POSITIVE
PSYCHOLOGY nu m m " BUJ
AND COUNSELLING LI f c l O f li« M iaf c r a tti
!!
A Publication of Positive Psychology Association, Nigeria with headquarters 
in Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
JPPCV0I.6. RAPID COMMUNICATION EDITION 2020 ISSN 2-630-0522
IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
Journal of Positive Psychology and Counselling, Vol 6.2020
Rapid Communication Edition
Authors Titles Page
1. Israel A. Olasunkanmi Students’ disposition to face-to- 1
screen online teaching and learning 
in response to covid-19 pandemic 
lockdown in Nigeria: implications for 
ODL in a private university 
2 . Afusat Oianike Busari Mathematics anxiety and personality 12
characteristics of secondary school 
Sabainah Oyebola Akinoso students in Lagos state, Nigeria 
3. Olufunke Dupe Mofikoya Curbing the menace of corruption in 24
Nigeria immigration service
4. Odedele, Peter Adeyimika Strategic realignment of companies 34
for competitiveness in the digital 
global business environment (ICT) in 
Nigeria, 1998-2008 
5. Fadun Peter Olusola Psycho-sociological implications of 43
pedophilia on victims
6 . Aluko, Joel O. Suicidal ideation and depression 53
Onasoga, Olayinka A. among undergraduates in a tertiary 
Peretomode, Evans institution in north central Nigeria
Udo, Eunice 
Salau, Adeola R.
7. Michael Olumuyiwa Ige Effect of transactional analysis 66
therapy and emotional intelligence on 
Busayo Sarah Ige anger management of married 
individuals in Ekiti state
8. Animasahun, R.A. Multivariate factors predicting 82
clubbing behaviour among Nigerian 
Adedokun Victor Olanrewaju youths
9. Fajimi, Babatunde Ayoola Leadership styles as determinants of 92
community organization
Olaleye, Yemisi Lydia effectiveness In Epe local 
government area of Lagos state, 
Nigeria
10. Adegun, Adedunni. O. Patterns of stress and academic 103
commitment among married open 
Modebelu, Obiageli. J. distance learners of university of 
Lagos. Nigeria
11. Aderemi Olayide Akintola Effect of counter-attitudinal 1 1 1
advocacy on risky sexual behaviour 
Famuyiwa, S. A. among sero-discordant couples in 
Oyo north senatorial district, Nigeria
Okechukwu Onwuasoigwe
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12. AlukoJoelO. Factors influencing the choice of 123 
birthplace among women of
Ademola, Shafiu. A. childbearing age in selected health 
facilities in Saki west local 
Makanjuola, Osuolale. J. government area of Oyo state,
Nigeria
UmarJibrilN.
13. Dada, Lydia Titilayo Quality and Unemployment Issues In 134 
Ojetunde, Segun Michael Curriculum And Graduate Outputs 
Of Nigerian Universities 
14. Adewuyi Habeeb Omoponle Predictive influence of self- 146
compassion, social support, social 
Jimoh, A. M. media and gender on self-acceptance 
among school going adolescents in 
Falaye A. O Oyo state.
15. Araromi, Maxwell Olakunle, Reading interest, efficiency and 158 
emotional state as determinants of 
Olatunji, Sheriff Olamide secondary school students’
achievement in reading
comprehension in Oyo state 
16. Odiaka, Stella Ifeyinwa Literature-based and ' skill-based 167 
approaches to in-school adolescents’ 
reading comprehension of expository 
texts in Ibadan
17. Ojeleye. Jonathan Ademola Adult education: the rejected 176 
cornerstone for enhanced voter 
education and political participation 
in Nigeria
18. Isaiah. O.O. Effect of self-management and 186 
cognitive restructuring on substance 
Otobo, R.I. abuse among in-school adolescents 
with hearing impairment in Ibadan,
Oyo state, Nigeria
19. Pius Olatunji Olaojo Internet Use and Learning 195 
Behaviours of Senior Secondary 
Innocent School Students in a Local 
Akpobome Government Area of Delta State, 
Gbenedio Nigeria
20. Odejobi, C. Effect of Team-Assisted 210 
Odewumi Ruth Morenike Individualised Instructional Strategy 
on Reading skills of Lower Primary 
School Pupils in Ekiti State 
21. Abimbola Afolabi Influence of Religious and cultural 219 
dispositions on Domestic Violence 
among Couples in Egbeda Local 
Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Journal of Positive Psychology and Counselling, Vol 6. 2020
Rapid Communication Edition
Effect of Self-Management and Cognitive Restructuring on Substance Abuse among In- 
School Adolescents with Hearing Impairment In Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
Tsaiah, 0 .0 .
Department of Special Education, 
University of Ibadan, Ibadan 
+234(0)8060223923 
drgbenea2014@ginail.com
Otobo, R.I.
Department of Special Education 
University of Ibadan, Ibadan
Abstract
This study examined the effect of self-management and cognitive restructuring strategies on 
substance abuse among in-school adolescents with hearing impairment in Ibadan, Oyo State, 
Nigeria. The pretest posttest control group quasi-experimental research design with 3x2 factorial 
matrix was adopted for the study. The sample comprised 30 male and female adolescents with 
hearing impairment selected from three secondary schools in Ibadan. The purposive sampling 
technique was used to select the schools and sample for the study. Four instruments: were used 
for data collection. They include short drug screening instrument (SSD), sample screening 
instrument (SSI), self-management strategy training package and cognitive restructuring strategy 
package. Data collected were analysed using Analysis of Covariance and Scheffe Post hoc 
Analysis at 0.05 level of significance.
There was significant main effect of treatment in reduction of substance abuse among 
adolescents with hearing impairment f (2.27) =6.430, P<0.05, q2=.527 and there was significant 
interaction effect of treatment and socio-economic status on substance abuse among adolescents 
with hearing impairment. Based on the findings, self-management and cognitive restructuring 
strategies should be adopted in reducing substance above among adolescents with hearing 
impairment and parents should not neglect their children with hearing impairment. The schools 
should ensure that counseling services are put in place in order to discourage substance abuse 
among adolescents with hearing impairment.
Keywords: Cognitive Restructuring, Self-Management, Students with Hearing Impairment, 
Substance Abuse
Introduction
Substance abuse among in-school adolescents with hearing impairment has been on continuous 
increase and this has been a great concern to parents, professionals and other members of the 
society as a whole. The adolescents with hearing impairment are equally affected in the 
challenges that every adolescent face during the period of adolescence. The period of 
adolescence, no doubt is characterized with poor decision making and possession of high rate of
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Rapid Communication Edition
participation in dangerous activities such as, experimentation with substances like alcohol 
(Steinburg, 2002). The stage of adolescence ranges from 13 to 20 years of age. It is a challenging 
period that is characterized with occasional turmoil that lures the adolescents with hearing 
impairment for self-discovery coupled with a weakness of being easily influenced by societal 
decadence and vices. Dikko (2015) submitted that the adolescents crave for independence from 
parents’ control of their personal affairs. They revolt against cultural, religious and social 
restrictions such as drug consumption. A good number of them indulge in fantasy; they 
daydream a lot, living sometimes in utopian world of forgetfulness. According to Dikko (2015), 
the adolescents want to experiment a great deal even if it means experimenting with their lives. 
Sometimes they over indulge themselves in certain activities such as substance abuse. In 
addition, they sometimes join dangerous group in order to achieve their social, economic or 
psychological needs.
Every adolescent experiences the stress and storm of the adolescence stage of life. It is suffice to 
say therefore that the adolescents with hearing impairment are not left out. These are the 
individuals who have hearing loss that range from mild to profound. Scholars have found that 
they are more susceptible to substance abuse than their hearing counterparts, because of their 
communication difficulties. For instance, Oyewumi and Adigun (2013) reported that, adolescents 
with hearing impairment are in double jeopardy, because of their inability to communicate orally 
in the society. They feel isolated and dejected when they involve themselves in substance abuse 
in order to suppress their anger against the society. Also, Isaiah (2010) reported that adolescents 
with hearing impairment have the problem of hearing impairment and those of the period of 
adolescence to content with. They are bitter against the society because they feel that they are not 
so fortunate like their hearing counterparts who are well catered for in the society. The 
implication of hearing loss on the adjustment of adolescents with hearing impairment during the 
period of adolescence to the society cannot be overemphasized. Loss of hearing can make a child 
to be at risk of poor academic performance maladjustment.
The rate of substance abuse among the adolescents with hearing impairment in different societies 
of the world is alarming. The 2008 National Survey on Drug Abuse and Health Survey estimated 
that 8% of the American population over 12 years of age made use of illegal drug in previous 
year and half of the population stated they always consume hard drugs. The most commonly 
used illegal drug was marijuana with 15% of users stating that they consume it daily (Substance 
Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2009). Furthermore, McCrone (1994) 
reported that there are approximately 5.105 deaf alcoholics, 3,505 deaf heroin users, 31,915 deaf 
cocaine users and 97,745 deaf marijuana users in the United States of America. In Nigeria, 
Omigbodun and Babalola (2004) reported that it was estimated that the prevalence rate of 
substance abuse among adolescents was 56% of the population, including those with hearing 
impairment for Ibadan and 10% for Abeokuta. Similarly, a 12% of the population was reported 
to engage in alcohol consumption among the adolescents.
Adolescents with hearing impairment abuse both legal and illegal substance for different reasons, 
such as, commitment and conformity to peer influence, individual or personal interest and family 
life pattern. Ahire (1990) was of the view that personality disorders and socio-economic status of 
parents are the major determinants of involvement in substance abuse by adolescents with 
hearing impairment. Isaiah (2015) reported that substance abuse was one of the major antisocial 
behaviours among students with hearing impairment.
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The adverse effects of substance on the adolescents with hearing impairment are very great. It 
affects almost every aspect of their lives. Again, biologically, substance can have serious health 
implications on an individual and it can affect the affective development, such as. relationship 
with others, emotions, feeling and personality development. Substance abuse is equally 
associated with misconduct behaviour that disrupts the maintenance of an orderly and safe 
school atmosphere that is conducive to learning.
Several attempts have been made by scholars to curb the menace of substance abuse among 
adolescents with hearing impairment. It seems that the problem still persist among them 
(adolescents with hearing impairment). This prompted the researchers of the present study to 
determine the effect of self-management and cognitive restructuring in reducing substance abuse 
among in-school adolescents in Oyo State, Nigeria.
Self-management, according to Akinade (2012) is known as self-control. This is the procedure in 
which an individual learns to regulate his or her behaviour in a way that is situationally 
appropriate, maximally rewarding and personally satisfying (Blacham and Silberman. 1980). 
Self-management strategy is a systematic intervention that leaches and enables an individual to 
actively participate in self-monitoring and/or decision making relating to his or her conditions. It 
is not accomplished in a singular step, it is a continuum of learning experiences and 
opportunities. It involves a person with a long tenure conditions (LTC) and the family working in 
collaboration with career and health professionals.
Self-management strategy is geared towards persona! collaborationand enablement of problem­
solving skill for sustained self-care. Self-management equips an individual with knowledge, 
skills to life situations (Flinders Human Beha\iour and Health Research Unit, 2006). It is 
expected that the use of self-management strategy will enable an individual to abstain from or 
get rid of substance abuse and obtain a long-life span with healthier expectation, live more 
independent lives. It will equally equip an individual with good goal setting and problem-solving 
skills.
Cognitive restructuring strategy is a part of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). CBT is one of 
the most effective psychological treatments for common problems like depression, unhelpful 
thinking in form of dysfunctional belief and/or cognitive distortions which is just like any other 
automatically occurring bad habit. The use of cognitive restructuring will afford an individual 
become more aware of what is happening in his her mind and change how he or she is thinking 
for the better.
Cognitive restructuring is also knowm as cognitive reframing. It is a technique drawn from 
cognitive therapy that can help the adolescents with hearing impairment identify challenge and 
alter stress inducing thought patterns and beliefs. The end goal of CR is to enable people to 
replace stress inducing thought habit with more accurate and less rigid thinking one. Again, it is 
a useful and moods and for challenging the wrong automatic beliefs.
Variable such as Socio-economic status of parents is capable of influencing substance among 
adolescents with hearing impairment. It is not unlikely that some of them engaged in substance 
abuse because of poor home background. In the light of this, Betson (1997) observed that 
adolescents found in families who are poor are likely to engage in substance abuse. According to 
him. living in poverty entails not having the means to acquire the necessities of living in
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reasonable comfort. The frustration caused by poverty which invariably portrays low economic 
status has indeed caused some adolescents with hearing impairment to get involved in substance 
abuse.
Investigating into the reduction of substance abuse among adolescents with hearing impairment 
therefore, is worthwhile, since substance abuse make their behaviour harmful and detrimental to 
their quality of life, academic performance and adjustment to their environment. Not only that, 
they manifest symptoms like sudden change in behaviour and anger towards others. Many 
studies have been carried out on substance abuse among adolescents with hearing impairment, 
but from observation the problem seems to be on the increase. This study therefore, examined 
the effect of self-management and cognitive restructuring on substance abuse among in-school 
adolescents with hearing impairment in Ibadan. Oyo State. Nigeria.
Substance abuse among adolescents with hearing impairment has been a source of concern to 
parents and researchers over the years. It is characterized by withdrawal, truancy, aggression, 
poor academic performance and disruptive behaviour. Most of the adolescents with hearing 
impairment engage in substance abuse because they feel neglected by the members of the 
society, especially their family members. The socio-economic status of the parents could in a 
way contribute to substance abuse, especially when the parents could not afford to provide the 
basic academic resources for their children or when they are not well taken care of. Although, 
several attempts have been made to proffer solution to the problem of substance abuse among 
adolescents with hearing impairment through research using different measures and strategies, 
however, the efforts made, not having lasting solution thus necessitated this study on effect of 
self-management and cognitive restructuring strategies on substance abuse among adolescents 
with hearing impairment in Ibadan.
Hypotheses
The following hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance:
Hoi: There is no significant main effect of treatment on substance abuse among adolescents 
with hearing impairment in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
H02: There is no significant main effect of socio-economic status in reducing substance abuse 
among adolescents with hearing impairment in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
H03: There is no significant interaction effect of treatment and socio-economic status on 
substance abuse among adolescent with hearing impairment in Oyo State, Nigeria.
Methodology
The pretest-posttest control group, quasi-experimental research design with 3x2 factorial matrix 
was adopted for the study. The population comprised all adolescents with hearing impairment in 
Ibadan. The sample comprised 30 male and female adolescents with hearing impairment who 
were selected from three secondary schools in Ibadan. The schools were Methodist Grammar 
School, Bodija, Ibadan, Ijokodo High School and Christian Mission School for the Deaf, 
Onireke, Ibadan. The instruments used comprised Drug Screening Instrument scale (SDS),
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Simple Screening Instrument (SSI) for substance abuse, self-management strategy training 
package and cognitive strategy package.
The researchers sought permission from the principals of the schools that were used for the 
study. The researchers then interacted with the teachers, sign language interpreters and the 
school counsellors, who eventually served as research assistants in the course of carrying out the 
study. The researchers also interacted with the students in order to create rapport with them. The 
study lasted for six weeks.
The participants in the two groups were simple screening instrument (SSI) for substance abuse 
self-administered form and short drug screening instruments based on severity of dependence 
scale (SDS) before the commencement of the treatment exercise. The participants in the two 
experimental group were exposed to treatment on self-management and cognitive restructuring 
respectively, while the participants in the control group were not given any treatment. The data 
collected from the study were analysed using inferential statistics of analysis of covariance 
(ANCOVA) and Scheffe Post hoc analysis. ANCOVA was used to compare the differences in 
the effect of the two treatment while Scheffe Post hoc Analysis was used to find the mean 
differences of the effect of the treatment.
Results
Three hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The following is the 
summary of the findings of the study.
Table 1: ANOVA showing the significant main effect and interaction effects
Source Sum of Df Mean F Sig. Eta2
Square Square
Corrected Model 507.476 111 45.134 14.222 .000 .897
Pretest .809 .809 .249 .624 .014
Main Effect
Treatment Group 41.718 21 20.859 6.430 .008 .417
Socio-economic status 65.130 65.130 20.077 .000 .527
2-Way Interaction 
Treatment
Socio-economic Status 14.078 2 7.039 2.170 .143 .194
Error 58.39 18 3.244
Total 565.867 29
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Table 2: Estimated marginal
Treatment Group Mean Std Error
Treatment I 21.578 0.757
Treatment II 23.084 0.669
Control 18.009 0.746
Hypothesis 1: There is no significant main effect of treatment on substance abuse among 
adolescents with hearing impairment. The result from Table 2 shows that there was significant 
main effect of treatment on substance abuse (f(2,27)=6.430. P<.05. r)2=.4.417). Hence, the null 
hypothesis is rejected.
Hypothesis 2: There is no significant main effect of socio-economic status on substance abuse 
among adolescents with hearing impairment.
Table 3: Estimated marginal means scores on socio-economic status
Socio-economic status Mean Std Error
Low 19.338 .563
High 23.328 .561
The result from Table 3 shows that there was significant main effect of socio-economic status on 
substance among adolescents with hearing impairment (f(l.28)—20.077, P<05, r]2=.527). Hence, 
the null hypothesis is rejected.
Hypothesis 3: There is no significant interaction effect of treatment and socio-economic status on 
substance abuse among students with hearing impairment.
Table 4: Estimated marginal means scores on treatment and socio-economic status
Treatment Socio-economic status Mean Std Error
Treatment 1 Low 19.658 1.148
High 23.497 .850
Treatment II Low 21.799 1.107
High 24.368 .771
Control Low 16.667 .632
High 20.913 1.810
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The result from Table 4 shows that there was significant interaction effect of treatment and 
socio-economic status on substance abuse among adolescents with hearing impairment 
(F(2.27)=2.170, P<.05. r)2=. 194). Hence, the null hypothesis is rejected.
Discussion of findings
The study found that there was a significant main effect of treatment in reduction of substance 
abuse among adolescent with hearing impairment, it maintains that treatment is effective and has 
a role in reduction of substance abuse among adolescents with hearing impairment thus rejected 
the null. This confirms Akinade (2012) proving that self-management helps individual learns and 
practices to regulate his or her behaviour in a way that is situationally appropriate, maximally 
rewarding and personally satisfying. Again, corroborating with the result is Kristina (2013) 
revealing that cognitive restructuring trains individuals to recognize, examine and modify 
maladaptive cognitions when they emerge. Additionally, Singh (2005) supported that self­
management components improved health cares for individuals with long term conditions.
This study found that there was a significant main effect of socio-economic factor in reduction of 
substance abuse hence rejecting the null and proving that socio-economic status is a fundamental 
factor to adolescents with hearing impairment abusing substance. This result conforms to 
Brooks-Gunn and Duncan (1997) which revealed that residence in an impoverished 
neighbourhood exposed vulnerable minors to crime drug use. Patrick and Schoeni reported that 
socio-economic status had effect on substance abuse young adults. The study stating that there 
was interaction effect of treatment and socio-economic status in reduction of substance abuse 
rejects the null, thus, implying that treatment and socio-economic status influences reduction of 
substance abuse among adolescents with hearing impairment. This negates the findings of 
Children Defence Fund (2007) which found that poverty increased mental problem in children 
and decreased the likelihood that the child will have access to mental health care to counter the 
negative effects.
Conclusion
The adverse effect of substance abuse among adolescents with hearing impairment is alarming. 
Consequently, all hands must be on deck to prefer appropriate solutions to the menace of 
substance abuse among them, so that they can live meaningful and productive lives.
Recommendations
The following are recommended, based on findings of this study:-
• In every school, there should be counseling psychologists saddled with the 
responsibilities of counseling the adolescents with hearing impairment about the risk 
factors associated with substance abuse.
• Adolescents with hearing impairment should be included in the programmes that are 
meant for the youths in curbing substance abuse.
• Self-management and cognitive restructuring should be adopted by professionals in 
management of substance abuse among adolescents with hearing impairment.
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• The parents should show love to their children with hearing impairment by providing for 
them all things require socially, academically and psychologically in order to improve 
their sense of belonging.
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