Cj. lo lb
THE EFFECT OF OXYTETRACYCLINE ON THE PERFORMANCE
AND SERUM MINERAL LEVELS OF KIDS REARED
WITH OR WITHOUT THEIR DAMS
By
MRS. BERNICE OLUFUNMILAYO ADELEYE 
B.Sc. (Home Economics)
M.Sc. (Food and Nutrition Specialization) 
Oklahoma State University 
Stillwater, Oklahoma, U. S. A.
A thesis in the Department of Animal Science Submitted 
to the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry in partial 
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
of the
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN 
IBADAN, NIGERIA
1988
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ABSTRACT
Investigations were conducted to assess the effect 
of supplemental oxytetracycline-HCl at various levels 
on performance and serum mineral levels of kids reared 
on two different systems of management, namely, kids 
reared with their dams and those reared artifically 
on cow's milk, with a view to determine the optimal 
level at which the best performance could be achieved. 
Forty-eight three-day-old goat kids weighing between 
1.25 and 2.05kg with a mean weight of 1.79kg were 
used in this study.
A group of animals assigned to a specific rearing 
method were randomly alloted to four treatment groups 
(0, 13.2, 19.8 and 26.4mg of oxytetracycline-HCl daily). 
The experiment lasted for 84 days.
The results on performance showed that the i
voluntary milk intake and liveweight gain of kids 
reared with their dams were comparable with their 
counterparts on cow's milk for the first two weeks of 
the experiment. Thereafter, the milk intake of kids 
reared with their dams diminished due to fall in 
dam's milk yield, resulting in lower weekly liveweight 
gain. At the end of the experiment, the mean weekly
/
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liveweight gain of kids reared on cow's milk were 
higher (241.90 vs 295.20g). However, kids reared with 
their dams exhibited better feed efficiency than their 
counterparts on cow's milk, indicating that the observed 
higher weekly liveweight gain was as a result of the 
higher milk intake.
Oxytetracycline-HC1 supplement enhanced weekly 
liveweight gain of kids reared with their dams. The 
overall mean weekly liveweight gain for kids on treat­
ment levels (0, 13.2, 19.8, and 26.4mg of 
oxytetracyclne-HC1 daily) were 171.70, 216.56, 216.39 
and 333.80g, respectively, for kids reared with their 
dams. The corresponding values for kids reared on 
cow's milk were 330.56 , -315.31, 289.59 and 246.34g, 
respectively.
Oxytetracycline-HCl supplement did not depress 
the serum levels of Ca, Na, K, Cu, and Fe, particularly 
when fed between 13.2 and 19.8mg/day. Slight decrease 
in the serum levels of P and Mn compared to the 
control were observed, although the differences were 
not significant. However, oxytetracycline significantly 
depressed the serum Mg levels, particularly in kids 
reared with their dams.
Results obtained with the two systems of management 
suggested that oxytetracycline-HC1 was capable of
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improving the performance of kids reared with their 
dams. Oxytetracycline-HC1 fed as supplement to kids 
already adequate in milk intake was not encouraging, 
since no apparent improvement in performance over 
the unsupplemented kids was produced. Oxytetracycline- 
HC1 supplement at level of 26.4mg/day is recommended 
for adequate liveweight gain and optimal feed efficiency 
without adverse effect on the serum mineral status of 
the pre-weaned kids.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My sincere gratitude goes to Dr. A. 0. Akinsoyinu, 
my supervisor, for his guidance from the planning to 
the finishing stage of this study. I am greatly 
indebted to him for giving me the necessary and prompt 
attention required throughout the duration of the 
study. (He is more of "a God sent man" than a super­
visor.) His encouragement and invaluable support made 
the completion of this work possible. I wish him the 
best of all the good things in life.
My appreciation goes to Dr. L. 0. Ngere of the 
Department of Animal Science, who offered me invaluable 
assistance with my statistical analysis.
I am also grateful to Mr. T. A. Oke, the 
Principal Farm Manager, for all the support I received 
through him in the Farm Office and Feed Depot of the 
University of Ibadan Teaching and Research Farm in 
the course of this research. To Messers Paulissen, 
retired Chief Technologist, Ajayi, Fayenuwo, Bolarinwa 
and Mrs. Morakinyo, immense thanks for your assistance 
either in providing chemicals, glass wares or facilities 
for the chemical analysis.
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My profound appreciation goes to Dr. A. A. Adeloye 
of Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, for his 
encouragement; Messers Josiah, Etim, Adeagbo and 
Mrs. Okafor,' all of the Goat Unit, for taking good care 
of the animals; Messers Abiona, Ekpo and Jeremiah of 
the Feed Depot, Teaching and Research Farm, University 
of Ibadan.
I also wish to specially acknowledge Mrs. F. M. 
Fakolujo, a personal friend, for her assistance in 
typing this report, and my cousin, Mr. Elaturoti of 
Abadina Media Resource Centre, (it is a big "thank 
you") for providing me with the facility to type this 
report.
My well deserved respects go to my sister,
Mrs. F. T. Olayinka, and my mothers. Madam Comfort 
Balogun and Eunice Obi, for their encouragement, moral 
and financial support and constant prayers. To my 
cousin, Mr. J. 0. Famakinwa, I am indeed grateful for 
your encouragement and help.
My heartfelt appreciation goes to my husband,
Niyi, for his unflinching support and his immeasurable 
contribution and sacrifice to see me through this 
programme. To our children, Adebanke, Oluwaseun and 
Adeola, I cannot thank you enough. You've been
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wonderful children. Your roles are distinct. I 
pray we all live to reap the fruit of his labour.
Finally, to God, the alpha and the omega, the 
author and finisher of faith, be glory, for His 
Mercyendureth forever!
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Vlll
CERTIFICATION BY SUPERVISOR 
I certify that this work was carried out and 
presented by Bernice Olufunmilayo ADELEYE in the 
Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, 
Ibadan, Nigeria.
(Supervisor)
A. 0. Akinsoyinu, B.Sc., Ph.D. 
(Ibadan)
Senior Lecturer
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
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DEDICATION
Dedicated to my family - my husband, Niyi, and my 
lovely children, Adebanke, Oluwaseun and Adeola.
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
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---------- some on boards, and some on the broken
pieces of the ship. And so it came to pass, that 
they escaped all safe to land.
PRAISE GOD! Act 2744
f
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE i
ABSTRACT ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
CERTIFICATION BY SUPERVISOR viii
DEDICATION ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS xi
LIST OF TABLES xv
LIST OF FIGURES xvi
CHAPTER ONE
1.1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.2: Dietary Importance of Meat and Meat
Products 2
1.3: Problems of Livestock Production
in Nigeria 4
1.3.1: Traditional Animal Husbandry Practices 5
1.3.2: Disease Problem 6
1.3.3: Provision of Adequate Feeds 7
1.3.4: Towards Augmenting Livestock Production
in the Tsetse-Fly Zone of Nigeria 8
1.4: Goats 10
1.5: Distribution of Goats 11
1.6: Management 13
1.7: Social and Economic Importance of Goat 14
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont)
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1: Ruminant 17
2.2: Development of Digestive System 
in Ruminant 18
2.3: Antibiotics 20
2.3.1: Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin) 23
2.3.2: Oxytetracycycline (Terramycin) 26
2.4: Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry 28
2.5: Antibiotics as Growth Stimulant 29
2.6: Influence of Various Factors Upon 
Growth Response to Antibiotics 34
2.6.1: Effect of Dietary Components 35
2.6.2: Level of Antibiotics 37
2.6.3: Mode of Administration 39
2.6.4: Effect of Age 41
2.7: Mode of Action 43
2.8: Effect of Antibiotics on Nutrient 
Metabolism 51
2.9: Obj ective 54
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont)
THREE
EFFECT OF OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 ON THE 
PERFORMANCE OF KIDS REARED WITH OR 
WITHOUT THEIR DAMS
Introduction 57
Materials and Methods 58
Animals and Their Management 58
Plan of the Experiment and Diet 60
Liveweight Record and Milk Sampling 63
Analytical Procedure 65
Statistical Analysis 66
Results 66
Milk Composition and Intake 66
Weight Gain 78
Feed Efficiency as Litres of Milk 
Required per Kilogram Liveweight Gain 83
Discussion 91
FOUR
THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF 
OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 ON SERUM MINERAL 
LEVELS OF KIDS REARED WITH OR WITHOUT 
THEIR DAMS
Introduction 99
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont)
PAGE
Materials and Methods 101
Animals and Their Management 101
Plans of the Experiment and Diet 1
Milk and Blood Sampling 10011
Analytical Procedure 102
Statistical Analysis 103
Results 103
Mineral Composition of Milk and 103
Intake
Serum Mineral Concentrations 109
Calcium (Ca) 109
Phosphorus (P) 113
Sodium (Na) 114
Potassium (K) 116
Magnesium (Mg) 117
Copper (Cu) 119
Manganese (Mn) 120
Iron (Fe) 121
Discussion 123
Conclusion and Recommendations 132
References 134
Appendices 152
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLES PAGE
3.1 Experimental Design and Diet 64
3.2 Mean* Chemical Composition of Milk 
Fed to the Kids 67
3.3 Proximate Chemical Composition of 
Gliricidia Sepium Leaves 
(g/lOOg DM) 67
3.4 Summary of the Effects of Various 
Levels of Oxytetracycline-HCl on 
the Performance of Kids Reared With 
or Without Their Dams 87
4.1 Summary of Mean* Weekly Mineral Contents 
of Goats' Milk Fed to Kids 104
4.2 Summary of Mean Weekly Mineral Contents 
of Cow Milk Fed to the Kids 105
4.3 Mineral Contents of Gliricidia Sepium 
(per lOOg DM) 106
4.4 Summary of Mean Daily Mineral Intake 
of Kids Supplemented with Various 
Levels of Oxytetracycline-HCl Reared 
With or Without Their Dams 107
4.5 Summary of Mean Effects of Varying 
Levels of Oxytetracycline-HCl on 
Serum Mineral Concentrations of Kids 
Reared With or Without Their Dams 110
4.6 Summary of the Main Effect of 
Oxytetracycline-HCl on Blood Serum 
Mineral Concentrations of Kids 
Averaged Across the Two Rearing 
Methods 111
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1 Chemical Structure of Chlortetra- 
cycline 24
2 Chemical Structure of Oxytetra- 
cycline \l
3 Average Weekly Milk Intake (L) of 
Kids Supplemented with Various Levels 
of Oxytetracycline-HCl Reared With 
Their Dams 69
4 Average Weekly Milk Intake (Kg/W^1' ̂ kg) 
of Kids Supplemented with Various Levels 
of Oxytetracycline-HCl When Reared With 
Their Dams 71
5 Average Weekly Milk Intake of Kids 
Supplemented with Various Levels of 
Oxytetracycline-HCl when Reared Without 
Their Dams 73
6 Average Weekly Milk Intake (Kg/W^’^kg) 
of Kids Supplemented with Various Levels 
of Oxytetracycline-HCl Reared Without 
Their Dams 75
7 Average Weekly Milk Intake (Kg/W^’^^kg) 
of Kids Reared with or Without Their 
Dams 77
8 Average Weekly Change in Liveweight of 
Kids Supplemented with Various Levels 
of Oxytetracycline-HCl When Reared with 
Their Dams 79
9 Average Weekly Change in Liveweight of 
Kids Supplemented with Various Levels 
of Oxytetracycline-HCl When Reared 
Without Their Dams 80
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LIST OF FIGURES (Cont)
FI10GURE PAGEAverage Weekly Cummulative Liveweight 
Change of Kids Supplemented with 
Various Levels of Oxytetracycline-HCl 
11 When Reared With Their Dams 84Average Weekly Cummulative Liveweight 
Change of Kids Supplemented with Various 
Levels of Oxytetracycline-HCl When 
Reared Without Their Dams 85
l
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CHAPTER ONE
1.1: INTRODUCTION
The geometrical increase in world population and 
the arithmetical increase in world food production has 
left the World with an imbalanced food sheet. 
Statistics showed that Nigerian population increased 
from 66.356 million in 1971 to 75 million in 1980 
(FAO, 1980). The continuous population growth, the 
accompanying accelerated urban migration of rural 
population coupled with the rise in living standards 
as well as the failure of food production to keep pace 
with population growth, have brought about enormous 
increases in food demand and a sharp increase in food 
prices (Lamorde, e_t _al, 1981) particularly meat and 
meat products.
For centuries, Nigerian agricultural focus has 
been in the area of crop production with limited 
effort directed to livestock production. This has 
been expressed in the planning and implementation of 
various agricultural development programmes instituted 
in recent years. An agricultural expert observed that 
as much as 80 percent of Nigeria's agricultural output
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is crop, while about 20 percent is livestock (Oyenuga, 
1973). The low animal production in the country 
reflects the total animal available for slaughtering 
and the over-all animal protein consumption of the 
Nigerian population. The estimated protein daily 
requirement per normal adult Nigeria for 1975, 1980, 
and 1985 were approximately 65, 66 and 68 grams, 
respectively (Atanda, 1983). Out of each recommended 
value, 35 grams is expected to be derived from animal 
sources (FAO, 1965). However, animal protein intake 
stood at 8.4 grams per person per day (FOS, 1972). A 
further decrease in protein intake of Nigerians by 
1980 has also been predicted.
The present level of Nigerian meat and meat 
product consumption should be of serious concern to 
nutrition experts as well as agricultural policy makers. 
Thus genuine efforts must be made to increase livestock 
production in the country.
1.2: DIETARY IMPORTANCE OF MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS
The animal is one of the food resources of man. 
Animals provide appetizing, highly relished foods, 
which are important parts of human diet with unique 
characteristic tastes (Cunha, 1982). Animal products,
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particularly meat, is regarded as part of a higher 
standard of living and the demand for meat and meat 
products has been on the increase in many parts of 
the world. Except for the vegetarians, majority of 
humans in the world would desire animal products in 
their diet (Cunha, 1982).
Any adequate human diet in terms of optimum 
nutrition requirements is one that contains sufficient 
animals products (Cunha, 1982). Animal proteins are 
known to have higher net body utilization, protein 
efficiency ratio and balanced essential amino acids 
for man than the protein of plant origin. Most cereals 
are deficient in lysine, tryptophan while pulses are 
low in sulfur animo acids such as methionine, cystine, 
and some other amino acids such as threonine and 
tryptophan (Awah, 1981). The relative biological value 
of the various animal protein foods have been estimated 
at between 60 and 100 percent when compared with the 
reference protein. Most plant foods have a biological 
value of less than 60 percent (Oyenuga, 1973). The 
nutritive importance of animal protein could be better 
appreciated when one considers the prevalence of 
protein calorie malnutrition in children in many 
developing countries where inadequate protein intake
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is a common problem. The significance of animal as 
a source of food supply is not limited to the quality 
protein it supplies but also for its richness in 
vitamins and minerals. Animal protein is the major 
source of vitamin B-12, a vitamin known to be present 
in limited amounts in plant foods and known to be 
very essential for physiological process.
1.3: PROBLEMS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
FAO (1980) livestock figures showed that there 
were (in millions) 12.3 cattle, 11.7 sheep, 24.0 goats, 
1.1 pigs, 0.017 camels,0.25 horses and 120 poultry in 
Nigeria. When the total animal figure was considered 
with the estimated human population for the same time 
period, it was observed that local livestock production 
could hardly meet 20 percent of the national livestock 
supplies (Lamorde, jrt _al. , 1981). In addition, the 
output of the existing livestock industries in Nigeria 
is inevitably low, when compared with the productivity 
of animals in advanced countries. This adversely 
affects the overall animal protein supply in the diet 
of the Nigerian population. Animal production, like 
other agricultural production, is beset with series of 
problems, which grossly limit its scope and outputs.
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The more important of these problems are: the 
traditional husbandry practices in the major animal 
producing areas of the country, prevalence of animal 
diseases, and provision of inadequate foods.
1.3.1: TRADITIONAL ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PRACTICES
Majority of Nigerian ruminants (approximately 80 
percent) exist in the northern parts of the country 
(FAO, 1966) where traditional animal husbandry is 
much in practice with slow integration into modern 
animal husbandry sysem. This area is seasonally dry, 
less humid and the conditions are too arid for tsetse 
flies. The Fulani herdsmen are known to graze their 
animals to the north of the tsetse fly belt in the wet 
season and move them southwards at the onset of the 
dry season (FAO, 1966). The migratory system, the 
lack of grazing and the low nutritive quality of matured 
dry-season herbage adversely affect animal growth and 
productivity.
Until recently, the traditional pasturalists regard 
their flocks as personal wealth and hardly geared pro­
duction towards commercialization. These herdsmen 
accumulate stock as an insurance against deaths from 
disease, drought and starvation catastrophes, which are 
understandable because they have decimated livstock
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since time immemorial (FAO, 1966). In addition, 
modern livestock management and feeding practices are 
not easily adopted by the nomadic herdsmen (Lamorde, 
et al., 1981) .
1.3.2: DISEASE PROBLEM
Efficient disease control is an integral part of 
livestock production. In Nigeria, Livestock production 
is still being hampered by diseases. The prevailing 
diseases differ from one livestock species to another. 
For example, disease like rinderpest is known to be 
peculiar to cattle. Although efforts have been made 
to eliminate or control this disease from many parts 
of the country through international vaccination 
campaigns, the disease still threatens cattle production 
in Nigeria. In 1984, a serious outbreak of rinderpest 
wiped out thousands of cattle herds at different parts 
of the country. Contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia, 
foot-mouth disease and mycotic skin disease strepto- 
thricosis are a few other diseases common with cattle.
Diseases posing threat to expansion of poultry 
production include New-castle, Gumboro, Coccidiosis, 
infectious bronchitis and fowl-pox. Mange afflicts 
cattle, sheep and goats while ticks can result in high 
calf mortality, particularly when exacerbated by mal­
nutrition (FAO, 1966).
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Trypanosomiasis is one of the major factors 
limiting the expansion of cattle production in the 
south. The disease transmitted by the various flies 
seriously interfere with animal health and productivity 
and takes an annual toll of the animals that migrate 
southwards from the north (FAO, 1966) . Animal health 
problems have recently been compounded by shortages and 
prohibitive prices of vaccines and other veterinary 
drugs due to inadequate foreign exchange earnings for 
the importation of these drugs. Inadequate veterinary 
personnel to man veterinary centres as well as lack 
of access to veterinary services by a number of small- 
scale farmers have been cited as another factor 
militating against animal production in Nigeria (Sansi, 
1975).
1.3.3: PROVISION OF ADEQUATE FEEDS
The four facets of animal production are breeding, 
feeding, management and disease control (Ranjhan, 1980). 
Of these, animal feeding and its practical application 
is of utmost importance. Livestock feeds constitute 
about 75 to 80 percent of the total recurrent expendi­
ture in poultry and pig livestock production (Lamorde, 
et al., 1981) . The inadequate local grains production 
coupled with restriction on importation of grains and
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other poultry feed ingredients have caused unprece­
dented high increase in the prices of poultry feeds.
The ruminants on the other hand either graze the 
natural pasture or browse on weeds, shrubs and trees. 
Since they are in larger number in the seasonally dry 
regions of the north, they are subjected to seasonal 
subsistence intervals when serious liveweight losses 
occur, coupled with high rate of abortion, mortality 
of the immature stock and growth retardation of the 
young (FAO, 1966).
1.3.4: TOWARDS AUGEMENTING LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
IN THE TSETSE-FLY ZONE OF NIGERIA
In the tsetse infested southern area of the 
country, meat consumption is low compared to the 
traditional pastoralist areas of the north (Awah,
1981). The low meat consumption in the south is 
occasioned by the physical difficulties and expenses 
of getting livestock from the north (FAO, 1966). To 
alleviate this problem and ensure adequate animal 
protein sufficiency in the diet of the southerners, 
livestock adapted to the geographical and environmental 
condition of the south needs to be considered and efforts 
made to improve their productivity and performance.
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Non-ruminant such as poultry and pigs offered 
the most rapid opportunity for increased livestock 
production in these regions because ruminants take 
longer to show results. Unfortunately pigs and 
poultry depend for their energy supplies on almost the 
same nutrients as man. Therefore these groups of 
domestic animals are in direct competition on an 
energetic basis with humans (Van Soest, 1981).
Small ruminants such as sheep and goats are known 
to be less competitive with humans in terms of limited 
available food crops. They have the ability to 
process the structural carbohydrates of plants into a 
form utilizable by man. "Energy sinks" in the form of 
plant cellulose are "irretrievable" not only to the 
plant but to man. The ruminant renders this energy 
available to man through fermentation process. In 
today's changing agricultural economy, the margin 
between supply and demand of retrievable energy sources 
is narrowing, thus there is need to consider the less 
energy dependent livestock system, such as goat raising, 
as one of the possible alternatives to augment high 
protein-rich food supplies to the Nigerian populace.
Goat is a traditional livestock of many nations (Brown 
and Johnson, 1984), particularly the southern part of 
Nigeria.
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1.4 GOATS
The domestic goat belongs to the genus Capra, a 
probable descendant of the Species Caegagrus 
(Williamson and Payne, 1965). As one of the oldest 
farm animal to be domesticated, goats' association 
with man has been put at well over 10,000 years (Zeuner, 
1963). This animal specie has been described as the 
first of man's domestic animals to colonise the 
wilderness and the last to abandon the desert that 
man leaves behind (Mackenzie, 1970). As a result of 
its unique physiological-anatomical features, goat is 
tolerant to different environmental conditions and 
various ecological systems, which make goat rearing 
to cover a wider geographical area than any other 
domesticated animals.
Goat is one of the most important agricultural 
animals in the tropics (Zeuner, 1963). Goat, parti­
cularly the West African Dwarf (WAD), possesses a 
tolerance to certain local diseases and parasitic 
conditions (FAO, 1966) . Goats are better adapted to 
hot regions than cattle or sheep, and less dependent 
on regular supply of water (FAO, 1966).
On account of their wide dietary preference, 
goats survive droughts better than either cattle or
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sheep (Wilson, 1982) . They have preference for shoots 
buds, leaves, and pungent herbs as well as fibre-rich 
twigs and bark with a high tannin content. They are 
even capable of eating the tiny leaves of thorny 
bushes, which no other ruminant can do (Peter and 
Horst, 1981). Along with the fact that goats feed on 
any available substance, their ability to digest fibre 
rich fodder is an important factor in considering 
improving goat production to augment animal protein 
supply in many developing countries of the world.
1.5: DISTRIBUTION OF GOATS
The precise world's goat population is not known 
as the reported figure varies from one author to the 
other. In Seller's (1981) view, this problem is 
envisaged since a greater proportion of goat popula­
tion exists in developing countries, where well 
coordinated livestock data collection methods are 
lacking and the statistics suffer from the usual 
defects of large-scale operations, response bias, 
variation in definition and enumerator interpretation, 
added to which are editing, transcription and casting 
errors. The above constraints not withstanding, a 
total world goat population of between 400 and 450 
million (Cunha, 1982; Raun, 1982) could be accepted as
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a workable figure, amounting to approximately 15 percent 
of the total world domestic animals (FAO, 1966).
The majority of the world's goats exist in the 
developing countries where they contribute immensely 
to the social and economic well-being of subsistent 
farmers. Report (FAO, 1979) indicates that 30 percent 
of the total world's goats exist in Africa, 23 percent 
in India and Pakistan, 17 percent in Mainland China and 
7 percent in Latin America. The remaining 23 percent 
are found primarily in Asia. The estimated goat 
population in Africa stood at 143.3 million (Wilson, 
1982) in 1978. Within the African continent, the 
distribution of goat is uneven. The greatest concentra­
tion of goat abound in the semi-arid arc with 
approximately 22 percent of the world's goat density 
as well as the highest number of goats per head of the 
rural population.
In Nigeria, goat is more important numerically 
than other ruminants. Livestock production data 
indicated that an estimated 24.0 million goats exist 
in Nigeria. This was followed by 12.3 million for 
cattle and 11.7 million for sheep (FA0-WH0-0IE, 1970). 
Approximately 60 percent of Nigerian households keep 
goats, compared to 40 percent that keep sheep (Seller, 
1981). The percentage distribution showed that the
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largest goat population is found in the north with 
nearly 65 percent of the total goat population. The 
remaining 35 percent are scattered throughout the 
southern states of the country (FAO, 1966).
1.6: MANAGEMENT
Goat management in Nigeria comes under extensive 
traditional system of management. No deliberate effort 
is made by majority of goat owners to provide feed- 
stuffs. Except for experimental research stations, 
goats scavenge for their living, subsisting largely 
on browse, kitchen wastes, and refuse. In some homes, 
they receive small or erratic quantities of household 
scraps of crop residues.
No elaborate housing is provided as the majority 
wander at will around villages and market places. Pro­
visions are often made for their security at night to 
guide against predators.
Veterinary care for goats is non-existent.
Instead a majority of goat owners engage in arbitrary 
medication of their animals. Despite the great 
concentration of goats in Africa, lack of both 
preventive and adequate curative measures coupled 
with poor management practices have led to the
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underutilization of goat's potential to augment food 
production from livestock.
1.7: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF GOAT
Considering the distribution pattern of goats in 
the world, goats can be described as the characteristic 
livestock of the poorer nations. The meat, milk and 
leather produced serve an economic and sociological 
purpose for the rural dwellers. World-wide, goats 
produce more than 4.5 million tons of milk and 1.2 
million tons of meat for human consumption (FAO, 1977), 
not to mention the production of hair and goat leather.
Goat meat production assumes a siginficant impor­
tance in the tropical zone than the temperate region 
(Peter and Horst, 1981). In many developing countries, 
goat meat is prized at premium (McDowell and Bove,
1977) probably for its unique characteristic flavour 
and texture. The consumption of goat meat is not 
subject to any religious taboos. In various regions 
in Africa and Asia where there are predominantly 
islamic populations, preference for goat meat has been 
reported (Peter and Horst, 1981).
Adu (1980) depicted comparative slaughtering 
figures for Nigeria which showed that 180,000 goats 
were slaughtered in 1980 as compared to 300,000 cattle
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and 70,000 sheep. The figures could not be regarded 
as absolute since most of these small ruminants (sheep 
and goats) are slaughtered far away from markets where 
no statistical records are kept. Some estimates 
indicate that for every goat and sheep "officially" 
slaughtered, ten are slaughtered without any record 
(Wilson, 1982). Another interesting aspect of goat 
contribution to meat production is their ability to 
continue producing meat through stress periods such 
as drought, and to recover very rapidly afterwards, 
thus avoiding too drastic drop in total meat 
production (Wilson, 1982).
The value and contribution of goat as a dairy 
animal in the tropics is of secondary importance, 
since the indigenous goats are reared mainly for 
meat production. Nevertheless, the quality of goat 
milk is one of the special attributes of this animal 
specie. Goat milk has a high digestibility, distinct 
alkalinity and its therapeutic uses in medicine are 
of particular significance in human nutrition 
(Walker, 1965; Devendra Burns, 1970). Goat milk has 
a peculiar flavour and taste which is very different 
from that of sheep or cow (Williamson and Payne, 1965).
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In some countries, skin, wool and hair of the 
goat strengthen their economic base and boost their 
foreign exchange earnings (Williamson and Payne,
1965) . In Nigeria, although there has been little 
effort to promote the improvement and commercializa­
tion of goat skins, the skin, particularly the skin of 
Maradi (Red Sokoto), is known for its superior quality 
and the premium it commands in the world market (FAO,
1966) .
Other economic aspects of goat husbandry include 
the role they play as an economic blanet for the 
subsistent farmer as well as their economic advantage 
of reducing pastoralist risk in case of heavy losses 
due to drought or other mishaps (Stanford, 1982) . Goat 
production is economically viable due to the higher 
prolificacy of the animal (Swain, et_ a1_. , 1982). As 
a multi-purpose animal, goat is slaughtered more often 
in ceremonial occasions like weddings, namings, and 
birthdays compared to other domestic ruminants. In 
various cultural circles, the goat is in greater demand 
as a sacrifical animal for religious purposes, as a 
meat provider for the family feasts, or as fine or 
pledge and as a mark of honour to guests.
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CHAPTER TWO 
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1: RUMINANT
The ruminant mammals include all animals that 
have complex forestomach and chew the curd. Like 
non-ruminants these species do not secrete enzymes 
capable of hydrolyzing cellulose and related 
carbohydrates. However, by virtue of the microflora 
in the first section of the complex stomach, they 
can degrade large quantities of such materials, to 
the extent of being able to depend on them for their 
entire energy needs. Preston (1975) reported that 
nearly 80 percent of the total energy of the diet 
is made available to the ruminant through the 
fermentative activity of its microflora.
The ability of ruminants to recycle nitrogen 
for re-utilization and synthesis of protein from 
cheaper nitrogen sources, such as ammonia, has been 
attributed to the unique gastro-intestinal architect 
of ruminant stomach (Chalmers, et a l ., 1976). 
Physiologically, ruminants' stomach is partitioned 
into different functional compartments designated 
as rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum.
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Annison and Lewis (1959) observed that the 
modification of digestive tract of ruminant is 
necessary for physiological, biochemical and nutri­
tional purpose. In the rumen, there exists a mixed 
population of micro-organisms, bacteria and protozoa, 
which are of the order of 1 0 ^  for protozoas per gram 
of the rumen content (Hungate, 1966). These micro­
organisms are responsible for the digestion of bulky 
and fibrous foods retained in the first ruminant 
stomach compartment. The injested food is retained 
in the rumen and reticulum until it attains a fine 
constituency. By means of alternate contraction of 
rumen and reticulum, smaller particles are separated 
from the mass and later transversed into the omasum.
The omasum functions mainly to grind or triturate 
food material entering it from the rumen (Duke, 1955). 
Abomasum's digestive function resembles that of simple 
stomach except that digestive function of abomasum is 
continuous in ruminants and relatively independent of 
feed pattern (Bueno and Fioramonti, 1979).
2.2: DEVELOPMENT OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN RUMINANT
Pre-weaned ruminant digestive tract is not well 
developed but undergoes progressive changes as the 
animal develops. Thivend, et_ a J L _ .  , (1979) observed
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that the total weight of the digestive tract of pre­
weaned calf (as a percentage of empty body weight) is 
always lower compared to adult at any given age. A 
progressive change in pre-weaned calf digestive tract 
over a period of one year has been reported (Session, 
1949). Wandrope and Coombe (1960) categorized the 
physical and functional development of rumen of pre­
ruminant into three phases:
1. 0 - 3  weeks of age--as the non-ruminant phase
2. 3 - 8  weeks of age--as the transition phase
3. 8 weeks of age onward--the adult phase
In the first three weeks of life, young ruminant 
digestive system is anatomically similar to that of 
non-ruminants since the forestomach does not function 
yet and only the abomasum is functional (Walker, 1969).
Ramsey (1962) investigation revealed that the 
only nutrient that can be satisfactorily utilized when 
given in liquid form are milk proteins, butterfat, and 
lactose. Milk fed reaching the stomach is channeled 
through the oesophageal groove directly into the 
omasum and abomasum (McDonald, et_ a_l. , 1969). Other 
investigators reported that the reflex of oesophageal 
groove closure can be used to transport liquid feed 
directly from oesophagus to the abomasum (Qrskov, et, 
al., 1970).
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McCarthy and Kesler (1956) reported that at 
birth, and for a short time afterwards, the calf 
relies on glucose for its major energy needs. Later 
the glucose levels in the blood begins to fall while 
the concentration of blood volatile fatty acids 
increases. Hibbs, ejt ad. (1953) noted that plasma 
glucose level declined markedly only after withdrawal 
of milk feed from the diet. They further noted that 
administration of antibiotics influenced the level of 
plasma glucose, by its ability to alter fermentation in 
the rumen and depressing the activity of certain 
bacteria.
At weaning, there is a notable shift in animal's 
digestive process (Thivend, _et ad.., 1979). Dry feeds 
pass into the rumen where carbohydrates and protein 
and all others undergo ruminal fermentation by the 
activities of the microbes.
2.3: ANTIBIOTICS
Some plants secrete from roots or leaves compounds 
which are capable of blocking the growth of other 
plants while many organisms produce chemical substances 
which are toxic to other organisms. Of specific 
interest is antibiotics.
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Different authors define antibiotics in various 
ways. Some describe it as a substance directed 
against life or destructive of life, while others 
define it as a substance, synthesized by a living 
organism, which inhibits the growth of others (Kuthe, 
1975). Antibiotics as it applies today can best be 
described as chemical substances produced by a 
micro-organism, or identical substances produced by 
chemical synthesis which have the capacity to inhibit 
the growth of other micro-organisms or to destroy 
them (FTC, 1958).
The use of antibiotics as an anti-bacteria sub­
stance dated back to pre-Islamic days when the Arabs 
utilized the antibactericidal effect of moulds without 
knowing its "Modus Operandi." Even today the Bedouin 
are known to blow the greenish dust off mouldy bread 
into a sick person's throat as a cure for throat 
infection (Kuthe, 1975).
Although the concept of growth inhibition of one 
kind of organism upon another has been formed many 
decades ago, modern interst in the phenomenon began in 
1929 when Alexander Fleming observed the inhibition of 
growth of Staphylococci by Peniccilium notatum (Metzler, 
1977). This observation led directly to the discovery
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of penicillium, and the subsequent isolation of 
actinomycin and streptomycin from soil actinocycetes 
(Streptomyces). The name antibiotics was coined for 
these compounds (Metzler, 1977).
Antibiotics may be either bacteriostatic or 
bactericidal, depending to a large extent on dosage. 
Since they act primarily through interference with 
bacterial growth, these agents are mostly effective 
in acute infections when bacteria are in a rapid 
growth stage. In animal, they are primarily applied 
against bacteria infections; however, some of the 
large viruses and several protozoa and fungi are also 
sensitive to these drugs (The Veterinary Manual, 1967).
Antibiotics are somewhat selective in their anti­
bacteria actions. Streptomycin for example is mainly 
effective against gram-positive bacteria while 
penicillin is more active against gram-negative 
organisms. Others such as chlortetracycline and 
oxytetracycline have wider range of activity; they 
are effective against both gram-positive and gram­
negative bacteria. These are called broad-spectrum 
antibiotics to distinguish them from the more 
selective ones, such as penicillin.
Since their discovery, antibiotics have proved 
to be wonder drugs for medicine and have been nothing
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short of miracle agents in agriculture over the past 
quarter of a century (Time, 1984). To date, approxi­
mately 6.8 million kilograms, nearly half the United 
States annual production of antibiotics, are fed 
yearly to farm animals, primarily cattle, poultry 
and pigs (Time, 1984).
There are hundreds of known antibiotics which 
have been isolated, produced, and sold under different 
brand names. These include Aureomycin (Chlortetra- 
cycline), Terramycin (Oxytetracycline), Penicillin, 
Bacitracin, Streptomycin, Tylosin, and Oleandoymcin.
Other feed addictives which have been used experimentally 
are Arsenicals, Nitrofurans, Sulfonamides and Copper 
compounds (Kisser, 1976). Of these antibiotics, 
Chlortetracycline and Oxytetracycline have been used 
extensively as feed additives in ruminants and their 
efficacy in improving animal performances have been 
established (NRC, 1971).
2.3.1: CHLORTETRACYCLINE (AUREOMYCIN)
Chlortetracycline is the first tetracycline to 
be isolated. This antiobiotic was prepared from the 
strain of Streptomyces Aureofaciens (Florey, 1957) .
Chlortetracycline is a yellow crystalline material, 
almost insoluble in water at pH 7.0 and remarkably
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stable at room temperature. The crystalline hydro­
chloride salt is more soluble than the primary 
substance at a concentration of 2 percent weight by 
volume (W/V) at a high pH (Florey, 1957).
The trade name "Aureomycin" has recently been 
replaced in pharmacopodia by 'Chlortetracycline', 
a name which indicates its structural configuration 
with a molecular weight (MW) of 515.36.
OH 0 OH 0
Chlortetracycline
Figure 1: Chemical Structure of Chlortetra­
cycline (Source: Maynard, _et_ a_l. , 1979.
Animal Nutrition. 7th ed., 361) .
Chlortetracycline is well absorbed when 
administered orally. Its main route of excretion is 
though the urine. Experimental studies indicate that 
the toxicity of chloretetracycline is low and there 
appears to be no clinical reports on serious toxicity 
in animals at a dosage that would be suitable for 
clinical work (The Veterinary Manual, 1967). When 
administered to a nursing cattle, studies have shown 
that appreciable amounts are excreted into the milk.
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When chlortetracycline was administered to mice, dogs, 
rats and rabbits, result showed that most animals 
tolerated an intravenous injection of 50mg per kg of 
body weight (Bryer, et al., 1948).
When chlortetracycline was added to the diet of 
young pigs, chicks and rats in very small amounts, 
it was found to increase the rapidity of growth.
Later it was demonstrated to be beneficial in pre­
weaned ruminant feeding (The Veterinary Manual, 1967).
In adult ruminant high oral doses might be a problem, 
because chlortetracycline could produce digestive 
disturbance as a result of its tendency to disturb 
the microflora of the rumen. Chlortetracycline is 
active against the many gram-positive and gram-negative 
bacteria as well as large viruses and rickettsiae 
(The Veterinary Manual, 1967). This drug has been 
used for therapeutic purposes in treating streptolococii 
and staphylococci mastitis in cattle, pneumonia, urinary 
tract infections and coccidosis in dogs, various enteric 
infections in swine, as well as a valuable drug in 
controlling infectious synovitis (The Veterinary 
Manual, 1967).
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2.3.2: OXYTETRACYCLINE (TERRAMYCIN)
Oxytetracycline is the second in the series of 
antibiotics used as feed additives in young ruminants. 
This anti-bacteriacidal agent was first isolated by 
members of the Biochemical Research Laboratories of 
Messrs. Chase Pfizer and Co., Inc., in the United 
States, from cultures of actinomyceta, "Streptomyces 
rimosus" (FTC, 1958). In dry form, oxytetracycline 
is yellow in colour and crystalline in nature. The 
active substance was found to be amphoteric; both acid 
and basic salt were crystallized and found to be 
readily soluble in water and moderately so in organic 
solvents (Regna and Solomon, 1950). Investigation 
about the metabolism and safety revealed that it is 
rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and 
excreted in relatively large amounts in the urine 
(Welch, 1950).
Oxytetracycline acts promptly upon sensitive 
cells and exerts a bacteriacidal effect, when the 
ratio of the concentration to the initial number of 
organisms is high (Hobby, _et _ad.., 1950).
According to X-ray difraction studies, 
oxytetracycline shares a remarkable similarity with 
chlortetracycline. The two antiobiotics may differ
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chemically in the replacement of a hydroxyl-group in 
oxtetracycline by chlorine in chlotetracycline (Regina 
and Solomon, 1950).
•CONĤ
OH 6 OH 6
Ox y tetracycline v
Figure 2. Chemical Structure of Oxytetra- 
cycline (Source: Maynard, et_ al. , 1979.
Animal Nutrition, 7th ed., 361).
Oxytetracycline possesses a broad antibacteria 
spectrum, being effective in the treatment of a wide 
range of diseases caused by susceptible gram-positive 
and gram-negative bacteria, both aerobic and anaerobic, 
as well as some rickettsia and certain viruses. In 
cattle, oxytetracycline is used by intramammary infusion 
to treat mastitis. Systematically, it has been employed 
to treat a variety of diseases including shipping 
fever, foot rot, calf scours, and anthrax for poultry. 
Oxytetracycline administered in feed is of value in the 
control of infectious synovitis, bluecomb and chronic 
respiratory disease. Oxytetracycline added to small
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ruminants' feed serves to control diarrhea and enter- 
otoximia (The Veterinary Manual, 1967).
Oxytetracycline, like chlortetracycline, has a 
low degree of toxicity in both man and animal. It 
may be administered orally to all species of live­
stock except adult ruminants, where it is likely to 
exert an unfavorable influence on the ruminal micro­
flora (The Veterinary Manual, 1967).
2.4: ANTIBIOTICS IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Antiobiotics are not nutrients, neither are they 
dietary essentials for animals but their use in 
animal husbandary is growing. Observers believed that
wide use of antiobitics has played a significant role
!
economically in controlling losses due to infectious 
diseases and in helping to meet the ever growing 
demands for animal protein food (Maynard, et al.,
1979) .
At higher levels, antibiotics are used to treat 
specific infections of digestive tract in animals. 
Outside the normal therapy substantial amounts of 
antibiotics are used for prophylatic purpose. The 
inclusion of sub-clinical levels of antiobiotics in 
the rations of experimental animals, especially young 
ones, has been widely embraced because of their 
immense benefits which include:
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1. Improved growth rate (as measured by 
liveweight change).
2. Improved feed consumption and feed 
efficiency (as measured by kilogram of 
feed required to produce a kilogram of 
(liveweight (LW) gain).
3. Reduction in mortality and morbidity 
from clinical or sub-clinical infections.
2.5: ANTIBIOTICS AS GROWTH STIMULANT
Growth increase due to antibiotics is expressed 
as the percentage increase in liveweight of anti­
biotic supplemented group over the control group 
(Stokstad, e_t a_l. , 1949) . Numerous experiments had 
demonstrated the efficacy of antibiotics in increasing 
the growth rate of young animals when their feed is 
supplemented with sub-clinical levels of antibiotics.
Most of the early information on the ability of 
antibiotics to stimulate the growth of animals was 
obtained from the study conducted with monogastrics 
such as piglets, chicks and turkey. Moore, _et al. 
(1946) reported that sulphasudine and Streptomycin 
stimulated the growth of chicks on purified diet. 
Harned, _et_ aJ. , (1948) observed that Duomycin 
(Aureomycin) have noticeable effect on the growth 
rate and well-being of chicks. These early findings 
were followed by reports (Stockstad, ejb aA. , 1949 ;
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Whitehill, jet _al., 1950; Horvath and Vander, 1954) 
which further confirmed the stimulatory effect of 
antibiotics on the growth rate of chicks and pigs.
This knowledge was quickly applied to the rearing of 
other farm animals and further experimental work was 
done to demonstrate these properties.
Ruminants unlike monogastrics depend on intes­
tinal micro-flora synthesis of some essential nutrients 
needed for proper nutrition. Thus scientists 
interested in ruminant nutrition were skeptical about 
introducing antibiotics to this group of livestock. 
Some feared that the inclusion of antibiotic in 
ruminant feed may possibly interfere with the normal 
intestinal microflora of the ruminants by paralyzing 
the active rumen micro-organisms (Bartley, ejt al. , 
1953). Further information on monogastric research 
motivated ruminant nutritionists and physiologists 
to exploit the unique characteristics of antibiotics 
in feeding of young ruminants.
Bartlet, _et al. (1950) reported increase in the 
average weight gain and reduction in the incidence 
of scours when calves' feed were supplemented with 
sub-clinical levels of aureomycin. Loosli and 
Wallace (1950) reported an average daily gain of
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20 percent over the control calves when various milk 
substitutes with grain and hay were supplemented with 
2.8 percent level or 0.5gm of pure aureomycin per 
45kg of dry matter intake.
Rusoff, et. al (1954) obtained approximately 17 
percent weight gain in the aureomycin-fed group 
compared to the control, when 30 Holstein and Jersey 
male calves were fed with 50mg daily in milk and 0.5 
percent level of Aurofac 2A in calf starter. Jordan 
and Bell (1951) in their own study reported higher 
rates of gain than control on suckling and fattening 
lambs fed with ration supplemented with 5 to 15mg 
aureomycin per head daily. Hatfield (1954) in thre'e 
feeding trials involving 190 suckling and feeder lambs 
to study the influence of ration supplemented with 
antibiotics on growth, feed efficiency and carcass 
grade, discovered consistently higher average daily 
gains, almost reaching the 5 percent significant 
level, in all the trials.
Contrary to the above report, it was observed by 
Colby, _et a_l (1950) that young lambs, which received 
9mg aureomycin and supplied with an APF supplement 
per kilogram of concentrate, gained less than their 
control both before and after weaning. Kinsman and
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Riddell (1953) reported no difference in the rate of 
gain when creep ration was supplemented with 15mg 
aureomycin, terramycin and penicillin per kilogram 
of ration. Luce, et_ al_. (1953) observed that lambs 
supplemented with lOmg aureomycin per day from one 
week of age to weaning gained less than the controls.
Mackay, et_ a_l. (1953) investigated the growth 
promoting effect of terramycin on young dairy calves 
receiving a liberal ration of milk, calf starter and 
good quality hay. The result showed a significant 
increase in the growth of terramycin supplemented 
animal as well as improved appetite and general 
appearance, when compared with the control animals. 
Cason and Voelker (1951) reported that feeding of 
30mg of terramycin per kg of body weight daily 
increased the growth rate of calves by 21 percent over 
the control calves. The terramycin-fed calves gained 
28.6kg as compared to 23.6kg for the control. 
Increasing the terramycin level to lOOmg daily 
stimulated growth responses 28 percent faster than 
the calves on basal diet.
Murdock, et al (1951) failed to obtain any 
growth advantage when calves were fed terramycin but 
when aureomycin was fed, there was a significant
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increase in the growth rate of the supplemented 
calves. Lassiter, e_t a_l. (1959) reported that crystal­
line terramycin did not improve the growth rate of 
Holstein and Jersey calves fed a limited amount of 
milk and all-plant starter, whereas a terramycin 
supplement had stimulated growth rate as much as 
12 percent in a previous experiment when a similar 
feeding system was employed. Moddy, et al. (1954) 
observed sex differences in the level of terramycin 
effectiveness on the growth rate of calves. It was 
discovered that terramycin stimulated the growth 
rate of female calves more than those of males and 
no evidence was found that low birth weight calves 
responded more to terramycin supplementation than 
normal birth weight calves.
Besides, aureomycin and terramycin, other anti­
biotics or a combination of others had been used as 
growth stimulant. Hogue, et al. (1954) reported a 
greater body weight gain (as much as 18 percent) in 
the streptomycin-fed calves compared to the control. 
And Rusoff, e_t al. (1955) observed 15 percent growth 
increase in calves supplemented with 50mg streptomycin 
per head, but not in calves supplemented with 30mg 
of streptomycin per day.
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Rusoff and Davis (1952) found that neither tyro- 
thricin nor bacitracin stimulated the growth of calves. 
Bloom and Knodt (1951) reported that feeding of 
potassium penicillin lowered the growth rate and 
appeared to cause an earlier and greater consumption 
of the calf starter ration.
Aureomycin, terramycin and a few other antibiotics 
have been found to be effective as a growth stimulant 
in pre-weaned ruminants, particularly in calves. In 
cases where aureomycin and terramycin have been found 
to be ineffective, questions have been raised as to 
the level of antibiotics used, the quality of feed, 
the age of the experimental animals as well as manage­
ment practices.
2.6: INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS FACTORS UPON GROWTH
RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS
The increase in weight gains of domestic animals 
attributed to the feeding of antibiotics varies under 
different experimental conditions. Published figures 
ranged between 15 to 30 percent in liveweight gain 
and in a few cases an increase of up to 70 percent 
had been reported (Juke and Williams, 1953). Kuthe 
(1975) examined factors affecting the practical effect 
of antibiotics on growth and stated thus:
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1. The best effect is shown in young and 
growing animals as the efficacy of 
antibiotics in promoting growth 
diminishes markedly with increasing 
age.
2. Monogastrics react more favourably when 
their feeds are supplemented with 
antibiotics over a longer period than 
do ruminants.
Reid, et_ aJ. (1954) also identified those factors 
that affect the response of animal to antibiotics 
thus :
1. Effect of dietary component.
2. Level of antibiotic.
3. Mode of administration.
4. Age of the experimental animals.
2.6.1: EFFECT OF DIETARY COMPONENTS
It is common knowledge that the feeding of anti­
biotics will not substitute for a good feeding program. 
This means the necessary protein, minerals and 
vitamins must be supplied in the right proportion in 
a diet.
It was observed (Branion and Hill, 1951; Heywang, 
1952 ; Briggs, ejt ad.. 1951) that the composition of the 
diet could have marked influence on the response 
obtained from feeding antibiotics to livestock.
Bartley (1954) obtained a better growth stimulation 
when antibiotic was placed in the milk compared to when
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it was added to a calf starter. Accardi (1969) found 
a similar result when 20mg oxytetracycline per kg 
liveweight was added to milk or solid feed for Red 
Danish calves. The investigator reported that those 
given the antibiotic in the milk gained consistently 
more than those on the solid feed.
Rusoff, _et _al. (1953) fed three protein sources 
to three experimental groups. A group received the 
soybean oil meal, another group, cotton seed meal, 
and the other group, cotton seed meal degossypolized. 
The results showed that regardless of the type of 
protein in the starter, an increase in weight gain 
was produced. However, aureomycin-fed calves on the 
soybean oil meal starter showed the greater increase 
in weight. From this investigation, the authors 
concluded that the type of protein source in all­
vegetable calf starter when fed with limited milk may 
affect the growth response of calf to antibiotics.
A growth advantage was observed for calves on 
aureomycin when fed 2:1 hay to grain ration during 
the period 12 to 26 weeks of age compared with calves 
fed the 4:1 ration (Hibbs, et al., 1954).
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2.6.2: LEVEL OF ANTIBIOTICS
The level of antibiotics administered to animals 
varies from one experiment to another. Bartley, et 
al. (1951) fed aureomycin supplement at two levels of 
3 and 9 grams per 45kg body weight daily to dairy 
calves. The result showed that both levels of anti­
biotic produced similar improvement in growth.
Aureomycin-fed at 15 and 45mg per 45kg body weight 
daily from birth to 25 weeks of age showed that the 
higher level of antibiotics feeding reduced the 
difference between sexes in the growth response.
When crystalline aureomycin was supplemented at 
higher levels (45 and 90mg/day) from birth to 25 
weeks of age, report (Bartley, et al., 1954) showed 
that both levels reduced the incidence of infection. 
However, 45mg level produced significantly greater 
gains than the 90mg level up to 12 weeks of age.
Based on this observation, the investigators proposed 
that the optimum level of aureomycin feeding should 
be 45mg per 45kg of body weight daily for the first 
12 weeks of life.
Pritchard, et_ eLL. (1954) observed that terramycin 
fed to calves at 15mg and 60mg per 45kg of body 
weight stimulated the growth of calves slightly over
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that of the control, but the increase was not 
statistically significant. Rusoff, ejt a_l. (1955) fed 
streptomycin at levels of 30 and 50 mg per calf daily 
up to 12 weeks of age; the 50mg level improved the 
growth rate of calves 15 percent but the 30mg level 
did not have appreciable effect on average daily 
gain. Sawhney and Bedi (1968) reported that 15mg 
chlortetracycline in a test diet gave better response 
compared to 30mg when fed to growing kids. Experiment 
with different kinds of antibiotics, namely, aureomycin, 
streptomycin and mixture of bacitracin and penicillin 
(4:1) at levels of 10, 20 and 40mg per 45kg of body 
weight showed no growth advantage for any particular 
level over the other (Hogue, ejt aj.., 1954).
Series of experiences have been conducted to test 
the effect of various levels of antibiotics in milk 
replacement feed. One of these experiments fed 
aureomycin at 0, 2, 4, 6 and lOg per 45kg of milk 
replacement. It was reported that all levels of anti­
biotics improved the growth rate of the calves at 
8 and 12 weeks of age. Aureomycin supplement at 2g 
per 45kg of milk replacement improved growth more than 
any other level at 8 weeks of age and was about the 
second level of antibiotic to improve growth at 12
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weeks of age. Based on these data, aureomycin 
supplement at 2g per 45kg of milk replacer was proposed 
to be adequate in producing maximum growth response in 
young calves (Knodt and Ross, 1952). Similar observa­
tion was reported when antibiotics were fed at three 
different levels of 0.5g, l.Og, and 2.0g per 45kg of 
milk replacement in both pure and supplemented aureomycin 
to young calves. At 8 weeks of age, the greatest 
response was obtained from the feeding of l.Og in the 
pure form of aureomycin at 0.5g and l.Og of aureomycin 
in crude form. However, at 12 weeks there was no 
statistically significant difference between the levels 
of the crude form, but the l.OOg level produced the 
greatest growth response when aureomycin was fed in 
the crystalline form (Bloom and Knodt, 1953). Kesler 
and Knodt (1952) reported a greater growth response 
with 20mg terramycin HC1 per 45kg body weight, 
compared to lOmg and 40mg.
2.6.3: MODE OF ADMINISTRATION
Oral supplementation versus muscular injection of 
aureomycin to young calves have been studied. In 
this experiment, the researchers supplemented the 
rations of a group of calves with aureomycin in milk 
and calf starter. A second group of calves were given
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400mg of aureomycin by intramuscular injections 
weekly. The result showed that orally administered 
aureomycin increased the average daily gain of the 
calves 24 percent over that of the control calves 
while the injected antibiotic improved the growth rate 
by only 15 percent. Kesler and Knodt (1952) observed 
that administration of terramycin by capsule effect 
greater growth and was more effective in inhibiting 
micro-organisms, which attack cellulose in the rumen.
Bartley, _et a_l. (1954) investigated the most 
effective mode of transport for antibiotics in a study 
with calves from birth to 8 weeks of age. Various 
levels of antibiotics were offered in calf starter, 
in milk or by capsule. The result showed that the 
control calves gained 176 percent of the starting 
weight; calves fed 1 percent of aureomycin supplement 
(Aurofac 2A) in calf starter, 185 percent, calves fed 
45mg of aureomycin daily by capsule 191 percent, calves 
fed 45mg aureomycin daily in milk, 207 percent and 
those given weekly injection of 125mg of aureomycin,
183 percent. It was concluded that aureomycin given 
once weekly by intramuscular injection (125mg) was not 
as effective in improving the growth rate of the calves 
as daily oral administration of 45mg.
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Richardson, _et _al (1953) applied different treat­
ments to five different groups of animals to study the 
effect of different methods of antibiotics administra­
tion on the growth response in calves. The treatments 
were 250mg (orally administered) antibiotic weekly,
60mg subcutaneous implantation per week, 70mg per 
day orally and 60mg intramuscular injected weekly.
The result showed that the daily and weekly oral 
feeding of aureomycin were about equally effective 
in stimulating the growth rate of calves over the 
controls, but this was not true of weekly subcutaneous 
implantations or weekly intramuscular injections of 
aureomycin.
2.6.4: EFFECT OF AGE
Growth response to sub-clinical levels of anti­
biotics occurs early during the growth cycle and 
ceases before growth is completed (MacFadden and 
Bartley, 1959). Bartley, et a_l. (1954) observed that 
the greatest benefits from antibiotic feeding occur 
when calves were started on antibiotics soon after 
birth. Thus, some close relationship between the 
age of animal and the observed growth response to 
antibiotics have been carefully studied.
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Lassiter (1955) observed a maximum growth 
response to antibiotics supplement before calf was
8 weeks of age. Bloom and Knodt (1953) reported that 
aureomycin stimulated a greater growth rate during the 
first four weeks of life than during the later period, 
while Kesler and Knodt (1972) reported that cessation 
or initiation of terramycin feeding at 8 weeks of age 
had very little effect on growth, thus showing that 
the maximum growth response to antibiotics supplementa­
tion occurred before animals attained 8 weeks of age.
Much earlier, Mackay, _et _al. (1952) had tried 
rotational experiments to study the age at which 
appropriate response could be obtained with feed 
additives. In two experiments, the investigators 
divided into two groups, eight heifer calves at a 
time when the rumen is beginning to function (6 to
9 weeks). Group I was maintined as the control lot 
while Group II received 24 grams terramycin hydro­
chloride per ton of grain feed. The results showed 
an initial increase in growth of the supplemented 
calves over the control but at the end of 8 weeks, 
there was no appreciable difference in rate of gain 
of the experimental compared with control group. At 
this time, the groups were reversed and this phase
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continued for another 8 weeks. The weight data and 
average gain per calf showed an initial increase in 
gain during the first part of the period for the 
terramycin-fed calves, which eventually declined 
gradually to the close of the period to control level.
Feeding of antibiotics to mature ruminants could 
have detrimental effect on digestibility and afford 
no nutritional advantage. Lassiter et al. (1954) fed 
yearling dairy steers 500mg of crystalline aureomycin 
alone and in combination with surfactants, Ethomid/C-15 
to study the effect of aureomycin and surfactants on 
digestion of nutrients. It was reported that 
crystalline aureomycin decreased dry matter digesti­
bility from 64.0 percent on the basal ration to 60.5 
percent, and crude fibre digestibility was reduced 
from 35.5 to 22.7 percent. Lodge and Jacobson (1954) 
reported a decrease in cellulose digestion in the 
artificial rumen from 83 percent for the control to 
72 percent for the experimental group when dairy 
animals were supplemented with 240mg of aureomycin 
daily from birth to maturity.
2. 7: MODE OF ACTION
The spectra of bacteria against which antibiotics 
are effective and their chemical structures vary
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widely as their mode of action. From a biochemical 
point of view, some antibiotics such as penicillin 
block specific enzymes. The peptide antibiotics often 
form complexses with metal ions and apparently disrupt 
the control of ion permeability in bacteria membranes. 
The polyethylene antibiotics interfere with proton and 
ion transport in fungal membranes while tetracyclines 
and many others interfere directly with protein 
synthesis. Some interchalate into DNA molecules 
(Met zler, 19 7 7).
The mode of action and metabolic process by which 
antibiotics improve performances and promote feed 
efficiency in domestic animals have been a subject of 
interest. To this effect, investigators have postu­
lated series of hypotheses to explain the mechanism 
by which antibiotics work (Bartley, _et al., 1953 ; 
and Jacobson, £t ad.., 1952). Some investigators 
concluded that high incidence of scours is most 
commonly observed during early life when antibiotics 
have been found to be very effective in stimulating 
growth, thus possible mode of action of antibiotics 
must be associated with its effectiveness in reducing 
the incidence of scours. This hypothesis failed to 
gain wide acceptance because increased growth rate in
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domestic animals had been observed when incidence of 
scours was not a problem (Warner, 1952 ; Knodt, ert al. , 
1953; Lassiter, et al., 1954).
Another observer believed that part of the 
accelerated growth in antibiotic-fed calves was due 
to increased appetities. Radisson, _et a_l. (1956) fail 
to substantiate this proposal because if antibiotics 
affected the appetities of calves directly, one would 
expect calves fed antibiotics to consume more feed per 
kg of body weight and this was not reflected in their 
observation.
Stockstad (1954) postulated that the action of 
antibiotics in increasing the growth rate of domestic 
animals is apparently confined to its effects on the 
bacteria within the intestinal tract. Jukes and 
Williams (1953) indicated that the possible mode of 
action of antibiotics in effecting growth promotion 
must be related to the ability of the antimicrobial 
agent in exerting an influence on the intestinal 
microflora.
In non-ruminants, investigators have found some 
relationship between the growth of chicks supplemented 
with sub-clinical levels of antibiotics and their 
intestinal microflora (Moore, _et a l . , 1946; Lassiter,
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1955). Moore, et a l . 1946) reported a rapid increase 
in the intestinal microflora of certain growth- 
promoting yeast in chicks when streptomycin supple­
mented chicks feed were fed. Lassiter (1955) 
reported that antibiotics in the ration of chicks 
cause some changes in the intestinal flora of these 
birds that was responsible for the improvement in 
the growth rate. Walton (1977) concluded that growth 
promotion in antibiotics - fed animals, might be 
associated with a better metabolic performance, which 
is likely due to some interference with performance 
of one or more groups of enteric bacteria.
There was a selective increase in intestinal 
flora of antibiotic-fed chicken based on the nutritive 
quality of the feed (Anderson, et a L ., 1952). In such 
investigation in which intestinal flora of chicken 
fed diets deficient in some nutrients were supplemented 
with antibiotics, there was a tendency to have an 
increase in the categories of certain intestinal 
coliforms known to synthesize some deficient essential 
nutrients. Organisms which compete with the host for 
dietary needs are suppressed by certain additive 
compounds in chicks and pigs (March and Biely, 1952; 
Kellog, et_ a n  , 1964).
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Antibiotics also caused reduction in the number 
of lactobacilli (Johnson and Sarless, 1949; Kellog, 
et_ a,1_. , 1966 ; Kuthe, 1975). March and Biely (1952) 
observed that the bacteria most affected by 
chlortetracycline were lactobacilli. Studies by 
Kellog, et_ chU (1964) indicated that changes in 
intestinal counts of lactobacilli, streptococci, total 
aerobes and total anaerobes in general, paralleled the 
rate of liveweight gain in response to level and 
sources of protein. These reports showed that certain 
organisms, particularly lactobacilli, require amino 
acids in certain proportion. Kellog, ejt aĴ . (1966) 
reported that those antibiotics most effective in 
reducing the growth of these organisms are the most 
effective as routine growth promotants.
Contrary to the observation on non-ruminants, 
very few data have indicated that microflora of the 
intestinal tract has any significant relationship with 
the growth response produced by antibiotics in 
ruminants. An increase in total bacteria count of 
feed material without any appreciable effect on the 
total number of streptococci or coliform groups was 
found when calves were supplemented with 0.5g aureomycin 
in their feed (Chances, _et aj.. , 1953). Loosli, et. al. 
(1951) reported that feeding aureomycin to calves
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under 16 weeks of age had very little effect on the 
total bacteria count of the rumen or the types of 
bacteria present. Rusoff and Davis (1951) examined 
122 rumen sme'ers from 22 different calves. Their 
results failed to show any effect on the usual micro­
scopic appearance of the rumen.
Voelker and Cason (1957) in their bacteriological 
studies compared the colon bacteria of terramycin-fed 
and control calves; the result showed no consistent 
difference in bacteria population of the experimental 
and control groups. Radisson,ejt ad.. (1956) proposed 
that physiology of bacteria rather than the number of 
intestinal bacteria is affected by antibiotics in 
ruminants. In a two-part experiment to determine the 
effect of aureomycin administered orally on young 
calves’ sensitivity to intestinal bacteria, salmonella 
species and coliform bacilli were isolated from the 
faeces of calves receiving aureomycin and those 
receiving the unsupplemented diet. The sensitivity 
of the organisms to phagocytosis in vitro were 
measured. Observation revealed that the oral adminis­
tration of aureomycin did not affect phagocytic 
activity of the leucocytes in the blood of the calves; 
however, bacteria isolated from faeces of calves
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receiving aureomycin were more sensitive to phagocytosis 
than bacteria isolated from the faeces of the control 
calves. Phagocytic activity of the leucocytes from 
young calves (from birth to two weeks) were lower 
compared to leucocytes from older calves (5 to 7 weeks). 
From these observations, it was concluded that the 
failure of various researchers to find a relationship 
between the growth-promoting action of antibiotics and 
the changes in number and type of intestinal bacteria 
in ruminants might be due to the fact that "at least 
a part of the effect of antibiotics on growth is due 
to the effect on the physiology of bacteria, rather than 
on the number of intestinal bacteria, in such a manner 
as to make them susceptible to the body defense 
mechanism and thereby less detrimental to the host."
Maynard, _et al. (1979) stated that "most reports 
on rumen bacteria of cattle receiving antibiotics 
support the view that low levels do not modify the 
normal development of rumen function in calves and that 
they effect little or no changes in major type of 
micro-organisms present in the rumen of either calves 
or older cattle but higher levels do cause changes."
Rusoff, e_t _al. (1953) conducted a bacteriological 
examination on 62 faecal samples collected from
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calves supplemented with aureomycin. There was no 
indication of aureomycin affecting the rumen 
microflora. Thus the authors concluded that aureo­
mycin stimulating calf growth apparently is not due 
to selective bacteria inhibition of the common 
bacteria groups of the intestines, namely: coliforms, 
enterococci and Clostridium perfigens types; rather, 
it might be concerned with a more rapid or complete 
absorption of nutrients passing through the gastro­
intestinal tracts, or that certain biochemical reaction 
are influenced, resulting in increasing synthesis of 
essential nutrients without necessarily altering the 
character of the microflora.
Other publications have related the mode of 
action of antibiotics to their nutrient - sparing effect. 
Evidence in literature (Braude, et al., 1955; Coats, 
1953; Rusoff, et al., 1954) substantiates the fact 
that antibiotics-fed animals have thinner intestinal 
walls. This phenomenon has been reported in pigs, 
chicks and calves. The implication is that organisms 
causing damage or thickening of the wall are suppressed 
or inhibited by antibiotics and an improved absorption 
capability result from feeding of antibiotics.
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The bulk of evidence in literature showed that 
the mechanism by which antibiotics exert their 
influence could be categorized under three broad 
headings, which include:
1. A disease control effect through 
suppression of specific pathogens micro­
organisms causing clinical and sub- 
clinical diseases.
2. Metabolic effect at cellular level.
3. A nutrient sparing effect.
To a large extent however, none of those 
observations have fully explained the specific method 
by which antibiotics exert their influence. It could 
therefore be assumed that one or a combination of 
these factors could be responsible for the observed 
beneficial effect of feeding sub-clinical levels of 
antibiotics to domestic animals.
2.8: EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTICS ON NUTRIENT METABOLISM
Part of the beneficial effects of dietary anti­
biotics in domestic animals have been attributed to 
their nutrient sparing effect, either by stimulating 
the growth of desirable organisms that synthesize 
vitamin and amino acids, and/or by enhancing the 
absorbability of nutrients from the gastro-intestinal 
tract (Kuthe, 1975]. Maynard, et al. (1979)
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observed that animals grow well on lower levels of 
protein or amino acids and certain B-vitamins with 
antibiotics in the diet than without them. Findings 
(Ahuja, ejt al. , 1972) have shown that aureomycin 
supplement tends to increase nitrogen retention at the 
lower protein levels (20.3 and 23.6 percent) but 
decreases it at the highest level (30.6 percent).
Rashidov and Mamatkulov (1972) reported a better 
digestibility and utilization of N, Ca, and P with 
antibiotics-fed sheep compared with the control, when 
culled karakal sheep, 3.5 to 4 years old, were given 
a ration of cotton seeds husks. Stockstad (1954) 
observed that antibiotics facilitate the utilization 
of certain inorganic elements in livestock. The 
metabolism of some minerals is favourably affected 
by antibiotics. This is particularly so in the case 
of Ca, Mg, and P (Kuthe, 1975).
Maynard, et. al. (1979) indicated that vitamins 
and minerals may be better absorbed with addition of 
antibiotics to feed. When Migicovsky, _et a l . (1951) 
measured the incorporation of orally administered 
doses of radio-active Ca into the tibia of the chicks, 
they observed that feeding of 30ppm penicillin increased 
the incorporation of Ca by an average of 70 percent.
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Similarly (Common, et al., 1950) had earlier 
found that Ca and riboflavin in the serum of animals 
injected with estrogen were enhanced by feeding them 
antibiotics. Manganese forms chelates and coordina­
tion compounds with antibiotics such as tetracycline 
(Albert and Rees, 1956) and aureomycin (Pepper, e_t_ al. , 
1952). Pepper, et_ al_. (1952) postulated that 
absorption of manganese in chelate form could be more 
effective than the absorption of this element in 
ionic form.
On the other hand, chlortetracycline, oxytetra- 
cycline and Tetracycline have been reported to cause 
a decrease in the absorption of some divalent cations 
such as Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn as well as xylose, amino 
acids and fat in humans (March, 1978).
Studies of the effect of antibiotics on blood 
sugar levels found that aureomycin caused more rapid 
increase in blood sugar levels in experimental calves, 
compared to the control, although the differences 
were not siginficant (Murley, et_ aA. , 1951). Signi­
ficantly higher blood sugar levels (9mg/100ml) in the 
experimental calves during the 8 to 12 week period 
compared to the control were reported (Hibbs, et_ al. , 
1954). Voelker and Jacobson (1953) on the other hand
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reported that ureomycin had no effect on the blood 
glucose level of 1,500 blood samples examined after 
daily administration of 200 - 240mg aureomycin per 
calf.
2.9: OBJECTIVE
The most sensitive period in the life of kids is 
between birth and one month of age when the highest 
mortality occurs (Nair, ejt a_l. , 1982). Chawla and 
Bhatnager (1981) reported that over 44 percent of 
the total death (1,244 goats) in Indian National Dairy 
Research Institute occurred between birth and one 
month of age.
The data obtained on the frequency of birth and 
death in 1983 at the Goat Unit, University of Ibadan 
Teaching and Research Farm, showed that nearly 37 
percent of kids born alive died within the first one 
month of life; thereafter, mortality tended to decrease 
with advancing age. With improved nutrition and better 
management practices, the mortality in the Unit was 
reduced by nearly 8 percent in 1984. The most common 
causes of death according to veterinary reports were 
scouring, enterotoxemia, pneumonia, Catarrh (PPR), 
nephritis and parasitic hepatitis. It is believed 
that oxytetracycline-HCL with its broad spectrum
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activities could drastically reduce the incidence of 
death related to infectious diseases at the juvenile 
stage and improve performance.
Kuthe (1975) advocated the use of antibiotics in 
humid countries since the climate and environmental 
factors could be disadvantageous to animal husbandry, 
particularly under the intensive animal management 
system. Considering the environmental susceptibility 
of young animals to infection and diseases in Nigeria, 
the use of antibiotics could open up some of the 
possibilities for increasing meat production, because 
of the established fact that these chemical substances 
are capable of increasing growth, improving feed 
consumption, and utilization as well as reduced 
mortality.
Presently, limited information is available in 
literature as to the possible effect of antibiotics 
on the general performance of kids supplemented with 
sub-clinical levels of antibiotics, either when the 
kids were allowed to subsist on their dams' milk or 
reared artificially on unrestricted quantity of 
cow's milk. In addition, published information have 
shown that antibiotics have some implications in the 
metabolism of some minerals that are vital to growth
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and development (March, 1978 ; Maynard, et_ aH. , 1979). 
Because of the significance of goat meat in improving 
the animal protein intake of Nigerians and the economic 
role this livestock specie plays in the life of many 
peasant farmers, it is pertinent to evaluate the 
quantitative utilization of oxytetracycline-HCl on the 
performance and selected serum mineral levels of kids 
reared with or without their dams.
This experiment was therefore designed to furnish 
some information on the effect of dietary inclusion 
of oxytetracycline-HCL fed at varying levels on milk 
consumption, liveweight gain and feed efficiency of 
kids reared with their dams or those reared artifically 
on cow's milk with the view to determine the level of 
oxytetracyclne-HC1 supplement to achieve optimum 
performance. In addition, changes in the serum mineral 
levels were assessed to determine the effect of 
oxytetracycline-HCl fed at varying levels, if any, 
on serum Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Mn, Cu, and Fe status of 
kids under study.
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CHAPTER THREE
EFFECT OF OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 ON THE PERFORMANCE 
OF KIDS REARED WITH OR WITHOUT 
THEIR DAMS
3.1: INTRODUCTION
Antibiotics have been used to enhance growth, 
improve feed efficiency and reduced mortality rate 
in both simple and complex stomach animals. The 
efficiency of antibiotics as growth promoter during 
the juvenile stage of development in ruminants, 
particularly in calves and lambs, has been highlighted 
by many researchers (Volker and Jacobson, 1953;
Loosli and Wallace, 1950).
There is, however, paucity of information on the 
quantitative utilization and efficacy of antibiotics 
in improving performance in goat production. Except 
for occasional use of antibiotics to combat one disease 
condition or the other, few scientific investigations 
have been conducted to test the efficacy of antibiotics 
in improving the performance of goats in general and 
kids in particular.
Awah (1981) applied terramycin in drinking water 
of kids every other day for three to four days to
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control diarrhea in an experiment designed to assess 
the effects of milk and concentrate feeding on 
nutrition, utilization and growth of West African 
dwarf (WAD) goats, without making a deliberate effort 
to assess the affect of this chemical substance as an 
independent variable.
This study was therefore conducted to assess the 
effects of different levels of oxytetracycline-HCl 
on performance, using weekly liveweight gain and feed 
efficiency (as measured by volume of milk required 
to produce a kilogram liveweight gain as parameters) 
in kids reared with or without their dams.
3.2: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.2.1: ANIMALS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
A total of 48-newborn kids weighing between 1.25 
and 2.05kg with an average weight of 1.79kg were used 
in this experiment.
Shortly after parturition, the kids and their 
dams were withdrawn from the general pen. They were 
penned together for the first three days after 
parturition. The initial penning of the kids with 
their dams was important to enable the kids to receive 
colostrum and adjust between the sterile intra-uterus 
environment to a non-sterile extra-uterus environment
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of the pen. Colostric antibodies is of significant 
importance in the life of the newborn because kids 
depend on this maternal antibodies for most of their 
defense against infection early in life. In addition, 
penning of the kids with their dams for this time 
period would enable them to adapt to suckling reflex.
On the fourth day, the kids were separated from 
their dams and each of them was given an identification 
number. They were randomly assigned to the two test 
diets. In a situation where there were twins, each 
kid was assigned to a different rearing method. Thus, 
each nursing dam had a kid each. A total of twenty- 
four kids assigned to a rearing method were introduced 
to their test diets without quantifying their milk 
intake for the first four days after separation from 
their dams. This period was regarded as the adjustment 
period to the experimental diets. Kids which refused 
to suckle at this stage were withdrawn from the 
experiment and substituted with another. On the seventh 
day after parturition, the kids were weighed. A group 
of kids assigned to a rearing method was randomly 
allotted to four treatment levels to give a 2 x 4 
factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block
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design. Each treatment comprised of a total of six 
animals. Care was taken to balance for sex.
Eight kids were housed together in a pen consisting 
of one animal from every treatment from each of the 
rearing methods. The pens were made of solid-wall 
littered with clean wood shavings which were changed 
weekly. During harmattan, a 200-watt electric bulb 
was suspended in each pen to keep the kids warm.
The animals were dipped fortnightly in a solution 
of 15g 'asuntol 50' to 15 litres of water (W/V) to 
protect them against ectoparasite. They were dewormed 
monthly with a solution of 6g of panacur to 100ml of 
water (W/V). One millilitre of this solution was 
administered orally per kg body weight. The health 
of the kids was carefully monitored. When they were 
sick, they were treated by a member of staff of the 
University of Ibadan Veterinary Science. Apart from 
medication given by these health personnel, no other 
drug was administered to the kids throughout the 
experimental period besides oxytetracycline-HCl, the 
experimental treatment.
3.2.2: PLAN OF THE EXPERIMENT AND DIET
The two rearing methods employed in this experi­
ment were rearing the kids on their natural dams'
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milk (Factor A) and artificial rearing on cow milk 
(Factor B). The kids on goat milk suckled their dams 
directly three times a day, during the hours of 08.00, 
13.00 and 18.00. The milk intake was estimated by 
modified method of Awah (1981):
1. All feeds, water and salt licks were 
withdrawn from the dams.
2. The weight of the kids were taken.
3. To account for faeces and urine voided 
during suckling, an already weighed 
jute bag was placed in the position of 
the suckling kids after the position of 
the dams had been adjusted to reduce 
movement to the bearest minimum.
4. The kids were allowed to suckle for a 
maximum of 15 minutes at every suckling 
period.
5. They were removed, weighed and 
restricted back in their pens.
6. The jute bags were examined for urine 
and faeces and weighed.
The record of milk intake at every feeding was computed 
by difference between the weight prior to suckling and 
after suckling. The faeces and urine voided during 
suckling were taken into consideration.
The milk fed to the kids reared artificially was 
fresh cow milk collected daily from the dairy unit of 
the University of Ibadan Teaching and Research Farm.
The milk was warmed to a temperature of about 37.5°C
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at the time of feeding. The kids in this group were 
all bottle-fed three times daily at the hours of 
08.00, 13.00 and 18.00. They were then allowed to 
drink to the point of satiety except when there was 
an incidence of scouring. The milk intake was on 
such occasion restricted. After the morning feeding, 
the milk reserved for other subsequent feedings was 
refrigerated and warmed to the specified temperature 
at feeding time.
The treatments consisted of the control and three 
levels of oxytetracycline-HCl. To the oxytetracycline 
supplemented groups, oxytetracycline-HCl was furnished 
by terramycin soluble powder. According to the 
manufacturer's information, each kilogram of terramycin 
contains 55g of oxytetracyclne-HC1. The control 
groups were offered each of the basal diet while the 
supplemented treatment groups received terramycin 
soluble powder dissolved in known quantity of 
deionized water and offered to supply 13.2, 19.8, and 
26.4mg of oxytetracycline-HCl per head daily.
Individual treatment's daily dosage was offered in two 
equal parts by withdrawing a volume equivalent to each 
treatment level with clean syringe and drenching the
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kids prior to morning and afternoon feeding. The 
experimental design is shown in Table 3.1.
All kids had free access to clean fresh distilled 
water. No salt lick was provided. At eighth week, 
fresh gliricidia was offered ad-1ibitum to the kids 
to stimulate rumen development. Since the kids were 
group-fed with Gliricidia Sepium, the intake of this 
browse was not quantified. This browse plant was the 
choice of this experiment because it is available all 
the year round and it is less affected by drought, 
unlike other browse plants. It was the plan of this 
experiment not to introduce concentrate ration to the 
experimental animals so as to minimize the variability 
which might be introduced by such supplementary feeding.
3.2.3: LIVEWEIGHT RECORD AND MILK SAMPLING
The body weights of the kids were taken at birth 
and on the seventh day after birth. The weights taken 
on the seventh day prior to the introduction to the 
treatments were regarded as the initial weight of the 
animals. Thereafter, the kids were weighed at weekly 
intervals before morning feeding to compute the weekly 
liveweight gain.
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TABLE 3.1: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND DIET
TREATMENT REARING METHODS (FACTORS)
LEVELS A B
1 A1 B1
2 A 2 B2
3 A3 B3
4 A 4 B4
A = Goat Milk B = Cow Milk
A1 = Goat milk + Omg Oxytetracycline
A2 = Goat milk + 13.2mg Oxytetracycline
A3 = Goat milk + 19.8mg Oxytetracycline
A4 = Goat milk + 26.4mg Oxytetracycline
B1 = Cow milk + Omg Oxytetracycline
B2 = Cow milk + 13.2mg Oxytetracycline
B3 = Cow milk + 19.8mg Oxytetracycline
B4 = Cow milk + 26.4mg Oxytetracycline
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The milk from dams rearing their kids were 
collected by hand-milking each dam once weekly.
Twenty millilitres of the total milk collected from 
each doe was properly mixed, and stored in a plastic 
container. Samples of cow milk were obtained by taking 
10ml from freshly collected milk daily and bulked on 
weekly basis. The bulked milk samples were stored in 
plastic containers in the deep freezer at temperature 
below 0°C until required for chemical analysis.
3.2.4: ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE
The milk samples were warmed to a temperature of 
40°C to disperse the milk fat and cooled to a tempera­
ture of 20°C before chemical analyses were carried out 
on the samples. The milk samples were analyzed for 
total solids by drying 10ml sample to constant weight 
at 105°C for 24 hours. Fat was estimated by Gerber 
Method (British Standard Institution, 1955), crude 
protein and total Ash by AOAC (1970) Method and lactose 
by Bernet and Tawab (1957) method.
Two grams of milled Gliricidia Sepium was dried 
to constant weight for residual moisture determination. 
The milled samples were analyzed for the proximate 
composition (AOAC, 1970).
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3.2.5: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The data on the overall performance highlighting 
the average daily milk intake, average daily weight 
gain, and milk required per kilogram liveweight 
(kgLw) gain were partitioned into three 4-week 
intervals comprising of weeks 2 to 5, 6 to 9, and 
10 to 13 of the experiment. The partitioning of these 
data was done to highlight the performance of these 
kids at different phases of the physiological develop­
ment .
Two kids among the control reared with their dams 
(treatment Al) died before the expiration of the experi­
ment. One died at the age of two weeks from entero- 
toxemia and the second from an unknown cause at the 
age of four weeks. Missing values were obtained for 
the dead animals using Genstat Computer program. All 
data were analyzed statistically, assuming factorial 
design.
3.3: RESULTS
3.3.1: MILK COMPOSITION AND INTAKE
The chemical composition of goat and cow milk 
are presented in Table 3.2. Table 3.3 depicts the 
proximate chemical composition of Gliricidia Sepium.
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TABLE 3.2: MEAN* CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MILK FED 
TO THE KIDS
Constituents Goat Milk** Cow Milk
Total solid % 16.56+1.10 14.12+1.02
Milk fat 1 5.03+0.58 4.69+0.14
Crude protein (Nx6.38) 4.191±0.53 3.64+0.37
Lactose % 6.2410.21 5.1810.64
Ash % 0.79+0.12 0.76+0.05
*Each value represents average of 12 determinations.
**Each value represents average of 24 determinations.
TABLE 3.3: PROXIMATE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 
GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM LEAVES
Cg/lOOg DM)
Constituents Value
Fresh Dry Matter 34.50
Crude protein 20.69
Crude fibre 23.08
Ether extract 4.95
Ash 7.69
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
6 8
The average weekly milk intake of kids reared with
or without their dams (Factors A and B), expressed in
litres per week and kg of milk intake per kg metabolic 
size (kg/W 0 ‘ 7 5Kg) are shown in Figures 3 to 6. Details 
are presented in Appendix Tables 1 and 2. The average 
weekly milk intake of kids on treatment groups reared 
on factor A varied between 0.71 and 3.15 litres.
It is evident from the graph that the average 
weekly milk intake of kids on treatments A1 and A4 
increased progressively between week 2 and 5 with the 
highest average weekly milk intake being recorded at 
week 5 after parturition. The corresponding optimum 
mean weekly milk intake period for kids on treatments 
A2 and A3 occurred during the third week. After these 
periods, there were fluctuations in the average weekly 
milk intake, but the pattern generally tended to 
decline with increasing age of the kids and advancing 
lactation. The average weekly milk intake for kids on 
control and those supplemented with 13.2, 19.8 and 
26.4mg of oxytetracycline-HCl daily reared on factor A 
were (litres) 1.74, 1.90, 1.94, and 2.58, respectively 
(S.E. of mean = 0.02). The overall mean weekly milk 
intake (1) for these treatment groups was 2.17 ± 0.04 
for the entire experimental period. Observation
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
69
FIGURE 3. AVERAGE WEEKLY MILK INTAKE (L) OF KIDS 
SUPPLEMENTED WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF 
OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 REARED WITH THEIR 
DAMS
4-0
3 5
3-0
2-5
2-0
1-5
1-0-
0-5
1  L— 3L  t\ 26-44  mg 5 t6i  7 n g i  ^  il i5 IT
Age in Weeks
U Average Weekly Milk Intake (L)NIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
revealed that all the oxytetracycline supplemented 
treatment groups consumed greater volume of milk 
compared to the control. Kids on treatments A2, A3 
and A4 consumed between 9 to 48 percent more milk on 
the average than the control. The average weekly 
milk intake of kids on treatment A4 was significantly 
higher than A1, A2, and A3 (P<i0.05). The variation 
in average weekly milk intake of kids on treatments 
A2 and A3 was not significant. However, the animals 
on both treatment groups consumed significantly 
(P^0.05) greater amounts of milk than A1.
The average weekly milk intake for kids reared
with their dams expressed in kilogram of milk per
kilogram metabolic size (Figure 4), showed that all
kids had their highest milk intake (kg/W 0 ' 7 5Kg) during 
the third week of life. Thereafter the average weekly 
milk intake (Kg/W ‘ Kg) for all kids on treatment 
groups, declined progressively with little variations 
until the end of the experiment. The average weekly 
milk consumed (Kg/W®*^^Kg) were 0.78, 0.79, 0.82, and 
0.84 (S.E. of mean = 0.07) respectively, for kids on 
control group and those supplemented with 13.2, 19.8, 
and 26.4mg of oxytetracycline-HCl daily. The varia­
tions observed between the mean values were not 
appreciable (P/D.05).
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71
FIGURE 4. AVERAGE WEEKLY MILK INTAKE (Kg/W0,75kg) 
OF KIDS SUPPLEMENTED WITH VARIOUS LEVELS 
OF OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 WHEN REARED WITH 
THEIR DAMS
M>
bo
tL'-O-
IS
1-0
0 5
s i 5 I i i5 il 5 2f
Age in Weeks
U age weekly Milk Intake (Kg/WNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
fcfc ft
72
The average weekly milk intake for kids on treat­
ment groups reared on cow milk (Factor B) ranged from 
1.73 to 6.98. The mean weekly milk intakes obtained 
for kids on different treatment groups for the entire 
experimental period were (litres) 4.71, 4.73, 4.85, 
and 3.92 (S.E. of mean = 0.02), respectively for kids 
on control treatment and those supplemented with 13.2, 
19.8 and 26.4mg of oxytetracycline-HC1 daily. The 
overall weekly average milk intake for treatment 
groups reared artificially on cow milk was 4.50 ± 0.04.
The relationship between the average weekly values 
for individual treatment groups with weeks after 
parturition is depicted in Figure 5. The average 
weekly milk intake values for kids on all treatment 
groups exhibited a definite trend as shown by an 
increase throughout the duration of the experiment.
The kids on treatment B3 consumed more milk (1) than 
those on treatments Bl, B2, and B4. The differences 
were significant (P40.05). The average weekly milk 
intake for kids on treatment B2 was significantly 
(p<[0.05) higher than the values obtained for kids on 
treatments Bl and B4, while the intake of Bl was 
significantly (P<0.05) higher than B4.
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73
FIGURE 5. AVERAGE WEEKLY MILK INTAKE OF KIDS 
SUPPLEMENTED WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF 
OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 WHEN REARED WITHOUT 
THEIR DAMS
3 "2 5 S 5 l l k n 5 S
Age in Weeks
Average Weekly Milk Intake (L)
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
When the average weekly milk intakes for each of
the treatment groups were expressed (kg/W 0 ' 7 5Kg) as
shown in Figure 6, the pattern was similar to the
observation recorded for those reared with their dams
(factor A), except that the milk intake (kg/W^'^Kg)
for kids on this rearing method consistently increased
for kids on treatments Bl, B2 and B4 from week 2 to 5,
and from week 2 to 3 for the kids on treatment B3.
Thereafter, the volume of milk consumed (kg/W 0 ' 7 5Kg) 
progressively declined with slight variation, till 
the end of the experiment.
The average daily milk intake (kg/W 0 * 7 5kg) by kids 
on treatment groups reared on factor B were (kg) 1.73, 
1.74, 1.76, and 1.61 (S.E. of mean = 0.07). The 
variations between the mean values were not statisti­
cally significant (P70.05). Appraisal of the
individual treatment mean milk intake (W 0 ’ 7 5Kg) showed
that more milk was consumed (W 0 ’ 75Kg) by oxytetracycline- 
HC1 supplemented treatment groups compared to those kids 
on the control treatment, except the kids on treatment 
B4.
Comparing milk intake of kids on treatment groups 
on both rearing methods, it was evident that the kids 
on treatment groups reared on factor B consumed more
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75
FIGURE 6. AVERAGE WEEKLY MILK INTAKE (Kg/W°-75kg) 
OF KIDS SUPPLEMENTED WITH VARIOUS LEVELS 
OF OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 REARED WITHOUT 
THEIR DAMS
2*51
o<*-- -o**-- o«   13-20  mmgg O x y te lrIoIcy c lin e - H IcI l
^  ^  ft  2 6 ll ll- 2 m g ll II
2 i Z 5 l 3 i 5 75 il n ET
Age in Weeks
U Average Weekly Milk Intake (Kg/WNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
76
milk than those on factor A. The difference was 
highly significant (PdD.Ol) (Appendix, Table 3). The 
effect of age and rearing methods were appreciable 
(P^D.Ol) on milk intake. The effect of levels of 
oxytetracycline-HCl on the intake was not significant.
In addition, the interactions between the age of 
the animals and oxytetracycline-HCl levels on one 
hand and between the age of the animals, rearing 
methods and treatment levels on the other, were not 
significant. However, there was a highly significant 
interaction between the age of the animals and rearing 
methods (P<£-0.01) as well as between the rearing 
method and treatment levels (P<0.05).
The variation in the average weekly milk intake 
(W 0 ' 7 5Kg) with age are shown in Figure 7 for kids
reared on factors A and B. It was observed as
mentioned earlier, that the peaks for the mean weekly 
milk intake (W 0 ‘ 7 5Kg) were attained by kids on factors 
A and B at the third and fifth week of life, respec­
tively. Thereafter the overall average weekly milk 
intake declined for both rearing methods. Kids on 
factor B consistently recorded a higher average weekly 
milk intake compared to those on factor A throughout 
the duration of the experiment.
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77
FIGURE 7. AVERAGE WEEKLY MILK INTAKE (Kg/W0,75kg)
OF KIDS REARED WITH OR WITHOUT THEIR DAMS
Age in Weeks
U Average Weekly Milk IntakeNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
78
3.3.2 WEIGHT GAIN
Summary of mean weekly change in liveweight of 
kids on treatment groups reared with their dams and 
those reared on cow milk (Factors A and B) and 
supplemented with varying levels of oxytetracycline- 
HC1 are illustrated in Figures 8 and 9. Details are 
in Appendix, Table 4.
The changes in weight did not follow a consistent 
trend. This might be due to the variations in milk 
intake which was observed to change from week to week. 
Appraisal of the results of weekly liveweight changes 
for kids on treatment groups reared on factor A 
showed that the overall mean weekly values were (g) 
171.70, 216.56, 216.39, and 333.80 (S.E. of mean = 
21.95), respectively, for kids on control treatment, 
and those supplemented with 13.2, 19.8, 26.4mg of 
oxytetracycline-HC1 daily over the experimental period. 
Treatment effects on the variations were significant 
(P-C0.05). The apparent differences observed among 
the values (g) 171.70, 216.56, and 216.39 were not 
significant. The liveweight gain value 333.80g/week 
for kids on treatment A4 was the highest growth rate 
and was significantly greater than any of the values 
for kids on treatments A1, A2, and A3 (P<0.05). The
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
"9
FIGURE 8. AVERAGE WEEKLY CHANGE IN LIVEWEIGHT OF
KIDS SUPPLEMENTED WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF 
OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 WHEN REARED WITH 
THEIR DAMS
Age in Weeks
Average Weekly Change in Liveweight (g)
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
8 0
FIGURE 9. AVERAGE WEEKLY CHANGE IN LIVEWEIGHT OF
KIDS SUPPLEMENTED WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF 
OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 WHEN REARED WITHOUT 
THEIR DAMS
2 3 l l i 7 i 9  io il i5 £
Age in Weeks
U Average Weekly Change in Liveweight Gain (g)NIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
81
oxytetracycline-HCl supplemented groups gained 
between 26 and 92 percent more than the control groups. 
The highest weekly weight change occurred early in 
the experiment between the fourth and fifth week of 
life with the exception of animals receiving treatment 
3 (A3).
The mean weekly liveweight change of kids on 
factor B varied from 80 to 507g (Appendix 4). The 
overall mean weekly values were (g) 330.56, 315.31, 
289.59, and 245.34 (S.E. of means = 21.95), respectively, 
for kids on control treatment, and those supplemented 
with 13.9, 19.8 and 26.4mg of oxytetracycline-HCl 
daily, over the experimental period. The treatment 
effect on the variation observed was significant 
(P40.05). The variations observed for values (g/week) 
330.56, 315.31, and 289.59 obtained for kids on 
treatments Bl, B2, and B3 were not significant, just 
as the difference between 289.59 and 245.34g observed 
for kids on treatments B3 and B4. However, the weekly 
liveweight change of 330.56 and 315.31g observed for 
kids on treatments Bl and B2 were significantly 
greater than the value of 245.34g obtained for kids 
on treatment B4 (P<0.05).
The kids on control group gained between 5 and 
26 percent more than the oxytetracycline-HCL supplemented
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82
groups. Although the weekly change in liveweight did 
not follow a consistent pattern, three major growth 
peaks were prominent, depicting the period of the 
most accelerated weight change. These occurred 
between weeks 4 and 10 after parturition, with all 
treatment groups having their mean highest weekly 
liveweight change between week 4 and 7.
When the average weekly liveweight change of 
kids on the two treatment groups were tested, Analysis 
of Variance (Appendix, Table 5) showed that the levels 
of oxytetracycline-HCl and age did not have an appre­
ciable effect on the variation observed (Pj?0.05).
The main effect of rearing methods was however highly 
significant (P<0.01). The kids reared on cow milk 
had greater overall mean weekly liveweight gain 
(241.90 vs. 291.20g/week).
The interaction between age of the animals and 
rearing methods on one hand and rearing methods and 
treatment levels on the other, was highly significant 
(P<l0.01). The interaction between the rearing methods 
and treatment levels indicated that animals reared on 
the two different rearing methods responded differently 
to oxytetracycline-HCl level through their weekly 
liveweight gain.
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83
As observed earlier, kids on treatment groups 
reared with their dams showed continuous increase in 
overall average weekly liveweight change with every 
successive increase in the level of oxytetracycline- 
HC1; reverse was however the case for those kids on 
treatment groups reared on cow milk. The interactions 
between age and treatment levels were not significant.
The average weekly cummulative liveweight gain 
of kids on treatment groups reared with and without 
their dams are shown in Figures 10 and 11, respec­
tively .
3.3.3: FEED EFFICIENCY AS LITRES OF MILK REQUIRED
PER KILOGRAM LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
The summaries of the performacne of kids supple­
mented with varying levels of oxytetracycline-HC1 
reared with or without their dams, which highlight 
the average daily liveweight gain, average daily 
milk intake, average milk required/kg liveweight 
gain, as well as the overall average of each of these 
parameters presented in three 4-week intervals are 
shown in Table 3.4.
The result obtained for the overall mean daily 
milk intake, daily liveweight gain and the overall 
averages of these parameters computed for individual
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
8 4
FIGURE 10. AVERAGE WEEKLY CUMMULATIVE LIVEWEIGHT CHANGE 
OF KIDS SUPPLEMENTED WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF 
OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 WHEN REARED WITH THEIR 
DAMS
Age in Weeks
U Average Cummulative Liveweight Change (kg)NIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
85
FIGURE 11. AVERAGE WEEKLY CUMMULATIVE LIVEWEIGHT CHANGE 
OF KIDS SUPPLEMENTED WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF 
OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 WHEN REARED WITHOUT THEIR 
DAMS
U Cummulative Liveweight Change (kg)NIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
86
treatment groups, followed similar pattern as those 
presented earlier (pages 66 to 85) .
Table 3.4 shows that kids reared with their dams 
without any oxytetracycline-HCl supplement (Al) and 
those on treatment group receiving the lowest level 
(A2) of antibiotic (13.2mg/day) recorded their lowest 
volume of milk/kg liveweight gain during the second 
4-week internval. While those kids supplemented with 
19.8 and 26.4mg of oxytetracycline-HCl daily (A3 and 
A4) had their lowest volume of milk/kg liveweight gain 
during the first 4-week internal. The mean milk 
required/kg liveweight gain was highest for kids in 
all treatment groups during the third 4-week interval.
The treatment effect on milk required/kg live- 
weight gain was significant for the first 4-week 
interval (P<0.05) for kids reared with their dams.
The difference observed between the values (l/kg 
liveweight gain) 10.76 and 8.74 obtained for kids on 
treatment Al and A3 was not significant just as the 
variations between 7.53, 8.74, and 6.46 observed for 
kids on treatments A2, A3, and A4. However, the mean 
volume of milk required/kg liveweight gain (10.76 
l/kg liveweight gain) for kids on treatment Al was 
significantly higher than the mean values for those 
kids on treatments A2 and A4 (P 0.05).
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
TABLE 3.4: SUMMARY OF THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 ON THE PERFORMANCE 
OF KIDS REARED WITH OR WITHOUT THEIR DAMS
REARING METHODS GOAT MILK (FACTOR A) COW MILK (FACTOR B)
TREATMENT S.E. 
LEVELS Al A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 of Mean
Number of Animals 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Average Liveweight (kg) 
Initial 1.87 1.80 1.88 2.02 1.88 1.76 1.78 1.73 0.20
At Week 4 2.79 3.06 2.97 3.78 2.84 2.61 3.10 2.61 0.28
At Week 8 3.49 3.96 3.87 5.01 4.42 4.13 4.23 3.53 0.39
At Week 12 3.88 4.47 4.46 5.90 5.89 5.57 5.33 4.67 0.44
Average Daily Liveweight gain (g) 
Week 2 - 5 32.78 43.78 38.89 63.10 33.70 33.20 36.90 31.20 5.30
Week 6 - 9 25.14 32.14 32.33 43.70 56.20 54.60 40.70 36.70 6.49
Week 10 - 13 13.80 17.21 21.48 32.50 51.20 51.30 38.90 40.50 4.32
oo Total Experimental Period 23.91 31.54 30.97 46.40 47.10 45.40 42.20 35.10 4.10
Average Daily Milk (1) Intake 
Week 2 - 5 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.41 0.53 0.44 0.55 0.45 0.05
Week 6 - 9 0.19 0.22 0.31 0.39 0.71 0.68 0.71 0.56 0.07
Week 10 - 13 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.31 0.79 0.90 0.83 0.71 0.07
Total Experimental Period 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.38 0.67 0.68 0.70 0.57 0.05
FEED EFFICIENCY 
Average Milk Required Per 
kg liveweight gain (1)
Week 2 - 5 10.76 7.53 8.74 6.46 15.70 14.56 14.03 14.36 0.98
Week 6 - 9 7.56 6.85 9.59 8.92 12.76 13.01 . 17.19 15.25 1.27
Week 10 - 13 13.04 11.76 9.76 9.50 15.89 18.09 19.34 17.43 1.55
Total Experimental Period 10.45 8.66 9.36 8.30 14.61 15.48 16.74 15.68 0.85
Ai =* Coat Milk + Omg Oxytetracycline BT * Cow Milk ♦ Omg Oxytetracycline
A2 » Goat Milk + 13.2mg Oxytetracycline B2 « Cow Milk + 13.2mg Oxytetracyline
A3 = Goat Milk + 19.8mg Oxytetracycline B3 * Cow Milk ♦ 19.8mg Oxytetracycline
A4 = Goat Milk + 26.4mg Oxytetracycline B4 » Cow Milk ♦ 26.4mg Oxytetracycline
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8 8
The treatment effect on milk required/kg live- 
weight gain for the other two subsequent 4-week 
intervals (second and third 4-week intervals), as 
well as the entire experimental period was not 
significant (P?0.05). The overall mean values of 
8.23 ± 1.24 and 11.00 ± 1.68 were obtained for the 
second and third 4-week intervals, respectively. The 
overall mean value of milk required/kg liveweight 
gain for animals reared with their dams for the total 
experimental period was 9.18 ± 0.95.
Appraisal of the results of feed efficiency of 
kids on treatment groups reared with their dams 
(Factor A) revealed that all kids on treatment groups 
supplemented with varying levels of oxytetracycline- 
HC1 utilized their milk intake more efficiently than 
those kids on control treatment; though the overall 
effect of treatment on this parameter was not 
statistically significant (P7'0.05).
Except during the first 4-week interval when the 
kids on the control treatment group reared artificially 
on cow milk (Bl) consumed more milk/kg liveweight gain 
compared to the other treatment groups, for most of 
the intervals, the kids on control group exhibited 
greater feed efficiency.
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89
The treatment effect on milk required/kg 
liveweight gain was not significant for the first 4- 
week interval. The overall mean value of 14.73 ± 0.52 
was obtained for the period. The treatment effect on 
milk required/kg liveweight gain was however significant 
during the second 4-week interval (P<0.05). The mean 
treatment values (1/kg liveweight gain) of 12.76,
13.01, 17.19, andl5.25 (S.E. of mean = 1.27) were 
obtained for kids on control treatment group and those 
supplemented with 13.2, 19.6, and 26.4mg of 
oxytetracycline-HC1 daily (Bl, B2, B3 and B4). The 
variations observed among kids on treatments Bl, B2, 
and B4 were not significant, just as the difference 
between the mean values obtained for animals on 
treatments B3 and B4. However, the mean value of 
17.19 1/kg liveweight gain obtained for kids on treat­
ment B3 was the highest for the interval and was 
significantly higher than the values obtained for 
kids on treatments Bl and B2 (P^.0.05).
The effect of treatments on milk required/kg 
liveweight gain for the third 4-week interval was not 
significant (p?0.05). The overall mean value of 
17.65 ± 1.44 1/kg liveweight gain was obtained for all 
kids in all treatment groups during this experimental
interval.
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90
The overall effect of treatment on milk required/ 
kg liveweight gain for the total experimental period 
was not significant (PT‘0.05). The overall mean value 
for all animals in all treatment groups reared on 
cow milk (Factor B) for the entire experimental 
period was 15.59 ± 0.87.
Appraisal of the overall individual treatment 
group mean values for kids reared artifically on cow 
milk showed that all animals on antibiotic supplement 
required slightly higher volume of milk/kg liveweight 
gain; although the variations were not appreciable 
(P/’O .0 5) .
Comparison of data obtained on the overall milk 
required/kg liveweight gain for animals on treatment 
groups on both rearing methods, it was obvious that 
animals reared with their dams utilized their milk 
intake more efficiently than those kids on treatment 
groups reared on cow milk. Analysis of variance showed 
that the effect of rearing methods on the overall feed 
efficiency was highly significant (P<0.01). The 
interaction between rearing methods and treatment 
levels was appreciable (P<0.05).
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91
3.4: DISCUSSION
The milk intake of kids supplemented with various 
levels of oxytetracycline-HCl and reared artifically 
on cow milk (Factor B) were greater than the 
corresponding values for those receiving similar 
treatments but reared on their dams' milk (Factor A). 
This was essentially due to the fact that the milk 
intake of kids reared with their dams was limited by 
milk production of their dams as compared to the 
artificially reared kids, which had unrestricted milk 
intake.
If the weekly milk intake of kids reared on 
Factor A in this experiment (Figure 1) could be 
extrapulated to represent the milk production curve 
of their dams, it is glaring that the optimum milk 
production levels of the dams were reached between 
the first 3 to 5 weeks of lactation.
These peaks are comparable to that reported by 
Loucas, et_ al. (1975) for the lactation curve of 
Damascus goats which peaked during the first 5 
to 6 weeks of lactation and then decline. The result 
also agrees with similar observation for WAD goats 
(Akinsoyinu, et_ a_l. , 1977) where the highest milk yield 
for lactation was at the fifth week after paturition.
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92
The higher milk intake by kids reared on cow 
milk (Factor B) was in harmony with the findings of 
Newport (1977) who reported that artificially reared 
pigs required a larger proportion of dried skim milk 
or other milk products in their diet.
Except for kids on treatment B4, all kids on 
treatment groups receiving oxytetracycline-HCL on 
both rearing methods, consumed more milk than their 
control counterparts. This result confirmed the 
findings of Brisson and Bouchard (1970), who observed 
higher milk substitute intake by oxytetracycline-HC1- 
Vitamin-Iron supplemented group, compared with the 
control when milk substitute was fed ad-libitum from 
birth till eight weeks of age. Even when the milk 
intake was restricted, antibiotics had been reported 
to stimulate concentrate consumption in calves 
(Bartley, et_ a_l. , 1953 ; Loosli, et_ a^. , 1951).
The fall in the milk intake of kids on treatment 
group receiving the highest level of oxytetracycline- 
HC1 and offered unrestricted milk (B4) could be 
explained by findings (Reid, et_ tQ. , 1954) which 
showed that antibiotics exhibited appetite depressing 
effect when fed at high levels particularly above 14mg 
per day; although feed consumption was improved when
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93
the same antibiotics were fed at low levels. In this 
experiment, kids on treatment group receiving as high 
as 19.8mg of oxytetracycline-HCl daily and offered 
unrestricted amounts of milk, exhibited higher milk
i
intake compared to the kids on lower level of anti­
biotic supplement. But when the antibiotics were 
fed at a level of 26.4mg/day, the milk consumed 
decreased considerably.
The continuous improvement in the milk intake 
of kids reared on their dams' milk and receiving 
various levels of oxytetracycline-HCl compared to 
their control, deserves more explanation. The reason 
for this observation could not be provided by the 
scope of this study and may not be apparent until 
the myth surrounding the mode of action of antibiotics 
could be completely unraveled. A possible explanation 
as of now could be that of increased appetite. 
According to Murley, et al. (1952) when improved 
appetite is observed in antibiotic-fed animals, it 
may be associated with improved health and vigour.
If this assumption is applied in the present study, 
improved vigour could result in better suckling 
ability and associated with ability to evacuate the
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94
available milk in the udder which could have been 
responsible for increased milk intake.
The milk production of the lactating dams was 
adequate for their kids for about the first quarter 
of the experiment, as shown by the accelerated growth 
rate of these kids compared to their counterparts 
reared on cow milk. This observation was short-lived 
as there was reversal at about the fifth week after 
parturition, when the drop in the milk intake of 
suckling kids was accompanied by a decrease in live- 
weight gain. The trend persisted until the end of 
the experiment.
The lower liveweight gain of kids in treatment 
groups reared artifically on cow milk at the early 
part of the experiment, could not be attributed to 
improper adjustment to suckling from the feeding 
bottle. This is because kids reared on this rearing 
method actually consumed considerably greater amounts 
of milk than those suckling their dams at this 
experimental period. A similar report (Murthy,
1974) indicated that dam's milk is considered the 
best food for their infants, provided that the yield 
was enough for nursing. This result supports the 
finding (Loucas, et al., 1975) who noted that any
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95
beneficial effects of suckling of the young did not 
extend much beyond 5 to 6 weeks after parturition.
The overall weight gain of kids reared artifi­
cially on cow milk exceeded their naturally reared 
counterparts at the expiration of the experiment.
This present observation seems to agree with Newport 
(1977) who reported that the growth rate of baby pigs 
was limited by the supply of milk from the sows and 
growth rate, could be attained by artificial rearing. 
Brisson, et_ ad̂ . (1970) observed that lambs reared 
artifically on milk substitute from third day of life 
grew faster than their conventionally reared counter­
parts, though the milk intake of the conventionally 
reared lambs were not quantified in their experiment.
Although kids reared on cow milk and supplemented 
with varying levels of oxytetracycline-HC1 did not 
consistently excel their control counterparts in 
terms of mean weekly liveweight gain for an appreciable 
number of weeks, observations revealed that at the 
beginning of the experiment up till sixth week of 
life, oxytetracycline-HCl supplemented groups showed 
appreciably higher weekly liveweight gains than the 
control. Thereafter, the kids in the control group 
exhibited accelerated weight gain, which was superior
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to the kids on oxytetracycline, almost till the end 
of the experiment. At the expiration of the experi­
ment, the overall liveweight gain of the control 
exceeded that of antibiotic supplemented groups. In 
addition, the control required less milk per kilogram 
liveweight gain.
The higher growth rate of kids on oxytetracycline- 
HC1 supplement before the seventh week of life compared 
to the control could be modified by such a report as 
that of MacFadded and Bartley (1959) which indicated 
that the growth promoting effect of antibiotics is 
more prominent early in the growth cycle and ceases 
before growth is completed. The result is also 
consistent with the findings of Hogue et_ al. (1954) 
who observed a significant increase in the daily gain 
of antibiotic-fed calves during the first seven weeks 
of life and no appreciable differences thereafter.
Other reports (lassiter, 1955; Kesler and Knodt, 
1952; MacKay, et_ al., 1952) also observed maximum 
growth response to antibiotics feeding at eight weeks, 
thereafter, the weight gain of the antibiotic supple­
ment group paralleled the control.
In general the bulk of data obtained in this 
study suggests that oxytetracycline-HCl at the levels
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of supplement did not enhance the performance of the 
kids fed unrestricted cow milk. Such was the report 
(Brisson and Bouchard, 1970) which concluded that 
antibiotics supplement of a liquid diet had no marked 
effect on either growth or feed consumption. Jordan 
(1952) noted that feeding aureomycin to fattening 
lambs at the rate of approximately 5.50 and ll.OOmg/kg 
of feed, decreased gain as well as feed efficiency.
Colby, et_ a_l. (1950) had earlier reported that 
aureomycin fed at lOOmg daily to fattening lambs caused 
a loss in appetite and lowered body weight gain. 
Published information (Bridges, ejt a_l. , 1953) on the 
other hand reported small but insignificant increase in 
daily weight gain and feed efficiency of antibiotic 
supplement groups. Contrary to the finding in this 
report, using oxytetracycline-HC1 Rusoff, et̂  al̂ . (1954) 
and Cason and Voelker (1951) obtained increase in 
weight gain of 17 to 28 percent for their antibiotic 
supplemented group over the control. In addition to 
an increase in growth rate of terramycin supplemented 
group, MacKay, et al. (1953) reported an appreciable 
increase in appetite.
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The better performance of kids reared with their 
dams on antibiotic supplement compared to the control 
as observed in this study, was consistent with such 
reports; Hatfield, et al. (1954) and Jordan and Bell 
(1954) which showed a higher gain and feed efficiency 
for lambs suckling their dams and receiving antibiotics, 
compared to the control.
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CHAPTER FOUR
THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 
ON SERUM MINERAL LEVELS OF KIDS REARED 
WITH OR WITHOUT THEIR DAMS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Mineral elements play an important role in the 
nutrition of both humans and animals. As constituents 
of the bone and teeth, they give rigidity and strength 
to the skeletal structures. They serve as components 
of organic compunds such as protein and lipids, which 
make up muscles, organs, blood cells and soft tissues 
of the body. They influence growth and reproduction 
performance and are important in the activation of many 
enzymes. Martens and Rayssiguiez (1979) reported that 
Magnesium, one of the major minerals for livestock, 
is an activator of nearly 300 enzymes, including most 
of those utilizing ATP or catalyzing the transfer of 
phosphate. The diverse functions of individual major 
and trace mineral elements in human and livestock, as 
well as specific signs of deficiency, have been 
extensively reviewed (Pike and Brown, 1975; Underwood, 
1977). In ruminent animals, the nutritional significance 
of mineral elements may be a reflection of its functions
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in rumen bacteria and of its interactions with other 
elements present in the rumen (Mathur, e_t al_. , 1985).
Antibiotics used in livestock therapeutically to 
treat a specific infection, prophylatically against a 
specific organism or group of organisms, or routinely 
as a growth promotent are known to interact with some 
nutrients and exert some influence on blood metabolites 
in general and minerals in particular. These include 
favorable absorption of Ca, Mg, and P (Kuthe, 1975) and 
better digestibility of Ca and P in sheep (Rashidov and 
Mamaticulov, 1972). Kirchgessner, e_t a_l. , (1961) reported 
increase in the retention of P, Mg, Cu, Zn, and Fe, while 
no appreciable effects were apparent in the retention 
of S, A1, K, Na, Ca, Mi, MO, and Cn when growing pigs 
were supplemented with 33mg of terramycin per day.
Kratzer and Vohra (1986) reported that lonophones anti­
biotic such as Valinomycin (C,-̂  Hqq O^g) increase 
the transport of cations selectively into mitochandria, 
while March (1978) reported that chlortetracycline, 
oxytetracycline and tetracycline have depressing effect 
on metabolism of divalent cations such as Ca, Fe, Mg, 
and Zn in humans.
Despite the continuous use of antibiotics as feed 
supplements to livestock and the possible effect on
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blood metabolites, particularly minerals, limited 
information is available in he literature as to the 
effect of these chemical substances on the mineral 
status of goats, particularly kids.
This study was designed to assess the effect, if 
any, of feeding different levels of oxytetracycline-HCl 
on the serum levels of some selected minerals that are 
vital for growth and development of pre-weaned goats.
The minerals of specific interest in this study are 
Ca, P, Ma, K, Mg, Mn, Cu, and Fe.
4.2: MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.2.1: ANIMALS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
The experiment involved 48 three-day old kids.
Their weight ranged from 1.25 to 2.05kg, with an average 
weight of 1.79kg. The management of these kids was 
explained in Chapter 3.2.2.
4.2.2: PLANS OF THE EXPERIMENT AND DIET
The experimental design was shown in Table 3.1 
and other details were described in chapter 3.2.3.
4.2.3: MILK AND BLOOD SAMPLING
The milk from dams rearing their kids were 
collected by handmilking each dam once weekly. Twenty 
milliliters of the total milk collected from each was
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taken and stored in a plastic container. Samples of 
cow milk were collected by taking 10ml from freshly 
collected milk daily and bulked on weekly basis. The 
bulked milk samples were stored in plastic containers 
in the deep freezer at a temperature below 0°C until 
required for chemical analysis.
Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein 
of each experimental kid before morning feeding with 
sterilized disposable syringe fitted with needle. 
Sample was collected from each kid prior to introduc­
tion to the experimental treatments and thereafter 
at bi-weekly intervals until the animals were thirteen 
weeks old. The blood samples were allowed to set at 
room temperature. The serum was harvested and then 
stored in plastic bottles which were then kept in the 
deep freezer until required for analysis.
4.2.4: ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE
The mineral content of milk and serum samples as 
well as dried milled Gliricidia Sepium were determined 
after wet digestion of 1ml of the liquid samples or 
lg of the plant sample, with 20mls of a mixture of 
perchloric and nitric acid (1:5 v/v) by using Atomic 
Absorption Spectrophotometer model 403. The total P 
in the digest was determined using P-Auto Analyzer
Model IIA.
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4.2.5: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The data on the various mineral concentrations in 
the serum were subjected to statistical analysis of 
variance using factorial design.
4.3: RESULTS
4.3.1: MINERAL COMPOSITION OF MILK AND INTAKE
The animal effect on the weekly Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, 
Mn, Cu, and Fe composition of goat milk, was not 
significant, hence the values of these minerals for 
the 24 lactating does nursing their kids were pooled 
together. The mean weekly mineral contents of the goat 
milk are shown in Table 4.1. The mean weekly mineral 
contents of cow milk are presented in Table 4.2. Table 
4.3 illustrates the mineral composition of Gliricidia 
Sepium.
The average daily mineral intake calculated on the 
basis of overall daily milk intake is shown in Table 
4.4. The treatment effect on the variations in 
individual animal mineral intake within the same 
rearing method was not significant (P?0.05).
Appraisal of the individual mean intake of each 
mineral revealed that the kids fed with the highest 
level (26.4mg/day) of oxytetracycline supplement 
within the kids reared with their dams (Factor A) 
recorded the highest intake of all the minerals; kids
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TABLE 4.1: SUMMARY OF MEAN* WEEKLY MINERAL CONTENTS OF GOATS' MILK FED TO KIDS
Mg/ 100 ml Ug/100 ml
WEEKS Ca P Na K Mg Mn Cu Fe
2 49.06 130.00 60.50 210.86 19.17 21.98 92.45 90.79
3 68.20 106.20 64.13 207.72 16.38 8.78 94.08 82.20
4 88.32 89.70 61.71 199.33 14.79 5.49 97.32 72.61
5 117.20 134.30 66.55 165.76 14.15 3.20 94.08 64.39
6 136.32 115.70 71.39 162.61 16.35 8.79 68.12 54.80
7 153.60 133.90 75.02 157.36 14.15 6.49 53.53 64.39
8 164.16 140.40 72.60 156.32 12.48 5.50 48.66 60.69
9 156.52 152.30 76.23 157.37 18.15 5.60 43.79 82.33
10 163.20 143.00 78.45 153.17 16.61 4.30 43.79 78.09
11 194.96 134.30 81.00 154.22 12.25 3.30 32.44 54.80
12 203.52 158.60 82.03 155.27 11.46 4.60 29.20 45.21
13 212.20 147.31 78.66 150.02 11.46 4.40 22.71 45.21
Mean ± 142.22 131.60 72.03 169.17 14.79 7.54 60.00 66.00
±52.60 ±20.14 ±7.55 ±22.71 ±2.58 ±6.07 ±28.01 ±15.17
*Each weekly value represents average of 24 determinations.
104
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TABLE 4.2: SUMMARY OF MEAN WEEKLY MINERAL CONTENTS OF COW MILK FED TO THE KIDS
Mg/100 ml Ug/100 ml
WEEKS Ca P Na K Mg Mn Cu Fe
2 126.05 82.43 82.32 152.60 13.96 3.00 52.72 41.02
3 130.50 90.99 98.05 149.75 15.00 3.00 60.39 39.40
4 127.01 87.75 86.00 153.09 14.69 4.00 57.20 46.17
5 125.03 92.67 84.01 139.97 14.91 3.00 58.43 40.18
6 113.25 89.94 102.79 160.75 13.99 2.00 60.11 39.29
7 124.20 89.75 86.15 147.43 15.36 3.00 59.78 42.01
8 120.99 90.31 88.53 148.92 14.67 3.00 60.21 42.43
9 123.61 92.97 76.99 151.79 12.89 4.00 54.97 36.98
10 128.32 87.21 93.02 145.32 16.02 3.00 62.61 40.10
11 119.67 91.61 89.56 150.55 14.50 2.00 59.99 38.99
12 125.01 95.75 79.67 141.60 14.33 3.00 58.20 37.89
13 121.75 81.97 91.25 146.43 13.97 3.00 57.75 40.03
Mean ± 123.75 89.35 88.35 148.60 14.50 3.00 58.50 40.00
±4.56 ±4.09 ±7.41 ±5.70 ±0.80 ±0.60 ±2.58 ±2.39
105
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TABLE 4.3: MINERAL CONTENTS OF GLIRICIDIA 
SEPIUM (per lOOg DM)
Minerals Values
g / 1 0 0 g
Calcium (Ca) 1.03 
Phosphorus (P) 0.30 
Sodium (Na) 0.03 
Potassium (K) 3.36 
Magnesium (Mg) 0.49 
ug/lOOg
Manganese (Mn) 85.71 
Copper (Cu) 5.43 
Iron (Fe) 324.97
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TABLE 4.4: SUMMARY OF MEAN DAILY MINERAL INTAKE OF KIDS SUPPLEMENTED KITH VARIOUS 
LEVELS OF OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 REARED KITH OR WITHOUT THEIR DAMS
REARING METHODS
GOAT MILK COK MILK
A1 A2 AS A4 B1 B 2 B5 B4
g / dav
Calcium 0.38 0.39
±0.08 t0.09 0.38 0.69 0.82 0.81 0.77tO.05 tO.21 ±0.26 0.73±0.19 ±0.28 ±0.22
Phosphorus 0.36
t0.07 0.56 0.36 0.68 0.59t0.08 tO.05 tO.19 0.59 0.55±0.19 0.50±0.13 ±0.21 ±0.19
Sodium 0.18
t0.06 0.20 0.19 0.38tO . 04 0.58tO.03 tO.11 0.58 0.61 0.52±0.19 ±0.15 ±0.23 ±0.16
Potas s ium 0.45
tO. 10 0.42tO . 09 0.46 0.87tO.06 tO.26 0.98 0.97±0.31 0.93±0 . 22 ±0.34 0.99±0.30
mg/dav
Magne s ium 39.12 40.72
19.01 39.91 76.78 95.9719.13 94.88 90.67±5.19 ±21.83 83.94±30.41 ±21.85 ±32.93 ±24.35
Copper 0.16 0.17
t0.04 0.16 0.31tO.04 0.39±0.02 ±0.09 0.58 0.3±0.12 0.34±0.09 ±0.31 ±0.10
Iron 0.18 0.18
t0.03 0.18 0.34tO.04 0.27
ug/day ±0.02 ±0.10
0.26
±0.08 0.25 0.23±0.06 ±0.09 ±0.07
Manganese 22.71 22.58 22.15 42.57 19.86 19.63 18.76
±6. 29 17.45i3.45 t 5.06 ±2.88 ±12.10 ±4.52 ±6.81 ±5.38
A1 = Goat Milk
A2 = Goat Milk + Omg Oxytetracycline-HCl B1+ 13.2mg = Cow Milk
A3 = Goat Milk + 19.8mg Oxytetracycline-HCl B2
+ Omg
= Cow Milk Oxytetracycline-HCl
A4 = Goat Milk + 24.4mg Oxytetracycline-HCl B3
+ 13.2mg
= Cow Milk Oxytetracycline-HCl
Oxytetracycline-HCl B4 + 19.8mg= Cow Milk Oxytetracycline-HCl+ 24.4mg Oxytetracycline-HCl
10 7
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on the control treatment recorded the lowest. The 
kids reared on cow milk but on treatment group 
supplemented with the highest level (26.4mg/day) of 
oxytetracycline-HCl recorded the lowest intake of all 
the minerals. The kids on treatment B3 however 
consumed the highest quantity of minerals among kids 
reared artificially on cow milk.
Except for Mn, kids reared on cow milk had greater 
intake of each of the minerals compared to those kids 
reared with their dams. The overall mineral intake 
values of 0.42, 0.39, 0.21, 0.51g/day, and 43.74, 0.18 
and 0.20 (mg/day) for Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Cu and Fe, 
respectively, obtained for kids reared with their dams 
were significantly lower than the corresponding values 
of 0.81, 0.59, 0.58, 0.97 g/day and 94.98, 0.38 and 0.26 
mg/day, respectively, obtained for kids reared artifi­
cially on cow milk (££0.05). The apparent difference 
between the values of 22.30 and 19.65 (mg/day) obtained 
for Mn intake for the two groups was not significant.
The differences in the overall mean intake of each of 
these minerals for the two groups were essentially due 
to the difference in the quantity of milk intake by 
kids on various treatment groups.
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4.3.2: SERUM MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS
The summary of the results obtained on the effect 
of four treatment levels of oxytetracycline-HC1 
administered orally on the concentration of minerals 
in the serum of kids reared with or without their dams 
is shown in Table 4.5. Table 4.6 shows the mean overall 
effect of oxytetracycline-HCl on the serum mineral levels 
of kids supplemented with four levels of this antibiotic 
averaged over the two rearing methods (goat and cow 
milk).
4.3.2.1: CALCIUM (Ca)
The bi-weekly mean serum Ca concentration of kids on 
groups reared with or without their dams are shownn in 
Appendix 6. The values for kids on treatment groups 
reared with their dams varied between 9.77 and 22.20 
mg/100 ml. The corresponding values for those kids reared 
artificially on cow milk ranged from 10.60 to 17.22. The 
treatment effect of the rearing methods on Ca concentra­
tion in the serum was not significant. The variations 
observed in the concentration of Ca in the serum as the 
animals advanced in age up to the period covered by this 
study were not significant (Appendix Table 7).
The main effect of levels of oxytetracycline-HCl 
on the serum Ca concentration was however highly
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TABLE 4.3: SUMMARY C F MEAN EF 
MINERAL C FECTS OF VARYING LEV 0NCEN7RAT ELS OF OX IONS OF KIDS REARED KITH OR KYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 ON SERUMITHOUT THEIR DAMS
REARING METHODS
GOAT MILK COW MILK
A1 *  n r\_ A3 A4 B1 B 2 B3 B4
Mg/100 ml
Calcium 11.97 17.36 13.55
±0.46 12.10±0.70 12 . 79 ±0.61 ±0.42 13.48 13.27±0.67 13.61±0.54 ±0.53 ±0.75
Phosphorus 4.40 4 .28 4.03
±0.34 4 . 01 ±0.40 ±0.40 5.41 5.17±0.44 4.64 ±0.32 4.05 ±0.35 ±0.32 ±0.15
Sodium 419.44 419.72
±15.75 405.28 457.78±16.54 493.06 ±13.98 ±13.98 500.28±17.30 508.06 436.95±18.66 ±15.76 ±17.15
Potass ium 26.05 26.79 28.36
±0.85 ±1.30 29.40±1.27 32.34±0.79 31.36±1.32 31.39 30.59±1.55 ±1.22 ±1.34
Magnes ium 3.81 2.71 2.96
±0.20 2.82±0.10 ±0.15 ±0.11 2.50 2.74 2.5710.12 2.44±0.14 ±0.15 ±0.10
Ug/100 ml
Copper 180.56 180.56 200.00 188.89
±13.10 ±17.74 ±19.92 275.00±14.24 300.00±21.96 336.11 322.22±25.82 ±27.65 ±26.46
Manganese 3.14 2.31 2.89
±0.23 2.86±0.19 ±0.22 2.83±0.21 3.06 ±0.23 2.14 2.72±0.18 ±0.22 ±0.23
Iron 81.78 88.31
±3.40 101.22 77.69±4.97 ±7.74 64.64 ±2.95 68.81±3.63 61.14±3.51 66.72±2.92 ±4.83
A1 = Goat Milk + Omg Oxytetracycline-HCl 
A2 = Goat Milk + 15.2mg Oxytetracycline-HCl B1 - Cow Milk + Omg Oxytetracycline-HCl 
A3 = Goat Milk + 19.8mg Oxytetracycline-HCl B2 = Cow Milk + 13.2mg Oxytetracycline-HCl 
A4 = Goat Milk + 26.4mg Oxytetracycline-HCl B3 = Cow Milk + 19.8mg Oxytetracycline-HCl B4 = Cow Milk + 26.4mg Oxytetracycline-HCl
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Ill
TABLE 4.6: SUMMARY OF THE MAIN EFFECT OF
OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 ON BLOOD SERUM MINERAL 
CONCENTRATIONS OF KIDS AVERAGED ACROSS THE 
TWO REARING METHODS
TREATMENTS
1 2 3 4
mg/lOOml 
Calcium (Ca) 12.38b 15.42a 13.41b 12.86b
Phosphorus (p) 4.90 4.73 4.33 4.07
Sodium (Na) 456.25 460.00 456.67 447.36
Potassium (k) 29.19 29.08 29.88 29.99
Magnesium (Mg) 3.15a 2.7 3b 2.7 6b 2.63b
ug/10 0ml 
Copper (Cu) 227.78 240.28 268.06 255.56
Manganese (Mn) 2.99 2.68 2.51 2.79
Iron (Fe) 73.21 78.56 81.18 72.21
a,bMeans with different superscripts differ (PA. 0.05)
1 = Omg Oxytetracycline-HCl Supplement/day
2 = 13.2mg Oxytetracycline-HCl Supplement/day
3 = 19.8mg Oxytetracycline-HCl Supplement/day
4 = 26.4mg Oxytetracycline-HCl Supplement/day
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significant (P^O.Ol). The mean serum Ca concentrations 
obtained for the main effect of levels of
oxytetracycline-HC1 were 12.38, 15.42, 13.41 and 12.86mg/100ml. 
respectively, for kids in the control group, and those 
kids on treatment groups supplemented with 13.2, 19.8 
and 26.4mg of oxytetracycline-HCl. Results showed that 
all kids receiving oxytetracycline-HCl had higher serum 
Ca concentration than those in the control. Kids on 
the lowest level of oxytetracycline-HCl (13.2mg/day) 
recorded the highest serum Ca concentration and the 
difference was significant. Beyond this dosage, the serum 
Ca concentration decreased and no significant difference 
was apparent between the values obtained for the control 
and kids on treatment group receiving 19.8 and 26.4mg of 
oxytetracycline-HCl daily.
Interaction between rearing methods and treatment 
levels was highly significant (P<,'0.01). Application of 
Duncan (1955) test to the various means showed that the 
differences among the mean serum Ca concentrations of 
11.97, 13.36 and 12.lOmg/lOOml obtained for kids on 
treatments A1, A3 and A4 were not significant. The 
value 17.36mg/l00ml obtained for kids on treatment A2 
was the highest mean serum Ca concentration obtained 
for animals on this rearing method. It was significantly
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higher than any of the values for kids on treatments 
Al, A3 and A4.
The variations observed among the mean serum Ca 
concentrations (mg/lOOml) of 12.79, 13.48, 13.27 and 
13.61 obtained for kids on treatments Bl, B2, B3 and 
B4 were not significant. Comparing the individual 
treatment mean serum Ca concentration for animals on 
both rearing methods, it was revealed that the varia­
tions observed between the mean serum Ca concentrations 
of kids on treatments Al, A3 and A4 and kids on treat­
ments Bl, B2, B3 and B4 were not significant. The 
mean value obtained for kids on treatment A2 (the 
highest) was significantly higher (P£0.05) than the values 
obtained for their counterparts on Factor A and kids on 
treatments reared on Factor B.
The interaction between the age of the animals and 
rearing methods, or levels of oxytetracycline-HCl, and 
between age, rearing methods and levels of oxytetracycline- 
HCl, were not statistically significant.
4.3.2.2; PHOSPHORUS (P)
The mean bi-weekly concentration of P in the serum 
of all kids in this study varied from 3.33 and 7.69 
(Appendix 8). The effects of age, rearing methods and 
levels of oxytetracycline-HCl on serum P levels were
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114
not significant (Appendix Table 9). Interactions 
between age and rearing methods, or doses of 
oxytetracycline-HC1, and between age, rearing methods 
and levels of oxytetracycline-HCl on serum P 
concentrations, were not significant. Interaction 
between rearing methods and doses of oxytetracycline- 
HCl was, nevertheless, highly significant (P-4.0.01).
Appraisal of the results showed that the mean 
serum P concentration for kids on treatment groups 
supplemented with various levels of oxytetracycline- 
HCl were lower than the values obtained for their 
unsupplemented counterparts in both rearing methods.
In addition, the serum values of P declined progressively 
as the levels of oxytetracycline-HCl supplement increased 
for kids on both rearing methods (Table 4.4).
4.3.2.3: SODIUM (Na)
The mean bi-weekly concentration of Na in the serum 
of all kids in this study varied between 403,33 and 
601,67mg/100ml (Appendix 10). Analysis of variance 
(Appendix Table 11) shows that the variations observed 
in the serum Na concentration of kids on various 
treatment levels does not differ significantly with 
advancing age. Neither was the variation observed for 
the main effect of levels of oxytetracycline-HCl on the
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serum Na levels of kids significant. However, the 
treatment effect of rearing methods on serum Na 
concentration was highly significant (P<0.01). The 
variation observed between the values (mg/lOOml) of 
426.00 and 484.60 obtained for animals reared on 
Factors A and B, respectively, was highly significant 
(PcO.01).
Interaction between age and levels of 
oxytetracycline-HCl on one hand, and age, rearing 
methods and levels of oxytetracycline, on the other, 
were not statistically significant. Nevertheless, 
interaction between the age of the animals and rearing 
methods was significant (P<0.05). Interaction between 
rearing methods and levels of oxytetracycline-HCl was 
also highly significant (P<-0.01). The variations 
observed among individual treatment mean values 
(mg/100ml) of 419.44, 419.72, 457.78; 419.44, 419.72, 
and 405.28 obtained for kids on treatments A1, A2, A4 
and A1, A2 and A3, respectively, were not significant 
(P70.05). The value obtained for kids on treatment 
A3 was the lowest mean serum Na concentration and was 
significantly lower than the value obtained for kids
on treatment A4.
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The variations observed between the mean serum Na 
concentration (mg/lOOml) of 493.10, 500.30, and 508.10 
for kids on treatments Bl, B2 and B3 did not differ 
appreciably, but the mean value obtained for kids on 
treatment B4 (436.90mg/100ml) was significantly lower 
than the values obtained for animals on treatments Bl,
B2 and B3 (Pc'0.05) .
4.3.2.4: POTASSIUM (K)
The bi-weekly mean K concentration in the serum of 
kids in different treatment groups in this experiment 
are shown in Appendix Table 12. The values for kids 
reared with their dams varied between 22.30 and 34.23 
mg/lOOml while the values for those kids reared arti­
ficially on cow milk on similar levels of oxytetracycline- 
HC1 ranged from 28.05 to 35.12mg/100ml. The serum K 
concentration of all kids on treatment groups reared 
on both methods did not differ significantly with 
advancing age. Same was noted for the main effect of 
oxytetracycline-HC1 on the serum K concentration 
(Appendix Table 13).
The main effect of rearing methods on K concentra­
tion in the serum was highly significant (P<0.01). The 
observed variations between the values 27.65 and 31.42 
mg/lOOml obtained for mean serum K concentration for
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all kids reared with or without their dams was 
appreciable. Interactions between age of the animals 
and rearing methods, or levels of oxytetracycline-HCl; 
rearing methods and levels of oxytetracycline-HCl, age, 
rearing methods and doses of oxytetracycline-HCl, were 
not significant (P?0.05).
4.3.2.5: MAGNESIUM (Mg)
The mean bi-weekly concentration of Mg in the 
serum of all the kids reared with their dams varied 
between 2.47 and 4.43g/100ml and the values for their 
counterparts reared on cow milk ranged from 2.11 to 3.54 
mg/lOOml (Appendix Table 14). The mean concentration 
of Mg in the serum of all kids reared with their dams 
and those reared on cow milk were 3.07 and 2.56mg/100ml, 
respectively. Analysis of variance (Appendix Table 15) 
showed that the variation observed between the two mean 
values was highly significant (P<*0.01).
The main effect of levels of oxytetracycline-HCl 
on the concentration of Mg in the serum of kids supple­
mented with different levels of antibiotic was highly 
significant (P<0.01). The mean concentration of Mg in 
the serum of kids supplemented with different levels 
of antibiotic over the experimental period were 
(mg/lOOml) 3.15, 2.73, 2.76 and 2.63, respectively, for
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
118
kids on control group and those supplemented with 13.2, 
19.8 and 26.4mg of oxytetracycline-HCl per day.
When the treatment means were compared (Duncan's, 
1955) , the differences observed between the mean 
concentration of Mg in the serum of kids supplemented 
with (mg/day) 13.2, 19.8 and 26.4 of oxytetracycline- 
HCl were not appreciable. The kids on control group 
had the highest serum Mg concentration and the variations 
observed between the value for kids on control group 
and those on different levels of oxytetracycline-HCl 
were significant (PC0.05).
In addition, the concentration of Mg in the serum 
of kids supplemented with antibiotic level tends to 
decline as the level of oxytetracycline-HCl increased, 
though the apparent decrease was not significant. The 
variations observed in the concentration of Mg (mg/
100ml) in the blood serum were not significant as the 
animals advanced in age up to the end of this study. 
Interactions between age and rearing methods, or levels 
of oxytetracycline-HCl; age, rearing methods and doses 
of antibiotic, were not statistically significant. 
Interaction between rearing methods and treatment 
levels was, however, highly significant (P^.0.01).
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119
4.3.2.6: COPPER (Cu)
The mean bi-weekly concentration for Cu in the 
serum of kids on different treatment groups reared 
with or without their dams are shown in Appendix 
Table 16. The values for kids on treatment groups 
reared with their dams varied between 116.67 and 
283.33ug/100ml while the corresponding values for 
those kids reared on cow milk ranged from 216.66 to 
483.33ug/100ml. Analysis of variance (Appendix Table 
17) showed a significant difference (PfcO.Ol) between 
the values 187.50 and 308.33ug/100ml obtained for the 
mean serum Cu concentration of all the kids reared with 
their dams and those kids reared on cow milk. The main 
effect of levels of oxytetracycline-HCl and the effect 
of treatments with advancing age of the kids were not 
statistically significant (P70.05). Interactions between 
age and rearing methods or levels of oxytetracycline-HCl; 
rearing methods and levels of antibiotic; age, rearing 
methods and doses of oxytetracycline-HCl on serum Cu 
concentration of kids on different treatment levels
were not significant.
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
120
4.3.2.7: MANGANESE (Mn)
The mean bi-weekly Mn concentration in the serum 
of kids on different treatment groups in this study 
are shown in Appendix Table 18. The variations observed 
between Mn concentration in the blood serum of kids 
supplemented with different levels of oxytetracycline-HC1 
and reared with or without their dams were not 
significant with advancing age of the animals, rearing 
methods and levels of oxytetracycline-HC1 (Appendix,
Table 19). The overall mean values were 2.69 and 2.80 
ug/lOOml, respectively, for all kids on treatment groups 
reared with or without their dams.
Interaction between age of the animals and rearing 
methods or levels of oxytetracyline-HCl and interaction 
between age, rearing method and levels of antibiotic, 
were not significant. A significant interaction was 
however observed between rearing methods and levels of 
oxytetracycline-HCl on the concentration of Mn in the 
serum (P<0.05).
The mean serum Mn concentration over the experi­
mental period (ug/lOOml) were 3.14, 2.31, 2.89 and 2.86, 
respectively, for kids on treatments A1, A2, A3, and 
A4. The corresponding values (ug/lOOml) were 2.83,
3.06, 2.14 and 2.72, respectively, for kids on treatments
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
121
Bl, B2, B3 and B4. The individual mean serum Mn 
concentration for kids on different levels of 
oxytetracycline-HCl on both rearing methods failed to 
follow a consistent trend with increased level of 
oxytetracycline-HCl. However, oxytetracycline-HCl 
supplement tended to result in decreases in the blood 
serum Mn compared to the control.
4.3. 2.8: IRON (Fe)
The mean bi-weekly serum Fe concentration for 
all kids in this study ranged from 64.6 to 101.20ug/
100ml (Appendix Table 20). The treatment effects of 
rearing methods on Fe concentration in the serum was 
highly significant (Pc.0.01). The mean value of 
87.25ug/100ml obtained for all animals reared with 
their dams was appreciably higher than the corresponding 
value of 65.33ug/100ml obtained for all kids reared 
artificially on cow milk.
The variations observed in the serum Fe (mg/lOOml) 
were not significant as the age of the animals advanced, 
as well as the various doses of oxytetracycline-HCl 
supplements (Appendix Table 21). Interaction between 
rearing methods and levels of oxytetracycline-HCl was 
significant (P<0.05). Interactions such as between 
age and rearing methods or levels of oxytetracycline-HCl;
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
122
age, rearing methods, and levels of antibiotic on the 
serum Fe concentrations were, however, not significant 
(P ̂ 0.05).
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123
4.4: DISCUSSION
There were variations in the mean mineral 
constituents of goat milk from week to week. The 
variations in part might be due to changes in feed 
mineral components since the lactating dams were fed 
the Teaching and Research Farm regular concentrate; 
but most largely, it could be a function of stage of 
lactation. Akinsoyinu and Akinyele (1978) demon­
strated that colostrum was richer in some mineral 
elements compared to mature milk and in addition, 
mineral contents of milk varied with advancing lacta­
tion (Jenness and Sloan, 1971). The mean mineral 
contents of cow milk reported in this study were 
similar to those reported elsewhere (Haenlein, 1980; 
Awah, 1981).
The mean serum Ca value (9.77 to 22.2Omg/100ml) 
obtained in this study is not lower than the normal 
range (9 to llmg/lOOml) for an adequately fed cattle/ 
sheep in temperate climate (ARC, 1980); rather, some 
of the kids in this study had blood serum Ca 
concentration above the published values for adult 
cattle and sheep. It follows then that kids in this 
study had adequate intake of Ca. This result is
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
124
expected since the kids were fed milk for most part 
of the experiment and milk is an excellent source of 
Ca.
The different rearing methods, as well as the 
varying levels of oxytetracycline-HCl had not depressed 
the blood serum Ca levels. Kids supplemented with 
varying levels of oxytetracycline-HCl had higher serum 
Ca values than those in the control group.
This observation was in support of findings 
(Rashidov and Mamatkulov, 1972; Kuthe, 1975; Luckey,
1959) but did not agree with reports (March, 1978; 
Kirchgessner, et_ a1., 1972) which indicated a decrease 
in the absorption and retention of Ca, when antibiotics 
were fed to either man or livestock. In addition, the 
data obtained indicated that the minimum level of 
oxytetracycline-HCl (13.2mg/day) produced the highest 
level of serum Ca and it was not meaningful to supple­
ment kids of similar age with higher levels for optimum 
serum Ca value.
Most of the animals used in this experiment had 
mean serum P concentration ranging from 3.33 to 5.83 
mg/lOOml, although a few but insignificant number had values 
lower or slightly higher than the range. The serum P 
concentration values obtained in this study were lower
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125
than the values (mg/lOOml) 6.57 to 8.35, 6.94 to 9.43 
and 7.37 to 7.54, respectively, reported for kids from 
day 0 to 6, lambs 0 to 7, and calves 0 to 7, respectively, 
(Bartlet, et_ aA. , 1971) and values of 5.00 to 6.50mg/100ml 
reported for human infants (Sauberlich, et aA., 1981). 
However, the values reported here compared favorably 
with those reported for adult ruminants of different 
species (Vaskov, ejt aA. , 1969 ; Muniz, et_ aA. , 1974 ;
Mba, 1982; Lane, 1968) and the recommended minimum serum 
P level (4mg/100ml) for sheep (ARC, 1980). The rearing 
methods did not influence the blood serum P levels 
significantly.
Oxytetracycline-HCl slightly depressed blood serum 
P concentration of kids supplemented with various levels 
of the antibiotic in both rearing methods. Previous 
research (Rashidov and Mamatkulov, 1972; Kirchgessner, 
et al. , 1961; and Kuthe, 1975) showed that there was 
a favorable effect of antibiotics on the absorption, 
retention and metabolism of P.
All kids on antibiotic treatment groups in this 
study exhibited higher mean serum Na levels than 
values reported elsewhere for ruminants (Kessler, 1981; 
Mba, 1982; Cakala, 1972; Sauvant, 1979) and normal 
adult men and women (Sauberlich, et al., 1981). The
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126
differences between the present results and values 
obtained elsewhere (Kessler, 1981 and Cakala, ejt al. , 
1972) could not be attributed to the effects of 
treatment, since the kids on the control treatment 
recorded an equally high serum Na concentration as the 
animals on various doses of oxytetracycline-HCl.
The amount of Na intake could provide a reasonable 
explanation for the fairly higher serum Na value, 
since serum Na levels appeared to reflect the pattern 
of Na intake in general. Report (Anke and Schellner, 
1969/70), however, showed that increasing Na content 
of diet already adequate in Na failed to alter the blood 
serum Na values. The varying levels of oxytetracycline- 
HCl had no appreciable influence on blood serum Na 
levels.
The diet of kids used in this experiment appeared 
to be adequate in terms of K intake, since the serum 
K values (21.30 to 39.OOmg/lOOml) obtained were within 
the upper range of reported values in previous studies 
(Wood, 1955 ; Roy, et_ al_. , 1959 ; Musherry and Grinyner, 
1954). On the other hand, the results were slightly 
higher than the values reported for young goats 
(Kessler, 1981), adult WAD goats (Mba, 1982), as well 
as man on balanced diet (Sauberlich, et al., 1981). The
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127
varying levels of oxytetracycline-HCl had no adverse 
effect on the blood serum K levels.
It is pertinent to note that the serum Na and K 
values observed in this study were either higher 
than, or close to the upper range of published values. 
Similar studies with WAD goat kids have not been found 
in literature. The reason for the higher levels of 
these mineral elements in the serum of animals used in 
this study could be in part due to the differences in 
age and diet of animals used in the experiment compared 
to previous experiments (Mba, 1982; Roy, et_ a_l. , 1959).
Observations indicated an appreciable decrease in 
the serum Mg values of kids supplemented with 
oxytetracycline-HCl and reared with their dams, compared 
with corresponding values for kids on the control treat­
ment. Although the serum Mg concentration of kids 
reared on cow milk did not follow a consistent trend, 
some increase above the serum Mg values of the control 
were apparent when antibiotic was fed at levels between 
13.2 and 19.8mg/day.
The treatment effect of rearing methods on the serum 
Mg levels was appreciable. The overall effect of treat­
ments on the serum Mg values was negative, since the 
mean values obtained for all the kids in treatment groups
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128
fed oxytetracycline-HC1 were lower compared with the 
control. This report confirmed findings (March,
1978). Rodale and Staff (1972) reported that anti­
biotic such as tetracycline interfered with magnesium 
metabolism.
The mean serum Cu range of 116.67 to 283.33 
ug/lOOml obtained for kids reared with their dams were 
comparable with the range of 181.00 to 200.OOug/lOOml 
recorded for young mares and close to the value of 
177.70ug/100ml obtained for older mares. The range 
value (233.33 to 483.33ug/100ml) obtained for kids 
reared on cow milk were higher than the values reported 
elsewhere (Nuriddinor, 1972). The higher serum Cu 
obtained for the kids reared on cow milk was justified, 
since the level of Cu intake would directly influence 
the absorption and utilization of Cu in goat kids.
The treatment effect of rearing methods was signi­
ficant .
The result obtained in this study did not demon­
strate any deleterious effect on serum Cu by feeding 
varying levels of oxytetracycline-HC1 to kids reared 
with or without their dams, since the serum Cu levels 
of kids supplemented with oxytetracycline-HCl were 
higher than the value obtained for the control, though
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12 9
the apparent difference between treatments was not 
significant. This result did agree with such findings 
(Kirchgessner, et_ al_. , 1961) which showed that the 
absorption of Cu was enhanced with antibiotic supple­
ment of piglets.
Toullet, £t _al. (1980) noted that cow milk seems 
to be sufficiently rich in all micro-elements, with 
the exception of Mn. The serum Mn values (1.67 to 
4.67ug/100ml) obtained for kids on varying treatment 
levels of antibiotic reared with their dams and those 
reared on cow milk in this study, were higher than the 
value (0.5ug/100ml) reported for adult WAD goats 
(Mba, 1982).
Though there was a decrease in the serum Mn levels 
with addition of oxytetracycline-HC1, the decrease was 
not appreciable. The effect of rearing methods on the 
serum Mn values was not significant. This finding is 
in agreement with a report (Kirchgessner, et_ a_l. , 1961) 
which showed that antibiotic supplement had no signi­
ficant effect on serum Mn level but did not agree with 
the observations reported for chicks (Pepper, et_ al. , 
1952) .
The mean serum Fe values obtained for most kids on 
this experiment fell below lOOug/lOOml with few kids
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
130
having blood serum Fe values slightly higher. The 
blood serum Fe values obtained for kids on different 
treatment levels in this experiment were lower than the 
values reported elsewhere for ram, ewe, buck and cows 
(Underwood and Morgan, 1963), as well as the values 
reported for man and woman (Tchai, 1970) and children 
(Nuriddinor, 1972). Although no recommended serum Fe 
value for goat kids has been found in literature, the 
result obtained in this study was expected since the 
animals used in this experiment survived mainly on 
milk for most part of this study.
Murthy (1974) and N.R.C. (1980) reported that the 
Fe content of milk is generally low, a factor which 
could have been responsible for the present low serum 
Fe values obtained for animals in this study.
The significant effect of rearing methods and the 
interaction between rearing methods and levels of 
oxytetracycline-HC1 showed that addition of different 
levels of oxytetracycline-HCl to the two diets produced 
different effects on serum Fe. Oxytetracycline-HCl 
produced small but insignificant improvement on serum 
Fe levels of kids above the value obtained for kids on 
the control group, particularly when fed at levels 
between 13.2 and 19.8mg/day to kids reared with their
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
131
dams and at lowest level (13.2mg/day) to kids reared on 
cow milk. The overall effect of varying levels of 
oxytetracycline-HCl on the serum Fe levels was not 
significant. This finding was similar to reports 
(Kirchgessner, et_ _al. , 1961) which noted that feeding 
antibiotics to pigs had no appreciable effect on Fe 
levels of the serum. March (1978) and Reo (1985) 
reported impaired absorption of iron when antibiotic 
was administered orally in man. Neuvonen et_ a A .  (1970) 
showed that when organic iron was given with tetracyclines, 
lower blood levels of these antibiotics resulted.
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
132
4.5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The results obtained in this study showed that 
oxytetracycline-HC1 can be used in rearing goat kids 
running with their dams as attested to by improved 
intake, liveweight gain, and better feed efficiency.
On the other hand, supplementing goat kids on adequate 
quantity of cow milk with oxytetracycline-HC1 was not 
encouraging as they showed no appreciable improvement 
in performance over their counterparts fed unrestricted 
cow milk but no oxytetracycline-HC1 supplement.
Oxytetracycline-HC1 supplement to goat kids reared 
with or without their dams improved the serum Ca, Na,
K, Cu, and Fe status of the animals, particularly when 
the dosages were between 13.2 and 19.8mg/day.
Dietary supplement with 26.4mg of orally administered 
oxytetracycline-HCl daily to kids reared conventionally 
was sufficient to promote adequate liveweight gain and 
feed efficiency.
There is a sharp fall in milk production of the 
dams from the third week after parturition; this is the 
period when administration of antibiotics could be 
critical to sustain the resistance of the kids before 
supplementary feeding can augment the fall in milk 
diet. Studies with goat kids reared conventionally and
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133
supplemented with antibiotics with a view to formulate 
a ration that could augment the short-fall in milk 
production of the dams, would go a long way in address­
ing some nutritional problems facing goat management, 
particularly in the raising of kids in the tropics.
\
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
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APPENDICES
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
APPENDIX TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF MEAN WEEKLY MILK INTAKE (IN LITRES) OF KIDS
SUPPLEMENTED WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 
REARED WITH OR WITHOUT THEIR DAMS
REARING METHODS
GOAT MILK COW MILK
WEEKS A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4
2 1.98 2.50 2.27 2.56 2.32 1.92 2.69 2.07
3 2.36 2.74 2.73 2.93 3.50 2.77 3.89 3.20
4 2.48 2.27 1.95 3.05 4.21 3.30 4.30 3.30
5 2.60 1.97 2.20 3.15 4.75 4.40 4.50 3.80
6 1.55 2.33 2.31 2.58 4.45 4.53 4.52 3.95
7 1.35 1.96 1.94 2.63 5.06 4.93 5.25 3.65
8 2.00 1.65 2.27 2.63 5.07 4.68 5.12 4.00
9 1.42 1.60 2.15 2.65 5.30 4.95 4.86 4.05
10 1.90 1.92 0.97 2.80 5.27 5.20 5.15 4.30
11 1.35 1.32 1.70 2.05 5.58 6.32 5.75 4.55
12 1.15 1.42 1.65 2.02 5.60 6.80 6.28 5.27
13 0.71 1.08 1.45 2.00 5.60 6.95 6.25 5.60
A1 = Goat Milk + Omg Oxytetracycline-HC1 B1 = Cow Milk + Omg Oxytetracycline-HCl
A2 = Goat Milk + 13.2mg Oxytetracycline-HCl B2 = Cow Milk + 13.2mg Oxytetracycline-HCl
A3 = Goat Milk + 19.6mg Oxytetracycline-HCl B3 = Cow Milk + 19.6mg Oxytetracycline-HCl
A4 = Goat Milk + 26.4mg Oxytetracycline-HCl B4 = Cow Milk + 26.4mg Oxytetracycline-HCl
153
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
APPENDIX TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF MEAN WEEKLY MILK INTAKE (kg) PER KILOGRAM METABOLIC
SIZE OF KIDS SUPPLEMENTED WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF 
OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 REARED WITH OR WITHOUR THEIR DAMS
REARING METHODS
GOAT MILK COW MILK
WEEKS A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4
2 1.16 1.37 1.24 1.19 1.34 1.06 1.56 1.36
3 1.30 1.41 1.37 1.24 1.90 1.59 2.03 1.70
4 1.26 1.06 0.92 1.06 2.01 1.83 1.97 1.63
5 1.20 0.86 0.96 1.04 2.10 2.09 1.88 1.78
LO 6 0.68 0.96 0.96 0.80 1.85 1.84 1.80 1.77
^ 7 0.58 0.76 0.77 0.81 1.89 1.89 1.82 1.53
8 0.80 0.61 0.86 0.79 1.74 1.67 1.76 1.58
9 0.55 0.57 0.78 0.77 1.75 1.66 1.61 1.51
10 0.72 0.66 0.35 0.79 1.61 1.65 1.59 1.53
11 0.50 0.45 0.61 0.54 1.58 1.79 1.62 1.60
12 0.42 0.47 0.57 0.53 1.50 1.90 1.71 1.68
13 0.26 0.36 0.48 0.51 1.45 1.87 1.75 1.70
A1 = Goat Milk
A2 = Goat + Omg Oxytetracycline-■HC1 B1Milk = Cow Milk +
A3 = Goat ♦ 13.2mg Oxytetracycline-
Omg Oxytetracycline-HCl
Milk -HC1 B2 = Cow Milk + 13
A4 = Goat ♦ 19.6mg Oxytetracycline-Milk ■HC1 B3
.2mg Oxytetracycline-HCl
= Cow Milk + 19
+ 26.4mg Oxytetracycline-■HC1 B4 .6mg Oxytetracycline-HCl= Cow Milk + 26 .4mg Oxytetracycline-HCl
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
APPENDIX TABLE 3: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE FOR MILK INTAKE (kg/W°-75kg)
Source of Variation DF(MV) SS SS% MS VR F-PR
Rep. Stratum 5 13.0295 6.75 2.6059
Rep* Units Stratum
Weeks 11 11.5732 6.00 1.0521 10.294 0.001**
Type 1 114.1692 59.16 114.1692 1117.057 0.001**
Treatment 3 0.0467 0.02 0.0156 0.152 0.928
Weeks type 11 8.1192 4.21 0.7381 7.222 0-001**
Weeks treatment 33 3.1733 1.64 0.0962 0.941 0.565
Type treatment 3 1.4280 0.74 0.4760 4.657 0.003*
Week, type treatment 33 2.2945 1.19 0.0695 0.680 0.912
Residual 461(14) 47.1167 24.42 0.1022
Total 556 187.9208 97.38 0.3380
Grand total 561 200.9503 104.13
** = Significant (P<0.01) 
* = Significant (P<.0.05)
155
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
APPENDIX TABLE 4: SUMMARY OF MEAN WEEKLY LIVEWEIGHT CHANGE (g) OF KIDS SUPPLEMENTED
WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 REARED WITH OR WITHOUT 
THEIR DAMS
REARING METHODS
GOAT MILK COW MILK
WEEKS A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4
2 157.00 286.00 358.30 566.71 175.00 80.00 150.01 208.29
3 188.00 340.01 286.69 370.01 133.29 189.99 391.72 200.31
4 240.00 340.00 205.00 621.70 398.31 348.28 450.02 282.99
5 333.31 250.02 239.70 375.00 256.69 226.71 346.69 188.29
6 216.00 220.00 260.00 275.00 245.01 401.70 185.00 125.01
7 108.31 300.00 200.29 279.98 500.00 506.69 343.29 375.03
8 248.50 200.69 236.69 178.29 425.00 295.01 346.69 195.00
9 131.10 180.00 208.29 196.69 399.99 345.02 271.71 240.00
10 141.11 196.30 38.30 275.00 478.31 324.99 381.68 226.69
11 178.60 90.01 171.69 233.31 390.02 466.70 361.70 263.31
12 31.10 120.00 193.30 208.29 248.29 220.01 211.69 325.00
13 36.00 70.30 198.28 225.00 316.71 378.27 180.00 313.28
A1 = Goat Milk + Omg Oxytetracycline--HC1 B1
A2 = = Cow Milk + Omg Oxytetracycline-HClGoat Milk + 13.2mg Oxytetracycline--HC1 B2 = Cow Milk + 13.2mg Oxytetracycline-HCl
A3 = Goat Milk + 19.6mg Oxytetracycline--HC1 B3
A4 = = Cow Milk + 19.6mg Oxytetracycline-HClGoat Milk + 26.4mg Oxytetracycline -HC1 B4 = Cow Milk + 26.4mg Oxytetracycline-HCl
156
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
APPENDIX TABLE 5: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE FOR WEEKLY LIVEWEIGHT CHANGE
Source of Variation DF(MV) SS SSI MS VR F-PR
Rep Stratum 5 911439 3.78 182288
Weeks 11 939635 3.90 85421 2.462 0.005
Type 1 407928 1.69 407928 11.757 .001**
Treatment 3 162908 0.68 54303 1.565 0.197
Weeks. Type 11 1880789 7.81 170981 4.928 .001**
Weeks. Treatment 33 1726152 7.16 52308 1.508 0.038
Type Treatment 3 1148865 4.77 382755 11.031 . 001**
Week. Type Treatment 33 1480814 6.15 44873 1.293 0.132
Residual 461(14) 15995415 66.38 34697
Total 556 23741906 98.53 42701
Grand Total 561 24653346 102.31
** = significant (PcO.Ol) 
* = significant (P^O.05)
157
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
158
APPENDIX TABLE 6: MEAN BI-WEEKLY SERUM CALCIUM CONCENTRA­
TION IN THE SERUM OF KIDS SUPPLEMENTED 
WITH VARYING LEVELS OF OXYTETRACYCLINE- 
HC1 REARED WITH OR WITHOUR THEIR DAMS
MILK TRT WEEK N CALCIUM
cc i 1 6c ii 32 6
12
6 10
.G833333
c i 4 6 1145.
.06000000
c t 5 6 .0
G06060606070
cc 2t 61 6
1112..496363636333
c 2 2 6 14.
G7
c 2 3 66 1163.
20813.8 G
3333
c 2 4 6 11.3600
G667
c 2 5 6 11.6060G
0G06070
cc 32 61 6G 13.
0000
c 3 2 6 1125..
7833333
c 3 3 G 12.6
316G6G7
c 3 4 6 12.488
0
53
0
03
0
03
0
03
00
c 3 5 6 1 0
30
cc 34 61 66 1
14..7000000
c 4 2 6 1123.7
63500000
c 4 3 G 12..73866
363333
c 4 4 33
636373
cc 44 5 6
6 17.2
6 6 1123..3
1
21
66
66666
666666
7
G 7
7
GG 1
1
1 2
1 6G 11 3 6 112
1.6666667
G 1 4 G 14..
.08303030303030
G 1  1333333GG 21 6
5 66 121 6 9.
.74636363636373
GG 22 23 6
2126.2000000
G 2 4 66 115
..74000000000000
GG 22 G5 66 16
5..67883333333333
GG 33 21 6
1174.4166667
G 3 G 11.
.17186363636373
GG 3
3 6 14.
3 45 66 13.
53383333333333
GG 43 61 6
1166 0
.8833333
G 4 2 6 1134.
.56106060606070
GG 44 34 66 110
..4860606667
G 4 5 6 101..0980303
0000
G 4 6 6 11.83330
333
303030
C =Cow milk G = Goat milk
TRT =Treatment N = Number of Observations
TRTl=0mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day 
TRT2=13.2mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day 
TRT3=19.8mg Oxytetracycline-HC1/day 
TRT4=26.4mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
APPENDIX TABLE 7: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE FOR BLOOD SERUM CALCIUM
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: CALCIUM
SOURCE DF SUM OF SQUARES MEAN SQUARE F VALUE PR > F R-SQUARE C.V.
MODEL 47 1534.7GOOOOOO 32.65446809 2.83 0.0001 0.356743 25.1223
ERROR 240 2767.38000000 11.53075000 ROOT MSE CALCIUM MEAN
CORRECTED TOTAL 287 4302.14000000 3.39569580 13.51666667
SOURCE DF TYPE I SS F VALUE PR > F DF TYPE III SS F VALUE PR > F
TRT 3 385.56916667 11.15 0.0001 3 385.56916667ANIMAL 11.15 0.0001*1 15.21680556
WEEK 1.32 0.2518 1 15.21680556 1.32 0.25185 105.62333333 1.83
ANIMAL *TRT O.1073 5 105.62333333 1.83 0.10733 311.79069444 9.01 0.0001 3 311.79069444TRT*WEEK 9.01 0.000115 266.64083333 1.54 0.0915 15
ANIMAL*WEEK 266.64083333 1.54 0.09155 141.40402778 2.45 0.0343 5 141.40402778 2.45 0.0343
ANIMAL*TRT*WEEK 15 308.51513889 1.78 0.0376 15 308.51513889 1.78 0.0376
**=significant (PiO.Ol)
*=significant (P£0.05)
159
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
160
APPENDIX TABLE 8: MEAN BI-WEEKLY SERUM PHOSPHORUS
CONCENTRATION IN THE SERUM OF KIDS 
SUPPLEMENTED WITH VARYING LEVELS OF 
OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 REARED WITH OR 
WITHOUT THEIR DAMS
M I L K T R T W E E K N P H O S P H O R U S
c 1 i 6 4 . 1 0 7 2 2 0 0 6
c 1 2 6 4 . 6 4 2 6 1 6 5 6
c t 3 6 5 . 6 0 7 8 3 8 4 1
c 1 4 G 5 . 8 3 1 5 4 8 6 8
c 1 5 6 6 . 1 3 8 2 0 7 7 0
c 1 6 6 6 . 1 0 5 5 3 0 9 2
c 2 1 6 4 . 8 9 3 9 7 6 4 1
c 2 2 6 5 . 4 0 4 2 3 6 9 2
c 2 3 6 5 . 2 1 5 7 1 7 0 3
c 2 4 6 5 . 1 6 0 4 1 7 8 6
c 2 5 6 4 . 8 4 6 2 1 8 0 4
c 2 6 G 5 . 5 1 9 8 6 2 4 6
c 3 1 6 3 . 7 8 7 9 9 3 0 4
c 3 2 6 4 . 1 4 2 4 1 0 4 4
c 3 3 6 5 . 0 1 4 6 2 9 1 4
c 3 4 6 5 . 3 3 3 8 5 6 1 6
c 3 5 6 4 . 7 4 5 6 7 4 1 0
c 3 6 6 4 . 7 9 0 9 1 8 8 7
c 4 1 6 3 . 3 2 5 4 9 0 9 1
c 4 2 G 4 . 1 9 7 7 0 9 6 1
c 4 3 6 3 . 7 2 2 6 3 9 4 8
c 4 4 6 4 . 6 0 4 9 1 2 5 8
c 4 5 6 4 . 2 0 2 7 3 6 8 1
c 4 G 6 4 . 2 5 3 0 0 8 7 8
G 1 1 6 3 . 3 4 0 5 7 2 5 0
G 1 2 6 3 . 8 5 3 3 4 6 6 1
G 1 3 6 4 . 6 9 7 9 1 5 7 2
G 1 4 6 4 . 6 1 9 9 9 4 1 7
G 1 5 6 5 . 2 1 0 6 8 9 8 3
G 1 G 6 4 . 6 5 2 6 7 0 9 5
G 2 1 6 4 . 2 1 5 3 0 4 8 0
G 2 2 6 5 .  1 1 2 6 5 9 4 9
G 2 3 6 3 . 6 0 1 9 8 6 7 5
G 2 4 6 3 . 9 6 6 4 5 8 5 4
G 2 S 6 4 . 2 2 2 8 4 5 5 9
G 2 6 . 6 4 . 5 7 7 2 6 2 9 9
G 3 1 6 4 . 7 6 0 7 5 5 6 9
G 3 2 6 4 . 4 8 1 7 4 6 2 5
G 3 3 6 2 . 2 0 4 4 2 5 9 4
G 3 4 6 4 . 9 0 6 5 4 4 4 1
G 3 5 6 4 . 3 7 8 6 8 8 7  1
G 3 6 6 3 . 4 2 8 5 4 8 4 5
G 4 1 6 5 . 4 8 2 1 5 8 4 8
G 4 2 6 6 . 0 7 5 3 6 7 7 4
G 4 3 6 7 . 6 9 4 1 2 5 2 2
G 4 4 6 7 . 2 9 4 4 6 3 0 5
G 4 5 6 4 . 9 5 6 8 1 6 3 8
G 4 6 6 5 . 0 7 2 4 4 1 9 1
C = Cow milk G = Goat milk
TRT = Treatment N = Number of Observations
TRT1 = Omg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day
TRT 2 = 13.2mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day
TRT3 = 19.8mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day
TRT4 = 26.4mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
APPENDIX TABLE 9 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE FOR BLOOD SERUM PHOSPHORUS
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: PHOSPHOR
SOURCE DF SUM OF SQUARES MEAN SOUARE F VALUE PR > F R-SQUARE C.V.
MODEL 47 269.53849814 5.73486166 1.25 0.1417 0.197007 44.9634
ERROR 240 1098.63109612 4.57762957 ROOT MSE PHOSPHOR MEAN
CORRECTED TOTAL 287 1368.16959425 2.13953957 4.75839919
SOURCE DF TYPE I SS F VALUE PR > F DF TYPE III SS F VALUE PR > F
TRT 3 21.80277651 1.59 0.1930 3 21.80277651 1.59 0.1930
ANIMAL 1 0.97132585 0.21 0.6455 1 0.97132585 0.21 0.6455
WEEK 5 23.41234335 1 .02 0.4047 5 23.41234335 1 .02 0.4047
ANIMAL*TRT 3 * 113.59699077 8.27 0.0001 3 113.59699077 8.27 0.0001**-
TRT*WEEK 15 56.66759340 0.83 0.6490 15 56.66759340 0.83 0.6490
ANIMAL*WEEK 5 11.02285167 0.48 0.7898 5 11.02285167 0.48 0.7898
ANIMAL*TRT*WEEK 15 42.06461659 0.61 0.8636 15 42.06461659 0.61 0.8636
** = significant (P<3).01)
* = significant (P<^0.05)
161
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
162
APPENDIX TABLE 10: MEAN BI-WEEKLY SERUM SODIUM CONCENTRA­
TION IN THE SERUM OF KIDS SUPPLEMENTED 
WITH VARYING LEVELS OF OXYTETRACYCLINE- 
HC1 REARED WITH OR WITHOUT THEIR DAMS
MILK TRT WEEK N SODIUM
cc ii 2i 66 4459c i 3 6 433
5
6.
.30.63
000
6636363
030
c 7c ic i 5
4 66 550951.6i 6 6 476.0
60606067
c 2 1 6 470..606060606
070
cc 22 23 66 650
00
c 2 6 40
16..6666666667
c 4 58.33333
637
cc 2
2
3 6
5 6 478.33
1 G6 548468..636
3333
c 3 2 6 553.333
63636373
cc 33 3 G 491.666
3636373
cc 33
4 G 466.666667
c 4 6
5 66 481 6 4580
8.333
10..606060
303660
3
70
cc 4 32 6 485c 4 4 66 341713..
.30663
030663
0
63
00
c 4 7
3
c 44i 6
5
1 6
6 403.333333
6 466 .666667G i 2 6 416 .666667G 6 411 .666667G 1 43 6 3 35 .000000G 1 6 413 .333333G 1 5 503 .333333
G 21 61 66 436 .666667G 2 2 6 355 .0 0 00 00G
G 22 43 6
423 .333333
6 4 1 5 .OOOOOOG 2 441 .666667G
G 2 5 G6 438 .33333361 6 445 .0 0 00 00G 3 2 6 378 .333333G 3 6 361 .666667G 3 43 391 .666667G 3 5 6G 4 48 .333333G 3 6 6 3 9 5 .OOOOOOG 3 456 .666667
G 4 21 G6 420 .0 0 00 00G 4 6 416 .666667G 4
G 4 43 6 503 .333333471 .666667
G 4 5 G 463 .333333
G 4 6 6 47 1 .666667
C = Cow milk G = Goat milk
TRT = Treatment N = Number of observations
TRT1= Omg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day 
TRT2= 13.2mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day 
TRT3= 19.8mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day 
TRT4= 26.4mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
APPENDIX TABLE 11: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE FOR BLOOD SERUM SODIUM
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: SODIUM
SOURCE DF SUM OF SOUARES MEAN SQUARE F VALUE PR > F R-SOUARE C.V.
MODEL 47 966365.27777778 20560.96335697 2.47 0.0001 0.325749 20.0612
ERROR 240 2000233.33333334 8334.30555556 ROOT MSE SODIUM MEAN
CORRECTED TOTAL 287 2966598.61111112 91.29241784 455.06944444
SOURCE OF TYPE I SS F VALUE PR > F DF TYPE III SS F VALUE PR > F
TRT 3 6312.50000000 0.25 0.8595 3 6312.50000000 0.25 0.8595
ANIMAL 1 250868.05555556 30. 10 0.0001 1 250868.05555556 30. 10 0.0001 *
WEEK 5 22611.11111111 0.54 0.7439 5 22611.11111111 0.54 0.7439
ANIMAL*TRT 3 161423.61111111 6.46 0.0003 3 161423.61111111 6.46 0.0003**
TRT*WEEK 15 235991.66666667 1.89 0.0251 15 235991.66666667 1.89 0.0251
ANIMAL*WEEK 5 126561.11111111 3.04 0.0112 5 126561.11111111 3.04 0.0112
ANIMAL*TRT‘WEEK 15 162597.22222222 1.30 0.2022 15 162597.22222222 1.30 0.2022
** = significant(P.<0.01)
*=signif icant (P-<L0.05)
163
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
164
APPENDIX TABLE 12: MEAN BI-WEEKLY SERUM POTASSIUM
CONCENTRATION IN THE SERUM OF KIDS „ 
SUPPLEMENTED WITH VARYING LEVELS OF 
OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 REARED WITH OR 
WITHOUR THEIR DAMS
MILK TRT WEEK N POTASSIUM
c 1 1 6  2 9 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0  
c 1 2 6 3 0 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0  
c 1 3 6 3 1 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 3  
c 1 4 6  3 9 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  
c 1 5 6  3 4 . 0 5 0 0 0 0 0  
c 1 6 6 2 9 . 6 3 3 3 3 3 3  
c 2 1 6 3 5 . 1 1 6 6 6 6 7  
c 2 2 6 3 0 . 9 1 6 6 6 6 7  
c 2 3 6  3 0 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 3  
c 2 4 6 3 2 . 6 1 6 6 6 6 7  
c 2 5 6 3 0 . 5 3 3 3 3 3 3  
c 2 6 6  2 9 . 6 5 0 0 0 0 0  
c 3 1 6 3 3 . 6 6 6 6 6 6 7  
c 3 2 6 3 0 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 3  
c 3 3 6  2 8 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 3  
c 3 4 6 2 8 . 0 5 0 0 0 0 0  
c 3 5 6 3 4 . 2 1 6 6 6 6 7  
c 3 6 6  3 3 . 7 6 6 6 6 6 7  
c 4 1 6 2 9 . 1 6 6 6 6 6 7  
c 4 2 6 3 1 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 3  
c 4 3 6 3 2 . 6 1 6 6 6 6 7  
c 4 4 6 3 1 . 5 3 3 3 3 3 3  
c 4 5 6 2 9 . 7 5 0 0 0 0 0  
c 4 6 6 2 9 .  1 3 3 3 3 3 3  
G 1 1 6 2 5 . 7 6 6 6 6 6 7  
G 1 2 6 2 3 . 4 3 3 3 3 3 3  
G 1 3 6 2 6 . 4 0 0 0 0 0 0  
G 1 4 6 2 2 . 3 0 0 0 0 0 0  
G 1 5 6 2 4 . 1 5 0 0 0 0 0  
G 1 6 6 3 4 . 2 3 3 3 3 3 3  
G 2 1 6  3 2 . 0 3 3 3 3 3 3  
G 2 2 6 2 9 . 2 1 6 6 6 6 7  
G 2 3 6 2 7 . 1 6 6 6 6 6 7  
G 2 4 6 2 2 . 1 1 6 6 6 6 7  
G 2 5 6 2 6 . 8 6 6 6 6 6 7  
G 2 6 6 2 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 3  
G 3 1 6 2 6 . 6 1 6 6 6 6 7  
G 3 2 6 2 5 . 2 3 3 3 3 3 3  
G 3 3 6 2 9 . 3 1 6 6 6 6 7  
G 3 4 6 3 2 . 9 5 0 0 0 0 0  
G 3 5 6 2 6 . 8 5 0 0 0 0 0  
G 3 6 6 2 9 . 2 0 0 0 0 0 0  
G 4 1 6 2 7 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  
G 4 2 6 2 7 . 8 3 3 3 3 3 3  
G 4 3 6 2 7 . 3 1 6 6 6 6 7  
G 4 4 6 3 1 . 8 0 0 0 0 0 0  
G 4 5 6 2 7 . 8 8 3 3 3 3 3  
G 4 6 6 3 4 . 5 5 0 0 0 0 0
C = Cow milk G = Goat milk
TRT = Treatment N = Number of Observations
TRT1= Omg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day 
T!T2= 13.2mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day 
TRT2= 19.8mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day 
TRT4= 26.4mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
APPENDIX TABLE 13: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE FOR BLOOD SERUM POTASSIUM
DEPENOENT VARIABLE: POTASS
SOURCE DF SUM OF SQUARES MEAN SQUARE F VALUE PR > F R-SQUARE C.V.
MODEL 47 3647.51802083 77.60676640 1.54 0.0202 0.231612 24.0423
ERROR 240 12100.91166667 50.42046528 ROOT MSE POTASS MEAN
CORRECTED TOTAL 287 15748.42968750 7.10073695 29.53437500
SOURCE DF TYPE I SS F VALUE PR > F DF TYPE III SS F VALUE PR > F
TRT 3 47.28871528 0.31 0.8162 3 47.28871528 0.31 0.8162
ANIMAL 1 1024.15836806 20.31 0.0001 1 1024.15836806 20.31 0.0001* *
WEEK 5 100.45906250 0.40 0.8496 5 100.45906250 0.40 0.8495
ANIMAL*TRT 3 255.21899306 1.69 0.1704 3 255.21899306 1.69 0.1704
TRT'VEEK 15 756.56607639 1.00 0.4554 15 756.56607639 1 .00 0.4554
ANIMAL *WEEK 5 264.46767361 1.05 0.3895 5 264.46767361 1 .05 0.3895
ANIMAL*TRT *WEEK 15 1199.35913194 1.59 0.0782 15 1199.35913194 1.59 0.0782
**=s-ignificant (PcO.Ol)
*=5iginficant (P/i.0.05)
165
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
166
APPENDIX TABLE 14: MEAN BI-WEEKLY SERUM MAGNESIUM CON­
CENTRATION IN THE SERUM OF KIDS 
SUPPLEMENTED WITH VARYING LEVELS OF 
OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 REARED WITH OR 
WITHOUT THEIR DAMS
MILK TRT WEEK N MAGNESIUM
c i i 6 2.46071133
c i 2 6 2.44692583
c i 3 6 2.71574304
c i 4 G 2.4G760408
c 1 5 6 2.71574304
c 1 6 G 2.17121588
c 2 t G 2.71574304
c 2 2 6 2.28149986
c 2 3 6 2.61235181
c 2 4 6 3.54287290
c 2 5 6 2.42624759
c 2 6 6 2.88116901
c 3 1 6 2.32285636
c 3 2 6 2.G9506479
c 3 3 6 2 . 109 18 1 14
c 3 4 6 2.38489109
c 3 5 6 2.41246209
c 3 6 6 3.47394541
c 4 1 6 2.26082162
c 4 2 G 2.39867659
c 4 3 6 2.73642128
c 4 4 6 2.36421285
c 4 5 6 2 . 7 3 6 4 2 1 2 8
c 4 6 G 2 . 1 3 6 7 5 2 1 4
G t 1 6 3 . 5 0 8 4 0 9 1 5
G 1 2 6 3 . 8 8 0 6 1 7 5 9
G 1 3 6 3 . 8 5 9 9 3 9 3 4
G 1 4 6 3 . 8 1 8 5 8 2 8 5
G 1 5 G 3 . 3 4 2 9 8 3 1 8
G 1 6 6 4 . 4 2 5 1 4 4 7 5
G 2 1 6 3 . 0 2 5 9 1 6 7 4
G 2 2 G 2 . 7 3 6 4 2 1 2 8
G 2 3 6 2 . 5 0 8 9 6 0 5 7
G 2 4 6 2 . 4 6 7 6 0 4 0 8
G 2 5 6 2 . 7 2 9 5 2 8 5 4
G 2 6 6 2 . 8 1 2 2 4 1 5 2
G 3 1 6 2 . 9 9 1 4 5 2 9 9
G 3 2 6 2 . 7 7 0 8 8 5 0 3
G 3 3 6 2 . 7 1 5 7 4 3 0 4
G 3 4 G 3 .  1 1 5 5 2 2 4 7
G 3 5 6 2 .8 5 3 5 9 8 0 1
G 3 6 G 3 . 2 9 4 7 3 3 9 4
G 4 t 6 2 . 5 2 2 7 4 6 0 7
G 4 2 6 2 . 6 0 5 4 5 9 0 6
G 4 3 6 2 . 6 3 3 0 3 0 0 5
G 4 4 6 3 . 1 1 5 5 2 2 4 7
G 4 5 G 2 . 8 6 0 4 9 0 7 6
G 4 6 6 3 .2 0 5 1 2 8 2 1
C = Cow m ilk G = Goat m ilk
TRT = Treatment N = Number o f  Observations
TRT1= Omg O xyte tracyc lin e -H C l/day  
TRT2= 13.2mg O xyte tracyc lin e -H C l/day  
TRT3= 19.8mg O xyte tracyc lin e-H C l/day  
TRT4- 26.4rag O xyte tracyc lin e-H C l/day
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
APPENDIX TABLE 15: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE FOR BLOOD SERUM MAGNESIUM
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: MAGNESE
SOURCE OF SUM OF SQUARES MEAN SOUARE F VALUE PR > F R-SQUARE C.V.
MODEL 47 72.95537899 1.55224211 2.25 0.0001 0.306247 29.4462
ERROR 240 165.26890386 0.68862043 ROOT MSE MAGNESE MEAN
CORRECTED TOTAL 287 , 238.22428285 0.82983157 2.81312908
NO SOURCE DF TYPE I SS F VALUE PR > F DF TYPE III SS F VALUE PR > F
TRT 3 11.30653940 5.47 0.0012 3 11.30653940 5.47 0.0012
ANIMAL 1 19.00708865 27.60 0.0001 1 19.00708865 27.60 0.0001 * *
WEEK 5 4.27343420 1.24 0.2905 5 4.27343420 1.24 0.2905
ANIMAL*TRT 3 17.29294022 8.37 0.0001 3 17.29294022 8.37 0.0001
TRT *WEEK 15 7.11805900 0.69 0.7944 15 7.11805900 0.69 0.7944
ANIMAL*WEEK 5 1.32676982 0.39 0.8586 5 1.32676982 0.39 0.8586
ANIMAL*TRT*WEEK 15 12.63054770 1.22 0.2550 15 12.63054770 1.22 0.2550
**=significant (P-iO.Ol)
*=signi£icant (P<.0.05)
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
168
APPENDIX TABLE 16: MEAN BI-WEEKLY SERUM COPPER CONCENTRA­
TION IN THER SERUM OF KIDS SUPPLEMENTED 
WITH VARYING LEVELS OF OXYTETRACYCLINE- 
HC1 REARED WITH OR WITHOUT THEIR DAMS
MILK TRT WEEK N COPPER
C 1 1 6 266.666667
C 1 2 6 233.333333
C 1 3 6 300.000000
C 1 4 6 366.666667
C 1 5 6 216.666667
C 1 6 6 266.666667
C 2 1 6 300.000000
C 2 2 6 300.000000
C 2 3 6 316.666667
C 2 4 6 266.666667
C 2 5 6 283.333333
C 2 6 6 333.333333
C 3 1 6 350.000000
C 3 2 6 400.000000
C 3 3 6 483.333333
C 3 4 6 250.000000
C 3 S 6 266.666667
C 3 6 6 266.666667
C 4 1 6 283.333333
C 4 2 6 300.000000
C 4 3 6 350.000000
C 4 4 6 400.000000
c 4 5 6 300.000000
c 4 6 6 300.000000
G 1 1 6 166.666667
G 1 2 6 166.666667
G 1 3 6 116.666667
G 1 4 6 266.666667
G 1 5 6 183.333333
G 1 6 6 183.333333
G 2 1 5 240.000000
G 2 2 6 200.000000
G 2 3 6 133.333333
G 2 4 6 150.000000
G 2 5 7 171.428571
G 2 6 6 200.000000
G 3 1 6 183.333333
G 3 2 6 283.333333
G 3 3 6 183.333333
G 3 4 6 133.333333
G 3 5 6 183.333333
G 3 6 6 233.333333
G 4 1 6 200.000000
G 4 2 6 183.333333
G 4 3 6 183.333333
G 4 4 6 200.000000
G 4 5 6 183.333333
G 4 6 6 183.333333
C = Cow milk G = Goat milk
TRT = Treatment N = Number of Observations
TRT1= Omg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day 
TRT2= 13.2mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day 
TRT3= 19.8mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day 
TRT4= 26.4mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
APPENDIX TABLE 17: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE FOR BLOOD SERUM COPPER
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: COPPER
SOURCE OF SUM OF SQUARES MEAN SQUARE F VALUE PR > F R-SQUARE C.V.
MODEL 47 175.24642857 3.72864742 2.21 0.0001 0.302214 52.3741
ERROR 240 404.62857143 1.68595238 ROOT MSE COPPER MEAN
CORRECTED TOTAL 287 579.87500000 1.29844229 2.47916667
SOURCE DF . TYPE I SS F VALUE PR > F DF TYPE III SS F VALUE PR > F
TRT 3 6.68055556
ANIMAL 1.32 0.2682 3 6.57905346 1.30 0.27481
WEEK 105.12500000 62.355 0.0001 1 104.17404450 61.79 0.0001 * *4.09260399 0.49 0.7869 0.49 0.7807
ANIMAL*TRT 5 4.163329533 1.96220701 0.39
TRT*WEEK 0.7618 3 1.97268730 0.39 0.760315 35.99412461
ANIMAL'WEEK 1.42 0.1368 15 36.14276477 1.43 0. 13425 12.68487086
ANIMAL*TRT *WEEK 1.50 0.1890 5 12.76459223 1.5115 0. 18608.70706654 0.34 0.9898 15 8.70706654 0.34 0.9898
**=significant (PcO.Ol)
* = significant (P«c0.05)
169
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
170
APPENDIX TABLE 18: MEAN BI-WEEKLY SERUM MANGANESE
CONCENTRATION IN THE SERUM OF KIDS 
SUPPLEMENTED WITH VARYING LEVELS OF 
OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1 REARED WITH OR 
WITHOUT THEIR DAMS
M I L K T R T W E E K N M A N G A N E S E
c i 1 6 2 . 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
c 1 2 G 3 . 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
' c 1 3 6 3 . OOOOOOOO
c i 4 6 3 . 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
c i 5 6 2 . 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
c 1 6 G 2 . 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
c 2 1 6 3 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c 2 2 G 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
c 2 3 G 2 . 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
c 2 4 G 3 . OOOOOOOO
c 2 5 6 3 . OOOOOOOO
c 2 6 6 2 . 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
c 3 1 6 2 . 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
c 3 2 6 2 . OOOOOOOO
c 3 3 6 1 . 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
c 3 4 6 2 . OOOOOOOO
c 3 5 6 1 . 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
c 3 6 6 2 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c 4 1 6 3 . 1G666667
c 4 2 6 3 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c 4 3 6 3 . OOOOOOOO
c 4 4 6 2 . 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
c 4 5 6 2 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
c 4 6 6 2 . 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
G 1 1 66 2 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0G 1 2 2 . 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
G 1 3 66 2 . G 6 6 666 67G 1 4 2 . 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
G 1 5 G6 3 . 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7G 1 6 6 4 . 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7G 2 1 2 . 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
G 2 2 6 1 . G666G667
G 2 3 6 2 . 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
G 2 4 6 2 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G 2 5
G 2 6 66 2 . OOOOOOOO6 2 . 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 7G 3 1 3 . OOOOOOOO
G 3 2 6 2 . 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
G 3 3 6 2 . 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
G 3 4 66 2 . 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7G 3 5 2 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G 3 6 G 3 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G 4 1 6 3 . 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
G 4 2 6 2 . 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
G 4 3 6 2 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G 4 4 66 2 . 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7G 4 5 6 3 . OOOOOOOOG 4 6 3 . 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
C =  C o w  m i l k G = G o a t  m i l k
T R T  =  T r e a t m e n t N = N u m b e r o f  O b s e r v a t i o n s
TRT1= Omg Oxytetracycline-HC/1 day 
TRT2= 13.2mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day 
TRT3= 19.8mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day 
TRT4= 26.4mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
APPENDIX TABLE 19: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE FOR BLOOD SERUM MAGANESE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: MANGANES
SOURCE DF SUM OF SQUARES MEAN SQUARE F VALUE PR > F R-SQUARE c . v .
MODEL 47 87.65277778 1.86495272 1. 10 0.3106 0.177BOO 47.3768
ERROR 240 405.33333333 1.68888889 ROOT MSE MANGANES MEAN
CORRECTED TOTAL 287 492.98611111 1.29957258 2.74305556
SOURCE DF TYPE I SS F VALUE PR > F DF TYPE III SS F VALUE PR > F
TRT 3 8.48611111 1.67 0. 1730 3 8.48611111 1.67 0.1730
ANIMAL 1 0.88888889 0.53 0.4689 1 0.88888889 0.53 0.4689
WEEK 5 8.06944444 0.96 0.4458 5 8.06944444 0.96 0.4458
ANIMAL*TRT 3 21.38888889 4.22 0.0062 3 21.38888889 4.22 0.0062
TRT*WEEK 15 15.59722222 0.62 0.8610 15 15.59722222 0.62 0.8610
ANIMAL *WEEK 5 14.11111111 1 .67 0.1423 5 14.11111111 1.67 0. 1423
a n i m a l*t r t *week 15 19.11111111 0.75 0.7271 15 19.11111111 0.75 0.7271
** = significant (P<;0.01)
* = significant (E<_0.05)
171
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
172
APPENDIX TABLE 20: MEAN BI -WEEKLY SERUM IRON CONCENTRATION
IN THE SERUM OF KIDS SUPPLEMENTED WITH
VARYING LEVELS OF OXYTETRACYCLINE-HC1
REARED WITH OR WITHOUT THEIR DAMS
MILK TRT WEEK N IRON
cc i 21 66 648G..3G363G36G7
cc it 43 66 75 7.33
33
c 5 6 791..3333
33333
c 1i 6 33
33333
cc 22 21 G
6 6641..853030303030
cc 22 43 6
6
6 G
6
6G
6..0.6
8
6G
3G3G3636G667
3
cc 2
7
c 32 6
5 G 80.6G66G7
c 3 21
G 7G
66 651.
.6500000
c 3 3 6 416..83
663636373
cc 33 45 GG 6791.6
8
.166
3G3666
3
6G
373
cc 43 6
7
c 4 21 6
6 6553.6 78..
6
30
66
3030
606330
70
cc 4 3 66 7
3
c 4 54 6 568
7.833333
c 4 6 6 683.
.6866667
4i t 83..606
363636373
G t 2 6G 00000G 88
G 1i 3 6 6997
 .. 010606667
G i 45 G 69..3333333
0300
G i 6 G6 83.833333
33
G
G 22 21 66 111132..5500000
3
00
30
G
G 22 3 66 8759.0
00
G 2 45 6 78..106
0606000
G 2 6 6 000
6070
G
G 33 21 6 8
617.6 1 .
666667
G 3 3 11053.
61666667
G 3 6G 102..
6
656060
606070
G 54G 33 6 66 190
66
25..6666666666
77
G
G 4 21 6 6900..1363636367
7
G 4 G 33
G 4 3 6 77.0000
G 4 45 6 7767..116666666
070
G 4 6 GG 4 G 85.33336373
C = Cow milk G = Goat milk
TRT = Treatment N = Number of Observations
TRT1= Omg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day 
TRT2= 13.2mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day 
TR13= 19.8mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day 
TRT4= 26.4mg Oxytetracycline-HCl/day
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
APPENDIX TABLE 21: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE FOR BLOOD SERUM IRON
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: IRON
SOURCE OF SUM OF SQUARES MEAN SQUARE F VALUE PR > F R-SQUARE C.V.
MODEL 47 82003.24652778 1744.74-9926 12 2.47 0.0001 0.325840 34.8523
ERROR 240 169663.83333333 706.93263889 ROOT MSE IRON MEAN
CORRECTED TOTAL 287 251667.07986111 26.58820488 76.28819444
SOURCE DF TYPE I SS F VALUE PR > F DF TYPE III SS F VALUE PR > F
TRT 3 3974.89930556 1.87
ANIMAL O. 1345 3 3974.89930556 1.871 0. 1345
WEEK 34606.42013889 48.95 0.00015 1 34606.42013889 48.954181.68402778 0.0001 * *
ANIMAL*TRT 1 . 18 0.3181 53 4181.68402778 1 . 188612.56597222 0.3181
TRT*VEEK 4.06 0.0077 315 8612.56597222
4.06 0 .007̂ -
9396.07986111
ANIMAL*WEEK 0.89 0.5804 15 0.58045 7148.85069444 9396.07986111 0.892.02
ANIMAL*TRT‘WEEK 0.0762 5 7148.8506944415 2.02 0.076214082.74652778 1.33 0.1858 15 14082.74652778 1.33 0. 1858
**=significant (P<£0.01)
* = significant (P<'0.05)
173
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY