and financial support from market women associations and local government council leadership. The police engaged the vigilante groups as partners in the task of curbing crimes. In support of the above, a KII session agues that: 99 In our local area, we employed the forum of our meetings with the police as the platform for the discussion of security issues. Different categories of people meet on regular basis with the DPO, SSS and other security outfits in the local government. Those who represented the community include Kabiyesi/ or his accredited representative, leaders of vigilante, Iyaloja (leader of market women association), Muslim and Christian representatives, youth representative, representative of non-indigenes of the local government, which include Igbo and Hausa representatives and the council chairman and secretary. RY ( KII session, Okeho, 15/4/2017 ) A This implies that police hold regular meetings with different categories Rof people in the local government: thus, they provide the platform of community policing LforI eBffective security. The study equally revealed that there was a significant rNelat ionship between effective security and strengthened police-community relations. (r = .A516; N= 240; p< .05). The null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis aDdopted. There was a highly positive relationship between effective security and strengthenedA police-community relations in Oyo State, Nigeria. This assertion is supported by Yusuff and IFBaith (2013) that one of the key components of community policing philosophy is to increase the quantity and quality of police-citizen contacts. Hesbutzki (2017) argues that, to patrol a neighFbourhood effectively; police officers must also win residents trust. Y O In summary, the study IcoTnfirmed that all the four independent variables of community policing-police communityS joint patrol, strengthened police-community relations, police accountability and inteRlligence gathering-showed a direct and significant relationship with effective securitVy inE Oyo State. The null hypothesis in HO3was therefore rejected while the alternative hypoIthesis was upheld. UN 10 0 RQ5 (a): What is the level of Effective Security System in Local Government Areas of Oyo State? (Community People) Table 4.6: Level of Effective Security System in Local Government Areas of Oyo State Effective Security Low Medium High Apprehension of offenders √ Prevention of Crime √ Detection of Crime Y √ Preservation of Law and R Order √ A Protection of Live and R Property IB√ Enforcement of Law and √ L Regulations Crime Reduction √ AN See Appendix II for more on of the data D Source: Field Work, 2016 A Table 4.6 shows the level of effective secu riItyB system in the local government areas of Oyo State. From the findings of the studies, apprFehension of offenders (93.2%), detection of crime (87.7%) and protection of live and prope rOty (84.5%) were all rated very high; while prevention of crime (50.2%), preservation of law aYnd order (53.4%), enforcement of law and regulation (50.8%), intelligence gathering (52.2%) aInTd crime reduction (51.4%) were all rated medium. Therefore, one can deduce that apprehensiSon of offenders and protection of live and property were rated high among the component elRements of effective security. This finding was justified by the statement of a KII session states tEhat: NI V U 10 1 Despite our regular meetings with the police and other security agents at the council secretariat, where discussions are held on how to collaborate with one another in order to detect and apprehend offenders and other area boys at the early stage of their nefarious activities, the prevalence of different crimes through the activities of garage boys, touts, thugs and political assassin in Oyo State are still highly noticeable, the more we succeeded in curbing one crime incidence, the more people brought their complaints on other criminal activities happening in their areas on daily basis. ( KII session, Ibadan, 4/5/2017 ) RY Apprehension of crime (93.2%) detection of crime (87.7%) and protectionA of life and property (84.5%) were ranked high because these elements constituted major elemRents of effective security. Criminals would be easily apprehended when police operated withIinB the criminal justice system and where there is security consciousness among members of th eL public which guarantees appropriate police network. The position is supported by Arase (201N7) who affirms that the police must strive to always accommodate and co-operate with one aAnotherand institutions of national strategic and economic importance in the discharge of Athe Dfunctionof apprehension of offenders. Also, Smith (2012) argues that it is the responsibility of police to initiate the process of criminal justice system once a crime has been cIoBmmitted by identifying and arresting of the suspect so that relevant investigation can be Fmad e and if necessary, the case is prosecuted. The study further stressed the importance oOf crime detection as a veritable element of effective security. The police must work with other social and government systems, such as community organisations, government agenIcTies/Ypublic health and school system to enhance security. With adequate equipment of the Spolice through material and facility provisions, there is possibility of crime reduction. The coRmmissioner of the NSN Police Force Prevention Strategy (2014) posited that reduction in criEme involves a performing various activity, that includes the improvement of the physical scIarVcity of targets that are vulnerable, improvement of community and working to ensure impNroved quality of life. Preventing and controlling the rate of crime has generally been identifiUes as the primary role of the police, but other security agencies are also involved such as local authority, health service, fire service and community groups. The study confirmed that protection of lives and property is of high significance among the constituents of effective security, the availability of authority and extensive training would enhance the discharge of police duty of protection of lives and property, and adequate manpower of the police would affect the security of lives and property. It also confirmed that good working 10 2 condition in the police would promote security of life and property. Law Teacher (2018) states that the protection of lives and property is axiomatic in every civilized society, it is impossible for the state to do so on every occasion as law enforcement officers cannot be omnipresent. The study also revealed the prevention of crime preservation of law and order, enforcement of law and relations, intelligence gathering and crime reduction were of medium scale. Prevention of crime had 50.2% preservation of law and order had 53.4%, enforcement of law and regulations had 50.8%; intelligence gathering had 52.2%, and crime reduction had 51Y.4%. This implies that for a community to preserve law and order, enforce law and regulatRions and prevent/reduce crime, the poor public image of the police affecting its smooth operaAtion must be checked, corruption among police officers and men must reduce and there must bRe trust and unity between the police and the public, Idris (2017) avers that efficient crimIeB reduction and the prosecution of all criminal elements in the country there must be un itLy among and within all segments of the law enforcement agencies in the country, especiaNlly the police, Department of State Services (DSS) and the military. Criminals has devekopeAd a more organised, complex and sophisticated way of acting which will require work as team Dto checkmate its increase. A KII session corroborates this position: A Effective security via crime reduc tiIoBn and enforcement of law and order requires joint efforts of all secuFrity agencies operating in the country plus the community supports that supply intelligence information and occasionally give financ iaOl and material assistance to security agents through which laws are preserved and order maintained. ( KII session, TedIeT, 16Y/4/2017 ) 4.3 Discussion of FindinSgs Hypotheses Testing R Ho1: There iIs Vno Esignificant relationship between Police-Community Joint Patrol and effective security. Table 4U.7: NRelationship between Police Community Joint Patrol and Effective Security Variable Mean Std. N R P Remark Dev. Effective Security 44.6857 5.6210 840 .399* .000 Sig. Police-Community Joint Patrol 35.3381 4.9380 * Sig at .05 level Source: Field work 2016 10 3 Table 4.7a above show that there was significant relationship between effective security and police-community joint patrol as perceived by the Community (r = .399*, N= 840, p < .05). Null hypothesis was rejected. The summary of Hypothesis One is that both the community and the police agreed that police community joint patrol will influence positively effective security in the area studied. This is in line with Onovo‟s (2010:56) submission that: Y Community policy recognizes that the police and the law abiding citizens can work in partnership through joint patrol to solve R problems, share resources, prevent crime promote inter-agencies A conflict and improve the overall quality of community life. R The implication of this is that the use of police community joiLnt IpBatrol can effectively impact security in Oyo State. (r = .399, N = 840, P < .05). Police commu nity joint patrol positively correlated with effective policing in Oyo state. Onovo (2010) aAsserNts that the community actively engaged in the policing role through volunteer schemes, locating neighbourhood support networks and augumenting police patrol activities through joint paAtrolD. A KII session asserts that: Joint patrol affords the police opIpBortunity to identify criminal hideout, the terrain of the crFiminals and miscreants. Police and community vigilante engage in patrol together day and night period. The local government en gaOges vigilante, OPC and hinters to do this job. ( KII session, OkehTo, Y15/4/2017 ) The Null hypothesisS is rIejected. However, another K11 respondent (Chairman, Ido Local Government, Ido) notedR that police community joint patrol looks facially good but in operation, it is not practicable beEcause logistics will not allow this. The communities have no strong purese to help to provideI loVgistics and financial requirements to the police. UTo fNurther support the above assertion. Another K11 session states that: No joint patrol in all the local governments in Oyo State except in 2013 when OPC in joint patrol helped to check crime activities in Akinyele Local Government, Moniya. The police will not want joint patrol because they don‟t what anybody or agency to share the glory of effective security with them. ( KII session, Iseyin, 22/4/2017 ) 10 4 Ho2: There is no significant relationship between strengthened police-community relations and effective security. Table 4.8: Relationship between Strengthened Police-Community Relations and effective security Variable Mean Std. N R P Remark Dev. Effective Security 44.6857 5.6210 840 .410* .000 Sig. Strengthened Police-Community 33.1857 4.6709 Relations Y * Sig at .05 level R Source: Field work 2016 RA Table 4.8 above reveals that there was significant relationship between eIfBfective security and strengthened police-community relations as perceived by the communi tyL(r = .410*, N= 840, p < .05). The Null hypothesis was rejected. AN Hypothesis two states that both the community anDd the police agreed that strengthened police community relations influenced positively effectiAve security. The analysis of data collected from the community on strengthened police comm uInBity relations showed that (r = .410*, N = 840, P < .05). The Null hypothesis was thus rejectFed. This indicates that greater interaction and more trust would exist where there is stre ngOthened police-community relations. There would be cooperation between police and the community with the aim of achieving a safe, peaceful and orderly society if there is an imprToveYd police-community relation. It was also establishSed tIhat improved police-community relations will make members of the community to commit resources (time, manpower and money) to the realisation of a secured and peaceful societEy. RImproved police-community relations encouraged the police to treat community peoIpVle fairly and impartially. This would make the community people entertained less fear of the Npolice; hence they will be closer to each other and be ready to meet their needs. The police wUould then be viewed as a source of protection rather them insecurity. 10 5 This is contrary to the position of Adesina (2003:98) when he said: The relationship between the law enforcement office specifically the police and individuals in community in Nigeria is not based on mutual trust. The police are not trusted, liked, loved when it should be the other way round because they are responsible causing disunity among the people and the resulting effect is loss of confidence in the Nigeria Police by the people which is evident in the relationship existing between the two. Onovo (2010) while rejecting Adesina‟s (2003) position is of the view that strengthYened relations between the police and the community will increase free flow of informaRtion and enhanced intelligence gathering owing to restored confidence of the police in Apeople. This improved relation, would enhance information needed for effective maintenanBce Rof law and order in the community. Onovo (2010:42) added: I There is an increase in the level of of intraction between Lthe police and members of the public due to improvement in theN confidence the public has in police andmutal respect between the two which is used in priotising challenges crime and problDem Aof disder before resources is allocated to such issue. A Bohm and Haley (2002:87) note that: B Developing and maintaining hFigh Ilevel between member of the public and law enforcement is the major objective of community policing. O A K11 session corroborates thYe assertion that strengthened police community relations will promote effective security: IT It is true, foSr security to be effective; the police need to have adequate Rknowledge of local environment. There should be sharing of genEuine information between the police. This promotes trust and coVnfidence in police work. (I KII session, Ojongbodu, 25/4/2017 ) AnoNther K11 session states that: U Improved police community relations will create adequate awareness of crime activities within the community creates friendly relationship and understanding between community and the police. The police will have reliable information to work with, to prevent breakdown of law and order, and prevent insecurity of any kind in our community. Without this relationship, the police are no magicians; the security of our community will be in jeopardy. ( KII session, Ayete, 27/4/2017 ) 10 6 Ho3: There is no significant relationship between police accountability and effective security Table 4.9: Relationship between police accountability and effective security Variable Mean Std. N R P Remark Dev. Effective Security 44.6857 5.6210 840 .407* .000 Sig. Police Accountability 28.9869 4.5641 * Sig at .05 level Y Table 4.9a indicates that there was significant relationship between effective secRurity and police accountability as perceived by the Community (r = .407*, N= 840, p < .05)R. A Null hypothesis is rejected. IB Summary of Hypothesis three showed that both the community aLnd the police agreed that police accountability will influence and correlate positively wAith Neffective security in the study area. (r = .407, N = 840, P < .05). Null hypothesis was thus rejected and this agreed with the position of Ladigbolu (2016). Accountability in commAuniDty policing means that the police are answerable for the actions they take while citizensI wBith genuine reason for grievance against the police have appropriate steps of redressing the issu e. Corroborating this position Wal kOer (2 F007) avers that police accountability is basically about ensuring that police officers aYre held responsible for action and inactions in the cause of performing primary assignment and for efficiency in performance of preventing and controlling crime rate while the individuSal aIt Tthe same time is treated with dignity as stipulated in the Law. A K11 session wRith a member of Police community Relations Committee had this to say: PIoVlice E hearken to the voice of the people. We called them during emergency and they responded quickly. They are easily accessible, Nthey educate the community, and they monitor security natters U within the community. Police officers do not see themselves as sole providers of security within the community. Those members of the community can call them from time to time, so they are making themselves susceptible to the control of the community. ( KII session, Okeho, 15/4/2017 ) 10 7 Another K11 session asserts that: Whenever we have distress calls, they respond quickly. Community and police are now working hand in hand to ensure that the police justify the money being spent on them from the taxes paid by the community people. At times when you call the police, they will not show up due to logistic problems but community policing has removed some of these problems. ( KII session, Eruwa, 16/4/2017 ) Y It is now clear from the result of the data collected from the questionnaire and RK11 that there is a correlational relationship between police accountability to the community Aand effective security. The null hypothesis was therefore rejected A K11 session posits that:B RI It is true that police accountability to the community Lpromotes effective security. The police must seek support of loNcal landlord of the areas before they can perform effectively. To do this successfully, the police must be accountable to the community. The community no longer fears police in the area oAf dissemination of information about criminals. The police Dare ready to make theirselves available for the community Aanytime they are needed. Community people now have free access to police services and police now listen to their calls. IB ( KII session, Ojongbodu, 2O2/4/F2017 ) Ho4: There is no significant relYatio nship between Intelligence Gathering and effective security. IT Table 4.10: RelationshiRp bSetween intelligence gathering and effective security Variable E Mean Std. N R P Remark IV Dev. Effective SNecurity 44.6857 5.6210 840 .537* .000 Sig. IntelliUgence Gathering 58.6917 7.127 * Sig at .05 level Source: Field Work, 2016 Table 4.10 above shows that there was significant relationship between effective security and intelligence gathering as perceived by the Community (r = .537*, N= 840, p < .05). Null hypothesis was rejected. 10 8 The summary of Hypothesis four reveals that both the community and the police agreed that intelligence gathering will positively correlate effectively with security in the area studied. Data analysis on community responses to the questionnaire on intelligence gathering and effective security indicated (R=.537, N= 840, P < .05). This showed there was a significant relationship between intelligence gathering and effective security. This assertion is supported by Ehindero (2006:43): Community policing involves development of intelligence led policing, Y how technology and science aim at creating awareness and information sharing campaign on community policing. AR In line with the above statement is the submission of DFID while reportiRng the statement credited to the DPO, Ungwa Division, Kaduna (2010:66) on crime reductionI: B My police personnel have been empowered to take appro pLriate decision thereby facilitate the speedy delivery of quality service. I also have zero tolerance for corruption, this has improved pNolice community relationship and the community now supports Aus with logistics and information which are used in an open aAnd tDransparent ways to reduce crime. This has also led to improved intelligence gathering meaning that violent crime like robbery and it‟s IliBke are early snatched because of community involvement. F This indicate that intelligence ga tOhering helps the police to get right information in right proportion from the coming up wiYth effective security policy, effective strategy and effective performance. They need this inIfTormation from the public who have constituted themselves into members of Police-communSity relations committee, market women association, vigilante, OPC and many others. IntelligencRe gathering enable the police to be more proactive. E Black (I20V11) asserts that, under the modern condition, no government organisation can operate sucNcessfully without the operation of its public. A K11 session notes that: U Through information collected from the community, burglary theft, robbery and so on. have reduced because people from the community unite with the police to share intelligent information for planning and execution of security work. This promotes trust and confidence between police and community. ( KII session, Otu, 15/4/2017 ) 10 9 Also corroborating this assertion was another KII session: One cannot do anything without information. Before the police go out to control crime, they needed information and it is the community people that have knowledge of their areas‟ environment. They offered adequate and right intelligent information to the police. This has been promoting cordial relationship between the police and community. The police have confidence and trust on the community members… A kind of partnership and collaborative effort on the part of the police and community members is needed. RY ( KII session, Ayete, 27/4/2017 ) A Another KII session also asserts that: R Collection of intelligence information has helped effe cLtiveI Bsecurity. Security personnel are few. They needed information from the community members to be able to be effective. Intelligence ensures early detection of crime. Intelligence gathering is esNsential because the police are few in number and it is the communityA members that help to provide information covering all sections of tDhe society ( KII session, Iseyin, 22/4/2017 ) BA This implies that, intelligence Fgat hIering build trust and confidence between the police and the community. It alsoO provides genuine information from local source, such information is useful for secuYrity planning and effective execution. T RS I IV E UN 11 0 CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The study was carried out to examine the extent to which community policing has been used to ensure effective security in Oyo State. With this focus, the study investigated the effects of strengthened police-community relation, effect of police-community joint patrol, effects of better intelligence gathering, effects of crime reduction, effects of police accountability to the community and barriers to community policing. This chapter presents the summary of the study, conclusion, recommendations, limitations to the study and contributions to knowledge aRs wYell as suggestions for further studies. A 5.1 Summary R The study followed the university approved sequential format of fiveI cBhapters. It examined the extent to which community policing has been used to ensure effec tiLve security in Oyo State. The first chapter started with background to the study, the gapA filNled by the study which is the statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research qDuestions, the significance of the study and scope of the study. Some terms that are relevant to tAhe study were carefully defined according to their usage in the study under the operationaIl Bdefinitions of terms so as to ensure better understanding of the strength and relationship i nherent among the core variables and concepts used in the study F The study covered a compYreh e Onsive review of past but relevant literature on the independent variables (communIitTy policing) and the dependent variable (effective security). This was done with a view to linkSing the present study with the past studies to assist in showing the gap that the study filled. ARpart from this, a review of the four theories adopted for the study (Normative SponsorEship theory, Critical Social theory, Broken Windows theory and Social Resource theorIy Vand their implications to the study) was done to determine the extent to which community policing has been used to enhance effective security in Oyo State. The study was conducUted uNsing the descriptive survey research design of the correlation type. It covered the study population, sample and sampling techniques, research instrument (quantitative and qualitative) validity and reliability of the instruments, procedure for data collection as well as method of data analysis. The data collected through the questionnaire were analysed and presented in tables through the use of simple percentages and bar charts and frequency counts, for the respondents‟ bio data. 11 1 Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, ANOVA, Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA), and Standard Deviation were used for the research questions and hypotheses. The study established the following major findings. The joint contribution of strengthened police-community relations, police-community joint patrol, police accountability and intelligent gathering to the production of effective security was significant. Y The relative contributions of police-community joint patrol andpolice accountaRbility to effective security were all significant while intelligence gathering and strengthAened police community relations had no significant relative contribution to effective securiRty. Police-community joint patrol, strengthened police-community relationsI, pBolice accountability and intelligence gathering/sourcing jointly and significantly predi sLposed effective security. Intelligence gathering/sourcing made the most potent contributNion to the effective security in Oyo State, Nigeria. This was followed by strengthened poAlice-community relations, police- community joint patrol and lastly followed by police AaccDountability. There was a positive correlational relationsh ipI Bbetween the four independent variables and effective security. This indicated that Feffective security when guaranteed among the communities in Oyo State yielded a s igOnificant correlation at 0.05 level. The community and the policeY agreed that police-community joint patrol will influence significantly effective securiItyT in Oyo State, Nigeria. There was an agreeRmenSt between the community and the police that strengthened police-community relatiEons will influence significantly effective security in the area studied. The commuInVity and the police further agreed that crime will be reduced given an effective securityN in Oyo State through community policing. BotUh the community and the police agreed that intelligence gathering through community policing will positively influence effective security in Oyo state. The last chapter, which is chapter five, presented a summary of the entire study, conclusion and recommendations. It further addressed the contributions of the study to knowledge, limitations of the study and suggestions for further studies. 11 2 5.2 Conclusion The study showed that community policing systems particularly, police-community joint patrol had positively influenced the crime prevention and quick detection, easy apprehending of suspects, adequate protection of lives and property, drastic crime reduction and improved preservation of law and order in the sampled communities of Oyo State, Nigeria.The level of acceptability of the four components of community policing (police-community joint patrol, strengthened police-community relations, police accountability and IntelligYence gathering/sourcing) among the citizens and the police is very high. Intelligence gatheRring and police-community relations were the most recognised and accepted by both theA community and the police, respectively. R The attitude of people and the police towards community policing waIsB negative due to lack of trust and inadequate knowledge of community policing at the ons eLt. There are six structures of community policing in Oyo State. They are Police-ComAmuNnity Relations Committee, the vigilante groups, community and religious leader‟s forum, landlord associations, market women associations and the public office -holders foArumD. Market women associations and the vigIilBante groups were rated highest and most important among the structures of commuFnity policing by both the community and the police respectively in Oyo State. There w aOs joint contribution of police-community joint patrol, strengthened police-community relations, police accountability and intelligence gathering to the production of effective sIecTuriYty was significant in Oyo State. There was significanSt relationship between effective security (dependent variable) and the component elemEentRs of community policing (PCRC, PCJP, PA and IG/S Independents Variable) in VOyo State. Apprehension of offenders, prevention of crime, detection of crime, preservationI of law and order, protection of lives and property, enforcement of law and regulatiNons, intelligence gathering and crime reduction were the main components of effective secuUrity in Oyo State. The most highly rated among them were apprehension of offenders, detection of crime and the protection of life and property. 5.3 Recommendations In line with the findings as well as the conclusions arrived at in the study,the following are recommended: 11 3 (1) For the country to enjoy effective security, both the people and the police must improve their attitude to each other. People must trust in the police, there should be adequate understanding of community policing, police brutality and impunity must be checked, while the age old tradition that people who joined the police were rogues and dregs must be jettisoned. The fear of the police releasing informants‟ identities must be allayed by the police. The police should improve their image, be more friendly and cooperative. They should see public involvement in security matter as required and not encroachment onY their constitutional duties. R (2) The structural platforms for implementing community policing such as Athe police- community Relations Committee, the vigilante groups, Community and religRious leaders, for the landlords associations and public office holders forum shouldI Bbe given adequate recognition, protection and funding to continue to function effect ivLely on the discussion of secrecy issues, willing offer of intelligence, advice, legal andN financial support for effective security. A (3) In order to promote acceptability of the elements of cDommunity policing by the police and the people, the community members should paBrticAipate in police-public joint patrol, provide relevant intelligence to the police, make pIolice accountable for their deeds and ensure strengthened police-community relationsF. (4) For effective and result-oriented po lOice-community joint patrol, trust and confidence, justice must be assured. Logistics, Yvehicular and financial support and skills trainings in surveillance must be provIidTed by the Government. Regular training on Community role in crime prevention must be encouraged. (5) For police-commuRnityS relations to be strengthened, there should be greater interaction and trust; police muEst be accessible and friendly. There should be cooperation between them and the commIuVnity. community should view the police as source of protection rather than insecuNrity. The police should also respond to distress calls promptly and be fair and impartial inU their dealings with people. Also, the public must be prepared to offer their resources to ensure a secure society. (6) In order to ensure increased accountability of the police to the people for effective security police misconduct and ineptitude, which undermine public confidence must be discouraged. Police authority should not be used as instrument of oppression and exploitation. The Police should be prepared to be accountable for their actions. Management of resources under them. 11 4 People must be treated equally using the same law irrespective of position or power. Furthermore, every community must demand attention and control over police activities, needs of individuals and groups must be attended to promptly by the police (7) For community intelligence gathering to be assured, there should be rapport and goodwill between the police and the public. Harmonious relationship that will make the public volunteer information on criminals and protection of informants‟ identities should be encouraged. There should be elimination of language barrier and special security numYbers through which the public could reach the police in case of threats to communityR security should be given to the public. A (8) For the nation to enjoy effective security, the police should be given extenRsive training and retraining on security matters. Also social and government systemsI, Bsuch as community organisations, government agencies, public health and school syste mLs, should be prepared to work as partners on security matters. There should be adeqNuate police manpower, good image and proper finance of the police. Joint patrol betweAen the police and the community must also be given priority and there should be good poDlice-community relations. (9) On a general note, effective security could beB acAhieved if only the people and the police develop positive attitude toward communit y Ipolicing through proper understanding of the concept. The structural platform of commFunity policing must be functional and effective and both the police and the commu nOity must accept and appropriate the components of community policing for the reYalisation of the goods of community policing. Also police-community relations shouIldT be strengthened, there should be police-community joint patrol on regular basis; theS police should be accountable to the community in action and management; and Rthere should be regular collection of relevant intelligence from the public to the police foEr planning and enhancement of security in the nation. 5.4 ContribIuVtions to knowledge TheN major purpose of any research is to contribute to as well as improve on existing knowleUdge. This study has contributed to knowledge in different ways. The findings of this study have shown that community policing correlate with effective security in Oyo State in the following ways: 1. The structural platforms for implementing community policing in Oyo state include Police community Relations Committee, vigilante groups, community and religious leaders, Landlords‟ Associations, market women associations and forum of public office holders. 11 5 2. Market women associations and the vigilante groups were the most important platforms through which community policing was being practised in Oyo State among the citizens and the police respectively. 3. The level of acceptability of the four elements of community policing (police-community joint patrol, strengthened police community relations, police accountability and Intelligence gathering/sourcing) was very high among the citizens and the police in Oyo State. 4. Intelligence gathering/sourcing and police community joint patrol were more highly Yrated than other components of community policing by the citizens and the police, respectRively. 5. Apprehension of offenders, detection of crime and protection of lives and propAerty were all rated high; hence, they were the most important components of effectiveR security in Oyo State. IB 5.5 Limitation of the study L A few limitations hindered this study. Some respondentsN both among the community member and the police rank and the file and their officers lAacked adequate understanding of community policing as a strategy for promoting effective seDcurity. This affected their responses to the questionnaires. It took the researcher and his reBsearAch assistant time to convince them. Also some of the respondents were not easily accessibIle to contact especially the local government chairman, Divisional Policies Officers, and trFadit ional rulers and some other key stakeholders in the practice of community policing such aOs the Market Women Association members who though were very active in the implementation of community policing in the local area but had little or no time to spear for the interview IaTnd Ycouple with this limitation was lack of essential government policies to back up the operaStion of community policing in Nigeria. The informant interviews had to the rescheduled severRal times before the researcher could get them interviwed. Despite tVhe Estated limitations, the data collection, the results and findings from the study were not affecIted. Thus, the limitations did not invalidate the study‟s recommendations and conclusion.N U 5.6 Suggestions for further studies From the results of this study, studies are necessary on community policing. Some are suggested below: 11 6 i. As the current study in community policing is restricted to Oyo State, research could also be conducted on community policy in other states of Nigeria, thereby giving opportunity for comparative study of community policing practices among states of Nigeria. ii. An economic cost of the practice of community policy in Nigeria in relation to the means of generating fund for its execution could also be examined. iii. The role of vigilante in the effective practice of community policing is also an essential research area for further studies. Y iv. The context for glorification between the police and local security outfits couldR also be investigated. A v. Juxtaposition of the practice of community policing in the developed world Rwith the practice in Nigeria is also a vital area for research. IB vi. Exploration into obstacles to intelligence gathering in commu nLity policing in Nigerian communities could also be undertaken area. N vii. 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International journal of academic research, part b, 4(4). Pg 51-55 Y Yusuff, Y. and Faith, T. 2013. CIiTtizen Satisfaction with police and community policing.European Scientific Journal. 9 (1S4): 1857-1881. ER NI V U 12 9 APPENDIX I DEPARTMENT OF ADULT EDUCATION FACULTY OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN Community Policing and Effective Security Scale (CPESS) Dear Respondents, This study is designed to assess the correlation of community policing and effective security in Oyo state, Nigeria. Information provided will be treated with utmost confidentialiYty as they are to be used for research only. AR Thank you for your cooperation. R Please tick (√) your answer or fill in the blanks where necessary. B 1. Sex Male ( ) b. Female ( ) LI 2. Age 20 – 25years ( ) N 26 – 29years ( ) A 30 – 34years ( ) 35years and above ( ) AD 3. Religion B Christianity ( ) I Islam ( ) Others ( ) O F 4. Marital Status a) Single ( ) Y b) Married ( I T ) c) Divorced S( ) d) Others R ( ) 5 Educational backgEround a) No-FormIVal Education ( ) b) PrimNary School/ Adult Literacy ( ) c) UWAEC ( ) d) NCE/OND ( ) e) HND/University Degree ( ) f) Second Degree ( ) 6 Occupational Status a) Constable/ Corporal ` ( ) b) Sergeant/ Sergeant Major ( ) c) Inspector of Police ( ) d) Assistant/Deputy Superintendent of Police ( ) 13 0 e) Superintendent/ Chief Superintendent of Police ( ) SECTION B: Please tick (√) where applicable Instruction: Kindly read through the following statements and rate each accordingly. You are to tick (√) your appropriate response to each of the questionnaire items alternatives. Yes or No. RQ 1: Attitude of people to community policing scale S/N QUESTIONS NO YEYS 1. Does lack of trust in police has any influence on your attitude towards AR community policing. R 2. Inadequate knowledge and understanding of community policing affecItB public positive disposition to community policing L 3. Police brutality and impunity when on duty affect community confidence and in their ability to combat crime and subseqAuenNtly the belief in community policing. D 4. The age old tradition that people who joined the police were rogues and dregs affect community interaction with the p AIoBlice on crime control through the various community policing pla tforms. 5. The fear of police releasing informaOnts FIdentities to criminals affect its relationship with community mem bers and this impacted on people‟s attitude to community policingY. IT RQ 2: Community PolicingS Platform Structures Scale S/N R QUESTIONS NO YES 6. Police-coVmmEunity relations committee provides a viable platform for commuInity people for discussing security issues within the community. 7. UComNmunity members trust the vigilante group in their ability to support and make information available to police regarding activities of suspected criminals. 8. Community and religions leaders through their regular meetings with the police authority provide a veritable platform for discussing and addressing security matters within the community. 9. The forum of landlord associations provides a workable partnership 13 1 with the police for gathering intelligent information from communities on criminals. 10. The provision of financial, information and material supports to the police by market women association towards crime prevention are indicative of their trust in this structure. 11 The provision of legal, administrative, financial and material needs by public office holders for prosecuting community policing are indicative of their support for community policing RY SECTION C: A Instruction: Kindly read through the following statements and read accordingly R Key: SA = Strongly Agree; A = Agree; D = Disagree; SD = Strongly DisagrBee RQ3:Level of acceptance of component elements of community policing Iscale S/N QUESTIONS SA A SD L D MEAN S.D 12. Community members, through vigilante N groups, willingly participate in patrol A exercises organized by the police to D ensure adequate security. BA 13 Community participates in crime I reduction by reporting miscreants and F criminals to the police. O 14 Community members provide rel evant intelligence to the police withY the hope of ensuring adequate securIityT. 15 There is the belieRf amSong community members thaEt police accountability is assured tVhrough community policing 16 Com Uby tN muInity policing is widely perceived he members of the community as a strategy for strengthening police- community relations. 13 2 Police-Community Joint Patrol Scale (PCJPS) STATEMENTS SA A SD D Joint patrol by the police and community enables those that are not in community policing forum to participate in security. Joint patrol makes the community the first point of call for a dispute or crime. Joint patrol establishes mutual trust between the police and community members. Y Joint patrol encourages the community to come forward with crime fighting information R Through joint patrol, the community‟s concerns with crime and RA disorder become the target of the efforts by the police and the community working together. Police-community joint patrol enables the duo to identify the IB concerns that they feel are more threatening to their safety and well- L being. Police-community joint patrol helps to maintain and sustain a mutNual relationship between the police and public in the society. A Police-community joint patrol enables the police to appreciate the values of the society on crime detection and control. D Police-community joint patrol ensures justice Band Areduces the incidence of corruption and crime control. Police-community joint patrol confronts locFal c rIime and insecurity problems. Police-community joint patrol ensu reOs early crime detection, prevention and escalation in the society. Y Police-Community Relations ISTcale (CPRS) RSSTATEMENTS SA A SD D Greater interaction and more trust will exist where there is improved police-community reElations Community meImVbers will no longer entertain fears of the police as it was in the past if there is improved police-community relations With imprNoved police-community relations, community members will vieUw the police as a source of protection rather than insecurity. Improved police-community relations will improve public confidence in the institution of the police. With improved police-community relations, the internal state security of Nigerians will be guaranteed. Improved police-community will enhance intelligence gathering of information due to restored confidence of police in people. There will be cooperation between police and the community with the sole aim of achieving a safe, peaceful and orderly society if there is an improved police-community relation. 13 3 Police-community relations enhances information needed for effective maintenance of law and order in the community. Non disclosure of GSM numbers / identity of informants to the criminals can promote police-community relations. Improved police-community relations will make members of the community to commit resources (time, man power and money) to the realization of a secured and peaceful society. Police Accountability Scale (PAS) Y STATEMENTS SA A SDR D Accountability is a crucial component in discussing the entities of A nations and cooperate bodies based on grand rules for governance. The accountability of the police requires that there a continue R agitation for check and function; for supervision of assigned B responsibility and constrain based on the institutions with restrain in I demonstration of power and authority. L The intension of police accountability is not elimination or undermining of power tbut to ensure that it is not used as Nan instrument for repressing and exploitating others. A Police accountability implies that more personal atDtention is demanded by every member of society from police while the activities of police activities in the community is controlAled. In other to ensure police accountability, it efficie nIcBy depends largely on the level of cooperation and support given by members of the public. F Lack trust and cooperation from the com mOunity for the police can be eliminated through police accountability. Police accountability will help TensYure that any action or inaction taken are the responsibility of thIe police officer involved. Police accountability will Shelp ensure that police are focus on prevention and control oRf crime which is their primary responsibility. Police accountability makes for the achievement of goals in a lawful and legitimate whileE effective relationship between the police and the community is enVsured. I UN 13 4 Intelligence Gathering Scale (IGS) STATEMENT SA A SD D Through better intelligence gathering, the police can detect and prevent criminal activities in the community. Better intelligence gathering serves to bring police and the community into harmony thereby enable the public to volunteer information on criminals. For better intelligence gathering to be achieved, the police need to understand the attitudes and values of the community which they relate to. Through intelligence gathering, a good rapport and goodwill between police and the public is enabled to serve the public better and for the RYpublic to feel better. Better intelligence gathering can only be operated successfully when the A police cooperate with the public. The police get adequate knowledge on how the community operates R through better intelligence gathering. B Intelligence gathering enables the police to have a better understanding of I the public‟s concerns especially crime related issues. L With better intelligence gathering, citizens are more inclined toN report crime that occur to the police, provide tip and willingly serve aAs witnesses to police on crime. Better intelligence gathering makes the police to be mDore proactive, thereby preventing crime before they occur or minimBizinAg their impact. Better intelligence gathering enables the police to typically understand public problem, goals and desires. I Better intelligence gathering promotes sensitiv ity of the police to the suffering of the people, hence promoting effecFtive security. Language and dialectic barriers affect frOee flow of information between the community and police. Leakage of information source afTfecYts free flow of information between the community and the police. Police Community RelationS CIommittee promotes intelligence gathering between the police and Rthe community. The release of the GESM numbers of senior police officers (DPO, Police Area CommandeVr, State Police Commissioner etc.) promotes intelligence gathering betwIeen the police and the community. Non disclosure of sources of information to the public by the police promotUes inNtelligence gathering between the police and the community Lack of enforcement of information released on criminal activities by members of the community affects free intelligence gathering between the police and community. 13 5 SECTION D: Instruction: Kindly read through the following statements and rate accordingly. You are to tick (√) your responses. Effective Security Scale (ESS) STATEMENTS SA A SD D Availability of authority and extensive training would enhance the discharge of police duty of protection of life and propertythis enhances effective security. Y Police must work within the operations of criminal justice system to R ensure adequate and effective security A Police must work with other social and governmental systems such as R community organizations, government agencies, public health and school system to enhance effective security IB Lack of trust between the police and the public affects effective securi tyL of the community Poor public image of the police affects smooth operation of poliNce on security engagement and this impedes effective security. A Inadequate manpower in the police affects the provisiAon oDf security of life and property. Corruption based on poor working condition IofB the police affects effective security operations of the community Adequate funding of police is a way of proFmo ting its performance on effective security of the community Enlightenment of the public on comm uOnity policing by the police can boost its performance of effective security system Adequate equipment of the police Y(material and facilities) is a way of ensuring effective security in theT state. Improved public-police relSatioIn is a way of building effective security of the community Effective security can bRe assured through community-police joint patrol in the maintenance Eof law and order. Security conscioVusness of the members of the public can be guaranteed by appropriateI security network which promotes effective security. Where thNere is effective security, members of the public can be empowUered to take security decisions. 13 6 APENDIX II KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR POLICE OFFICERS AND KEYPERSONALITIES IN THE COMMUNITY Warm up and explanation A. Introduction Welcome participants Describe what KII is- a method in which the researcher asks open-ended questions orally and record the respondents answer. B. Purpose I am interested in your comments both positive and negative ones are welcome. PleaseY, feel free to disagree with one another. I will like to have many points of view. All commRents are confidential and for research purposes only. I will also want you to speak on one item at a time so that tape recorder can pick your voices appropriately. RA C. Self instruction B Ask each participant; tell us your name and something about yoursel f L I Section I –Identification Name of police station ………………………………………………N……………….. Position/Rank………………………………………………………A……………… . Present Age……………………………………………………D…………………….. Religion……………………………………………………A………………………… Educational qualification--------------------------------I--B---------------------------------- Years of experience------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- Section II: Guiding Questions 1 What is your view of community policing? F 2 Who makes the decision on the community policing 3 Who are the stakeholders involved com mOunity policing? Probe for who: i. Police Community Relations Committees ii. Landlords AsIsoTciaYtions iii. The NigeSria Police iv. Oodua Peoples‟ Congress v. CommRunity Leaders vi. MEarket Women Associations vii.V Community Development Associations 4. What arIe the attitude of people to community policing in your area? Probe further. 5. WhNat are the component elements of community policing in your area? Probe further 6. How do police officers get their information on crime in the local government area? Probe Ufor their sources. 7. Are the police accountable for the community for their actions or inactions? Probe further 8. What are the outcome of strengthened police community relations in your area? Probe for the benefits 9. Does police community joint patrol promote security in your community? Probe for the benefits 10. What are the roles of vigilante groups in community policing? Conclusion Summary of the key points of the discussion Thank you 13 7 APPENDIX III Table 4.2.8a: Level of Effective Security System in Local Government Areas of Oyo State Effective Security Low Medium High Remark Apprehension of offenders - - 93.2% High Prevention of Crime - 50.2% - Medium s - - 87.7% High Preservation of Law and - 53.4% - Medium Order Y Protection of Lives and - - 84.5% High Property R Enforcement of Law and - 50.8% - MediAum Regulations R Crime Reduction - 51.4% - BMedium N LI AD A IB OF ITY RS IV E UN 13 8