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F a T , J. X Wang, and J.S. Buckley (2002).E valuating Crude Oils by 
SAR W y s i s .  Paper SPE 75228. In SPE/'DDE Symp. On 
Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, OK. 1517 Apr. 2002. IOR, 
Tulsa, OK b m u n i h P~a rtidpation and hkbable  Forest 
Houghton, R M, Bonne, R D.,&d, J. R,H obbie, J. E., Melillo, C. A ,  Maneement in Edo State, Niexia 
Petson, I., Shaver, G. R md Woodwell, G.M . (1987). The flwr 
ofG I T L ~fr om terratrial ecosystems to he atmosphere in 1980 
due to changes m Iand use: geographic distribution of .the 
global flux. Tell* 3% lZ2-139. AZEEZ I. 0,L abode POPOOLA & 0.S . IKPONMWONBA 
Keay, R.W.J (1989). Tree of Nigeria. Oxford Science Publications. 
Clarmdon Press Oxford. 476pp. 
Marcet P, M. L Fernandm Feal, M. L. Andfade Cauce, arid M. J. Abstract 
Montero Vilarino (20001.. Efedo de la innuencia antropica Contrjbutioris of forests to human well-being can ody be 
sobre las caracteriticas Mccquimicas de dm sueIos de sustained if the forests are sustained and locd communities 
marisma. Spanish, with hglish abstract) Edafologk living witfwl and around forest reswes have been identified &I 
7(3):11-19. to be cenbal to meaningful planning for sustainable 
Marguba, -L. B. (1996). The need for practimble conservation management of forest reserves. Studies in this diredim are expected to contribute to poverty alleviation, environmental 
programmes to met human needs. In: Natural Resource protection, and sustainable wood production Tlu~st udy is 
Conservahn and Medicinal Plants: A Symposium wig. directed at ascertaining haw participatory approach 
National Parks). Proce&ngs of National Workshop an involving locd c m m d t i e s  and other stakeholders can be 
Medidnal Plants, &pt. 13-14,1996,A bya. used for sushimb1e management of forest: reserves in Edo 
Owonubi, I. J. and G. 0.& @eye (2W). Disappearing Forests: A State. 
Review of the Challenges for Conserva~on of h e t i c  Stratified random sampling khnique with a 
Resources and EnvhmrmtaI Mma-t:. (1&2):I-11pp. minimum of 30% sampling intemsiv was used to select 296 
Picot, J. C. and Gill, D. k (19%). The Exxm Valdez Oif Spill 4 rural dwellers in the settlements within and around Ehor, 
chronic Psychological Shss". h Proceedings of the Exron Val& Okomu, and Sakpoba forest reserves in the study area. 
021 Spin S p t p s t h ~ ,e ds. F. Rice, R %Spies, D. Wolfe, and 0. Momt ion  was obtained on demographic and social status 
Wright Beth&, MD: American Fisheries Society. of the respondents, hpo-ce of the htereserves to livelihoods, 
SobowaIe, A*,I gboanugo A 3. I., Muko A. P and Onwuegbunam D. impressions about management system, forest resource use 
(2007)- Land Degradation and F m t  Depletion in Forest and dlingness to participate in JFhd using structured 
Plantations of the Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria 5&59pp. questionnaire, Rapid Rwal Appraisal and FartiapatoryRu~al 
Spies, R. B., S. D. Rice, D. A. Wolfe, and B. A. Wright (1996). The Appraisal techniques- Data obtained were subjected to 
effects of the Exxm Val& oil spill on the Alaskan coastal descriptive and Clti-square test statistics at p = 0.05. 
environment. Ameriurn Fishmk Society Syltpos&rm 18: 1-16. 
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (1987). Comparison of actmtal nnd predicted None of the socio-economic characteristics of the 
infpacts of the Tram-Adi-Akska Pipeline System Rnd P r u h  respondents apart from religion (t = 2.39; P L 0.02) in Okomu 
Eny vilflcl& on the North S b p o~f Alash. Draft: report prepared forest reserve si&cantly impacted thm interest in forest comemation. However, ethnic background (t = 2.09), &d 
by Faifbanks Fish and Wildlife En?mncemmt O c e .  status (t = 2.22) and gender (t = -2.09) sigruficantly (P 1 0.04) 
impacted interest: in tree planting. Also, awareness Of, and 
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I . Contmwtity Participation and Swtainabk Fms t  Management iff Edo 131 
pzlrticipation in local management activities were impacted i natural forest w,bo th natural and plantation forests suppfied by socio-economic status, most especially in &or and less than 100 million m3 as against 180 d o n m 3 of wood demand in 
Okomu. Most of the respondents (85.14%) obtained produce year 2000. Popwla (2000) observed an alarming and progressive mud 
from forest m e s , h owever, access t~ forest products was rate of forest loss in N i .R eposing this, F A 0  (2005) obxrved an 
not signrficantly dependent on the income generating inmasing pamianent desbudim of tropical forests and asserted that 
petenw of the produce lyz = 9.35; di = 4). Some 14.43% of lO.$m/ha was destroyed between yeas 2000-2005 as against lO.lh/ha 
the respondents made an annud income of between UlO, in 199@2O(XO. In Nigeria, &me have been linked partly but not 
00b:W and M50, 000:OU while 5?.5% of other stakeholders exdusiGdy to past forest management practices, arising fmm conflicting 
made between N1.5 and 3.5 miIlion per mum, Conflict with and inconsistent policies, strong d&e for forest revenue, weak 
forest &a& is significantly (P 5 Q.05) depadmt on aocess legislation, community alienation, lack of awamess and over- 
to forest products (X2 = 70.44; df = 4) while perception of exploitation of natural resources papka, 2005). 
forest:r eserve law enfoxement is not si@mtly dependent 
on access to forest produce. (x* = 9.01; df = 4). Attitude of Generally, forest: consemation and management in Nigeria and 
forest offmcials to forest law enforcement is a rons-t to 
study Eda State in parti* still 3arge1y remain under the exclusive c o w o f income generating activities in the area. There exists no 
linear betwem government. ccmseguently, cammuniq pdcipation is minimal or m- si@cant relationship the willingness to 
participate in forest management and the idenified socio- existent in the management of forest resources, This- m a n a v t  
economic characterWcs of nrral dwellers in Okomu (F = approach assumed that forests and other natural resource6 should be 
0.82), Sakpoba (F = 0.27) and Ehor (0.35) fa& reserves. Also, completely protected from corrzmunitk who would only degrade them 
apart from religion (t = 2.07) in Okamu forest reserve, none of further. But, as posited by The World Bank (20051, reskkting access to 
the socio-ecanomic attribuk of rural dwellers had significant khese resources has inmssed paverty, p&&rly for local 
linear relationship wif31 their opinion on JFM dfectktg communities living around the resew=. Moreover, their views and 
livelihood (t = 2.07). interesEs are not taken into consideration m the management of the 
forests. As a result, all the farest reservesin Edo State have witnessed an 
orchestrated breakdown of the polycyclic managemmt system. 
Introduction 
According to Bada (1998), local communities living within and 
Nigeria's forests and woodlands play important roles in around forest reserves are v a y  cenbal to any meaningful plannjrtg for 
providing m o m i c ,  SOcial artd ecological benefits apart h mp roviding sustainable managenmt of h t res erves. Shhrly, the global trend 
wide arrays of forest produds and services for the peopl. But, the has been to adopt a participatory approach to forest management that 
conkibutims of forests to human well-being can only be sustained if the wilI integrate local communities in order to secure their c o m m i m t  
forests are thmmlves sustained (FAO, 1994). Thus, Sustainable Forest and achieve resource mtaimbitty. Furhermore, K ~ D(20 02) suggested 
Management (SFM) is essential for khe continuous supply of natural radical change in forest policy as mcesary for mobibhg the m d  
forest resources, N W a  has however, lost ms t  of her natural forests population in the interest of sustainable m ~ m g e ~ n moft  for& 
wver with the rate of forest depktion put at about 3.570 per annum, resources, which would m t fw tk  deforestation and check land 
which kans la t~to  a loss of 350,000 - 400,000 hectares per a n n u  degradation. 
(Adedoyin, 2001, Aruofor, 2002). 
It k n o t e w h y  €hat, in the middle of the Iast century and even 
Aruofor (2000) had earlier submitted that due to high rate of before independence, forest comemation and management under 
p~pulationa nd eon& ,growth, which pIaced hq$ demands on 
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Benin Native Authority (and later the B& DivCimsdi)d  Methodology 
recorded huge success. But, p m tb cal and global re* demands tke 
suppnrt and cooperation of local communi@esf or sustahbk forest study Aren 
management because: they have large population than my state forestry 
department, and so can pice the forest estates and regdate entry; and The study was d e d o ut in Ule muthem part of Edo State 
they are khe main benefiaes  of forest products, and forest ( F i e . 4 ). Edo State is situated between latitudes 50 5'N md 70 35W 
disappearance wilI have greater impact on them and their livelihoods and betweer! lmgitude~50 E and 60 4O'E, Wright, d d(1985). It is located 
than any other segment of the society. Furthemore, they have local inland, in the Southern park of Nigeria and is bounded partly by Ondo 
howledge of forests within and around their environment. Although, and Kogi States m the West, Kogi and Delta states on the East while 
conflicts often arise from participatory approach, but it creates only shares boundary with Delta state on tho South. The State has a total 
opportunity for it to be properly addressed since participatory approach land area of 19,840h2 and a population of approximately 2.2 million 
is based on condta~onan d dizlogue. people (1991 census). The population dmsity is medium at 174.4 
persons per km? Generally, the state is in a low-lying area except to the 
Proper and sustainable impkmenbtim of sustainable forest noah where it is marked by undulating hills rising to a peak of about 
management in the study area, is expected to sf~~~gtahned nen hance 672 meters abwe sea level 
biodiversity of the state. It will will affords the opportunity to reforest 
the degraded areas, restore and protect the remahhg h h f orests, The climate is mainly tropicalf characterized by the dxy and wet 
conduct fllsbhble harvesting of forest products, and ensure equitable seasons. November fo March is dry and usually accompanied the dry 
distribution to all stakeholders including the local wmmuniti6. Such northeast trade winds, which causes ham-. The rainp season 
increased levels of economic and social activitks, resulting in huge commences at about late March to October. Presently, there are 18 Local 
employment and income -rating potentials under miahable forest Government Areas &GAS) in the State. The state forestry dep-t 
management wih i n W c l abour intensive characteristics, offers huge has area offices in ea& of the U;As for administrative purposes 
scope for poverty aneviation, especially given the emphasis m equitable Ir;oRMECU, 1998). 
distribution of responsibility and benefit sharing of a l l  forest r e m e s  
m g stak eholders. Okomu Fmest Reserve 
This will be a major paradigm shift from tke old classical methd Location: Okomu Forest Reserve is situated between longitudes 
to the new, that will enable forestry contribute to poverty alleviation, 50 and 5° 30' E and latitudes 60 N' and 60 10'N. It is located in Ovia 
envir~nmenta.1p roMm, and sustainable wmd production (Oyebo, South-West LGA of Edo State and about 40km west of Benin Crty. It lies 
2004). It udl aIso protect the vulnerable, e+y women, very poor between Rivers Osse and Siltiko to the East and West 1.espectivelJr 
farmers, children, and the youth. Thus, this study is directed at (Pigw.5). The reserve derived its name from River Okomu from the 
ascertaining haw participatory approach involving local cornmunib Benin word 'Akomu' mming unity. The reserve was named Okomu 
and other stakeholders can be used for sustainable management of during the m1ami.l c ~ t i t u t i o no f the reserve. SamD of the 
forest reserves in Edo State. viHages/setkmmts within and around the forest reserve are Nikrowa, 
Ofmama, Udo, Okomu, Iphuan, Arakhuan, Ipelaho, Ipgbado, 
Igueze, Uxhzen, Iguafole, Iguokakhan, Odobaiho, lzide-Noke, hide 
Namen en: (Figure. 5). The Benins' are fne ori@ land m sand  still 
farm 60% of the population but there art? other pups  of settlers ME 
ijaw, Urhobo, Esan within and around the reserve. 
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parMpatory me&&: Rapid Rural Appraisal m)a nd Participatoq 
Sakpoba Forest Reserve Rural Appraisal technique (PRAT). FRAT is an ex&t fool, which 
bring together the researcher and fomt collununi~esw ith the view of 
W o b a  Forest -we lies between latitudes 40 and $o 30' and defining the development needs of such comunities by the community 
longitudes 60 and 60 YE. It is bounded on the south by Delta State, on groups and relevant nm-gavemental organisation ( k e s e l m i d t ,  
the Bast by Urhonigbe Forest Reserve and on d-te West by Free Area, 1995). A minimum of 19% sampling intensity was used in selecting 
B.C.3 0 (Fig. 6). It is lmated in Orhiorurtwon LocEtl Govemrrgnt Area, settIementT inside and around the forest feseras, which were &a 
about 30 kilo- SouthEast of Benin City. Some of tke major villages randomly selected. 
Zomted within and a d the  reserve are Ugo, Ikobi, Obm, Iguelaba 
and Amaladi in Area B.C 32/4, and Ugbak~-NhI @ere, Sampling Intensity 
Idunmwowina, ~vbarhue, Idu, Evbueka, Iguomokhua, Ona, h e ,  
Igbaloele, Adeymba, Evbuosa in Area B.C 29. The Benins are the o q d  The study identified 106,35 and 58 enclaves and villages in and 
landowners and still form 80% of the population living within and around Okomu, Sakpoba and %or forest m e s u sing participatory 
around the f m t r eserve.T here are ofher dhk p u p s s uch as Urhobo, rural appraisal technique. Out of the identified setknmts, 19,117 and 
Itsekiri and Esan (Bada, 1998). 16 were randomly selected for sampling based on their nearness, 
.I 
importance and population size (Table 3). This represented between 18 
Ehor Forest Reserve and 49 percent sampling intensify at this stage af sampling. Finally 200, 
80 and 120 sets of structured questionnaire were randomly administered 
Ehor Forest Reserve lies between latitudes 60 and 60 32' and to residents of Okomu, Sakpoba and Ehor forest reserves enclaves and 
longitudes 50 58' and 50 7' E. It is bounded on the North and North West *ages to achietye at least 1% sampling intensity at respondent level. 
by Owan (S & N) Forest Reserves, on the East by Free Areas BC 23;/2, However, only 165,# and 91 sets of questionnaire were rekieved. It 
16/2on the Southbyfre areas B.C 21/2,16/2,21/1 and o n h W est by should however be noted that despite this low return af admkistered 
Ekiadolor Forest and Owan (S) Forest Reserves (Fig. 6). It is located 3n research instrument, all the required b-domtion were gotten and even 
Uhunmwode Local Gw-t Area, about 40 kilometres from Benin hr so m y va riabls there were W ox no variation in respmes. 
City along 3min Auchi mad. Some major whges located within and 
around the forest resem are Odighi, Omsimwioba Igbekhue, Egba, Table 3: Sampled VilIages and Enclaves within and around the Study 
Urhokuosa Ugha, Obagie. &rI Oke, O k a m u ~Os azuwa, Eguaholor, Sites 
Ohe, Egbisi, Evbowe, Igkghudu and Uhi. It derives its name from Ehor I 
being the majar town then and now the headquarks of Uh~fnmwode 0k omu Forest Reserve Sakpoba Forest Reserve 
Local Gwemment Area. The B m h s  are t h e  predomhnt tribe which Villages irnd Populatio 
forms more than 75% of the popdatmn The o h et hnic groups are Villages mid Population Enclaves 
Esan, lgbanke and Ibo (Bada, h&im 1998). ~2OOo) A.T. & P Camp. 1195 Adeyanfra 
2064 Altpajigha 
Sampling Procedure 1340 Akpobi 
-P 
Stratified random samplmg design was used to select Gbelernotin 471 Amladin 
Gbalomosho A vbiugo 
respondents in f3G sbdy. To remove bias, the seleciion of respondwb 244 lguagbado 346 Evbuehia 
cut a a m s  such variabIes as religionI age occupation, i n m , e -fy, Iguelaha 1387 Evbueka 
educational a-ent, nativity, family size, siae of farmland ek. Data lguelaho camp 737 Evbuosa 
were collected using a d h t i r m o f struclured questhnah and 
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1 ' Conrrndty ParE@aEion and Sustahabk Fomst Manapnewt in Edo 137 
9 Iguerhahon 563 9 Idu 221 i 
Iguohuan impression about p-t - p e n t  system, forest Rsaure M and 10 432 10 Iguere 478 
11 Izide-Namen M I1 Iguomoahua 717 wdhgness to parkipate in joint forest management Also Focus Gmup 
12 Izide-Noke 418 12 kobi 640 I3kussions (FGB) were conducked to supplement ~ f f n a i i o n  
13 Madagbayo 846 13 w 98 gathered horn the inkwviews especially horn nm-kate parhdpanb 
14 Nikrowa 3663 14 Obayanior 367 who were not willing to voIunker idomation freely and dearly as it 
15 Ohmma 2339 15 o h  1027 
16 Okomu 1160 involved fewer numbers of people. 16 O b g k -  1523 
Nim 
17 Ora 560 17 0-m 39 Analytical Technique 
=amp 
18 Udo 67l4 Total 8793 The data coUectad in the course of this study were subjected to 
I9 Urhzen 675 
Total 25490 desaiptive and inferential statistid analysis. Data mktedw ere coded 
and entered into the computer for analysis. Descriptive statht ic~w~h ich 
involve the collation, simp- and giving the properties of data, such 
Ehor Forest Rewme frequency counts; percmtages and mean were used to d e d  
variables and their occurrences among the population. Tables, 
5lN ViUaps and Enclaves Papulafion 00001 histograms and bar cham were used m present data. The hypoheses, 
0. using appropsiate inferential statistics, were used in making judgmmfs 
1 Ehor 7191 
2 Eke-Aimuha 421 on populaticn based on properties of some m p l e s  obtained hnm the 
3 Ekudo 200 papula tion. 
4 Erhua 1248 The statisticat tools used include: 
5 Idunmwmgha 1060 (i) Chi-square test, which was used to show the relationship 
6 Iguo-Ovbiahiamwen 875 
7 Erhm between Forest Reserve use by the Lmal Communities and their h e r  663 
8 Irhue 786 demographic and socio-economic characteristics. 
9 Qfumnuegbecamp 288. . Iii) Mdtip1.e regrssim technique was used to determine whether 10 obagie 1w demographic and socioecon~~cihca racteristis of respondents 
n oaemum 592 affected their w d h p e s s  to participate in forest managemwt. 
12 Egbisi 204 
13 Obazagbon 476 Multiple rewon was also used to determine whether factas 
14 Ugbiyapcamp 665 such as income, sex, age, education, rehgon, occupatipn, family 
15 Iriwecamp 283 size etc influmad opinion '"pressed by respondents on forest 
16 *w 8R management. 
Total 17791 
Results and Discussion 
Questionnaire Administration 
Demographic Backpund 
Structured questionnaires were used to obtain information from Fin* from this study shows that Okomu, Sakpoba and Ehor 
the respondents during interview. The questions were open-ended and 
sh-wtured and sought for information demographic and social forest xe- enclaves were fraught with 86.10/,97.5%a nd 758% male on status 
of the respondents, importance the resews heir livelihoods, respondents, which is high compared b 13.3% 2.5% and 209% f a d e  of to respondents intmvkwed in the hr eserve enclaves respdvely. 
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Thus, the male gender (an average of &4,69'3/0is) h@er in the s M y  area 
- I 1 than &e female (183%), Howwer, age dkbibution of the d v e  " - I dwel le~in the three forest rserves cut across age range fmm 20 to 
,I more than 80 years of age (Table 4). This does rrotnecemdy mean that 
dwellers whose age is less than twenty does not: reside in forest 
enclaves, but: they may not have the necessary experience needed to 
respond to questions posed. FurtherI more than half of the respondent 
fall within the age bracket of 40 and 60 yrs. But, rqondent within the 
age bracket of bekeen 20 and 30 yeas were low (204%)c ompared to 
those within 30 and 4i I  yrs (17.4%). Also, respondents with their ages 
above 70 years were few (5.10%). 
On marital status, an average of 94.0% of the respondents was 
married while only 3.0% of them were single (Table 4). I d e n ~ e dm odal ~ktaS lW S  
(34.3%) household siae was between 6 and 10 people while 17.7% of the Single 6 
respondents (on the average) am living with between I1 and 15 people. Married 154 
Religious diversity (Fig.8 ) is more obvious in Ehox and Okomu Fomt No 5 
Reserves compared tr, Sakpoba where Islamic rebon was not recorded Response Religion 
among any of the respondents (Fig. 7). An average of 59.6% of endave 
dwellers in the three study sites was fwnd to be Wtians.  Tradition V Sa 55-6 25 62.5 61 67 59 551.6 
religion wo~shippersw ere next to Chris- in term of population khm 5 3.0 1 1.1 2 2.0 
(35.49'0) in the study areaI while only 20% practice Islam religion. Also, Tradition 65 39.4 15 375 24 26.4 55 35R 
No 
ethnic diversity is more pronounced in Okomu Forest r e m e  Response 3 1.8 5 5.5 3 3.0 
environment than the other two study sites (Table 4). Majority of fhe E h G cB a d c p ~ d  
enclave dwellers in ihe study m a  are the Benins (78.5%). Other Benin 118 7l.5 31 775 81 89 77 78.6 
identified ethnic groups in the enclaves are Urhobo (9.2961, Ban (9.18Y), Urhobo 22 133 4 10.0 2 2.2 9 92 
Calabar (1.02%) and Xba (1.02%). Hausa and Yoruba tribes are found Yaruba 1 0.6 0 0.0 Ibo 2 12 I 1.1 1 1.0 
only in Okomu forest reserve enclaves 8) Ban 15 9.1 4 10.0 7 7.7 9 9.2 
a a b a r  4 2.4 1 1.0 
Table 4: Demographic Characteristics of Rural Dwellers Hausa 1 0.6 0 0O, 
No 
-- Rqonse  2 12 1 25 1 1.0 
Demogra Okomu Sakpaba Ehor Mean Househol 
phic Feq.  YO Freq. % Freq. % Fmq. % d e k e  
Gender 1-5 7 33.3 3 75 5 5.5 5 4.90 6-10 64 38.8 14 35.5 27 29.7 35 34.31 
Male 142 86.1 39 975 69 75.8 83.0 84.69 11-15 31 188 5 125 17 18.7 18 17h5 Female 22 139 1 25 19 20.9 14.0 1439 
No 1 16-20 12 72 2 5A 9 9.9 11 10,78 0.6 0 0.0 3 3.3 1.0 1.02 
2 21 3 1.8 1 2.5 3 33 2 1.96 
No 
response 48 29J 15 37.5 N 330 31 30.39 
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Wdts (Tam 5) also &ow that on the average, 1443% af the 
Ftg B: Dkrlbutlon of Religloos Background of kmts in the respandents make an annual incow of between ten and ~IIC)US& 
Wdy Arm 
nairalannufn. Only 1.0% makes h s t han UlO, 000 Jarmum wide the 
hi-t annual h o m e  (more than W 0 , 0 05) was made in O k m u  
forest enclaves (Table 5). 
Examining nearness of respondats Za forest reserves (Fig.91 , the 
study reveals h i a n average of 75.5% of fie respondehts resides 
between one and five kilometer away h the resen=. M y 1 .0% of 
the respandents are residing below one kilometer away hart the forest 
reserves while another 8.16% stay more &an 5 haw ay hmt hem. 
Data genmated hm the study instrument reveal that western 
education is not a p*&ty jn the study area. An avenge of 23.6% of the 
respondent was f i e a t e  while 37.8% (the highest) have primary school 
ce-tes, M y 1. 2% on the avmge had degrees (Table 5). This may 
not be uncomected with t h ~pr evalent primary occupation in this parl 
of fhst ate, which does not demand westem howledge but kaditimal 
skill Freqmcy analysis of respondents' occupation (Table 5) reveals 
that 94.990 of the entire study population is hming. Other activitb 
they are primarily engaged in are wine tapphtg/palm oil p d g  Table 5: Swio-Economic Backgmund of Rural Dwellers 
(3.Q6%), trading (1.02%) and civil service work (1.02%). 
S&O- Okmu Sakpoba Ehor Mean 
Freq. % Fr O/a 
Fwthermore, than half of he respondents % Feq. 94 (58.3%) have Eoonomic F E ~ .  f a m  Variables eq 
sizes of between 1 and 5 hectares. An average of 13,46% has farm sizes 
of 5 to 10 hectares while 8.3% have famdmds of more than 10 hectam Educational Background 
(Table 5). On land ownership (Table 51, m e t han half of the No formal 45 27.3 6 15.0 26 28.6 29 28.16 
respondents (53.6%) rent the land on which they fm, a practice which 
is more prominent among residents (76.9%) in Ehor forest reserve 
enclave and environment. Other land ownership t y p i~de ntifid by the 
study are ownership through inheritance (143%) and prchase (12.2%). 
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Community ParEiciputim and Sustainable Forest Management in Edo 143 
School Examining rural dwellers sour- of incame, the study reveals 
OND/HND 4 24 2 5.0 1 1.1 3 191 
/M& - - that 50.0% of than made mare than 40% of their annual income from B.St 2 1.2 I 2
NO 16 9.7 0 - 5 1 0.97 8 8.8 8 7.77 agricultural while 15.3% made less than 40% (Table 61, Aha, 10.1% of 
w- lh rural dwellers (the highest) generate less than 40% of their income 
Frimaq Occupatim from tree crops. It must also be pointed out that response t-o this 
Farming 157 95.2 34 85.0 89 97.0 93 94-90 
- - variable is vey  low and only 1.01% nnke between 80 and 100% of their Wine 7 4 2  1 2.5 3 3.06 income from tree mps (Table 6). Income generation horn other forest 
Tapping/ 
Palm Oil products were found to be low (Table 6) although not as low as income 
PrDcessing from tm? crops in the study area. About 21.2% of the respondents make 
Trading 1 0.6 1 2 . 5 1  1.1 1 1-02 
- not more than 20% of their income from other forest products while CivilService - 4 10.0 - 1 1.M 
NoResponse - - another 12.1% make between 20 and 40%. Only 2.01% of the 1 1.1 0 0 
Farm 5-UR respondents make more than 40% but not more than 60% horn NTFPs. 
I -%a 98 59.4 22 55.0 47 516 56 583 
> 5  j l O h a  22 133 5 -1 25 5 5.5 11 11.46 The study also investigated why respondents h o s e  to stay in > 10h 17 103 - 6 6.6 8 8 3  the village (Table 7).A n average of about 41.0% of the respondents 
NR 28 17.0 13 325 33 36.3 21 2I.M 
h d Ow nership Types stayed in the village due to their doseness the Yillage to their a. 
Inheritance 30 189 7 175 5 5.5 14 1429 Also, 32.0% were reddent in the study area because ibey were 
Purchase 23 23.9 6 15.0 6 66 12 1225 indigenes. OMers are residents based on their civil service status (2%) 
M t  70 42.4 17 425 70 76.9 52 and business types (2%) while some (1.0%) are indigenes who believe 
Inheritance 3 1.8 - - 1 1.1 1 1.02 their lack of education confer their maI status on them. 
&Purchase 
Wl&tan€e 5 3.0 - - 2 2.2 2 2.04 
& Rent Table 6: Other Background Information about R d Dw ellam 
N o r e s p ~ l ~ e3 4 3.6 10 25.0 7 7.7 17 1735 
h u a l I ncome 
-< UIO-w - - Other O h m u  Sakpoba Ehor Mean 2 22 1 1.03 Variable Freq. % Freq. % - Freq. % Fre % 
> MlO - 13 7 9  5 125 22 242 14 14.43 6 
uo,m Prequeney of Visits Q Fa- 
>a- 8 48  6 150 23 14.3 9 9.28 Everyda - - - I 
Prlo0,Ix 
,PLIOO- a 1.2 4 10.0 7 7.7 4 4.12 
ES150,003 - 
- Twice/ >Ml50- 17 103 5 25.0 - 8 825 wk 
m , m-  - - 3 ~ o r 4  - + .. 3 > U203 13 7.9 2 5.0 5 5.15 Times/ 
=pw wk 
>hKlXi,0~- 13 7.9 2 5.0 1 1.1 5 5.15 Six days 1 0.6 - 
=m - - / week >WOO,OXl 6 3,6 * W&m 4 2.4 + 1 
Source: Field Survey, 2005 
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Comnrunily Pnrticipnfion and Suctainabk Fmst Mmagemenf in.Edo I45 
Yeam of Experience in Taungya System ofF d g  
1 - 10 
Yrs 
r t o  - 
20 Yrs 
>20-30 
YR 
>30-40 
Yrs 
>40-50 S o w F ield Survey, 2005 
YE 
>a-# 
Yrs Attitude to and Awareness of Forest Conservation among Rural 
> 60 Y a  Dwellers 
No 
v Awareness among respondents about forest reserves in their 
Income from A g r i c n W  G q m  environment was found (Fig. 11) to be highest amag residents 
0-  20% 7 4.3 17 18.7 8 3.16 surrounding Ehor Forest e r v e  (lOO.w) and lowest (88.5900)a mong 
> 2 0 -  13 7.8 3 7.5 5 5.5 7 7.14 Okomu Forest reserve respondwts (Fig. 11). But generally, awareness 
40% about forest reserves is high throughout the study area. Moreso, 424% 
3 40 - 37 22.4 11 27.5 19 20.9 22 22.45 of ruraI dwellers did not respond to selling forest products, did 
60% 
>M-M 45 272 13 325 5 5 6  21 21.43 c o m t e d  to doing so (Tabk 11). The higher percentage of hose who 
% own up to selling forest products (&YO] was from Sakpoba Forest 
> Q -  10 6.0 4 10.0 . ' 4 4.4 6 6.12 reserve while the k& (35.2%) were horn Okomu Forest resexye. But 
100% most importanfly, an average of 70.7% of the rural dwellers agreed to 
No 53 32.1 09 225 41 45.1 34 24.69 
'w- using forest products to satisfy domestic needs wi& the highest response (85.0%) coming from Sakpoba Forest reserve (Table 11). 
Respondents' interest in bee planting was also investigated by 
asking if they planted trees on their private land. The result (Table 11) 
shows that averagely, more than 40% (4556%) of hd id not, while 
21.21% did not respond ta the q u a . A nother &mg of interest is that 
while more of the respondents (65.990i)n Ehor forest reserve did not 
plant trees in their farm h d , t he reverse was the case in Sakpoba where 
more (57.5%) did plant trees. But, majority of the respondent (85.7%) are 
exploiting their respective forest reserves for timber and other allied 
products: exploitation was highest (100%) in Sakpoba and lowest 
(68.1%) m Ehor forest remve (Fig. f 1). 
hcome from other Forest Products 
0-2D% 37 22.4 16 40.0 10 9.0 21 2121 
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Community Participation 4S rrstainabk Forest Munagemmt In Edo 147 
4 heskigating what informed respondents' interest in for& conservation (Table 11) revealed their anticipated community benefit as 
the major (28.07%) teason for !A& mtemt in the practice. Conservation 
of forest is also perceived as contributing to the sustainability of their 
forests (17.40%) and nd lead to future enjoyment or better tomorrow 
(14.04%). However, kee husbandry was found to be more popuhr 
among Sakpaba residents than in Okomu and Ehor forest menre 
environments (Fig. 12). Also, Figure 13 show that participation of rural ohm fS3- eta 
dwellers in the management tke ~ 1 e ~ D w o ~ ~ t D P l ~ g d T ~ a n  of three forest reserves under study their hhab Holdlnp. 
was high. It was highat in Ettor and Iowet in Sakpoba. 
w 
Table 11: Repndents' Interest in Forest Consmation 
0-7 sakpoba Ehor Mean 
F q .  % F q .  % Freq. % Freq. 90 
Consent to Sale of Farest Products 
Yes SS 352 18 45.0 51 44.0 42 42-42 
NO. 24 145 2 5.0 - - 9 9.09 
Obmu Sakpoba Wor No 83 503 20 50.0 40 56.0 r18 48.49 
ReBp- 
cim?entc  U5e of Forest Pmdu& 
Fto. I?Dist:db utlnno f C o n r t t a  A w m o a r  of Fcmst Fbermm nong YS 111 673 34 85LI 66 71sl m m.n 
ResUmnts In theStudy Area NO 23 13.9 4 10.0 - - 9 6.09 
No 31 18.8 2 5.0 26 28.6 20 2020 
Respo- 
Plant Trecs? 
Yes 64 38.8 23 575 22 136 33 3333 
No 64 38.8 30 25.0 60 65.9 45 45.46 
No 37 22.4 7 175 19 20.9 21 21-21 
Response I 
Exploit h e m e ?  
I 
Yes 150 90.9 -4 0 lM.0 &Z 68.1 M 85.n No 2 1.2 5 5.5 2 2.04 
No 13 7.9 - 24 26.4 12 12.25 
Response 
Identified Interest of Rum1 Dwellers in Foreclf Conservatiwt 
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For 8 1.52 3 6.98 7 7.69 . 6 521 
effective 
7 
change 
Better 
tmOrmw 
To guard 
against 
misuse 
For 
mmuni t  
y benefit 
For more 
experim 
e 
Far 
mstainabi 
lily of 
forest 
To serve 
rims 
hmr 
To Attitude of Residents to Joint Forest Management 
improve 
National Expressing why &ey did not like control of the reserve by 
h o r n y  govemmmt (Table 12), some residents of fhe studies reserve enclaves 
Mot (245196) pointed to their m invohrmt as a major reason Anoiher 
employed 
No 21.57% and 15.68% identified ineffective conbol by the government 
agents and the m- beneficial of government control to enclave 
dwellers 
Source: Field Survey, 2005 
Investigation on the p@m of forest law enforcement in the 
study area is revealed that there are insufficient personnel (32.32%) and 
that some available ones are not always in their duty posts (20.20%). It 
was also fuund that forestry staff is poorly remunerated (6.06%) 
allhough some of them (3.03%)a re not honest civil servanb (Table C!}. 
The study (Table 12) also shows that an average of 82.840 of the 
respondents at one time or h other had problems with forest offkids. 
The hi@ consent (89.1%) to having problem with forest is 
among enclave dwellers of Ukomu FR while the lowest (65%) is in 
W o b a  F.R mclavs. Little wonder then why most of the r#pondenb 
are not satisfied d t h  current management struchrres of forest resene 
in th& environment (Fig. 14). 
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Communitg Participation and Sustainable Forest Mwagement in Edo 15 1 
- better . I I 
i 1 The study investigated the perception of respondents on h e  esuipPBd present management. style d the forest resenres around their enclaves. It It is public 4 2.37 - 2 217 2 I.% 
I was found that some of them were not satisfied with the styles (Table property 
13) but some were (Table 13). About 21.7% of the respondent was of fie Privatizatio 8 4.76 - 3 2.94 
n of 
opinion that $he reserves were not well managed while same (1638%) Resllme 
perceived ibe forest reserves have been destroyed. Hawever, it was No 16 9.47 1 2.5 3 3.26 7 686 
obvious that majdty of the enclave dwellers were not satisfied with he Response 
prese$pEygqmts huctute/style in the reserves (rabie 13). Ammg 
tho& sac, 6.12% are bf the opinion reserves Perception of Lsw ~nforcektent that the are beneficial Insufficient 69 41.07 5 125 22 241 32 3 2 3  
to both government ancl the nual people (Table 13). o f f i w  
Officers 43 25M 10 25.0 6 6.6 20 20.20 hdfilnsuffirien 
Table Xk Respondent's Perception of Government control of Reserves always t officials 
and Law Enforcement absent 
Poor 14 8.33 1 
remunerati 
Okomu Sakpuba Ehor Mean Mode on of staff 
Freq. % Freq. % Freq. % Freq. % Officers are 6 357 - 6 6.6 4 4.54 
Identified dedicated 
Perceptions 8 8.8 3 3.03 m 
Perception of Government Cmtml of Fotest Officers are I
Reserue not honest 
4 4.4 1 1.01 
Ineffective 41 24% 14 35.00 10 10.87 22 21.57 Offended - 3 c 
control are not 
To avoid 6 3.55 - 1 1.09 2 1.46 punished 
Gackers No 36 21.43 22 55.0 42 462 33 33.33 
Witid are 2 1.18 - 1 0,98 Communi Response 
not ties are 
dixiplinea not Respondents Consent to having Problem with 
Community 31 1834 1 25 13 15.68 involved Forest OMcials 14.13 16 
does not Yes 147 89.1 26 ffi.0 72 79.1 82 82.83 Yes 
benefit No 2 12 9 225 2 2.2 4 4.04 
Official 2 1.18 7 175 7 7.61 5 49 NO 16 9.7 5 12.5 17 18.7 13 13.13 
don't stay Response 
in d'Y Source: Field -ey, 2005 pdst 
Communiti 29 17.16 12 30.00 34 36.% 25 24.51 
esarenoi 
involved 
La& of 7 4.14 1. 25 3 3.26 4 3.92 
manageme 
nt plicy 
Toprevent 5 2.96 - 1 1.09 2 I.% 
trade 
hypomy 
They're 18 10.65 4 10.00 18 19.57 13 1275 
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I 
152 I.  Popooln S. Commmity Participation rund Swtaimhle Forest Management in Edo 
153 
t Azeez O., Labode & 0, Ikponmwonba 
No 41 23.16 5 1220 32 35.1 28 2453 
Resp0~ 6 
80 Reasons for A p e i n g  with Reeerve 
E m Management Sfyle 
E : Nohighforest 7 09.2 - - 2 2.W NU e isdesqed 0" It's b d d d  3 1.6 - 16 17.6 6 6.12 V 
5 t 0 G w t C  P 4 PmPle 
No illegal 1 0.6 - + - 0 
B W  entram? 
II?' ,  There's 2 1.2 - 1 1.1 1 1.02 
0 10 WWu se 
P dh!& 0 
S Mpas Go~emment 1 0.6 - 5 3.5 2 9.M WmWI Brx 
 ! &People Study Area 
t4 Rg. 34: Rural Dwellers Cbnsent to Satisfactim with C U M F OfSSt R m e  - + 1 1.1 0 produces 
Managemmt Structure In the Study Area more E d  
R m e  - - 1 1.1 0 
Table 13: Identified Reasons for Perception of Reserve Managemmt @mplv 
Styles yw* Reserve land 1 0.6 1 2.5 - - 1 1.02 
Ohmu Sakpaba n o r  Mean hide is pcd for 
Why not Freq. Freq. Freq. Freq. Earming 
satisfied % % '16 % Honestforest 1 0.6 1 2.5 - - 1 1.02 
Reasons for non-satisfactbn with Reserve p a - 4  
Management Style N V 1 9~0.3 38  95.0 67 73.6 85 %.n 4 
Nownative 17 9.61 - 1 1.1 6 5.66 9 
dominanae 
I t b b e e n  33 18W 5 I220 l5 16.4 18 16.98 Source: FMd S w e y , 2 05 
desbyed 8 
No proper 33 18.64 If 26.82 16 175 Z3 21-70 
m=gement 
Tm much References 
exp&ib 
Auhbers 
have been Adedoyin, 0. S. (2001). Formulation implementation of National 
Foreshy Progrwmm in Nigeria. 
e Aroufor, R 0.( 209,  Forestry Outlook Study for Africa (F0SA)Nigeria 
ntiiization 
only Country Report, F.A-0, Rome, Italy. 
Government Bada, S. 0.( 19%). Community participation in the Management of Omo 
gains Forest Reserve. 
Patitics 
interfeme in FA0 (1994). Timber Harvesting and the problem of deforestation; fore& 
managwent Harvesting Bulletin; voL 4, N0.L pp. 1-3 
' Non FA0 (m5S)ta.te of the world Forest, S%th Edition F.kO bm.24fr 
involvement 
of 10cals FOFMECU (1998). Asses- of vegebticm and h d u se changes in 
Noh 4 2.26 - - 5 5.49 3 2.83 Nigeria between 1976 / 78 and 1993/95. . Unpublished 
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
report prepared by Biometric Intemahal c .  Beak 
International Incorporated, and UNlMG Consult fm 
FORMECLJ, Federal Department of Foxesty, Abuja, Determi- the Optimum Shape a dO rientation 
Nige*. 221pp, 
Kio, P. R 0. (2002). Community Forestry for sustainable Forest of a Geedouse on the h i sof  Totol Radiation . 
Development. In L. Popoola (ed.) Forest, People and the av&ili$ 
Environmwt. Proceedings of a workshop organized by FAN I 
Consult and fhe Depa-t of Forestry, Edo Skate, Nigeria, 5 - 6 
September, 2002. 
Oyebo, M. A. (200-4). hplica~mo f the Socio-momic Reform on ODESOLA I. F. & Chidozie EZEKWEM 
Nigerian Forestry and Foresters. An invitation Paper for 
National FANCONSULT, Workshop in Collaboration with the 
Afforestation Programme ,Coordinatjng Unit, Kano held in I 
Kano ,K ano State. 
Papka, P. M. (2005). Sustainable Forest Mamgemmt - O p p e t i e s  Greedmuse is a feasible option for sustabable crop 
and Challenges for Nigeria. Keynote Address in L. Popoola, production m the regions of adverse climatic conditions. For a 
Won, P. and Oni, P. I. (&.I Sustainable Forest Managemwt: successful greenhause design, the selection of shape and 
k s s m  and Prospects. Proceeding of d-te 30fh Annd orientation is of paramount importance. 
Conference of Forestry Associafim of Nigeria, Kaduna, 
Kaduna State, 7 - 11 November, 2005.1 - 17pp. h this study, &rem ost cornmanly used single span shapes 
Popoola Labode (2000). Practice of Environmental Management: Forest af greenhouses namely wenspan, men-span  and vinery 
Production; Invited paper presented at the I n f e r n a t i d  type have been selected for comparison The length, width 
Enabling, Conference 'The Green Cheque Initiative". and height (at the center) are kept same for all the seleded 
hvirwmmtal  Project of the Enabling Environment F o m  shapes. The relevanee of this paper was to develop a thermal 
September, 2000. Abuja, Nigeria, 26pp. model using MATLAB p q a m  ftx computing transmitted 
World Bank (2005). Sbengthening the Ni- Forestry Sector to total solar radiation (beam, diffused and ground &&ted) at 
h b l e  Sustainable Forestry and Revenue Generation m each hour, for each month and at any latitude for the selected 
Nigeria's Productive Forests. Economic Sector.Work. World geometry penhouses (through each wall, mdined surfaces and roofs) for both east-west and north-south orientation. 
Bank, Abuja, Nigeria. The computed transmitted solar radiation is then inhoduced 
Wright, J. B., D. A. Hastings, W. B. Jones and H. R Williams (1985). into andther thermal model that is devel~pedu sing M A W  
Geology and Mineral Resources of West of Africa. Springer program to compute hourly inside air temperatwe for each 
Publishe~L td, London, England. ISBN 0045560013.325pp. shape and orientation, Statistid validation is carried out for 
the former model using solar radiation data for horizontd 
surface at (280 35'N and 71 273, New Delhi, Indig and (190 
07W and 720 53%), Mumbai, India. 
At 190N latitude, men-span shape greenhouse receives 
10% more yearly average solar radiation as cornpard to 
wen-span shape gemhouse whereas vmeq shape to 
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