UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY f AEROBIC, ANAEROBIO AND HAEMATOLOGIC RESPONSES OF COLLEBE • v . i OF EDUCATION MALE STUDENTS TO DEHYDRATION REHYDRATION AND SUPERHYDRATION BY JOEL ADEKUNLE ADEGUN B.Sc. (Ife), M.Ed. (Ibadan) A TMESIS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION Submitted to the Faculty of Education in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN ~..,v - UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY d e d i c a t i o n Ibis thesis is dedicated to the Glory of GOD and tó' evergreen memory of rny industrious and beloved mother, Mrs. Rachaél Mogbonjubola Adegun, who worked tenaciously„ bu t. unable to reap the fruáts of her eartbly struggle. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY A B S T . R A C I The purpose of the study was to investígate the infle.-- ence of dehydration, rehydration and superhydration on the aerobio, anaerobio, haematologic and some related body rompo- sition variables in College of Educati.on male students. A repeated measures experimental design was used for the study. The subjects were twenty healthy Physical and Health Educa- tion students of Dndo State College of Education, Ikere- Ekiti. They were volunteers certified fit by the physician .before they were allowed to take part in the study. The variables tested were máximum oxygen consumption (Maxvo ), * xL Recovery heart rate, myocardial oxygen consumption, speed, power, packed oell volume (F'VC), osmotic fragility, percent body fat and lean body weight. The subjects were pre-assessed on the selected varia­ bles. For the first condition, the subjects were dehydrated so ’ that over 37. of the body weight of each was lost before the exercise and subsequent reassessment. Al so, they were allowed two weeks after dehydration for rehydration to take place before being exposed to exercise and evaluation. 11 liilj lililí lilil. .............. . I ......... .MIDI,!,... I, ... tu UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY For superhydration, the subjects drank 2 litres of water each 30 minutes before the evaluation took place. Nine sub-hypotheses were formulated and tested at significant level of 0.05. The data were analysed, using descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics used were mean, range and standard deviation. The inferential statis- é tics was the ANOVA. The method of Scheffe was used to deter­ mine where the differences. The resulte showed significant differences .in weight, speed, recovery heart rate, máximum oxygen consumption (Maxvo ), myoce.rda.al oxygen consumption as 2 well as the haematologic variables of packed cell volume (F'VC) and Osmotic fragility among the three levels of hydra- tion. Superhydration affected only máximum oxygen consump- ’tion (Maxvo O). Recovery heart rate, myocardial oxygen con-jL. sumption, F'CV and Osmotic fragility. Other variables were not influenced significantly by the various conditions. It s concluded that dehydration was detrimental to physical per formances and red blood cells while superhydration enchanced aerobic capacity. iii UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T I wish to register my unalloyed gratitude to my super­ visor Dr. V. C. Igba.nugo for the wonderful way she handled the work. I thank her for her patience, constructive com~ ments, unfailing and useful suggestions which led to the. success of this worthwhile research. I am also thankful to Professor J . A. Adedeji for his fatherly role towards my a/cademic. development. I am particu­ lar! y grateful to Professor L. 0 . Amusa for his cordial relationship and for his scholarstic contrihution towards the successful completion of this work. My profound gratitude goes to Professor C. 0. Udoh, Dr. 0 . Owolabi, Dr. (Mrs.) E. I. Nwankwo, Dr. Yomi Awosika and •Dr. Omolabi for their encouragement and valuadle suggestions towards this work. I am indeed very grateful to the adminis­ trativo staff of the Department of Physical and Health Educa- tion for their contribution at every stage of the programme. My immence thanks go to the students of the Department of Physical and Health Education, Ondo State College of Education, Ikere-Ekiti who voluntered to be subjects of the research despite the rigour and sacrifice involved. I am grateful to the Laboratory Technologists in Spe- UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY cialist hospital, Ado-Ekiti and Mr coker of State hospital . Ikere-Ekiti for their contrihution and help rendered in the area of haematology. I am grateful to Br. Aden i rar if the I n stitute of Physical Education, Obafemi Awolowo Ur ersity , Ile-Ife n for making his books available.^ I am al? very g r a t e f u 1 to m,y colleagues in the Department of Phys: ti and H e a 1th Edi,tc.a— * tion, Onda State College of Education, I kere - E kiittii . I am particularly grateful to Messrs J. A.'Aiddego boy ega and S,. A . Jegede for their servic.es during the research. I acknowledge the unreserved assistance of Dr. S. O. Bandele of the Computer Centre of Ondo State College of Education, Ikere-Ekiti, for his contrihution right from the ’ beqining to the completion of this work. The assistance of Mr. Ayo OdewumiMr. Tunde Olotu. and Mrs Faremi was also very immense, and I am grateful to them.’ I am also grateful to all my colleagues in the Faculty of Education, Ondo State University, Ado-Ekiti, for their concern about the work. I am profoundly grateful to my beloved wife Mrs Olaj- iire Adegun and my sons Damola, Muyiwa and Yemi for their v UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY / patience, understanding and support. May God bless you Joel Adekunle Adegun Department of F’hysical a Health Education U n i v e r s i t y o f I b a d a n IBADAN. vi UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY C E R T I F I C A T I O N I certify that thís résearch was carríed out by Mr. Jce! Adekunie Adegun in the Department of Physicai and Health Education, University of fbadan. SUPERVI SOR Dr. V.C. Igbanugo, M.S. (Smith College), Ed. D. (Applied Physiology, Columbia) D.P.E. (London) vil UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY IABLE OF CONIENIS PAGE 5 d e d i c a t i o n -- I a b s t r a c t 11 a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t IV CERTIFICATION VII TABLE OF CONTENTS VII LIST OF PLATES XI 1 TST OF TABEES XI I LIST OF FIGURES XVI CHAPIERS 1 . INTRODUCTION 1 - 1 1 Statement of the Problem 4 * Hypotheses .... 5 Delimitation of the Study . 7 Limitation of the Study 8 Significance of the Study 9 Definition of Terms 10 2 . LITERATURE REVIEW . . : 12 - 42 Water and Uses 12 Water Balance 15 Dehydration Causes ... 27 vx 11 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Dehydration and Anaerobio work 19 Dehydration and Aerobio capacity ... 25 Dehyratíon and Body Composition ... ' 29 Dehydration and Physiologic Parameters 32 Dehydration and Blood 36 Rehydration and-Superhydration Rehydration, Superhydration and Performance 39 Rehydration, Superhydration and Physiological and Haemotologic variables 42 3. METHOD AND PROCEDURE 43 - 60 Research Design 43 Subjects 43 Assignment of Subjects to Treatment '44 Instrumentation --- 46' Data Collection Procedure ... 49 liethod of Data Analysis 59 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 61 - 107 Results and Analysis ... 61 Analysis of Physical and Physiological Variables for all conditions ... 78 ix i UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Aerobio, Anaerobio and Haematologic Variables - - - 90 Discussion - - - 107 SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND.RECOMMENDATIONS 122 ~ 131 Summary - - - 122 Conclusions _ --- 129 Recommendations ... 144 References - - - 130 Appendix • : - - - 145 x UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY LIST OF PLATES PLATE PAGE • 1 . Micro-haematolog'Ical Centrif uge - M - 48 2 . Colorimeter ... 50 xi UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY LIST OF TABLES PAGE Physical and Body Cornposítion of the Subjects for all the conditions 62 Physiological and* Aerobio Character Istias of the Subjects for all conditions 63 Anaerobio and Haematologic characteristics for the subjects for all condi tons , (-<' Summary of ANOVA for physical and physiological variables for dehydration ... 69 Summary of ANOVA for Aerobio, Anaerobio and Haematologic Variables for dehydration 70 Summary of ANOVA for physical and physiological variables for rehydration ‘ - - -• • 72 Summary of ANOVA for Aerobio., Anaerobio and Haematologic variables for Rehydration ... 7 3 Summary of ANOVA for physical and physiological variables for superhydration 75 Summary of ANOVA for Aerobic, Anaerobio and Haematologic Variables for Superhydration 76 ANOVA, (Repeated Heasure Design) of Weight xi i UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY for Normal, Dehydration, Rehydration and Superhydration - - - 7 9 Scheffe Test on mean score of each group for weight. ANOVA of percent body fat for Normal, 0 e h y d rat i on, Rehyd rat ion a nd S upe r h yd r a t ion ANOVA for lean body weight. (LBW) for Normal, Dehydration, Rehydration and Superhydration. 83 ANOVA for Resting Heart Rate.for Normal De hydration, R e h y d r a t i o ri a n d S u p e r h y d r a t i o n. 8 4 Scheffe Test on Mean Score of each group for Resting Heart Rate. 85 ANOVA of systolic blood pressure for Normal, Dehydration, Rehydration and Superhydration 8 6 Scheffe Test on Mean Score of each group for systolic blood pressure. 8 / ANOVA of Diastolic blood pressure ofr normal D e h y d r a t i on, R e h y dratio n a n d Sup e r h y d r a t i o n 8 8 Scheffe Test on Mean Score of each group for Diastolic Blood Pressure 89 ANOVA of Recovery Heart Rate for Normal Dehydration, Rehydration and Superhydration 90 xi i i UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 21- Scheffe Test on Mean Score of each group for Recovery Heart Rate 91 2 2 . ANOVA of máximum oxygen consumption for Normal, Dehydration, Rehydration and 8 u p e r h y d r a t i o n 93 23, Scheffe Test on mean score of each group for máximum oxygen consumption 94 24 . ANOVA of Myoca/'dial oxygen consumption for Normal, Dehydration, Rehydration and Supei hydr at ion ... 25. Scheffe Test on mean score of each group for myocardial oxygen consumption 97 26. ANOVA of speed for Normal, Dehydration, Rehydration and Superhydration. 98 27. Scheffe Test on Mean Score of each for Speed 99 28. ANOVA of power for Normal, Dehydration, Rehydration and Superhydration. i 0 0 29. ANOVA of Packed Ce11 Volume (PCV) for Normal Dehydration, Rehydration and Superhydration 101 30. Scheffe Test on Mean Score of each group for Packed Cell Volume 113 31. ANOVA of Osmotic Fragility of Normal, xiv UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Dehydration, Rehydration and Superhydration 104 Scheffe Test on Mean Score of each group fon Osmotlc Frágil ity 105 Appendices 145 Appendix A 145 Appe ndix B 148 Appendix C 152 Appendix D 154 Appendix E 171 xv UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Cha nejes in Weight due to De hydration, Rehydration and Superhydration 80 Cha riges in Recoven y Heart Rate due to DehydratIon, Rehydration and Superhydrat: on 92 3 Changos in Máximum üxygen Consumption due to Dehydration, Rehydration and Super hydrat ion. 95 4 . Changos in Packed Cell Volume due to Dehydration, Rehydration and Superhydrat on . 1 0 2 5. Changes in Osmotic Frágility due to Dehydration, Rehydration and Superhydrat on i 06. xvi UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CHAF'TER I INTRODUCTIQN Water is one of the prime necesE.iti.es of iife used to meet the body*s physiological needs. The body of an average man contains approximately 40 1 itres of water. Water forma. he bu 1 k (about 75%) of al 1 protoplasm and acts as a médium for the various enzymatic and Chemical reactions. Water f i ¡nr.tions as a diluent of to>: ic wast.es, aids in the transport of body nutrients and in the regulation of body temperature (Gut.hrie , 1975). Homeostasis is preserved by the balance between the intake and excretion of water in the body. Dehydration and superhydration are conditions that negate balance, of fluid in the body. People concerned with sports .are recognising the impact of dehydration and superhydration as aspects of physi-* oloqical stress on the performer and in respect of the poten- tial dangers of these extreme situations. Dehydration according to Harrison (1970) can lead to weight loss, amounting to two or three pounds per day, dry- ness of mouth, shrinking of the skin and eyes, decrease in fluid content of the body and decrease in capacity for physi- cal activity. Buskirk and Grasley ( .1958) in their extensivo UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY research found that hyporexia, incoordination, mental dull- n e 5 5 elevated body temperature and fetique ai the body can be caused by dehydration. Some athletes especially those using weight as factor of performance have employed dehyration as a means of losing weiqht and this is a dangerous practico (Fox and Hat heves, 1981). They said further that delibérate cause of excessive water loss through sweating for the purpose of losing weight is uncalled for, it is hazardous and has the risk of serious heat illness, thirst, discomfort, loss of appetite and a drastic reduction of sodiu.m and chloride .in the body. It has been observed among workers that profuso sweat­ ing in industries may lead to severe cramps in the museles of ,'the lirnbs and of the abdominal wall and this occurence re­ duces productivity and job performance (Karpovish and Sin- ning, .1971). On the other hand, when a person drinks a larde amount of water according to Smith (1951), a. phenomenon called water diuress ensues. He further said that dehydration may lead to anorexia weakness, mental apathy, muscular twiching convulsión and even coma Fox and Matthews (1981) al so warned that too much water should not be imbibed by athletes at any one time since athletes * ,the may feel u.ncomfortable under these conditions. Hiller (1989) in his study siso reported that dehydration is UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ihe most common reason for endurance athletes to need medical assistance. He therefore recommended that the ultra-endur- ance athletes should maintain proper fluid balance. Rehydration has been an important phenomenon in re- placinq water that had been lost during dehydration. Mies- cha r and Furtney (1989) found that high body temperature, decrease in plasma volume subsided upon rehydration„ Over-, enthusiastic administration of water according to Robson (1979) can lead to nausea, mental confusión, headache and convulsione; but some resear chers edvócsted unlimited co.n— sumption of water hy athletes. Blyth and Burt (1961) empha- sised that superhydration increased endurance performances. Endurance athletes and runners should be encou.raged to fre- quently ingest fluids during competition and to consume fluid 30 minutes before competition. This is based. on the fact. that endurance activities last longer and. water is needed by these athletes to maintain the necessary water balance in the body . In Nigeria, the position may be critica! becau.se of the tropical nature of the el imate. The sun increases the atmos- pheric temperature, which causes excessive sweating especial- ly .during the dry season. It is the aim of this study to inves1 1 gate the aerobic, anaerobic, and haemat.o 1 ogic re- sponses of College of Education male students to dehydration, rehydration and superhydration. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Statemerrt of. Problems Ma i or Problen People are concerned over the effects of dehydration and superhydration on performance of various sporting activi- ties. Studies conducted by eminent scholars (Parks et al, 1986; Costil and Cote, 1982, Klafs and Arheim, .1975) on these two physiological extremes have shown evidence of their influence on the physical capab.il ity of individuáis. Soné of these studies carried out on animáis (Morimoto et al. 1986; Park et al, 1986; Januszewics et ai, 1986). show conflicting results (Matthews, 1966; Robson 1979), and were mostly conducted in countries other than Nigeria. It seems that only few of the studies on humans looked at changes in .Anaerobio performance and blood. Ibis study was therefore designed to see whether there would be any significant dif- ference in Aerobio, Anaerobio, Haematologic as well as re.la.t-- ed body composition variables of College of Educatión male students as a resu.lt of dehydration, rehydration and superhy­ dration . Sub Problene Specif ical ly, attempt. would be made to answer the following questions: 1. Would there be any significant difference in máximum oxygen consumption (Max Vo ) " as a result of dehydrá- 4 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY tion, rehydration and euperhydration? 2 . Would dehydration, rehydration and superhydration have significant effect on recovery heart rate? y, Would there be any significant difference in myocardial oxygen consumption as a result of dehydration, rehydra- t. i on and super hy d r a t ion? 4 . Would there be any significant change in speed as a. result of dehydration, rehydration and superhydration? 5 , Would there be any significant difference in power as a resu1 t of dehydration, rehydration and superhydration? . -Would dehydration, rehydration and Superhydration have any significant effect on packed cell volume? 7 . Would there be any significant difference in Osmotic Frágility as a result of dehydration, rehydration and superhydration? 8 . Would percent body fat be significant.ly affect.ed_ by dehydration, rehydration and superhydration? 9. Would there be any significant difference in lean body weight (LBW) as a result of dehydrations, rehydration and super hydrat ion? Hajor Hypothesis There would be no significant differences in aerobic, anaerobio, haematologic and the body composition variables as a result of dehydration, rehydration, and superhydration. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Suh Hvpotheses The following sub-hypotheses would be tested: ^, There would be no significant difference in máximum oxygen consumption (Maxvo O) as a result of dehydra tion, rehydration and superhydration. 7 , There would be no significant difference in recovery heart rate as a result óf dehydration, rehydration and s u p e r h y d r a t i o n « 3 . There would be no significant difference in myocardial <3 y. y g e n c o n s-um p c x o í í a s a r e su 1 t o í o e ̂ i y o r a L i o í í , i e í ¡ y dration and superhydration. 4 . There would be no significant chanqe ins peed as a result of dehydration, rehydration and superhydration. 5 . There would be no significant difference in power as a result of dehydration, rehydration and superhydration. 6 . There would be no significant change in Packed ' ‘Ce 1.1 Volunte as a result of dehydration, rehydration and su perhydrati on. 7. There would be no significant difference in Osmotic Fragility as a. result of dehydration, rehydration and s u p e r h y d r a t i o n . 8 . There would be no significant difference in percent body fat as a result of dehydration, rehydration and su pe r hy d r a t i on . 9. There would be no significant difference in lean body h UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY weight (LBW) as a result of dehydration, rehydration and superhydration. Delimitatlon of the Study The study was 1 imited to investigation of the' effect of dehydration, rehydration, superhydration on the aerobio, anaerobio, haematologic and body composition variables. The F'hysical and Health Education male students of Ondo State Colleqe of Education, Ikere-Ekiti served as subjects. The subjects were tested on the following variables; 1 . Máximum oxygen consumption (Maxvo O) (Estimated) 2. Myocardial oxygen consumption (Mvo O)jL. 3. Recovery Heart Rate 4 . Blood Pressure 5 . Speed ó. Power 7, Packed Cell Volume (PC-V) 8 . Osmot i c F rag i 1 .i ty 8 . Body Weight 10. Percent Body Fat 11. Lean Body Weight The study was carried out in the department of F’hysical and Health Education, Ondo State College of Education, Ikere- Ekiti, and Haematological laboratory of the Specialist Hospi- UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY tsl Ado - Ekiti. The following tools were employed in test- í na f Heal th-O-meter beam scale, lanqe skinfold ce 1.1 per s and anthropometer to determine the weight, height, body density, percent body fat and lean body weight. Stethoscope, sphygno- manometer, micro—haematocrit. centifuge were used in dfetermin- inq the heart rate, blood pressure and the F'acked Cell Volume C!f fhe subjects. The athletic track fácility of the Depart. r; 1 e n t o f P h y s i c a 1 a n d H e a 11 h É d u c a t i o n , 0 n d o S t a t e C o 11 e g e o i Edu.catión, Ikere - Ekiti was used for the 12 minutes run. The study was- al so limited to the use of the following statistics for analysing the resultes mean, range, stand.-.-: deviation and Analysis of Varianee (ANOVA) I imitation of the Study The following limitations were encountered during the pourse of carrying out the study: i. Lukewarmñess was shown by some of the subjects of the study which might have affected the re.suIt obtained. . 2. Some of the test evaluated were done on the open sports f i e 1 d . T h e t em p e r a tu re , hu m i d i t. y , w i n d v e 1 o c i t y c o u 1 d not be controlled. These environmental problema might have slightly affected the valúes obtained. 3. One of the conditions in the study involved loss of body water without immediate replacement, another condition involved taking of too much water at a time. This caused discomfort and temporary loss of freedom of 8 UNIVERSITY OF IBAD N LIBRARY movement hy the subjects. These situations might have causee! the subjects not to exercise up to their full capacity. 4 Subjects were a little apprehensive about the possible physiological effect the experimental conditions could have on them» They were sure that there woúld not be negative ef f ect on their hea1 1 h, g-i nnifi can ce of the Stúdy Scientiste and people concerned with training of athlet.es are concerned over the possible effeets of dehydra- tion and superhydration on the human body. One must be aware of the significance of these phenomena in sports. The re­ sulte of this study would form the basis to make appropriate ■ recommendations that coaches could use to prevent problema posed hy these physiological extremes. A knowledge of the effeets of dehydration and superhy- dration on performance that would be revealed hy the resulta of this study may prove useful to coaches ánd team physiciant in planning practice and game procedures as it relates to water balance in the body. Such knowledge would help them to prepare athletes for competition in the hot parts of the world and to watch the water intake of athletes during train­ ing sessions and competitions. It .is ver y important al so to use the atmospheric condi- 9 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY tlon as a prevailing factor in schedulling training and compet.i tion. The results of this study might clear the air about some errorneous ideas on water intake before and during performances especial ly among athlet.es that have mu 1 tip 1 e events in track and field, and many games to play within eliort. intervals. There is increasing concern about the effects of var—■ •i ous stresses on the Haematologic condi tions of athlet.es. It j5 hoped that this study would provide useful .Information for­ co a ches and trainers for proper care of the athlet.es,, safe quard'ing them against conditions that could adverse 1 y affect them. This area of study appears to be relatively new among researchers in Nigeria, the results of this study may stimu- late more studies in the area. Def inition of Tenus • . • Dehvdration: The condition that results from excessive loss of water. Rehvdration; The replacement of lost water in the hod during dehydration. Su. pe r h v dratlon: The condition that results when large amounts of water is administerecJ into the body system through drinking. F'acked Ce 11 Vo 1 ume/Haematocrit. Valué It is the percentage UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY of the blood volurrie that is made up of red blood cells. The normal range ie 38 and 50. Osmotic Frágil ity: It is the rate of heamolysis of the red blood cells, which is due to osmotic pressure of the surrounding fluid on c:e 1 1 wal 1 as a resu 1 1. of trauma produced by phys1 ca 1 stress. Aerobio: In the presence of oxygen. Ar.aerobi.cj_ In the absen ce of oxygen. Max jrtiuffi/0xyqen Consumption : Oxygen consumption (Maxvo ) maximal rate at which oxygen can be consumad per minute: the power or capacity of aerobic or oxygen system. Power s It can be defined as work done per unit time P = Wxt. Where P = Power; W — Work; T = Time (Fox and Matthews, 1931). It is the combina- tion of strength and speed. Restinq Valúes: Measurements taken before subjects enqaqe in physical performance. Recoverv Valúes: These are Measurements taken immediately after physical performance. 11 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW The purpose of this study was to look at the aerobic, snaerobic and haematologic responses of College of Education ¡ríale students to dehydration, rehydration and superhydration. Review of the relatad 1 itera ture was done urtder the following. headings: (a) Water and uses ( b ) W a t e r b a 1 a n c e (c) Dehydration - causes (d) Dehydration and Anaerobio work (e) Dehydration and Aerobic capacity (f) Dehydration and Body composition (q) Uehydration and Physiological parameters (h) Dehydration and Blood ( i ) R e h y d r a t i o n a n d S u p e r h y d r a t i o n (j) Rehydration, Superhydration and performance (k) Rehydration, Superhydration and Physiological and Haematologic variables. (a ) • Water Uses: Water is ver y essential for li.fe, survival is limited to only two or three days without water becau.se death occurs with loss of about 20 percent of body water (Tyler, 12 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 1979). Water is used as body builder (Guthrie, 1975) and it is present in the new materials that are synthesized in the body such as glycogen and fat. These materials can only accumulate in the body in the presen ce of water (Tyler, 1979). There are many ways in which water is important in the body. It helps in flushing the variaos body árgana and serves as the médium througb which the waste producís -are taken to the kidneys and the skin for: el imination from the body-. Water is al so essential in the lungs for gaseous ex~ chance and generally for the maintenance of body temperatura 0 at 37 C. In digestión, water is used in making the enzymes used in food degradation. Saliva which also contains a • lot of water, helps in moving front down the esophagus thus acting as lubricant. Water makes museles, tendons, cartilage and bones flexible. So adequate amount of water is esserl- tial for proper growth and development (Atolagbe, 1986). Water is the most abundant compound in 1 iv;ing ce lie which usual ly contain 65-907. of water by weight , due to the polarity and hydrogen-bonding properti.es of the water mole- cales. It has several unique features that make it especial- ly well suited to perform its biologic functions. It is a powerful solvent. for many ionio compounds and neutral mole— cu les (Tyler, 1979). 13 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Water strongly influences the state of dissociation of the ma cromo1 ecu1 es of the cell. Thus water not only serves aS a. dispersinq médium but also e>:erts a major influence on the extracellular fluid (Glyton, 1980). Total body water is distributed between two main compartments, .intracel lular and extracellular . According to Tyler (1979) the fluid within celle is cal led i.ntrace 1 1 ular f 1 u.id. Since the f 1 uid within each individual cell is fairly constant in composition, the concept of a single intracellular fluid compartment is a useful one, although what we real1y mean when referring to the intracellular fluid is an aggregate of the fluid present in a huge number of minute seperate compartments. A 1 1 the fluid outside ttle cell is collectively termed extracellular fluid, a mixture of (1 ) plasma, (2 ) intersti- tial and lymph fluid (3) dense connective tissue, cartilage and bone (4) transcel lular fluids. Gut'hrie (1975) pean ted out that water is about 607. of the total body weight and ' 707. of the lean mase. All the bones in the body, and the gre rnatter of the brain contain about 25 and 85 percent of wate; respectively. The blood is made up of plasma, and Plasma is 90 percent water (Schotchius, et al, 1973). The wide distribution of water in the body suggests its importance in the body processes. The blinking of the eyes is facilitated by the secretion of tears f rom the toar gland which helps to moisten the surfa.ee of the eyes. The tear 14 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY that is evenly distributed over the surface of the eye helps. to qive a clearer image of what is seen (Guyton, 1975). The water intake comprises the fluid drunk and the water in the food eaten. The water formad by the oxidation of carbohydrate, protein and fat (metabolic water) is aleo available to the body. The output consiste of uriñe, the water in the feaces and the water evaporated from the sk ir­ án d lungs. F'asssmore and Durning (1955) gave the daily water balance of a young man leading a sedentary life as followss Intake comprises of water cc-ntent of solid food 115ml/day, liquid drunk 21S0ml/day, and metabolic water 275ml/day making "up 2574ml/day. The output consiste of uriñe 1295ml/day. Faecal water 56ml/day, and evaporative water losa 1214ml/'day, making a total of 2565ml/day and a water balance of 5mJ/day. From this analysis, the water and other fluid drinks. are approximately equal to the uriñe output. Water E:tracel luí ar compartment by osmosis thus keepinq the osmolalities of the extracellular and intracellular fluids equal to each other. The overall effect. of all these losses will result in dehydration. 17 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Dehydration may be cause'd by restriction of water •ntake or by excessive water lose. Restriction of water intake is the commonest cause of dehydration. The depriva- tion of water is far more serious than the deprivation of food. fian loses approximately 25 percent of his total body water per day (about 1,200 millilitres) in u.rine, in expired -Ir by insensible perspiration and from the gastrointestinal f rae t • If in addi t ion »to this loes, his loes through per­ spiration is greatly increased as in the case of the ship- wrecked sailor ori tropical seas or the athlete performing in a tropical el imate within a few hours, the athlete may lose so much body water that he or she may go into state of shock and may die if appropriate steps are not taken. When swallowing is difficult in extremely ill persons or when peoplé can not respond to the sense of thirst becau.se of age or illness or loss of consciousness, the failüre to compénsate for the daily loss of body water wil.l rapidly r e s u 11. i n d e h y d r a t. i o n - Fox (1979) also explained that during heavy physical a.ctivity, particularly on hot or humid day, large quantities of water and some salt are lost by the body through sweating. He said further that it is not unusual for athletes to lose fithteen pounds of water during physical activity over a period of 1.5 to 2 hours. 18 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY F'atients with diabetes insipidus (which resulte from insufficiency of antidiuretic hormone) are unable to concén­ trate normal uriñe and consequently would not maintain normal intake of water and excretion of uriñe. It has been said that these patients spend their lives running from kitchen to bathroom. The water that they lose in this disease has an extremely low concentration of salt. Also excessive water loss can occur in persone witt extensivo burns, a largo volume of water may be lost through H,p damaqed skin. Similar!y, excessive sweatinq without adequate water intake can produce severo dehydration. A rare cause of dehydration is loss of water from the lu.ngs in the presence of hyperventilation - excessive rate of breathing. The normal daily turnover of fluids in the gastrointes­ tinal tract amounts to about eiqht litres in 2 hours, nearly 20 percent of total body water. In vorniting or diarrhea, larqe volume of water may be lost, always with an associated loss of electrolyt.es (e.g. sodi uní, potassium). Dehydration and ftnaerobic Work: The ability to jump, sprint, throw shotput, javelin or perforrn fast. starts as would be required are a few examples of athletes converting energy to power. The ability to develop considerable power is a prime factor in athletic success. High speed, intense work of short duration requires immediate energy that can not be attained from aerobio 19 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY tQurces (Getchell 1979). Anserobic means without oxygen, thus enaerobic energy is the output of energy when the oxygen supply is insufficient. Such high energy activities as short sprints and sudden bursts of activity are e>:ampies of anaero­ bio activities. Briggs and Balloway (1979) emphasized that when water losa amounts to one percent of faody weight, the sensation of thirst occurs. If water ísnot drunk, feeling of discomfort worsen, heart rate and body tempera ture, rise and the abil.it y to work and to think deteriorates. With greater depletion of body watery weakness, disorientation preelude physical ef- forts. Burskirk and Grasley (1974) classified water depletion ,ds part of heat disorder that is caused by prolonged sweating which leads to inadequate replacement of body fluid losses. The situation results in excessive thirst, mental du.llness-,. fatique and weakness which affect muscular work. Hageman (1982) said that their research with college wrestlers and that of others have shown significant loss of strength due to 2 -- 4V. loss of body weight by dehydration. In addition, those studies also demonstrated that upon rehydration, these athletes were not able to attain maximal performance levels of strength, Speed is a variable selected for this study. The speed is an anaerobio work. The speed tells how 20 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ■fas-i an object. is moving, tbe distance an object will travel ,n a given time, but it tells nothing of tbe direction of movement. Verducci (1980) defines speed as the velocity of tbe body, parts or an object, that is- the rate of mo'tion it is concerned with the time required for a Student to nove or swim a given distance. Speed is the rate at which an object moves' and can be messured in* Rilómetres per hour. Speed is uniform if an object travels the same distance during eve.ry se?cond that it is moving, but speed can be variad according to the forces which are acting on the moving object (Hollis, 1976). Igbanugo (1986) showed that there are two forras of speed: speed of movement of body parts and running speed. Saltin (1964) in his wor'k fou.nd that there was a marked decrease in speed when ten subjeds performed standard exer- cise test at two submaximal loads and one maximal load before and 90 minutes after dehydration. Heat stress causes a sweat 1oss which reduces both the water volume and the electrolyte content in the body. Burskirk, et al (1971) found that dehydration withou aclimatization apparently limits a man's ability to work. Lacle 11 (1955) in his study found that when man performs work in heart Progressive dehydration commonly develops restilt- ing from ex cese- sweat production over voluntar/ water re- placement, which would lead to loss of speed and impairment of performan ce. 21 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The effects of hest was negative in a study on foi.tr -nyBical ly fit young men carried out by Greenleaf and Barqent. 1965). They found that there was an increase progressively m the feeling of fatigue and decrease in speed. Dehydration might not have an effect on the anaerobio ability of individuáis. According to Craig and Cu en minos (1986 ), they claimed that aithough a man deprived of water would eventually becomd exhausted, but he can undergo a substantial much loss of strength. Cpst.il 1 (.1974) observed that a group of men could walk 20 miles in the desert despite a. decrease of 77. in their body weight as a resu.lt of dehydra­ tion. Power was selected as an anaerobio work. in this study. Muscular power according to Matthews (1979) is one's ability to get his body mase moving in the shortest period of time. He further said that power movements inelude activit.y that is performed in such a short period of time that oxygen is not required in producing the necessary energy. Muscular power is very important in athletics, Nwankwo (1986) showed that muscular power i.c> fundamental for successful performance of various sports, in most sports activities, the greatest energy produced in the shortest period of time is the prime f a c t o r i n s u c c: e s s f u 1 perform a n c e . UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY There are many factors that can affect anaerobic work especially power. The factors are body weight, muscles viscosity, structural and nutritional features such as length Df the body part or range of f le'xibi 1 ity in the joint. Briggs and Galloway (1979) found that dehydration of 27= - 4% causes thirsts'discomfort, sense of oppréssion, loss of appetite, lagging pace, flushed skin, impatien.ee, weariness, apathy and emotional instability. All the conditions men- tioned above can directly or indirectly-affect the anaerobic work pf speed and power of man. Wyndman and Strydom (1969), Bu.skirk (196S) reportad that dehydration severely limits subsequent sweating, places dángerous demande on circulation, reduces exercise capacity and exposes athletes to health hazards associated with hyper- thermia, heat stroke, heat exhaustion and musele cramps. Hubbard (1979) showed that over-exposure to heat leads. not only to decrease in work performance but to a predisposi- tion to heat i. linees. These disorders are categorised in order of severity as (1) heat cramps (2) heat exhaustion (3) heat stroke. He said further that the most frequent common denominators for all these disorders are heat exposure, loss of water and heat storage, usually reflected by high internal (rectal) temperature. Also he pointed out that the single most important factor for these disorders from a c. 1 i n i c a 3 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY _-J-and point is loss of body water. He concluded that inatten- -lon to heat cramps and heat exhaution can lead to heat stroke and finally to death, because of irreversible damage to the central nervous system. Fox and Mathews (1981) added that even ordinary ac'tivi- ties such as cutting grass on an extreme1y warm day can' me! u c e h e a t i 11 n e s s i f pr o p §» r p rece u t i o n s are n o t t a k e n . • Karpovich (1971) said that it has been demonstrated in indus- / try that in heavy work, especially work that involves expo- ce to high tempera ture output is considerabl y af f ected. 'The influence of high temperature is especially evident when the work is streneous. It has been found that no man under such circumstdnces is able to work continuously, but nriust take short rests from time to time. Yaqlon (1963) found that men work practicalTy steadily O between environmental temperature of 40oF and 75 F, but when 0 0- it is above 75 F the output falle off gradually untill 80 F is exceeded. From there on, the fal 1 in productivity is 0 rapid. The output of work at 9 of 93 F was only -that of 0 70 F . It has aleo been observed that the profuse sweating in industries where men have to work at high temperature may lead to severe cramps in the muse les of the lirnbs and of the abdominal wall. The anaerobio capacity of the? individual is si gn i f i can11 y impía i red . Studies of individuáis suffering 24 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY -from muse les cramps have revesled that besides a dehydration nf body tisBue, there is an accompanied lowered concentration of sodium and chloride ions in the blood plasma resulting in en absence or a drastic reduction of sodium and chloride in the uriñe (Karpovish and Sinning, 1971), This is an indica- t-Dn of less energy output for muscular activities. Dehydration does not c han ge the excitabiÜty of the muse le membrana? (Costil and Fin k , 1974). We ver the less, máximum isometric strength may be -somewhat reduced (Bosco et .al 1968) . T h i. s p r e s u m a b 1 y ref 1 e c t. s w a t e r i o s s f r o m t h e muse le cytoplasm and associated electolyte disturbanc.es. Elkins et.al (1953) noted that a substantial swelling of the ' museles accompanies physical activity due to dehydration. Dehydration and Aerobic, Capacity i Just as an anaerobio capacity is important in the performance of exera.se of short duration, the aerobic capac­ ity is a significan! factor in the performance of prolongad activities. This stems from the fact that the aeroj3ic syste supplies the majority of energy required of- these types o exercises (Fox and Matthews, 1981). The máximum rate at which someone can consume oxygen is the aerobio power Of that person. The higher an athlete's maximal Power the more success- fully he or she wil1 perform in the event, provided al 1 other UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY factors that contribute to a championship performance are presen t » Máximum oxyqen consumption (MaxVo ) , recovery heart 2 rate and myocardial oxyqen consumption had been found to be affected by dehydration at different intensiti.es, Astrand. and Rodahl (19 the highest o physical work Emiola (1982) has asserted that the single bes !. indicator bis ability to consume great quantibies of oxygen in a. physi- cally strenuous situation. Fox and Matthews (1981) defined it as the máximum rate at which oxygen can be consumed per nfinute. The poner or c: a pac i ty of the aerobio System is .determined by the rate at which oxygen can be delivered to exercisinq skeletal museles and therefore is limited by two connective systems, pulmonar'/ ventilation and blood circula'-, tion and by two diffusing systems, the alveolar capillary and tissue capillary ce11 system. Maximal oxygen consumption has been considered to b the primary physiological variable which best explains the capacity of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems during work stress (Custer et al 1977). This phenomenon is 1argely affected by dehydration which also affeets the body horneo -stasis. Blyth and Burt (1967) determined the effeets of dehydration upon the duration of all-out runs on the tread- ¿6 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 0 mili with the ambient temperature of 120P F. T h e y fonn d t h at dehydrabión lowered endurance, Craiq and Cummings (1966) observad that dehydration had a areater effect on performance, The decrease in performance was in endurance rather than the ability to perforen work at t h e m a x i. m a 1 r a t e . ♦ 11 is wel1 docunented that lerge sweat losses can dramatically impair performance of endurance athletes (Astrand and Saltin, 1964). 11 is because of the decrease in performance that is general 1y thought to be the result of diminished circulatory capacity. Henee it is not surprising that physiologists have concentrated their research on the cardiovascular responsos of acu.te dehydrated man. Infact, it is generally agreed that a sweat loss constituting more than 2V. of body weight can significantly reduce plasma volu.me and impair physical work capacity (Saltin, 1964; Costil and, Sparks, 1973). Saltin (1964) found that the measurements of oxygen uptake under normal conditions and after dehydration qave different resulte. He even found a maximal decrease of 417. in performance of some of his subjeets. Shepherd (1982) found that acute heat exposure has little effect upon the performance of brief bouts of maximal work, particularly if the subject is in good condition. With the exception of Kalusen et al (1967) most authors found no UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY .pedíate decrease of máximum oxygen intake (Saltin 1964); = =s.ltin and Barggae et al (1972) opined that a decrease of máximum oxygen intake is seen if the body is preheated fRowell et al 1969; F'urney, et al 1970). Karpovish (1971) a 1 so found a reduction of aerobic power in the period follow- ing hea-t dehydration. The time of physical work before fatigue at a fixed percenta*ge of máximum effort is also shortened after dehydration. But. Saltin (1964) maintained that up to 5% of body mass could be lost without changa in máximum oxygen intake. He also showed that. there was a defin i te decrease in capacity to perform extended (2 - 6 min.) heavy work. and the performance was significantly more affected after exercise dehydration. The decrease in work time on maximal load then réflects lowered physical work capacity. Buskirk and Beetham (1960) also pointed out in one of their studies that the pace of t.he marathón runner was well sustained du.rinq his events despite a. 2.5 - 7.4% decrease of 'body mass, many competitors were still capable of final sprint. Shephard (1982) in his contribution recognised the fact that United States football teams have long-recognised their need for fluid replenishment. The Rome Olympic games stimu— 1atea interest in the thermoregulatory problems of track 28 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY competitors» Fox (1960) pointed out that the rate of sweating -nd/or the evaporative capacity could be critical to body homeostasis in an endurante runner. Saltin (1964) maintained that oxygen transport in brief bouts (3 - 5 rnin.) of .bicycle ergometer work is apparentely unchanged by dehydration, but the tre C\ dmill máximum oxygen intake is significantly reduced. Dehvdration and body Pomposition; The variables concerned here are body weight and lean r weá'qht. These variables- make up the body compoe-ition of an individual» Lean body weight is supposed to be developed and improved upon for good results in performance. The componente of an adult human adipose tissue are 23.27. ash. 0.00787. calcium and 0.0317. phosphorus (Guyton, 1978). The amgunt of fat carried by athletes differ consid­ erable depending upon the sport in question (Daniel, 19.74). Boileau and Lohman (1977) evaluated the body fat of vari-ous male athletes. They said that the average body fat. of College age non-athlete xs approxomately 157. for males and '2071 for females. Among athletes, regardless of sports preferente, the body fat is generally lower for both sexes. Fox and Matthews (1981) State that the excess percent- aqe of fat is detrimental in two ways (1) cel1s do no contribute towards energy production (2) energy is needed to move the fat. 29 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY They further gave example saying that an average girl weigh- ¿ng 60 kilograms (132 Ibs) would possess 15 kilograms (33 Ibs) of fat while the male of the same weight would possess 9 to 10 kilograms (20 - 22 Ibs) of fat. During performance, the female would be carrying 5 - 6 kilograms (11 - 13 Ibs) mcre of non-energy producing tissue than her male contempe­ rar'/ . On the other hand, 'the lean body weight is the total weiqht rninus the weight of the body's fat. Fox (1979) said that the fat-free weight reflecte mainly the skeletal musele mass but aleo ineludes the weight of other tissues and organs such as bones and skin. The antount of lean body weight. is apparently affected by physical exercise. The body tends to ¿Tícrease its masculature with exercise. Parizkova (1968) showed that from the ages of eleven to fifteen years, boys who are very active had a higher absoluto amount of lean body. mass, less body fat than boys who are less active. Saltin (1964) found a decrease in body weight after dehydration. Water depletion may be consciously acute as in American football player or distan.ee runner who sweats pro- fusely. Subacute dehydration occurs when an athlete trains for severa! days in a very hot environment or attempts to make weight. Tcheng and Tipton (1973) in their data from 747 high school wrestlers found that werestlers in particular may UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY jecrease their body mase- 3 — 30% by water deprivation „ Weight has been used to assess dehydration in athletes. Shephard (1932) said that the simplest method of assessing dehydration is serial weighing. Sweat clothing and shoes niust be removed, the bladder emptied and allowanc.es made for food ingestad and faeces passed, If an athletic team is spending several weeks in hot climat.es, there should be a: dáily check of body mass as well as uriñe composition and f 1 ow, When exe.mining wrestling contestante, the observad body mass ' should be matched with predictions based on body shape (Wilmore and Behnke, 1973). It is also useful to check a wrestler's weight in period of contests for evidente of dehydration. Intense weight reduction during a short period of time may seriously impair performance, it has been ob~ served that in some individuáis, a dehydration of as ii.ttle as 2 % of the body weight causes significan! deterioration- in work performance (Buskirk, 1968). Fox and Matthews (1981) observad that dehydration doe: not affect. the percentages of fat in the body. They said that such a practica is in fact very hazardous. They went on further to show that persons who garb themselves in sweatsuits, jackets and other similar clothing in the hot days run the risk of serious heat illness and other health problems. Such persons may think they are melting off some 31 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ki 1oqrsmB but infact this practice has nothing to do with the real weight loss. Real weight. loes is the loes of body weight, and body fat does not melt. Kozlowski and Saltin (1964) found an average decrease in body weight (4.1%) under the conditons of rapid dydration imposed on fifteen male medical students. So, the effects of the dehydration are not on the fat or the museles, but on the water in the body. If no water is availahle, the body initially loses ataout. i kg. of its mass per day. The affected per son is conscious of thirst and weakness, the skin becomes dry, and the eyes are sunken. When 4 kg. of mass is lost, both the kidney and the circulation show signe of failure. Death usually occurs if the water loss exceeds 15kg. (Shephard, 1982). Dehydration and F' hy si o loo i cal Parameters ; For the purpose of this study, the selected physiologi.- cal parameters are eart rate (Rest and Recovery) and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic). Fox (1970) defined heart rate as the number of times the heart beats per minute. Usually the heart beats between 60 and 90 times per minute are found in untrained male and female subjeets, but the rate is general!'/ much lower (40 to 50 beats per minute) in highly trained male and female endurance athletes. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY deVries (1970) gave some of the factors that affect. the resting heart. rate as follows: A">e: The heart rate at fairth is approximately 130 beats per flinute, and it slows down with each succeeding year until adolescence. rhe average rate in a resting adult male is approximately 7B beats per minute in the standing position. Sex Tne resting heart rate i n a d u 11 f p m a 1 e s a v e r a g e s 5 te 10 beats fáster than adult m a 1 e s u n d e r a n y given set. of conditions ■ T- a es t i.on of food s The resti ng neart rate i s hi gher while di (géstive proces■ses are in progrese than in the postabs, Drptive state. This is also true in exerd.se, a Qiven exerci.se load eli.ci.ts a greater heart rate after a mea 1 . Emotion: Emotional stress brings about a cardiovascular response that is quite similar to its response te* exercise. An increase in heart rate is the most notable factor and. it occurs i.n all but. Fox and Matthews (1981) observed that the heart rate of a trained subject is also lower at any qiven time thari that of his or her untrained counterpart. Also related to the resting heart rate is the recovery heart rate which could be used to indícate physiologicál assessment of máximum performance. Cureton and 5t.erl.in (1964) related it. to tne utilization of oxygen in the? body . Apart from type and intensity of exercise, postural changas UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY and training, heart rete is influenced by body and environment temperature (Amusa and Igbanugo, 1986). Saltin (1964) found that after dehydration, there was a marked increase in heart rate at. the submaximal loads, but at m a x i mi al work , after dehydration, no significan! e han ge was found in maximal valué of heart rate but there was a larqe reduction in work time. Karpovich (1971) said that tne heart rate increases w.i th body temperature. An increase in heart rate of 37 beats per minute has been recordec! by Bar.el 1 (1968) for a rise of O 3.6 c. in rectal temperature. There is rjjarely an exact paral- lel between any rise in rectal.temperature and pulse rate. It has been observed that there is an increase of 15 beats per minute dur-ing reclining and 20 beats durin’g standing for O each rise of 1.0F' c in rectal temperature (Basell, 1968)-.* For the same intensity of work, the heart rate' is higher with an increase in the en v i r on mental temperatu re. The higher the temperature,, the higher the heart rate. Dn a hot day, the heart has to do more work because the amount. of blood circulating through the skin may be greatly inc’reased. As a result of thisp less oxygen is suppliee! to working muscles and tactic acid begins to rise in the blood at a much lower intensity of work (Basell, 1968). The Burean of mine workers have repeatedly affirmed UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 4-hat the heart rate rather than the rise in envi.ro n men t a 1 temperature apparently determines the extent of discomfort experienced in hot environment. F'eople taecome uncomfortahle after the heart rate exceeds 135 heats per minute (Kárpovish and Sinning, 1971). Brouha (1970) showed that temperature and hiqh humidity have effect upon heart rate. He showed that. at O 0 atrnospheric temprature of 90 F and 95 F and relativo humidity, of between 65 and 95 pereen t, the heart rate after exerci.se does not return to normal immediately, it may take over 45 minutes to return to normal leve).. Fox (1979) su.pported this notion that heat increases heart rate by asserting that the reduced tnermal and vapour p,res5 ure graditents of hot humid environrtient greatly in- crease the demands placed upon the circulatory system and sweating mechanism. This is evidenced by qreater increase in heart rate and sweating during hot as compared to c.ool envi- ronment. Blood pressure is the forcé that moves the blood through the circulatory system. The highest pressure ob- tained is called the systolic pressure and the lowest the diastolic pressure (Fox and Matthews, 1981). Best and Taylor (1958) said that the máximum or systolic pressure in a younq man under ordinary resting conditions is around 130 mm Hg. It may be a little above this valué or below and still be UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY onsidered within the normal rango. The mínimum or diastolic pressure under similar conditions is around SO mm Hg . Certain conditions can cause either rise or fal.l in blood pressure depending on the situation and ma.qnitu.de of xt, Muscular exercise causes a pronounced temporary rise in •i-he blood pressure, the systolic pressure rising during c.trenuous exertion to 180 mtij Hq or more (Best and Taylor. 1959). Also a rise in temprature of the body br that of the environment will increase the blood pressure of en individu- -1 p Karpov.ish (1971) said that Jthe systolic: pressure may either rise or fall because of high temperature, but the diastolic pressure constantly shows a fall due to high tem­ pera tu re . Sherphard (1982) asserted that circulation adap/ts to cehydration of 4 - 57. decrease of body mass, but less well to a 77. loes. A paral leí may perhaps be drawn with the responso to Haemorrhage, a sudden fall of pressure occurs when. a' cr i ti cal por t ion (107.) of the circuí atino blood volunte has Peen lost. He stated further tnat factors contribuiing t the decrease in stroke volunte inelude a depletíon of centra, blood volunte, with reduced diastolic filling of the heart. Dehvdration and Blood.: The estimation of the packed cell volunte (F'CV) is of ten a valuadle guide in diagnosing certain blood diseases. the UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY r.ormal ranges of packed cel i volunte (PCV) are 38 - 50 percent. Also, the red cell fragility can be used to find the salt c o n c e n tration at which the celI b break up. When Red blood celIb are suspended in an isotonic solution of .saline, they remain intact. As the salt concentration is decreased O (making of hypotcnic solution), the membrane of the red blood cello disrupt causing heamolysis, at 0.45 - 0.39 percent and., complete haemolysis occured at 0.33 - 0.30 percent. In soma pathological conditions there is a great decrease in osmotic fragility causing anaémia (Bake, 1980); ' •These two selected haematological parameters of packed cell volurne and osmotic fragility could be af fected by dehy- dration. Estimates of blood volurne are usual ly based on a combirtation of haematocrit reading and dilution of an indica- tor that is freely mixable with the plasma but escapes reía- tively slowly from the circuíation (Sherp.hard, 1982). Costil! and Saltin (1974) have reporten no change in* packed cell volurne due to dehydration and that 2% to 47. body decrease in weight induced marked shrinkage of the red celIs which was also highly related to the increase in plasma osmolality. Maloiy and Boarer (1971) worked on the responso of the- somalí donkey to dehydration. They found increases in Packec Cell Volurne (PCV) and red blood cells (RBC). The packed cell volurne percent was 41.3 during dehydration and 34.5 in the UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY control situation. Water lose í b extreme].'/ critical becau.se the deficiency immediately affects circulatory and cell functions, and without adequate hydration performances deteriórate and the means of cooling the body during exercise is lost (Hagerman and Hagerman, 1902). Rehvdrati.on and Superhydrati.on 8 In a day, a bou t 1,900 1 i tres of blood are Cerned t.o the kidneys (Elbert et al, 1973). This is done in other to qet ,rid of the body's waste product and other indigested poisonous substances. Guyton (1975) showed that only three pints of the fluid that pass through the filtering system of the kidney are excreced as uriñe. The other fluid are reab­ sorbed in the body. The body is hydrated in various ways. Water íb present. in the foods eaten and beverages drunk either naturally or during meáis. Besides, when food íb burnt in the body for energy, soroe aroount of hidden Water is released (Harp'er, 1975). Therefore, according to Atolagbe, (1984), rehydration is to balance up lost water and thus a 1 1 ow for optimum fuñe- t i on of the body organ. If people are deliberately exposed to heat and persist­ en t sweating occu.rs, then there will be loss of body water. This phenomenum rnust be alleviated by additional consump- 38 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY tion oí Water for replacement and this procese is termed rehydration. Briggs and Calloway (1979) stressed that it is impor­ tan! tha.t the water contení oí the body be replenished regir- larly to make up for continuous loes oí this substance. they further said that the amount needed varíes, depending on tne m a g n i t u d e o í w a t e r 1 o sí- s . Overhydration may utcur when large amount oí electro— lyte—íree Solutions are administered. More írequently, howev- er, water and electrolytes are both lost and the replacement with only water leads to a deíiciency oí electrolyte in the presence oí normal excess total body water. Water retention is the condition when excess fluid in the body causes overhydration. Water can be added to the extracellular fluid by ingesting and by absorption írom the gastro intestinal tract into the hlood. Excess water dil-y lutes extracellular fluid, causing it to become hypotonic with respect to the intracellular fluid (Buyton, 1975). Rapid daily gain in weiqht indicates overhydration. Davidson (1975) showed that a general hazard is that oí overloading the body with íluids. Rehydration , Superhydrati.on and Performance; Rehydration is inevitable if the body system must. re- spond adequately and eííectively. The studies oí Gargould 7.9 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY (1971), Tipton and Tcheng (1970) had demonstrated that. upon rehydration after dehydration, the athletes usad were not able to regalo all of the lost weight ñor were they able to attain maximal performance levels for strength and endurance reccrded during normal hydrated condition. Davidson et al (1975) stated that a general hazard is that of overloading the body with fluids. Toor et al (1959) evtércised eight young adults in the desert and reportad that / these subjects who fore-drank during walk shpwed no rise in rectal tempera ture. But Moroff and Bass (.1965) in their study -demonstrated that a water load in excess of anticipat— ed sweat lose-, when given to unacl imatized human subjects working, produces effects generally regarded to be benefi­ cia 1 . Young et al, (1959) made use of dogs in their study of water supplement. They found that provisión of approximately 1.5 1 itres of water during work increased endurance capacity of the dogs. They found significant increase 79.8% in work­ ing ability associated with water intake. In normal life where there is no stress, 'sometimos salt. is retained in the body, but the tissue may subsequently Pecóme aedematous becau.se of the large amount of water sur- rounding the cells (Briggs and Galloway, 1978). Rehydration should be constantly maintained in the body after staying in the heat and water is lost. Tne water UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 'ontent of the body must be replenished regularly to make up for continuouE loss of water in the body. Water superhydration according to Sherphard (1982), is A normally maintained by: (i) Ingestión of fluid. (ii) Ingestión of water as a constitu.ent of food and (i i i) Production of water during the metabolism of foods. A further significan! result. is the water of hydration pro- duced with glycogen, depending on the extent of glycogen reserves, this can amount to 1 0 0 0 - 1600 mi of water. The water balance of a distance runner or team sports­ man can be improved if he is preloaded with up to 500 mi of fluid 15 — 30 minutes hefore exerci.se commences (Kavanagh and sherphard, 1975). Sherphard (1982) recommended that small quantities of fluid be taken at regular intervals as exercise proceeds. It is important that the fluid be not on1y d runk, but absorbed. Pathologically, oedema is caused by excess fluid in the body, but this is not usually apparent until the limb volume is increased to 10 percent or more. Matthew (1966) even encourages the runners to frequently ingest fluids during competition and to consume 400 — 500mi (13 — i7o::) of fluid 10 - 15 minutes before competitions. 41 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Hunts and F'athak (1966) and Hunts (1961) noted that qastric emptying preceeded most rapidly when subjects inqest- ed saline solution. Hunts (1961) also showed that subjects who ingested a single dnd relatively large volume of fluid, would not have possibility of adjustment in tonicity of subsequent gastric. emptying . Rehydration _H. 5uperhydration , Physiologic and Haemato1oqic Variables: The F'hysiological and Haematological párameters of Restinq Heart * Fíate, EJ> 1 ood pressure, Packed Ce 11 Volume (PCV) and csmotic frágility could be affected by the conditions of rehydration and superhydration. It is known that the preverv-- tion of dehydration by prior or concurrent replacement of s.nticipated sweat losses will reduce the impairments of perf­ ormance, and Bass (1964) found that over— hydration with 2 i i tres of water resulted in signif icantly lower pulse rat.es' than did the control state of hydration. The study was a cross-over design so that each man served as his own control. Maloiy and Boarer (1965) also recorded insignificant change in Packed Cell volume (PCV) of Zebú cattle between the con­ trol valúes of 34.57. and Rehydration valué of 35.37.. Also there was no change in hemolysis of the red blood cells obtained in donkey after ingestión of large amount. of water. 42 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CHAPTER 3 METHOD AND PROCEDURE The a i (Ti of this study was to determine the offsets of dehydration, rehydration and su per hy d r a t i on on the aerobic, anaerobic, selected physio logice. 1 and haematological varia­ bles of College of Education male students. The chapter is presented under the following headings: ( a ) F:; e s e a r c. h d e s i g n (b) Subjects (c) Assignments of subjects to treatment (d) Instrumentation - Equipment and materials (e) Data collection procedure (f) . Method of data analysis (A ) Research Pesian A repested measure experimental design was üsed for t.his study . This is a 1 onqit.udinal experimenta In a 1 ongi — tudinal experiment a subject serves as his own control and passes through control and experimental periods and where it serves any purpose recovery period. (B ) Subj ects The subjects involved in this were twenty healthy Physical and Health Education students of Ondo State College of 43 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY fducation, Ikere - Ekiti. They were volunteers who were certified fit by a medical doctor to take part. in the study. Those who had abnormal heat rate and blood pressure and were not certified by medical doctor were excluded. Subíects were briefed on the protocol involved, the processes of collectinq the data and the leve! of their involvement. They signed an informed "consent form". As the study involved physiological. stress testing, the researcher employed some motivational techniqu.es which were both intrinsic and extrinsic in na ture. The subject. were encouraged durinq treatment and honourarium was given to them. Assicinment of Subjects to Treatment The same subjects were tested under four conditions following the procedure of Blyth and Bu.rt (1961). The four conditions were: (a) Normal (control) -• The subjects were made to go through the a.ssessment of the selected variables with' no prior treatment of any kind. (b) Dehydration - The subjects e.bstained from water for 0 0 24 hours and sat in a hot room of 100 F to 120 F so that approximately 3/1 of the body weight of each of them was lost through sweating. (c) Rehydration- The same subjects after dehydration were allowed a period of two weeks for rehydration. In this condition, they also went through the assessment 44 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY of the selected variables. d) Superhydration - Two weeks following rehydration, the subjects were required to drink 2 libres of water each 30 minutes before the beginning of the evalua- tion of the selected aerobio, anaerobio, physiologi- c a 1 a n d haema t o 1 og i c v a r- i a b 1 es. Test S t a 11. on s The ñnthropometric, aerobio and anaerobio measures were carried out in the Department of Physical and Health Educa­ tión and sports field of Ondo State College of Education, Ikere - Ekiti. The laboratory of the State Specialist Hospi­ tal was used for the Haematologic assessment of the subjects. Measures For the proper control of abstinence from water and for sweating to take place, the subjects were camped in a hot 0 0 room of 100 F to 120 F for 24 hours. They were provided with food in the room but there was no taking of fluid of any kind. They were allowed to play Ludo, cards, Monopo-ly, Scrabble as weli as take part in discussions. They main- tained their normal food intake. A generator was used any- tirne there was power failure during the twenty-four hours for the purpose of maintaining the required room temperature. 4 5 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY yjucTRI IMENTftT ION EQUIPriENI AND MATERIALS "he following were used during the study. ( i ) Weiqht. Sea le The researcher used the Owl B i omedical beam sea le? of He al th-O-Meter to mea su. re the weiqht of the sub-. j e c: t s . T h e s c a 1 e h a s a cali b e r ai t i o n o f 0 k g t o 160 k g . The stadiometer attached to this sc.ale was used to measure the heights of the suhjects. ( i i) Stop Match The Hanhart brand manufactured by Heuer Trackmaster Swiss was used to measure the speed of the subj ects. (i i i) tange Skinfoíd Cal ipers tange skinfoíd caliper model 3003 Was used for the skinfoíd measurement. This was manufactured by Cam­ bridge Scientific Industries, Inc. Cambrige Maryland. The characteristics of the skinfold caliper inelude accurate caliberation Of O - 60mm and a constant pres- su.ce throughout the range of skinfold thickness. Care was taken to ensure that the instrument was proper1y c:.al iberated and in the closed position, that the calip- er reqistered cero (Verriucci, 1980). 46 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ( iv ) Broad — Bi ade Ar;t.hropometer The instrument was used to measure skeletal diame­ ter of various sites of the body namely: the biacromi- al, chest, bi-iliac, bitrochanteric, knees, ' ankles, elbows and wrists. The caliberation was from Ocm to 61c m . (v ) S t e t h o s c o p e LAB 6006 Goljd F’lated Sprague Rappaprt type im~ prcved stethoscope ntanufactured for Labtron Scientific Corporation in Japan was used to take the Heart rates and blood pressure of the subjects. (vi) Sphyqmomamometer The Anaeroid Model was used to measure the resting blood pressure. It has caliberation from OHgmm to 250 Hgmm. T'his model was the F'atrica F'rofessional Sphygmo- manometer Lab 1800 manufactured for Labtron Scientific Corporation in Japan. 47 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY PLATE 1 MICRO-HAEMATOCRIT CENTRIFUGE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY (y i i ) S tep Bench A step bench was used to aid messurement oí recovery heart rete. The bench was 20 inches high. (v i -i i ) 400 Meter s Athletic T rae k The Ondo State Col lepe of Education Athletic track was used íor the twelve minute run which was used to determine the level oí máximum oxygen consumpt.ion oí the subjeets. ( i >;) Mi crohaematocr i t Centrifuqe , . Hawksley model was used íor the purpose oí dura- tion oí measuring the Packed Cell Volunte (F'CV). The Centriíuge was írom 0 to 15 minutes. i ) Color i meter BallenKamp Colorimeter model CS - 2000 was used íor the pupose oí measuring the osmotic Fragility. This instrument has a Caliberation oí 0 -• 1.0 optical*. density and was manufactured in England. DATA CPLLECTI0N PROCEDURES 1 . Weight:- Weight was recorded with subjeets dressed only in shorts and withou.t putting on any shoe on a beam Ecale. Body weight was recorded in kilogrammes. The weight was taken prior to evaluation oí sil conditions. 2. Height: The height oí the subjeets were measured to the nearest centimeter using the stadiometer attached to 49 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 5° PLATE 2 C O L O R I M E T E R UNIV ttlí'í,ERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY the Owlbiomedical beam scale according to the procedure of Wilmore and Behnke (1968). subject stood fíat footed with ey es looking straight ahead and with the back in contact with the measuring bar. 3 . Anthropometric Measurements: {&) Skinfold Measurementss The skinfold measurement was done using the lange skinfold cal iper. The loose tissue over the predetermined area to be measured was grasped between the thumb and Índex finger. The cal iper which was held in the right hand was placed about 1 centimeter distance away from the point. of pinching. Skinfold measurement was recordad in mi 11 imeter. Seven sites were measured from the right si.de of the subject. Two triáis were taken in each area and the mean of both valúes was used as the score. The anatómica! landmarks of the sites were: • (i) Thigh skinfold: The vertical skinfold on the anterior position of the thigh midway be­ tween the hip and knee. (ü) Subscapular: A fold to the axil lary border at the inferior angle of the scapula. 51 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY (i i i) Triceps: This involved the fold paral leí to the length of the arm midway between the . acromia.l and olecranon processes on the posterior portion of the arm. (b) Measurement of body di.amet.ers: The body diameters were determined by a broad blade anthropometer following the procedure of Verducci (1980). I.t toas done? f rom one predetermined body prominente to another. The sof t tissue was compres-sed so that the contad; was ' bone tvo bone. The mean of two readinps t alien was used in cal cü“ lating the lean body weight. The measurement was taken at t. he fo 1 1 owing sites. (i) Bi-iliac: It was done while standing and between the two lateral projections of the iliac crest. (ii) Bi-trochanteric: This wa,s done in the stand­ ing position. It was measured between thé most lateral projections of the greater trochanters. (iii) Biacromial: With the elbows next to the body, it was measured as the distance between the lateral projection of the acromial processes. (iv) Chest Width: With the arms abducted, slighty, the distance between the ribs was measured. (v) Right and left Wrist: The measurement was the UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY distance between the styloid processes of the radius and ulna. (vi) Right and left elbows; With the elbows joint f 1 exed, the measurement was the distance between the two condyles of the humerus. (vii) Right and left knees: With the knee fle>;ed at' degrees, the distance between the outermost projection of the tibial condyles was meas. ured » (viii) Right and left ankles: While standing the distance between the two malleoli was meas- ured with the anthropometer pointing at an angle of 45 degrees from the floor. MEASUREMENT OF PHYSIDLQ6 ICAL VARIABLES (a) Resting Heart Rate (RHR): ■ . • The measurement was taken with the aid of a- st watch and a stethoscope. The stethoscope was used to amplify the heart beat and this was couríted for fifteen seconds and multiplied by 4 to get the beats per minute. Two readings was taken and the mean used. (b) Resting Blood Pressure (RBP): The measurement was done following the procedure described by Amusa and Igbanugo (1987). With the UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY fore arm in the cradled position, the Cuff was applied snugly but not tightly so that the lower edqe of the Cuff is about one inch above the antecubital space. The bel 1 of the stethoscope was placed gently below the faack of the elbow over t he artery in the an tecu b i ta1 s pac e aliowin g neither clothing ñor the tubing to rub on the receiver. The Cuff was inf latee!- about 30mm.Hq above ausillation pressure or to 200mm.Hg. The Cuff was then deflated at a rete of 2 - 3mm.Hg per heart beat while watching the mercury column. The pressure at which the 'Korotkoff sounds' were first heard represented the systolic pressure. The Cuff continuad to be deflated at the same rete. The sounds urider went changes in intensity .and quality. The pressure within the compression Cuff indi- cated by the level of the mercury column at the moment the sounds suddenly became muffled represented the first diastol- ic pressure. The second diastolic pressure was the pressure within the compression Cuff at the moment the sounds , finally disappeared. MEASUREMENT OF AEROBIC VARIABLES The Máximum Oxygen Consumption (MaxVo ): The estimation of máximum oxygen consumption (MaxVo ) was done usinq the fieId test of 1 2 minute run. The proce- 54 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ¿ore developed by Cooper (1972), has been -found to be very accurate. He found that the distance covered correí ates with . treadmill direct measurement of oxygen consumption and aero­ bio capaoity (r = .90). The following procedure was followed. The 400 meters track was marked off in eights. The subjects were aware that they were allowed to walk if they íeel winded, but they were ecored on the distance they cov­ ered in the run. The subjects were scored on the distance * they covered in the run. The subjects were in pairs so that their partners counted the number c; = 1.1043 0.0011327x O -- 0.001310>: "3 where: >: = Body density >: = Thigh skinfold 2 >: = Subscapuleir skinfold UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ?. F'ercentage Body fat: The equation of Brozek et al, (1963) was used. 7. body fat = (4,570 - 4.142) x 100 D 1 b where D = Body density b 3 . L e a n b o d y w e i q h t.; * The equation of Behnke and Wilmore (1974) • was employed in findino the lean body weight. LBW = Lean body weight• 4. Myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO ) 2 This was estimated from heart rate and systolic blood pressure (Astrand and Rodahl,1977) and was computed by using the equation of Kitamura et al (1972), Mvo = 0.16 (HR x SBP — 6.0) r~f where HR = Heart rate SBP ~ Systolic blood pressure. Data Analysis: Descriptivo statistics were employed in the treatment of aerobio, anaerobio, athropometric and physiological varia­ bles. ANOVA repeated measures was used to test the signifí­ canos of the various d i f f erences . The hypotheses viere ac- cepted or rejected at. the 0,05 level of signif icance. In 59 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY cases of significan t effects, the Scheffe' post Hoc test was employed to test critica! difference among group meaos ot normal, dehydration, rehydration and su.perhydration condi- t i on s « 60 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The purpose of this study was to investígate the ef~ fects of dehydration, rehydration and superhydration on «elected aerobic, anaerobic and he haematologic variables in r o 11 e g e o f Educatión, I k e r e-E k i*t i m a 1 e s t u dents. This C h a p - íer presenta the resulte and analysis of findings as wel1 as discussion. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS The means, standard deviation and ranges of the physi— cal characteristics and body composition of the subjects for the various conditions are contained in tabla i. The resulte of the evaluation of the lean body weight for the di-fferent conditons were as follows; A mean of 55.19, standard deviation of 5.952 and- a ranqe of 49.9 - 60. 4 was recordad for the normal condition. Dehydration produced a mean of 54.84, standard deviation of 6.046 and a range of 49.40 60.20. Rehydration gave a mean of 55.20, standard deviation of 5.970 and a range of 41.1-60.20. Superhy- dration exhibited a mean of 55.215, standard deviation of 5.890 and a range of 41.0 - 60.40. 61 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 1 TABLE I PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BODY COHPQSITION QF THE SUBJECTS FOR ALL CONDTIONS NORMAL DEHYDRATION REHYDRATION SUPERHYDRATIÜN I VARIANCE x SD RANGE X SD RANGE X SD RANGE X SD RANGE N l Age (yrs) 24.90 1.997 21-28 24.90 1.997 21-28 24.90 1.997 21-28 24.90 1.977 21-2! Weight (kg) 65.90 6.189 56.0-79.0 60.8 5 6.115 51-74 65.80 6.315 56-79.0 66.80 6.542 56.8 Body Fst(Ü) 7.113 0.917 ó.2-9.4 6.88 0.46 6.20-7.60 7.115 0.909 6.1-9.4 7.10 0.806 6.3-' Low (kg) 55.19 5.952 49.9-60.4 54.84 6.046 49.4060.20 55.20 5.970 41.1-60.2 55.215 5.890 41 .0 Height (M) 1.68 0.102 1.50-1.36 1.68 0.102 1.50-1.86 1.688 0.102 1.50-1.86 1.688 0.102 1.50- UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY TABLE 2 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND AEROBIC CHARACTERISTICS QF IHE SUBJECT5 EOR ALL CONDTIONS NORMAL DEHYDRATION REHYDRATION SUPERHYDRATION VARIANCE x SD RANGE X SD RANGE X SD RANGE X SD RANGE Heart Rute (b/pm) 68.60 8.438 60-84 80.0 5.44 72-88 69.40 7.486 60-80 66.6 8.029 56.0-80.0 Systolic biood Pressure (mmHg) 112.40 5.529 104-120 123.35 4.68 114-132 117.70 5.63 104-120 106.80 7.523 90.0-120.0 Diastolic biood Pressiire- (mmHg> 72.20 7.565 60-90 85.0 5.74 80-90 71-60 6.443 60-90 71.30 7.928 60.0-90.0 Recover/ Mear! Rate (b/pm) 107.655 4.897 97.3-163 127.05 9.61 112.0-160.1 107.115 4.503 100-115 102.30 3.799 96-110.0 Máximum Oxygen Consunption(HaxV >44.795 5.282 33.4-52.3 40.651 6.33 29.12-50.44 45.755 5.317 34.2-53.8 49.647 4.034 42.30-56.402 Myocardial Gxygeri Consump'tion (MV.02 1222.685 174.1 1030.8- 1590.31 125.61 135.3.4- 1234.335 148.96 992.4- 1133.375 171.192 915.60-15 1606.8 181.0.3 1530.0 ■ UNIVERSITY OF IBADA LIBRARY Al so the data on table 2 shows that the normal condi- tion produced a mean Resting Heart rate of 68.60 b/m, stand­ ard deviation of 8.438 and a range of 60 - 84 b/m. Dehydra- tion gave a mean of 80, standard deviation of 5.447 and a rancie of 72-88 b/m. F’ost rehydration produced a mean of. 69.40, standard deviation of 7.486 and range of 60 - 80 b/m. 0 i-ihile superhydration had a mean of 6 6 .6 , standard deviation of 8.029 and a range of 56.0 - 8.0 b/m. The results of systolic blood pressure obtained for the diff^rent conditions revealed that dehydration showed 3. mean of 123.35mmHg, the standard deviation of 5.529 and a range of 114.i30mmHb. Rehydration produced a mean of ül.70mmHg, standard deviation of 5.63 and a range of 104.120mmHg. Al so superhydration yielded a mean of 1 6 0 .8 0 , standard deviation of 7.52mmHg and a range of 90.0 - 120.0mmHg. The recordad results for resting diastolic blood pres-- sure for al 1 the conditions were a mean of 72.20, standard deviation of 7.565 and a range of 60 - 90mmHg for_ normal, dehydration had a mean of 85.0mmHg, standard deviation of 5 , 7 4 9 and a range of 80 - 90mmHg. Rehydration and superhy­ dration showed a mean of 71.60, standard deviation of 6.44-_>, a ranqe of 60 — 90, a mean of 71.30, standard deviation of 7.928, a range of 60.0.90. OmmHg respecta, vely . UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The Aerobic, variables evaluated f o r the purpo5e 0-f this study were recovery heart rate, máximum oxygen consump- iion, myocardial oxygen consumption. The data for the var­ io us descriptive statistics are also presented in bable 2. The resulte obtained for Recovery Heart rate are as contained i n t a ble 2. A mean of 107 . h 55 b/m 5 standard deviati on of 4,503 and a range of 97.3-115 was recorded for normal condi- tion, a mean of 107.115 b/m, standard deviation of 4.503 and rancie of 10 O—1.15 b / rfi wfis r e c o r d © d for rehydration whi le the mean ' of 127.05, standard deviation of 9.612 and a range of 112.0-160.0 was recorded for dehydration. Also superhydra- tion had a. mean of 102.30, standard deviation of 3.799 and a r a n q e o f 9 6 —110 .0 O . The máximum oxygen consumption (Max Vo ) of the various -í_ conditions was evaluated with the 12 minute run. The normal condition showed a mean of 44.795ml/kq/min, standard devia­ ción of 5.262 and a range of 33.4—52.3. Dehydration produced cait míTi eEf a& n of 40.651, standard deviation of 6.332 and a range of ~ O/ir .t_. 50.44 ml/kg/min. Rehydration showed s. mean of 45 .7r3S5, standard deviation of 5.317 and a range of 34.2 - 53..8,, superhydration also showed a mean of 49.647 ml/kg/min, standard deviation of 4.034 and C ‘. range of 42.30 - 58.40. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY TABLE I ANAEROBIO AND HAEHATQLQGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUBJECTS FOR ALL CQNDTIONS NORMAL DEHYDRATION REHYDRATION SUF'ERHYDRATION VARIANCE x SD RANGE* X SD RANGE X SD RANGE X SD RANGE Speed (Secs) 7.035 0.862 5.80-100 8.305 1.08 9.0-11.60 6.905 0.838 1.2-9.6 7.20 0.949 5.8010.45 Power (kgn/secs) 93.10 12.273 76-120 85.40 10.565 70.0-112.0 94.05 12.655 75.0-112.0 92.15 12.240 74.0-120.0 PacRed Cell Volunte (PCV) 42.76 1.954 39-44 38.45 1.572 260-42.0 42.3 1.689 38.0-45 45.15 ’ 1.954 38 - 44 Osmotic Fragi- lity (OF) 30.0 6.10 20-40 34.7 3.80 30-40 31.2 4-60 20.37 35.7 1.3 35-45 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The resulte of myocardial oxygen consumption obtained from the different conditions were a mean of 1226.855, stand­ ard deviation of 174.1 and a range of 1030.8 - 1606.8'for the normal condition, a mean of 1590.31, standard deviation of í 2 5,617 a n d a r a n g e o f 1353,4 — 1810.3 f o r r e hy d r a t i o n . Rehydration gave a mean of 1234.335, standard deviation of 148.967 and a range of 992.4 - 1530.0. While superhydratipn showed a mean of 1133.0, standard deviation of 171.192 and a range of 915.60 — 1530.0 50 yard dash was adrninistered for the purpose of evalü- ating the speed of the suhjects. The resulte of speed in table 3 showed that normal condition gave a mean of 7.035, standard deviation of 0.862 and a range of 5.80 - 10.0 seos. Dehydration showed a mean of 8.305 seos, a standard deviation of 1.08 and a range of 7.0 - 11.60 seos. Al so rehydration had a mean of 7.10 seos, standard deviation of 0.806 and a range of 6.3 - 9.40 seos. The test used for the purpose of evaluating power was sergeant jump. From the resulte- of the different conditions measured (Table 3), normal condition gave a mean of 93.10, standard deviation of 12.273 kgm/sec. and a range of 76 120kgm/Sec, rehydration gave a mean of 94.05, standard devia­ tion of 12.655kgm/sec and a range of 75.0 - 112.0 kgm/sec. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY While superhydration produced a mean of 92.15 kgm/sec, standard deviation of 12.240 and 74.0 1 2 0 . 0 kqm/sec. The resulte obtained for the Packed Cell Volume (PCV) showed a mean of 42.70, standard deviation of 1.954 with' a rancie of 38 - 44 for normal condition, a mean of 40.15, standard deviation of 1.372 with a range of 39.44.0 for dehydration. Rehydration' yielded a mean of 42.3, standard deviation of 1.689 with a range of 38.0 - 45 while superhy­ dration gave a mean of 38.45, standard deviation of 1.572 with a range of 36.0 - 42.0. The resulte of the osmotic frágility test showed that the normal condition produced gave a mean of 30.0, standard deviation of .6.10 with a range of 20 - 40. ' Dehydration. showed a mean of 34,7, standard deviation of 3.80 with a range of 30 - 40 percent. Rehydration produced a mean • of 31.2 percent, standard deviation of 4.16 and a range of 20 35. Superhydration showed a mean of 35.7, standard dfeviation of 1.80 with a range of 35 - 40 percent. 68 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 4 SUMMARY DF ANDVA (Repeated Weasuré Pesian) FQR F'HYSI CAL PHYSI0L05ICAL VARIABLES FQR NORMAL CONDITION AND DEHYDRATIQN Variable SS DF . MS F Weight (kg) 255.025 1 255.025 Height (m) 0 .000 1 0 .000 0 .0 0 0* Heart Rate ■ (b/m) 15.12.90 1 1512.90 19.996* Lean body weight (kg) 1 .089 1 1.089 0.30 Percent body f at. i . 190 1 1.190 2.249 Systolic h1ood pressure (mmHg) 1199.025 1 1199.025 45.684* Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 1638.400 1 1638.400 36.299* Ley * = sicjnif icant at 0.05 Leve!. 69 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY C{••Qr-"« -■0 i T a b l e 5 SUMMARY OF ANOVA (Repeated Measure Desiqn) FOR AEROBIO ' AND HAEMATOLOGIC VARIABLES FOR NORMAL CONDITION AND DEHYDRATIQN Variable DF F i R e c. o ve r y He a r t * ! Rate (b/m) 3757.568 i 1 3757.568 64.571 * Ma>: Va i mi/kg/min 17 i .731 1 171.731 5.051* ! 1320973.00 ¡ 1 1320973.0 57.321* ( Speed 16.899¡ 1 16.899 17.694* l Power 592.900| 1 592.900 4.522* 1 Packed Ce 11 11 Volume 67.600; 1 6/.600 23.719* « Osmoti c Fragi 1 i ty 0.023¡ 1 0 .023 8.805* Key * = significant at 0.05 Level. Table 4 and 5 show t.he resulte of the ANOVA (repeated measures desiqn) for all the selected variables for normal cond i t i on and dehy d ra t i on . From the resulte, F r ¿i 11 o of 6.738 obtained for weight was significant. It implies that dehydration had a signifi­ cant effect on the weight of the subjects. Heart rate had F ratio of 29.996 which was also significant at 0.05 level. 7 o UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY i ii i ! íSi \i ii ! ! ! 1 1 !1 1 ! 1 i (Si 1 i (Si \ ii i i1 í : i 1 í Ü C-4i Therefore, dehydration has a significant effect on the rest- ing heart rate. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure produced F ratios of -4 5 . 8 S 4 and c>6.299 respectively « The resulte- were significant and á.t implies that dehydration had significant effect on the blood pressure. The r e s u 1 1 s o b t a i n e?d for al 1 ae r o b i c v a r i a.bles showed signif icant. d i f f e r e n c e s 1:je tween dehy drabión and the n o r m a 1 condition. Pecovery heatrt rate had art F ratio of a 1 f. Máximum o.xy q e n c o n s u m p t i cjn b h i b i t ed F batió of 5 „ O 51. , myo - candial o xy g e n c. o n s u m p t. i. c>n showed F ratio of 57. 321 B These resulte show that the aerobio capacity of the subject was adversely affected by dehydration. Also the two anaerobio variables of speed and power showed significant differences over the normal .condition. The F ratio of 17.694 was obtained for speed, while F rabio of 4.522 was recordad for Power. These resulte- indicated that there was significant. effects of dehydration on anaero­ bio variables of the subjects. Packed Ce 11 Volunte (PCV) showed F ratio of 23.719 which was significant and the osmotic Frágil ity also produced a. significant F ratio of 8.805. The resulte indicated that the haematologic variables of Packed Cell Volunte and Osmotic Frágil it'y were adversely affected by dehydration in College of Educ.at.ion male students. 71 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 6 RUHMAE'Y OF ANOVA (Repeated Measure Desiqn) FQF: PHYSICAL AND F'HYSIQLOGICAL VARIABLES FOR REHYDRATION Variable SS DF MS ■ F Weight (kg) 0«00 i 0 B 00 0 „ 00 Height (m) 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 '/. Eiody Fat 0.020 1 0.020 0.024 Lean body weight (kg) 0.004 1 0.004 0.000 Heart Rate (b/m ) 6.400 1 6.400 o.ioi- • Sy 5 tolie b1ood preseure (mmHg) 4.900 1 4.900 0.1.57 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg5 3.600 1 3.600 0.73 Key * = eignificant at. 0.05 Level . UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 7 SUMMftRY OF ftNOVft (Repeated Measure Pesian) FOR AEROBIO AND HAEMATOLQGIC VARIABLES FOR REHYDRATION FOR REHYDRATION Vari a\ Id 10 ss DF MS Re covery Heart F; b X 0 ( b /' (Ti ) 3.137 1 3.137 Max Vo m 1 /kq/min 9.800 1 9.800 0 .349 MVo 566.903 i 566.903 0 .0 2 2 n Speed 0.081 1 0 .081 0 . 1 1 2 F'owe r ( k qm/sec) 9.025 1 9.025 0 .0 5'8 Packed Ce11 Vo 1 ume (PCV) 7. 0.225 1 0.225 0.067 Osmotic Frágil i ty 7. 0 . 0 0 2 1 0 . 0 0 2 0 .543 Key % = significan! at 0.05 Level. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The ANOVA (repeated measure design) of all the selected variables for normal condition and rehydration are contained in tables 6 and 7. The resulte of weight, percent body fat and lean body weight. yielded Fr ratios of 0.00, 0.024 and 0.000 respective- ly . This clearly indicated tha*t none of these variables was adverse1y affected by rehydration. F ratio of 0.101 was obtained for resting Heart rate resting heart. rate was not affected by rehydration. The resting blood pressure hoth systolic and diastolic showed F ratios of 0.157 and 0.073 respective!'/. The result indicated that rehydration had insignificant effect on the blood pres­ sure (Systolic and Diastolic) of the subjects. The resulte of the aerobio variables" of Recovery Heart rate, Máximum oxyqen consumption (Max Vo ), Myocardial oxygen c o n s u m p t i o n showed F ratios of 0.142, 0.349 and 0 „ 0 22 respectively. All these valúes were not significant at 0.05 level. Therefore these variables were not affected by rehy­ dration . Speed and power gave F ratios of 0.112 and 0.058 re­ spectively for normal condition and rehydration. The valúes were insignificant at 0.05 level. This showed that rehydra­ tion produced insignificant effects on speed and power of the UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY subjects Furthermore, F'ackeri Cell Volunte and Osmotic Fragility tests exhibited insignificant F retios of 0.067 and 0.543 respective?!y indicating that these haematológica! parameters were not significantly affected by rehydration. Table 8 SUMHftRY OF ANOVA (Repeated Heasure Desiqn) FQR PHYSI C-ftL AND PHYSI0L0GICAL VARIABLES FOR SUPERHYDRATIQN Variable SS DF MS F Weiqht (kg) 8 . .100 1 8 . 1 0 0 0 n 00 Height (m) 0.392 1 0 . 1 0 0.999 7. Body Fat 0.064 1 0.064 Lean body weight (kg) 0 . 0 1 2 1 0 . 0 1 2 o . yo Heart Rate (b/m) 40.00 1 40.00 Systolic blood pressure (mnriHq ) 313.600 1 31.3.600 7.196 Diastolic blood p r e s s u r e (m m H g ) 8 . 1 0 0 1 8 . 1 0 0 0.135 Key % = significant at 0.05 Leve!. 75 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 1 ¡¡ i ¡ ¡i 1 C-P0 ii OO Ch ii . ij LÜ 1 O i O- !¡ 1i i i Table 9 8UMHARY OF ftNOVft (Repeated Measure Desion) FOR AEROBIO ANAEROBIO AND HAEMATOLQGIC VARIABLES FOR SUF'ERHYDRAT ION Variable SS DF MS F Recovery Heart Rate (b/m) 287.836 i 287.836 14.988* Max VoO m 1 / k g / m i n 235.462 1 235.462 10.662* Mvoz 37385.938 1 87385.938 2.932* Speed (Secs) 0.156 1 0.156 0.190 P o w e r ( k g m / s e c ) 9.025 1 ‘ 9.025 0.060• F'acked Cell V o 1 u m e ( P 0 V ) '/. 23.900 i 28.900 9.160* Osmotic Frágil i ty “/. 0.033 1 0 .033 16'. 450* Key * = significant at 0.05 Level. 76 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Tafo Tabl.es 8 and 8 contain the summary of ANOVA {Repeated Measure for physical, physiological Aerobic, Anaerobic and Haematoloqic Variable for normal condition and superhydra— tion. The resulte showed that. the selected physical varia­ bles of the college men were not effected by superhydration» Weight gave F ratio of 0.00. Al 1 these valúes were not # s i q n i f i c a n t a t 0.0 5 1 e v e 1 . The resulte of the efeleeted physiological variables of resting heart rate and resting systoliq blood pressure, and Diastolic blood pressure gave F retios of 0.580, 7.196 and 0.135 respective!'/. Among these obtained valúes, only sys~ tolic blood pressure showed significant effect due to super­ hydration. Heart rate and Diastolic blood pressure were not s-ignif icantly affected by superhydration. The results of Aerobic variables showed F ratios of 14.988 for Recovery heart rate, 10.662 for máximum oxygen, consumption while myocardial oxygen consumption recordad 2.932. Al 1 these three valúes obtained were significant at 0.05 level. This implied that the aerobic capacity of the subjeets was significantly affected by superhydration. This effect was positive. The result of speed was an F ratio 0,190 and that of power 0.060, The valúes obtained were insignificant when 77 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY su p e rh y d ra tio n was compared w ith the normal c o n d it io n . 11 indicated that superhydration had no signidicant effect.s en 6 p e e d a n d p o w e r o f t h e s u b j e c t s . Facked Col 1 Volume and Osmotic Fragility (%) gave F fj |.iu of 9,160 and 16,450 respective! y , I hese va3u.es were s i qn i f i can t at 0,05 leve], *'f he result indicated that these. t haematól igic: variables were sign i f icantly affected b superhydration, In this case superhydration posí tively í t í.v o h e s e c o ; ■< p on e: • c , ANALYSIS OF FHYS1CAL AND FHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES FOR ALL CQNDITIONS • The following are the ana1yses of the selected varia­ bles compared under normal condition, dehydration, rehydra- t i on an d su pe r hy d r a t i. on , Weiqht Table 10 shows the computed analysis of varianee (ANOVA) for dehydration, rehydr'ation, and superhydration, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Tabl e 10 ftNQVft (REPEATED MEASURE DESIGN) OF WEI6HT FQR NORMAL DEHYDRATION. REHYDRATIQN AND SUPERHYDRATIQN SOURCE B e t. w e e n G r o u p s Withi n Groups Tota 1 ~JC¡ 3449 V.alue of F + 3.10 Key $ = Significan't at. 0.05 level The compu.ted F rs.tio of 3.705 was higher* than the tata le. valué required for significance at. 0 .05, indicating a s i q n i. f i. g: a n t. d i ff eren cea in weight among the treatments. For the purpose of determining which of the conditions was differe-fnt. the S c h e f f e t e o t p r o c e d u r e w a s a p p 1 i e d . UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY WEIGHT UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 11 SCHEFFE MULTIPLE RANGE TEST (ftT 0.05 LEVEL OF SIGNNIFICftNCE) QN MEAN SCORE OF EACH GROUP SUBSET 1 GROUP 02 - 03 0 i Mean 60.8500 65«POPO 65.9000 *SUBSET 2 GROUP 03 01 f ) .i'l M0an 65.9000 65.9OOO 65.8000 Key: * Homcgenous Groups No Statistically significant difference between the mean store. The qraph (fig.l) aleo clearly showed a s1 c5n.1 ticant decrease in weight due to dehydration. The re we.s signif icant differ- ence between the weight of the subiects in normal and dehy­ dration c o n d i t i o n s . Table 11 showed that there was no significant differ­ en cé amona group mean 03, 01 and 04. The main source of variancie was between 02 and 03; 02 and 01; 02 and 04. The resu1 1 c 1ea r 1 y i n d i cated tha t d ehyd rat i on manifested the variánce that occured in the weight of the 81 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Rubjects for the various conditions. pprcent Body Fat The computed ANDVA (table 12) for Body fat of the p.ubjects showed the F ratio of 0.760 which was insignificant at 0.05 level. Table 12 ANOVA OF FERCENTABE BODY FAT FOR NORMAL DEHYDRAT10N« REHYDRATION AND SUPERHYDRATION SOURCE DF SS MS F Between Broups 1.444 0.481 0 .7 60 Within Broups . 76 48.163 0.634 - Tota 1 79 49.607 - Percent body fat was not significantly affected by the condi­ tions. Therefore, the subhypothesis which stated that dehy- dration, rehydration ¿and superhydration would not affect percent body fat was accepted. 82 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Lean Body Weight Table 13 ftNOVft FOR BODY WEIGHT (LBW) FOR NORMAL DEHYDRATION. REHYDRATION AND SUPERHYDRATION SOURCE SS MS F B e t w e e n G r o u p s 3 1.832 0 .611 0 .017 Within Groups 7 2705.144 35.594 - Total 79 2706.975 - - Table 13 shows that the computed F rabio for lean body weight was 0.017 which was not significant at 0.05 level. This valué was far below the valué required for significance. These resulte strongly suggest that dehydration, rehy-' dration and superhydration had no effect on lean body weight. Therefore, the subhypothesis which stated that le$n body weight would not be significantly affected by dehydration, rehydration and superhydration was accepted. Table 14 shows the computed F ratio of 15.071 for the four conditions which was significant at 0.05 level. fT UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY i ii i ! üQ_ i ! 1 ¡ ¡1 1 Table 14 ANQVA RESTING HEftRT RftTE FOR NORMAL DEHYDRftTION. REHYDRATION AND SUPERHYDRATIQN • * i q n ¡ ) p r p DF SS ! MS F ! i J Between Groups 2 502.4375 ¡! 834.i4 58 15.07i*Ii 3i \ 1 i Withiri Groups 7 6 4206.3125 ¡ 55.3462 i - 1 i 1 i i 1 i . Total 79 6708.7500 ! - i ! i Key * = Significant at 0.05 level. In arder to determine where the difference was, the Schefte’ p r o c e d u r e w a s e m p 1 o y e d (table 15) . 84 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 15 SCHEFFE MULTIPLE RANGE TEST (AT 0.05 LEVEL OF SIGNNIFICANCE) ON MEAN SCORE OF EAC-H GROUP SUBSET 1 GROUP 04 01 03 Mean s óó,6000 68.6000 65.4000 *SUBSET 2 GROUR 02 Means 80.900 t Homogenous Subset. The Scheffe test applied showed that groups 04, 01 and 03 are in subset 1 while group 2 is in subset 2.. This ' indi- cated that there was no significant difference among group mean 04, 01 and 03. The main source of variance was between 02 and 04, 02 and 01 and 02 and 03. The findings indicated that the effect of dehydration on the Resting Heart rate was statistically significant. Only dehydration affected Resting heart Rate. 85 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Systolic Blood Pressure Table 16 ftNQVA OF SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE FOR NORMAL DEHYDRATION« REHYDRATIQN AND SÜF'ERHYDRAT I ON SOURCE DF SS MS F Es e l w e e n G r o u p s 3 2 9 2 6 .6 S 75 97 5.5625 2 7 .7 1 7 * Within Broups 76 2.67 5.000 35.1914 - Total 96 5601.6875 _ _ Key * = Significant at 0.05 level. Table 16 shows the computed F rabio of 27.717 for systolic blood pressure which indicates significant differ. nece between the conditions at 0.05 level. The Scheffe múltiple range test (table 17) indicated that qrou.p 01 and 03 were in the same homogenous subset, al so qrou'p 03 and 01 were in the same subset (subset 2). uO uL UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Tabie 17 SCHEFFE MULTIPLE RANGE TEST (ftT 0.05 LEVEL OF SISNNIFICANCE) 0N MEAN SCORE OF EACH GROUP SUBSET 1 GROUP i}?, Mean 106.8000 111.7000 #SUBSET 2 GROUP 03 0 1 Mean 111.700 112.400 SUBSET 3 Group 02 Mean 123.350 Key = * Homogenous Groups. The resulte on table 17 indicated that the sources of vari- anee was between dehydration and normal condition and between rehydration and superhydration. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY D i a s t o l i c B l o o d P r e s s u r e Table 18 contains the analysis of variante for Diastol- ic blood pressure for the various conditions. Table 18 AMOVA OF DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE FOR NORMAL. DEHYDRATIQN. REHYDRATIOM' AND SUPERHYDRATION _____________ SOURCÉ DF SS MS Between Groups 3 2661.6250 887.2083 18.232* Within Groups 7 6 3698.3750 48.6628 - Tota 1 96 3 u OOO . _ - . . Key = * Significant at 0.05 level. The F ratio obtamed for the analysis of variante for normal, dehydration, rehydration and superhydration showrd a siqhificant valué of 18.232mmHq at 0.05 level. The Scheffe múltiple ranqe test (table 19) indicate. 88 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY > 1 i! i i! 11 !1 ü_ 1! 1 ! i !1 Table 19 SCHEFFE MULTIPLE RftNGE TEST (ftT O .05 LEVEL OF SIGNNIFICANCE) ON MEftN SCQRE OF EftCH GROUP SUBSET 1 GROUP 04 03 01 Means 71.30 7 i.60 72.20 SUBSET 2 GROUP 02 Means 85.00 H¡ Homogeneous subset Groups 04, 03 and 01 are in subset 1 while group 02 beleños to subset 2 and stood apart. It means that superhydration and rehydration had no contribution to the effect shown, a i so superhydration and rehydration had no significant effects on the Biastolic blood pressure of the subjects. But dehydra tion which is in Group 02 showed the main source of the signif icant effect found in the anal y sis of vari anee. It. is 89 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY therefore concluded that dehydration affected the diastolic blood pressure of the subjects. ftEROBIC. ANftEROBIC AND HAEliATOLQGIC VARIABLES The Aerobic, Anaerobia and Haematologic variables evaluated for the purpose of this study were recovery heart rate, Máximum oxygen consumption, Hyocardial oxygen consump- tion , speed , power, F'acked Cel 1 Volume {PCV) O.smotic Frágil i- ty and Recovery Heart Rate. The computed Fr ratio for Recovery Heart Fíate is shown in table 2 0 . Table 20 ANOVA OF RECOVERY HEART RATE FOR NORMAL. DEHYDRATION. REHYDRATIQN AND SUPERHYDRATION SOURCE DF SS MS C I Between Groups 7193.2500 2397.7500 63.457*|t _f_____!ií11 Within Groups 76 2871.6S75 37.7854 _ ! J1 I T ota 1 79 100064 - \\1 K e y ~ % S i g n i f i c a n t a t 0.0 5 1 e v e 1. 90 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Ii. i í!¡ U_ !i r The table shows that the F ratio of 63.457 computed for the analysis of variance among the conditions was signifi­ can t . Table 21 SCHEFFE MULTIPLE RANGE TEST (AT 0.05 LEVEL OF SIGNNIFICANCE) ON MEAN SCQRE OF EACH GROUP SUBSET 1 GROUP 04 o.rs >:') i Mean s 102.30 10710 . O / « 6 ó 3UBSET 2 GROUP 02 Means 127.Oí The Sche-ffe múltiple range test throws more light on the source of variance. Groups 01, 03, and 04 were in subset 1 while Groups 03 was in subset 2. There was no significánt difference between 03 and 01. The main source of variance was between 02 and and 04, 03 and 01. The findings show that Rehydration produced insignificant result, hut dehydration had negativo effect on the Recovery heart rate while superhy- dration affected it positively. The graph shown on figure 2, also indicated higher recovery heart rate for dehydration and lower recovery heart rate for superhydration. 91 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Recovare H S M T b Art UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Therefore the stated subhypothesis that Recovery Heart rate would. not be signif icantly affected by dehydrat.ion, Rehydration and superhydration was hereby rejected for dehy- dration and superhydration, but accepted for rehydration. Máximum Oxygen Consumption (MaXVo ) : Table 22 shows a computed F ratio of 9,707 for máxi­ mum oxygen consumption which was Table 22 ANOVA OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION FOR NORMAL. DEHYDRATION, REHYDRATION AND SUPERHYDRATION _ — ~ SOURCE DF ; SS MS F 1 { B e t w e e n G r o u p s 3 ¡ 819.500 273.1685 9.10 7 % ! 1 t Within Groups 76 ti 2138.7500 28.14.14 - l i l ! T ota 1 79 ¡ 2958.2500 - - J ! Ley .= t Significant at 0.05 level. Significant at 0.05 level among the different conditions. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 23 5CHEFFE MULTIPLE RANEE TEST (AT 0.05 LEVEL QF SI6NNIFICANEE) ON MEAN SCORE QF EACH GROUP GROUP 0 1 Mean 40»6507 44„7949 SUBSET 2 GROUP 01 03 Mean5 44.7949 45.7S49 * SUBSET 3 GROUP 03 04 MEAN 45.7849 49.6474 Key t - Homogenous Groups. 94 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY - 55- \* **9 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The Scheffe test was used to determine the source of variance at 0.05 level of significance. 11 indi cated that there was no signif icant difference in the means of rehydra.tion and normal conditions. Figure 3 which shows the graph of Máximum o >; y gen consumption (Max vo ) for the con di tions indi cated that lower valúes were obtained during dehydration. Superhy-’ dration affected the variable positively. livocardial oxyqen consumption Table 24 ftNQVft'OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION FOR NORHftL. DEHYDRATION. REHYDRATION AND SUPERHYDRATI0N ___________________: SOURCE DF SS F Between Groups 7r I 24321912.000 810970.6250 33.341* ¡ ~~ i * i W i t h i n G r o u p s 76 1854128.000 24396.4180 _ í __ __ „___ 'i1 i Tota 1 79 4287040«000 t 0 ! i K e y = * Signi.fi c a n t a t 0.05 1 e v e 1 . Table 24 shows that the obtained F ratio of 33.241 computed for the conditions was significant at 0.05 level, indicating that the conditions evaluated had significant effect on myocardial oxygen consumption. 96 UNIVERSITY OF IBAD ! A li t 3 1 Lrxi i!i I !i BRARY T a b l e 2 5 SCHEFFE MULTIPLE RftNBE TEST (AT 0.05 LEVEL 0F SIGNNIFICANCE) ON MEAN SCORE OF EACH GROUP SUBSET 1 GROUP* 04 0 1 0 Means 1133.3749 1226.8533 1229 SUBSET 2 . • GROUP 02 Me an s 1590 .3OS3 Key * =• Homogenous Groups. Broups 04, 01 and 03 were in Su.bset 1, while subset 2 com- prises only group 02. The main source o’f va rían ce was- • be- tween groups 02 and 04, 02 and 01, 04 and 01. This indic.at.ed tvhat dehydration and superhydration produced signif icant effects on myocardial oxygen .consumption. Superhydration and dehydration had significant effects on the variable while rehydration showed no significant effect. The subhypothesis that stated that myocardial oxygen consumption would not be significantly affected by dehydration, rehydration and super­ hydration was rejected for dehydration and superhydration but accepted for rehydration. 9 7 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 26 AtMOVA QF SPEED FOR NORMAL« DEHYDRATION. REHYDRATION AND SUPERHYDRATION SOURCE DF SS MS F. B e t w e e n G r o u p s 7 25.3711 8.4570 9.631# W i t.hin Groups 76 66.7383 0.8781 - T pta 1 79 92.1094 - - Key Significant t O . O í level The F ratio obtained (table 26) was 9.631 and was significant at 0.05 level. It is en indicatión that one or more of these conditions had significant effect on speed. 98 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 27 5CHEFFE HÜLTIRLE RANEE TEST (AT 0.05 LEVEL OF SISNNIFICANEE) ON MEAN SCORE OF EACH GROUP 5UBSET 1 * GROUP 0 1 04 Mean' ¿3 . V S' SUBSET 2 02 GROUP 02 Mean 5 8.3850 Key * = Homoqenous Groups. In determining the conditions that produced the signif- icant effect, Scheffe procedure (table 27) was applied. The resulte showed that Subset 1 consists of Groups 03, 01 and 04. There was no significant difierence between 03 and 01, 03 and 04. The source of the variante was found in he subset. 2 which contains Group 02. The result. then implied that Rehydration and superhydration did not produce significant 99 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY effect. Therefore, the subhypothesis that stated that speed would not respondí significantly to dehydration, rehydration and superhydration was rejected for dehydration but accepted f o r r e hy d r a t i o n a n d su pe r h y d r a t i o n . Power Table 28 ANQVA DF POWER FOR NORMAL. DEHYDRATION. REHYDRATION AND SUPERHYDRATION SOURCE MS F 1 11 Between Groups 3 ¡1 925.453 308.484 2.156I 1 R.ATI oR , REHY£>RATlbN ANI> SUPERH'fC>/?ATIoK On X P3CÍS, 0-8 Cin rep- 1 unit On "r QJCts, 1‘Ocm cep. 2 • 5 units ± -5L 6 * -9i-I 2 i --IL-b-7L7 & _e1_ ___ía[_ ___'?L. (8 15 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Tahle 30 SCHEFFE MULTIPLE RANGE TEST (AT 0.05 LEVEL OF SIGNNIFICANCE) ON MEAN SCDRE OF EACH GROUP SUBSET 1 GROUP 02 Means SUBSET 2 GROUP Oí Means 40.í 500 40,3000 SUBSET 3 GROUP 04 MEAN 42.7500 Key * = Homogenous Groups. No S t a t á. s t i c:a 1 D i f f er en ce . In the Scheffe test analysis, Group 02 is in subset i which impli.es a significant ef fect. Al so subset 3 contains Group 04 which also showed significant effect. The graph al so shows a positive effect of superhydration and negative effect of dehydration on Packed Cell Volume. The results indícate that dehydration and superhydration significantly UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY influenced Packed Cell Volume (F’CV). So the su.bhypothesis which stated that Packed Cell Volume (PCV) would not be significantly affected by dehydra- tion, rehydration and superhydration was rejected for tíehy- dration and superhydration but eccepted for rehydration. Osmotic Fragl1 ity: Table 31 shows the,ANOVA for Osmotic Frágility for normal, dehydration, rehydration and superhydration condi-- tions. Table 31 ANOVA OF OSMOTIC FRAGILITY FOR NORMAL. DEHYDRATION, REHYDRATION AND SUPERHYDRATION SOURCE DF SS MS F Between Groups y, 0 .0454 0.0151 8.027* W i t h i n G r o u p s 7 0.1431 0 .0019 - Total 79 0.1885 - -- Key = * Signif icant at 0,05 level. The F ratio computed for the analysis of variance was 8.027 which was significant at 0.05 level. 104 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY T a b le 32 SCHEFFE MULTIPLE RANGE TEST (AT 0 .0 5 LEVEL OF SIGNNIFICANCE) ON MEAN SCQRE OF EACH GROUP * SUBSET 1 GROUP O i Means O .3000 0.3125 t SUBSET ; GROUP O Means O .3125 0 .347 # SUBSET GROUP 02 04 Mean 0.3475 0.3575 Key t = Homogenous Groups. The Scheffee múltiple range test was used to deterr the source of variance. Groups 01 and 03 are in subset 1, , 03 and 02 in subset 2 and subset 3 consiste of 02 and 04. The source of variance was between normal condition and dehyc i re. - tion, normal condtion and superhydration. So dehydration ■E'\ r¡ o superhydration had significant effect on Osmotic Frágil it>f o f UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY OSM OTIC FKAGILITY UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY the subjects. The graph fig. 5 aleo indicatee that dehydra- tion affects osmotic fragility negatively and superhydration also had a negativo mfluence. Therefore, the subhypothesis that there would be no significant difference in Osmotic fragility as a result of dehydration, rehydration and super- hydration was rejected for dehydration and superhydration but accepted for rehydraiton. DISCUSSIDN Physical and PhysioloQical Variables Weiqht; The study revealed significant decrease in the mean of dehydration when compared with the normal condition and superhydration. The mean of 60kg obtained for dehydration was below 65.90kg and 66. Skg for rehydration and superhydra*- tion respective!'/, The difference in weiqht was due to the amount of water lose, There was a decrease of over 30"/. in weight of the subjects. The? indication is that the weight is significantly affected by dehydration. This result agrees with the findings of many investiga- tors. Saltin (1964) found a decrease of 2.7kg in body weight du.ring dehydration, Kozlowsk and Saltin (1964) found an average decrease in body weight of 4.1% under condition of 107 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY rapid dehydration. A 1 so the result is in agrsement with the finding of Caldwell et.al (1984) who found a mean weight loss of 4.1% in ¿2 non-endurance athletes following dehydration. Craig and Cummings (1960) used water restricción to achieve dehydration and recorded a loss of 3 V. of the initial body weight. Webster and We 1 tina (1990) recorded a loss of 4.97. of body weight due to dehydration among seven intercollegiate wres- tlers. The loss is high because of the high temperature and humidity that prevailed. Rehydration had'no effect on weight because it represents the fluid replacement of what had been 1 ost during dehydration. The athletes were properly hydrated which led to the valué obtained. In case of superhydration, the two litres of water imbibed resulted in no significant change in the body weight. Perhaps delay of 30 minutes before the _evalu.at.ion of the selected variables was done might have reduced the influente of the water consumed on the body weight. It couId be stated that dehydration that involves water deprivation and sjweating would adverse1y affect the body weight. Percent Body Fat The computed F ratio resulte of 2.246, 0.246, 0.024 and 0.086 for dehydration, rehydration and superhydration respec- tively showed that none of these conditions had any signifi­ can t effect on percent body fat. Water does not. contain 108 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY calories and body fat is only lost thr.ough the burning of calarles and not by losing water. Ibis assertion is in sgreement with that of Getchell (1979), Webster and Weltman (1970) who said that removal of body water is useless ,for fat reduction and this can be dangerous. Fox (1979), Fox and Hathews (1981) al so opposed the delibérate use of excessive water loes through sweating íor the purpose of losinq body weight. Rehydration and supérhydration mere1y introduce water into the body. These ha ve be en o b ser ved to ha ve no effect o- the per cent body fat. So, imbibing water would not sign.if.i-- cantly affect the level of percent body fat. In this study, the main factor of manipula!.ion in all conditions (dehydra- tion, rehydration and supérhydration ) was water and it has ño caloric valué, so the consumption absorptioh and even removal of it would not affect the amount of fat in the . body significant1 y . Lean Body Weight (LBW) The resulte- of the study gave fneans of 49.13kg, 48.85kg, 49.20kg and 49,215kg for normal, dehydration, rehy­ dration and supérhydration respectively for Lean Body weight (LBW). All the valúes of the computed ANOVA were not sig­ nifican t . The lean body weight ot.herwi.se called fat free weight .1.09 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY is not affected by water. Fox and Mathews (1981) agreed that in order to gain one pound of fat-free weight (muscle) an excess intake of abou.t 2500 kcal. is required coupled with exercise. 11 is only intake of calories that can affect. lean body weight. So as far as this study w a s c o n c e r n e d , intake of wate and loss of water did not af fect the fat-free weight of th body ei'ther negativo or posi tively. So wate r s h o u 1 d n o t b consu.med in p 1 ace of food , because f ood is the primar v 3 r ia b 1 e f o r bul 1ding fat and mu s c le. Resting Heart Rate; The resulte of the Resting Heart Rate evaluation for the conditions revealed computed F ratio of 29.996, 0.101 and 0.590 for dehydration, rehydration and superhydration respec­ tive].)' . The F ratio for the four conditons was 15.071. The Scheffe test, further revea led dehydration to be the source of the variation. It meaos that Resting Heart Rate was signifi­ can tly affected by dehydration. The result. was- in U n e with the findigs of Karpovish and Sinning (1971), Fox and iiatthew (1981) and Saltin (1964). ' Gregory et. al (1988) aleo record- ed heart rate rise from 78 to 119, so did Rastogi et. al (1988) who observed that the working heart rate exhibited .an increase of 24 beats per minute amona the bangle workers as a result of exposure to t. herma! radiation . The y al so r eco relee! an increase of 30.5 h/m in F i. remen. An in crease in heart 110 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY rate of 37 b/m was recorded by Bazett (1971) for a rise of 0 36 F in rectal temperature. The method of judging dehydration involved exposure to heat in order to induce sweating. The rise in room tempera- ture increased the body temperature at that time. So the rise in temperature and a water loes produced the correspond— inq increase in heart rate. The resulte of other» conditions were not. significante Rehydration was to bring the body to normal position of water balance and the water consumen for the parpóse of superhydration was not enough, it was not coid or hot and did not. significantly a.ffect the temperature of the body. There i.s. therefore a danger of increased heart rate from dehydra­ tion only. Restinq Blood F'ressure Resting Systolic blood pressure showed means of. 123.35mmHg, 117.70mmHg and 106.BOmmHg for dehydration, . rehy­ dration and superhydration respective!y. The resulta further showed that systolic blood pressure was significantly affected by dehydration and superhydration F ratios of 45.684 and 7.196 were recorded for the? two condi- tons. The Scheffe test revealed that the significant effect produced was due to dehydration and superhydration. The diastolic blood pressure showed means of 72.20mmHg, 111 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY BSmmHg, 71.60mmHg and 71.30mmHg for normal dehydration, rehydration and superhydration conditions respective1 y . The resu.lt of Anal y sis of Vari anee (ANOVA) revea led that only dehydration had significant effect on diastolic blood pres- sure. Other conditions had no significant effect. The post. Hoc test also revealed that dehydration was the main source’ of vari anee. , The results of thid study are in agreement w.ith the findings of Karpovich (1971) who reported a rise in Resting Systolic. F'ressure and diastolic blood p'ressure. ■ Burskirk et. al (1958), Burskirk and Grasley (1974) found that body water déficit led to dehydration and this would severely place dangerous demands on circulation. Whyndham and Strydom (1969), Shephard (1982) maintained 'that dehydration affeets the blood pressure of an individual. Bregory et.al (1988) also found a decrease in arterial .pres— su.re from 115mmHg to 94mmHg (P > 0.01) during water depri-va- t.ion . Recovery Heart Rate: The results of the computad ANOVA obtained for dehydra­ tion, rehydration and superhydration were 64.5711, 0.142, 14.988 respective)./. The results further revealed that dehydration and superhydration had significant effect on Recovery Heart. Rate. 112 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Herfaert and Ribisi (1972) found an increase in the Recovery Heart Fíate (170 h/m) in their study. Saltin (1964), found that the heart rate was higher after dehydration and the increase was more marked as the reduction in body. weight became iarger. Burskirt et.al (1958), found that dehydra­ tion affected the circuí atino falood volunte, and rapid eleva- tions in heart rate occur even with modérate work, and early' exhaustion ensiles. The early demand on the circulation ieads to increase in the recovery heart rate and corresponding reduction in exhaustion time. Subjets did not recoven rapid- ly as was the case with the normal cond.ition. Superhydration had a significant effect on recovery heart rate. This is in line with the finding of Staff and Ni 1 son (1971) who recordad a lower heart rate and correspond— ingly lower recovery heart rate when water- was ingested during treadmill exercise. Also the rate of cooling .of a subject following exertion is influenced by his state• of hydration (Walder et.al, 1975). If adequate fluid is provided, the rise in bod/ temper— ature with effort is apprec-iably reduced. And increase in body temperature is a majar factor in increase of heart rate. So 'when rehydration and even superhydration occur, there is tendency for heart rate and recovery heart rate to be 1owered. 113 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Máximum Oxygen Consumption (Maxvo )_ "- 2 The resulte c 0.05). They further showed that dehydration made the red blood cells to become more fragüe compared to rehydra- tion or normal condi tion. Perk (1972) , al so st.at.ed that. the susceptibi1 ity of the red blood cell is generally related to ce 11 size and volunte. The decrease might be due to decrease in salt concentration. Bake (1980) raid that as the salt concentration is decreased-(making a hypotonic solution), the cells disrupt causing haemolysis. 1.21 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECQMMENDATIONS Suuifliary ; The purpose of the study was te determine the effeets of dehydration, rehydration and superhydration en aerobio, anaerobio and haematologic. as well as relatad body composi- tion variables of College of Education male students. The research design used for this study was repeated measure desigo in which the subject served as his own control and was exposed to three experimental conditions of dehydration, rehydration and superhydration. The main hypothesis for the study was that dehydration, rehydration and superhydration would have no significant effect. on the aerobio, anaerobio and haematologic variables of Co1 1 ege of Education male students. The subjeets were twenty healthy Physical Health Educa­ tión students of Godo State College of Education, Ikere- Ekiti. The average age was 24.90 years. They were volun- teers who were certified fit by a medical doctor to take part in the study. Subjeets were briefed on the protocol, the procese of collecting data and the level of their irrvolvement after which they signed sn "informed consent form". The subjeets were first tested under normal (control) i 22 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY condition. They went through the assessment of the selected variables with no prior treatment of any kind. For dehydra- tion, the subjects abstained from water for 24 hours and were 0 0 in a hot room of between 100 F to 120 F so that approxímately 3% of the body weight of each of them was lost. through sweat­ ina, The same subjects after tíehydration were allowed a period of two weeks for rehydration. In this condition, they went through t he assessment of the selected variables, After two weeks» of rehydration, the subj eots were required to d r i n k 2 1 itres of water each 30 minutes before the beg inmng of the evaluation of the selected aerobio, anaerobio,physio- logical, body composition and haematoíogic variables. A pilot study using 5 subjects from the target popula- tion was carried out in order for the researcher and the assistants to familiarise themselves with the testing Instru­ ments and the procedure for the data collection emp'loyed during the actual research. The measurement done during the study involved the physical characteristics of height, weight, percent body fat, and lean body weight. The physiological variables evaluated included, the resting heart rate, resting blood pressure (systolic. and diatolic). The evaluation al so included the aerobio variables of máximum oxygen consumption (Max Vox ), myocardial oxygen consumption (Mvo ) and Recovery Heart Rate, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY the snaerobic variables of speed and power. Packed Ce11 Volume (PCV) and osmotic frágility were the haematologic variables evaluated. The equipment and materials used during the study included the beam scale of Health-O-meter, stop watch, lange skinfoíd ca1 ipers, Broad-blade Anthropometer, Stethoscope, sphygmomamometer , step bench, and microhaematocri t cen tr i f u.ge and Colorimeter. The anal y sis of data involved the descri.pt i ve statis- tics employed in the -treatment of aerobio, anaerobio, anthrc- pometric, physiological and haematological variables of the subhjects. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), the repeated meas- ures design in which each subject served as his own control was used to test the significance of any changes. The hy— potheses were ’eccepted or rejected at the 0.05 level of significance. In cases of significant effects, the Scheffe- test was employed to test the critica! difference among.group íiieans of normal, dehydration, rehydration and superh'/dration. The resulte of the study were: 1 The weight recorded during the normal condition showed a mean of 65.70kg and standard deviation of 6.189. The means weight for dehydration, rehydration and superhydration were 60kg, 65»80kg and 6 6 .8 kg re- spectively. The result of the analysis of variance for weight for dehydration, rehydration and superhydration 124 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY respective].'/. The result of the analysis of variance for weight. showed a computed F ratio of 3,705 which was significant. The result of Scheffe test indicated that the significance was brought about by the effect of dehydration on weight. Rehydratión and superhydration did not have any significant effect. The percentage body fat showed meaos and standard- deviation of 7.13 + 0.917, 6.885 + 0.467, 7.115 + 0.909, 7.10 + 0.806 for normal, dehydration rehydratión and superhydration conditions respective1y . The com­ putad F ratio results showed no significant effect of any of the conditions on percent body fat. The resting heart rate gave the means of 68.60, 80.0 69.40 and 6 6 . 6 for normal dehydration, rehydratión and superhydration respectively. The F ratio computed for the four conditions was 15.071 which was signifi­ cant. Scheffe test indicated that dehydration produced’ the significant effect. Systolic blood pressure showed the means of 112.40, 123.35, 111.70 and 106.80 for normal, dehydra­ tion, rehydratión and superhydration respectively. The calculated F ratio was 27.712, and was significant. A1 so the Scheffe test revealed that. dehydration and superhydration produced the significant. effects. 125 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Diastolic blood pressure showed means of 72.20mm.Hg, 85mm.Hg and 71.30mm.Hg for normal, dehydra- tion rehydration and superhydration conditions respec- tively. The F ratio computed revealed a sígnificant effect. The post Hoc test showed that rehydration produced the significant change exhibited. The Fleco ver y Heart Rate s h o w e d m e en s O f 1 127,05, 107.115 and .102,30 for normal, dehydr réhydration and superhydrat i. on res pee: t. i. ve 1 y . r at i o o í 63,457 w a s s i g n i í i cant at 0.05 level, resulte, further revea led signif icant effects by dehy­ dration and superhydration, Therefore the stated subhypothesis that Recovery Heart Rate would not re­ spon d significantly to dehydration, rehydration and superhydration was rejected for dehydration and super­ hydration but accepted for rehydration. The máximum o»; y gen consumption of the various conditions showed means of 44»792ml/kg/min, 40.65ml/kg/min , 45,735 and 49.647ml / kg/m.in respective— 1 y. The ANOVA .indi caled signif icant. differences for dehydration and superhydration. Also myocardial oxygen consumption showed means of i 226.86m1/m i n , 1590.31m1/mi n , 1234,334, 1133.0 for normal, dehydration, rehydration and superhydration i 2 ¿> UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY respective!'/. The obtained F relio amonq the candi- tions was 33.24 and was significant. The effect was produced hy dehydration and superhydration. Thus the subhypothesis which stated that dehydration, rehydra­ llón and superhydration would have no significan! effect on máximum oxygen consumplion was rejected for dehydration and superhydration bul accepted for rehy- dration in both variables of máximum oxygen consumplion (Max Vox > and myocardial oxygen consumplion. Speed yielded means of 7.035 secs, 8.0305, 6.905 and 7.10 secs respective!'/ for normal, dehydration, rehydration and superhydration. The F ratio computad indicated a significan! efect of these conditions on speed. But. the effect. was shown lo have faeen produced by dehydration from the Scheffe test. The subhypothe- sis that dehydration, rehydration and superhydration wouid not significantly changa speed was rejected for dehydration but accepted ror rehydration and superhy­ dration. The power test showed means of 93.lOkgm/sec, 94.05, 86.40 and 92.15 for normal, dehydration, rehy­ dration and superhydration. The F ratio of 2.156 computed for power showed no significant effect. Therefore, the subhypothesis that stated that speed UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY would not respond significantly to dehydration, rehy — dration and superhydration was sccepted for all cond.i~ tions. F'acked Cell Volume (PCV) showed means of '40.15, 42.76, 38.45 and 40.3 for normal superhydration, dehy- dration and rehydration respecti vely. The F r a t i. o computed was 22.727 whith was greater than the tabl e va 1 ue a t 0 . 0 5 signif*icant level, This indicates that PVC was signi f i c a n i 1 y a f f ected tay one or more of these "dehydration signif icantly affected the F'acked Cell Volume of the subjects. So the subhypothesis which stated that PCV would not be significantly influenced by dehydration, rehydration and superhydration was rejected f.or dehydration and superhydration bu.t accept- ed for rehydration. ‘ • ' The F ratio computed in the analysis of variante f o r o s m o t i c f r a q i 1 i t y w a s s i g n i f i c. a n t. I n d i c: a t. i n q significant differences in dehydration and superhydra­ tion in relation to the normal condition, the subhy- pothesis that osmotic fragility would not respond significantly to dehydration, rehydration and superhy­ dration was rejected for dehydration and superhydra- t i on UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Conclusión The following conclusions were derived from the resulto of this study: Dehydration signifi can 11 y and negativo1y affected the aerobic capaci ty cjf the suibj ects , the variables a f f e c t.ed w e r e Recovery Heart Fíate, myocsrdial oxygen consumption (Max Vo ) » So dehydration is highly detrimental to endurance perform­ ances of any kind. Dehydration al so significantly and nesga- adverse aífect. on the red blood cells and function of blood. The anaerobio capacity was affected in the area of speed. Dehydration had no significant effect on the body cpmponents of fat. and lean body weight. Dehydration is orsly the removal of water. It is hereby noted that water depriva-- tion and excessive water loss by sweating would not reduce the fat and the lean body weight of an individual. Superhy- dration only affected the aerobio capacity of the subjects. So water should be made available to endurance at.hlet.es and workere for proper functioninq of the body. The haematologic v a r i a b 1 es o f pa c k ed ce 11 v o 1 u me (PC V ) an d os mo tic F r ag i 1 i t. y were affected by superhydration. Constant supply of water would enhance the performance of blood cells. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Recommendations and Suaqestions for further work From the result of the study, the follawing recommenda­ tions are offered: 1. Coaches, trainers and team mansgers should monitor the movement of their athletes same days before compe­ tí t ion to avoid unecessary loss of water through expo-, sure to heat. Their camping rooms should be weli ventilated and any source of heat that would induce sweatinq should be avoided« 2. ' Water should be me.de available to endurante athletes during training and competition and the Inter­ national rules for various sports should inelude water time outs especially in hot el imate of the tropics to avoid the consequences of dehydration and for athletes to consume abundant water for better performance. 3 . Athletes should avoid dehydration to lose bod>' weight during competition. It is very dangerous to the health of the athletes and might affect homeost.asis of the body and consequently affect the performances of the athletes. 4 . • This study should be carried out in more standard laboratorios using sophisticated equipment for more a c: cura te results. More variables could be added in areas of metabolism and haematology. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 5. The present study had made use of C-olleqe of Education na1e students. The study was intended to add to the knowledqe of improving the performances of athlet.es of al 1 cat.egori.es throughout. the country. 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(1986) Volume, Influences *on thirst and Vasopresin Secretion in dehydrated sheep. • ’ Am„ J . of Physiol. 6 pp. 62 ” 626 n Passmoref R . and Durning, J. V. (1955). Human energy expend iture, Physiol. Rev. 35 p. 801. F'erk, K. (1972) Osmotic bemol y sis of the Carne 1' s erythrocyt.es I. A, Micro-cinema tographic study, ¡h Exph. Zo11. 163 pp. 241 - 146. F'irnay, F. Pet.it, J. M. Deroanne, R. and Hausman, A. (1968). Aptitu.de a L'exercise musculaire sons contranite ther- rnique. Arch. Ind. Physiol. B i o c hem■ 76 pp. 867 - 892. 140 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY F'urney , p Deroanne, R, and F'etit, J. M. (1970) Maximal oxygen consumption in a hot environmen t . J_._ ftppl . F'hysi- q !. 28 pp. 642 - 645. Rastoqi, S. K. Supta, B. N. Husain, T. and Mathur, N. (1988) Physiological responses to thermal stress in a glass banqle factory. Ind. J . Soc. Occup. Med. 38 (4) pp. 137- - 142. Reiskick, S. Neuringer, M . Hasnain, R. and 'Connor. W. (1990). 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FhvsiQl . 19 (2) pp. 1114 - 1118. ----,(1964b) Aerobic work capacity and circulation át exer— cise in man . Acta Physiol . Scand. 62 (Sup.) pp. 1 - 52. -.— ,(1964) Circuíatory response to sub-maximal and maximal exercise after t.herma 1 déhydration. J Appl . Physiol . , 19, pp. 1125 - 1132. ----, B. Bagge, A.P. Bergy, V-, and Stolwijk, J .A . (1972) Body Temperature and Sweating du.rinq Exhaustive Exercise, o . A pp i ■ Physiol . 32 (4) pp. 635 -- 643. ----,(1978) Fluid, electrolyte, and every losses and their replenishment in prolonqed exercise. In J. Parizkova and V.A. Rogoskir (Erís.) Nutrí, t ion , Physl.cal. Fitness and Heal. th. Baltimore: University F'ark Press. Sc:ho 11.e 1 ius , B . A . and D. Scottel ius (1973) Textbóok pf Physioloqy. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Co. Sen ay, L.C. and Chr i s tensen (1.965) Cutaneous Circulation during déhydration and heat stress. J_u_ Appl . Physiol . 20 (2) pp. 278 - 282. Shephard, R.V. (1982). Physiolpqy and Biochemistry of Exer­ cise . N e w Y o r k : F'raeg e r P u b 1 i s h e r s . Speel , E.F. (1988) Mu t r 111. on and Physi cal F i tness. Toronto: Galloway„ 142 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Sproles5 C.B. Smith, D.P. Byrd, R.J . and Alien, T.E 19761 Circulatory responsos to su. bma i roa 1 e x erci se after dehy— dration and rehydration. J « S port Med. Phys. f itnesB. .16 pp. 98 - 106. Staff, P.H. and Ni 1son, S. (1971) Vaeske, O.S. Sukke rti 1for sel u.nder langvarig intenstysigk ativitet. Tidssdr i n t Den Morske 1aeqe forenina, -16 p. 1232. Tcheng, R.J. and Ti.pt.on, C.M. (1973) Iowa Wrestling 3 i" í > : B2 DATA RECORDING SHEET MEASUREMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC FOR NORMAL DEHYDRATION, REHYDRATION AND SUPERHYDRATION S u b j e c: t s N a m e Time Weiqht k g Resting Heart Ra.te Resting Blood Pressure: Systolic Diastoiic ------------------ Recovery Heart Rate ----------------------------------- ESTIMATION OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (MaxVo') A. Work Rate Lape covered ----------------- Mi 1es/metres ----------------- B. Average Estimated (Ma>:Vo ) mi /kg/min UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY A p pend i x B 3 DATA RECORDING SHEET MEASUREMENT OF ANAEROBIO. AND HAEMATOLOGIC VARIABLES S u b j e c t s N a m s A. Speed Trial I -- - ---------- --- T r i a 1 11 ----------------- El. Sarqent Jump Trial 1 ----- T rial 11 ----- Estimated power C, F'acked Ce 11 Volume (PCV) ----- D . üsmotic F raqi 1 ity ----------- 151 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRA Y APPENDIX C TANDARD FOR 12 - MINUTES TEST UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Standard for Cooper's 12 - minutes test for men Fi tnes s Distance cove red i E s t. i m a t e d M a x i m u m Gategory * !0 xygen consümp t i on 1 ( i n m i 1 1 i 1 i t r e s / m i n Ver y Pesor lecu. than i.C mi le 1l28.Om1 or 1essi II. ' Poor 1 . 0 to 1.24 mil es i128.1 to 34 mi.11 l 1 1 1 . Fai r 1 .25 to 1. 9 mi 1 es 1!34.1 to 42mi. 1 IV. Good 1 .50 to 1.74 mil es 142.1 to 52mi. 11 V . Excellent 1 .75 miles or more ¡52.1 mi or more. (Cooper, 1968 153 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY APRENDI X D RAW DATA OF THE SUBJEGTS 154 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY PHYSICAL AND BODY COMPOSITION VARIABLES FOR NORMAL CONDITIQN S/N AGE WEIGHT HEIGHT V.BODY LBW (YRS) (KG) (M) FAT (KG) 1 . 28 58 1.54 7.4 43.70 • 26 57 1.51 6 . 2 39.96 'T.. 2 1 65 i .63 6 . 6 46.18 4. 2 2 68 1.50 7 . 1 43.91 r~„ 26 "7? i . 57 7 . 6) 49.54 6 R 28 6 6 1.64 6 «4 48.4 7. 26 63 1 . 8 6 6 . 8 51.7 •”» •~ ir:. 65 1.58 7 . 8 45.4 9. ••■> 79 1.79 9.4 57 . 8 1 0 . 26 69 1 . 6 6 8 . 6 42.9 1 1 . n~7 60 1.55 6 . 6 52.6 1 2 . 2 2 78 1.74 7.5 60.4 13. 23 56 1.64 9.1 40.3 14. 26 60 1.58 7.6 53.2 15. 24 70 1.80 6 .3 58»9 16. 2 68 i . 52 6.7 45.8 17. 25 63 1.60 6 .3 47.4 18. 25 66 1.67 6.5 48.4 19. 26 66 1 . 6 6 6 . 8 54.7 2 0 . '"¡i K 69 1.73 ó ■ 9 52.6 155 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY PHYSICAL AND BODY CDMPOSITION VARIABLES FOR DEHYDRATION S/N AGE WEIGHT HEIGHT 7.B0DY LBW (YRS) ( KB) (M ) FAT (KG) 1. 28 55 1.54 7.1 431.2 2. 26 52 1.51 6.2 396.2 3. —j i 60 1.63 6.6 461.1 4 . 22 63 1.50 7.0 436.2 5. .¿i í'j 67 1.57 7 5 495.0 6. 28 60 1.64 6.4 47.8 / n 26 59 1.86 6.8 51.4 8. 25 60 1.58 7.2 44.7 9. 25 74 1.78 7.2 57.7 10. 26 64 1.66 7.6 43.0 11. 27 57 i . 55 6.4 52.7 12. njL nJ- 74 1.74 7.4 60.2 13. 51 1.64 7.0 39.4 14. 26 53 1.58 7.6 52.6 15. 23 64 1.80 A „ 3 58.4 16. 22 63 1.52 6.5 44.7 17. 25 59 1.60 6.3. 47.5 18. 25 60 1.67 6.4 47.9 19. 26 60 1.66 6.6 54.5 20. 25 62 1.73 6.8 52.5 156 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY F'HYSICAL AND BODY COMPOSITION VARIABLES FOR REHYDRATION S/N AGE WEIGHT HEIGHT “/.BODY LBW (YRS) ( KG) ÍM) FAT ( KG) 1 . 28 58 1.54 7 . 4 43 2 . 26 56 1 . 51 6 . 2 40 . 1 7 ̂ 2 1 65 1 . 63 6.5 45.4 4. 22 64 1 . 50 7 n o 43 . 8 vz 26 7? 1.57 6 . 8 50 . 1 fc> m 28 6 6 i »64 6 « B 48 . 6 7 _ 26 64 i , 86 ■: 6 / 50.5 8 . - 25 65 1.58 7 . 7 46.1 9 , 25 78 1.78 9.4 57.9 1 0 . 26 68 1 . 6 6 8.5 41.2 1 1 . 27 60 1.55 6 . 6 52.8 1 2 . *->7 79 1.74 7.4 6 0 . 2 13. 23 56 1 . 64 9 . 0 41.4 14. 2 6 59 1 . 58 “/7 n d\J 53 . 4 15. 23 70 1 . 80 6 . 3 58 . 7 16 . 22 6 7 1 . 52 ó . 6 45.9 17. 25 63 1 . 60 6 . 1 • 48.1 18. •” nr.( 67 1 . 67 6 . 5 49 . 1 1.9. 2 - 6 6 6 1 . 66 6 . 8 54 . 9 2 0 . _ L D 69 1 . 73 6.9 52 . 8 157 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY F'HYSICAL AND BODY COMF'OSITIDN VARIABLES FOR SUPERHYDRATION S/N AGE WEIGHT HEIGHT 7.B0DY LBW (YRS) ( KG) 60 1 2 0 68 8 . 76 104 60 9. 64 IOS 70 1 0 . 80 1 1 0 76 1 1 . 68 106 68 1 2 . 60 108 70 13. 64 104 80 14. 60 1 1 0 7 0 15. 60 1 1 0 70 16. 60 116 64 17. 68 118 70 18. 80 116 70 19. 80 1 1 0 6 8 2 0 . 60 1 1 0 70 159 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY F'HYS10L0 6 1CAL VARIABLES FOR DEHYDRATION CONDITION S/N HR SBP DBF (b/pm) fnmHq mmHg 1 . 88 124 86 X - s 80 126 94 3. 78 130 94 4. 84 1 2 0 80 5. 76 128 82 Ó « 88 126 80 / m 80 1 2 2 SO 8 . 84 114 •3 0 9. 82 1 2 0 86 1 0 . 86 1 2 0 80 1 1 . 74 1 2 2 90 1 2 . 72 118 90 13.. 80 126 94 14. 7 6 1 2 0 ' 80 15. 80 1 2 2 80 16. 76 132 94 17. 8 6 132 94 18. 88 126 80 19. 88 126 SO 2 0 . 72 1 2 0 82 160 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY F'HYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES FOR REHYDRATION CONDITION S/N HR SBP DBF (b/pm} mmHq mrriHg 1 . 80 1 2 0 80 64 116 90 3- 64 1 2 0 80 4. 72 1 1 0 70 5. 60 1 2 0 70 6 . SO 1 2 0 70 7 . 64 1 2 0 70 8 . 72 1 i 0 60 9. 60 104 70 1 0 . 80 1 1 0 70 1 1 . 68 106 63 1 2 . 60 1 1 0 70 13. 64 104 70 14. 68 1 1 0 • 70 15. “i7 w¿. 1 1 0 70 16. 1 1 0 7 0 17. 68 1 1 0 70 18. 80 1 1 0 80 19. 80 104 70 2 0 . 64 1 1 0 70 161 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY F'HYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES FOR NORMAL SUPERHYDRATION CONBITION S/N HR SBF' DBF' (b/pm) mrnHg mmHg 1 . 80 1 1 0 80 JÜ m 60 116 88 F.. ó A 1 1 2 90 4. 64 108 60 1 ■*“ 60 1 1 0 7 0 6 . 80 1 2 0 70 7 _ 56 1 1 0 70 P; / jL IOS 60 9. 64 1 0 2 70 1 0 . 80 1 1 0 70 1 1 - 64 90 70 1 2 . 60 1 1 0 70 13. 64 1 0 0 7 0 14. 56 108 60 15. 72 n o 70 16. 64 1 0 0 70 17 . 6a 90 70 18. 72 1 1 0 80 19. 76 1 0 2 6 8 2 0 . 56 1 1 0 70 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY AEROBIO VARIABLES FOR NORMAL CONBITION S/N REO HR Max VQo MVOJL. •*- (Bpm) rn / k g / m i n 1 . 1 i 2 46.2 16o6.8 n» IOS 45.48 1202.32 . 108 44.4 1228.2 4 , 1 1 2 47.24 1155.6 5. 1 0 0 47.6 1050.0 6 . 113.3 33.4 1530 7 . 108. / 42.3 114 6 S. 104 41.2 1258.6 9. 106 47.24 1099.9 1 0 . 97.3 34.9 1402 1 1 . 104 51.88 1142.3 1 2 . ' 108 46.4 1030.8 13. 106.7 47.24 1059 ' ’ 14. 1 0 0 47.24 .1050 15. 1 1 0 47.6 1261 16. 114.7 47 . 6 1107.6 17. 111.3 rn '"O 1277.8 18. 115.3 33 . 8 1478.8 19. 106 46.4 1402 2 0 . 108 45.48 1050 j. t>-> UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY AEROBIO VARIABLES FOR DEHYDRATION CONDITION S/N REC HR Max VO MVO ¿L (Bpm) m/k g /min i . 160 30 1739.9 2 „ 120 35 1606.8 3. 112 42.24 1616.4 4 . 128 43.64 1606.8 5 . 136 44.36 1550.5 124 3 1 ; 6 1768.1 / h 130 39.42 1555.6 8. 126.4 37.56 1526.2 9. 124 44.72 1568.4 10. 115.6 30.58 1645.2 11 - 132 50.44 1438.5 12. 128 43.5; 2 1353.4 13. 122 44 1606.8 14. 120 44.36 14 53 .2 15. 124 44.72 1556 16. 132.6 43.64 1574.8 17. 128.4 49.42 1810.3 18. 126 29.12 1768.1 19. 128 44.6 1683.4 20. 124 40.08 1376.4 164 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY AEROBIO VARIABLES FOR REHYDRATION CONDITION S / N REC HR Max VO 2 MVO X - (Bpm) m / k g / m i n 1 . 114 48.4 1530 2. 106 46.6 liar. 8 7T, _ 108 44.8 1222.8 4 . n o 48.4 1261.2 5. 104 47.8 1146 6 . 110 36.4 1530 7 . IOS 44.6 1222.8 S . 104 42.4 1261.2 9. 104 48.8 992.4 10. 100 34.4 1402 11. 104 c: '-7 a ¿ L . 1147.3 12. 110 47.8 1050 13. ‘ 104 47.3 1059 14 . 100 46.8 1190.8 15. 112 48.2 1331.6 16. 110.3 50.8 1120.4 17. 110.8 53.8 119*0.8 18. 115 34.2 1402 19. 100 46.2 1325.2 20. 108 45.8 1120.4 165 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY AEROBIO VARIABLES FOR SUF'ERHYDRATIOON CONDITION S/N REO HR Max VO MVOO (B prri) m/ kg /rnin i. 104 51.6 .1.402 2. 102 48.8 1107 p; > 104 48.2 1146 4 p i oo - 52.3 1099 5. 108 53.8 1050 6 ■ .104 46.8 1533 7 . 1 ? y» ) 46.2 979 8. 100 47.3 1238 9. 96 52.3 1038 10. 100 42.6 1402 11. 100 58.8 915 12. • 106 54.5 1050 13. 96 51.8 1018 14. 100 48.4 961 15. 104 52.3 1261 16. 108 46.4 1018 17. 104 53.15 977̂ 18 110 42.3 1261 19. 100 47.2 979 20. 100 47.2 979 166 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY AEROBIO AND HAEMATOLOGICAL FOR NORMAL CONOITION S/N SF'EED POWER P . C . V . OSMOTI FRAGIL 1 . 7 . 1 80 41 0; 3 5 ? . 7 . 0 78 42 0 . 35 7 . 7 . 1 99 39 0 . 20 4 . 6.7 * 98 7 Q í") i3. *"} 5. £ } B / , 120 39 0» 30 6. ¿>« 3 110 4- .C 0 B 35 6 « 4 8 b 44 0.30 8. 6 n 5 86 38 0 . 30 9 . 7 * 0 100 40 0 . 30 1 0 . 6,8 ■ 98 40 0 . 2 0 11. / B -Cl! 90 38 0 . 20 12 . • 7»2 76 40 0 . 30 13. 51 „ B 105 43 0 . 20 ' 14. 7 n 0 85 40 0 . 40 15 . 8 » 2 96 39 0 . 35 16. 1 0 n 0 79 40 0 . 30 17 . 6 » ó 95 38 0 . 30 18. 7 - 4 82 44 0 . 30 19. 6 i, 9 112 38 0 . 30 2 0 . 7 n 1 98 40 0 . 30 167 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY AEROBIO AND HAEMATOLOGICAL FOR DEHYDRATION CONDITION S/N SPEED POWER P . C . V . OSMOTIC FRAGILITY 1 . 8.3 75 42 0.40 2. 7.4 71 44 0.35 3. 8.6 84 42 0.3 5 4 . 7.8 92 42 0.40 5. 7.6 1 1 2 . 0 43 0.35 6 . 8.8 98 43 0,30 7-. 8.9 80 44 0.35 8. 7.6 79 43 0.35 9. 9.8 92 43 0.30 10. 7.0 90 43 0.30 11. 7.6 84 39 0.30 12. 8.8 73 44 0.35 13. 7.3 95 44 0.30 14. 9.5 80 43 0.40 15. 8.3 91 40 0,40 16. 11.6 70 44 0.35 17. 8.8 88 42 0.35 18. 7.8 73 44 0.35 19. 7.4 91 42 0.35 20. 8.6 90 44 0.10 168 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY AEROBIO AND HAEliATOLOGICAL FOR REHYDRATION CONBITION S/N SPEED POWER P . C . V . OBHOT FRAGI! 1 . 7 . 0 32 40 0.30 sO... ■ 7.1 3 O 41 0.35 3. “/7 O u S - 90 39 0 . 20 4. 6 . 8 98 7.; Ci 0.35 5 . 6.4 1 2 2 40 0.3 5 (j n o jL* 1 1 2 41 0 . 35 7, 6 .5 86 43 O „ 70 8 . 6 .3 86 39 0.3 5 9. 7.0 1 0 0 40 0.30 1 0 . 6 .7 1 0 0 40 0.30 1 1 . 7.3 92 39 0.30 1 2 7 ■ 0 75 40 0 . 2 0 13. 5.4 106 • 43 0 „ 3 5 14. 7 . 0 85 TO 0 .35< 13. 8.3 98 40 0 .35 16. 9.6 SO 40 0.30 17 . 6 . 8 9 5 3 9 ' 0 . 3 0 1 8 . 7 . 5 8 2 4 5 0 . 3 5 1 9 . 6 . 8 1 1 4 3 8 0 . 3 0 2 0 . 7 . 0 9 8 4 1 0 . 3 0 169 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY AEROBIO AND HAEMATOLOGICAL FOR SUPERHYDRATION CONDITION S/N SPEED POWER P . C . V . OSMOTIC FRABILIT 1 . 7 .1 80 ¿}. 0 0 .35 'Z' 7 .0 76 40 0 .35 7 , 7 .2 90 “T C? 0 .75 4 . t i1 r. / 96 38 0.40 5. 6 .9 1 2 0 37 0.35 6 . 6 .5 108 40 0,35 7 . 6.6 86 42 0 „ '> 5 8 . 6 .5 85 38 0 .40 9. 7 .0 98 40 0 .7" 5 10 . 6 .9 98 37 0.35 11 . 7 .2 92 38 0.35 12 . ‘ 7 .2 74 40 ' 0 .35> 13. 5 .8 1 0 2 40 0 ..35 14. 7 .0 80 38 0.40 15. 8.8 97 38 0.35 16. 10.4 80 37 0.35 17. 7 .2 95 36 0.35 18. 7 .8 80 38 0 .35 19. 7 .0 1 1 0 38 0.35 20 . 7 .4 96 36 0.35 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY APPENDIX E Normogram for Deterrnininq Anaerobia Power f romJump and Reach Test 171 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 1 7 2 _ r JO i - soo 2*0 - 260 ] r 270 10 -r *° 260 09 2 SO- 240 üfl I' » *UjA *6 - 250 <59i2 07 ieo - 1U2<464 O 4 220 170 7I9 2 <0 1IS6O0 - II 7i 37 K-MiM METRIC UNITS fORMULA I1S4O0 ■• VSi Í*(Ü2 ( kg -rn/ŝ c) P-ív̂ íWEKSfDv̂ i) 120 B7W61 lio í23225 63*01 rrT- iv) . ENGUSH UNITS FORMULA j- *40 (f t - io /%+c)P*(4) -HL- 50 2«9t>7 OfSTAHCE -i «14. 20 —L. 1I44ft643 H\X*«0 POWER 70 ti DIVISO*- 7.52 ft 50 t 6 WE/GHT - */l 6 ■•oLv*gr& • ifíií and ííathew, 5961) UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY