Nigerian Journal 
of Applied Psychology
Volume 21 Number 2 November 2019
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Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology Voi. 21, No. 2, November 2019 i
ISSN 0189-5656
Volume 21_______________ Nmnber 2_____________ November. 2019
Nigerian Journal
Applied Psychology
Department of Guidance and Counselling 
University of Ibadan
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VI Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology Voi. 21, No. 2, November 2019
Contents
Voi. 21, No. 2, November 2019
Patient Perception of Nurse-Patient Communication in University of 
Ilorin Teaching Hospital
- Afolayan Joel A., Adegboyega Toyin. Onasoga, Olayinka A., Aluko
Joel O., Dada, Lydia T., Olaitan, Faith J., Adebola, Olayimika K...... 1
Peoples’ perception of thè implementation ofNHIS and its impacts on 
thè NH1S utilization among workers of thè federai agencics in thè Oyo 
State, Nigeria
- Ajibola Ishola and Adeoti A.B..............................................................18
Influence of Stigma, Discrimination and Substance Abuse on HIV 
Prevalence Among Patients Attending APIN Clinic, Ibadan
- Shakirat Bolanle Ibitoye and Chioma C. Asuzu...................................39
The Moderating Effect o f Parcntal Involvement on The Link Between 
Test Anxiety and Examination Malpractice in Ogun and Oyo States, 
Nigeria
- Dr. Oke Tunde Dayo and Ogundoyin Oluwaseun Dare......................51
Longevity in thè Age of Modemity, thè Perspective of Odù ìkà 
Méjì in Ifà Divination System
- Olàleye Samuel Kayode.......................................................................69
Non-cognitive Factors of Academic Excellence: Lens of Secondary 
School Leamers in Ekiti State, Nigeria
- Bamidele Joke Ogumilugba and R. A. Animasahun...........................85
Pomographic Film-Viewing Among Adekunle Ajasin University 
Undergraduates, Ondo State, Nigeria
- Tosin Emmanuel Akinduyo & Moyosola Jude Akomolafe.............. 105
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Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology Voi. 21, No. 2, November 2019 VII
Determinants and Effects of Street Hawking Among Teenage Girls in 
Gate Area of Ibadan
- Abimbola Afolabi.............................................................................. 122
Interrogating thè Living Conditions of Physically Challenged Students in 
University of Lagos
- Olusegun Moses Temilola...................................................................170
Gender and Test Anxiety Between Students with Leaming Disabilities 
and Hearing Impairment in Ibadan Metropolis
- Ogunwale Oluwatoyin Racheal & Azanor Friday Ovie....................157
Career Growth and Career Salience as Predictors of Customs Officers’ 
Unethical Behaviour in Nigerian Customs Service
- Akeem A. Kenku Ph.D & Olufunmilayo Adedayo Ph.D...............174
Victimology and Psychosocial Well-being of thè Elderly in Iwaya 
Community
- Helen Ajibike Fatoye.......................................................................... 188
Influence of Work-Family Conflict, Organisational Leadership and 
Mentoring on Employee Performance and Job Satisfaction Among Bank 
Workers in Nigeria
- Ekwugha, Emmanuel Chikaodinaka, Adebunmi Oyebisi Oyekola
(Ph.D) & D. A. Oluwole, PhD............................................................202
Non-Linear Trend Analysis of Test Anxiety and Some Demographic 
Factors Among Low-Achieving Undergraduates in A Public University 
in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria
- Taiwo, A. K..........................................................................................235
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122 Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology Voi. 21, No. 2, November 2019
Determinants and Effects of Street Hawking Among Teenage 
Girls in Gate Area of Ibadan
Dr Abimbola Afolabi
Department of Social Work, University of Ibadan. Nigeria. 
Email: drafolabi.abimbola@gmail.com 
Tel.': 08035627992
Abstract
rhe study investigated thè causes and effect of Street hawking on 
teenage girls in Gate area, Ibadan. The study adopted thè descriptive 
suivey research design while simple random sampling technique was 
used to select 50 hawkers for thè study. The instrument employcd was a 
questionnaire which was tested to be valid and reliable. The research 
questions were answered using frequency, percentages and mean.
The study revealed that thè causes of Street hawking among teenage girls 
in Gate, Ibadan include inadequate family income (Mean = 2.98), 
unemployment of parents (Mean = 2.52), to support family (Mean = 
3.10) and to mftke money for self (Mean = 2.78). Also, it was found that 
thè effects o f Street hawking on teenage girls in gate, Ibadan include thè 
following: 1 sometimes feel unhappy because I am hawking (Mean = 
3.04), I have incurred injuries in thè course of hawking (Mean = 2.64), I 
have experienced physicai violente while hawking (Mean = 2.82), I 
have been sexually hnrassed in thè course o f hawking (Mean = 2.70) and 
Some of my colleagues have offered me alcohol to drink while hawking 
(Mean = 2.66).
The study concluded that Street hawking among teenage girls should of 
importance be stopped. The factors causing Street hawking are to be 
improved upon so as to prevent thè negative consequences of Street 
hawking among teenage girls.
It was therefore, recommended that govemment should enlighten thè 
generai public on thè negative effects of Street hawking by teenagers. 
Also, govemment should provide programmes that will increase 
household income of parents.
Keywords: Street hawking. teenage and teenage girls.
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Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology Voi. 21, No. 2, November 2019 123
Background to thè Study
Street hawking is thè third largest criminal activity in thè world after 
arms and drug trafficking (Tola, 2008; Egwu, Ahmed &Tukur2014). In 
thè last decade, thè phenomenon of Street hawking has considerably 
increased throughout thè world and most especially in Nigeria. Every 
year, millions of individuals, mostly female are misled or forced to 
submit to servitude. Street hawking is thè recruitment, transportation, 
transfer, harbouring or receipt of a female by means of threat or use of 
force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of 
power, a position of vulnerability or thè giving or receiving of payments, 
benefits to achieve thè consent of a person having control over thè child 
for thè purpose of exploitation (African Network on Prevention and 
Protection against Child Abuse and Neglect, 2010).
Abisoye (2013) defined it as thè act of canvassing for sale of items by 
hawkers along thè Street, from house to house or in public piacer in 
town. According to Akpan and Oluwabamide (2010), Street hawking is a 
negation o f thè intemational convention on thè right of thè child. It is 
indeed inhuman for anyone to engagé a child in money-making ventures 
because such a child is denied basic education which is a right for every 
child.
Young female hawkers are in addition particularly vulnerable to all 
forms of violence including sexual exploitation by men (Fawole, 
Ajuwon & Osungbade 2004). The men prefer young girls as sexual 
partners because they assume they are sexually inexperienced and as 
such, are less likely to be infected with sexually transmitted disease (Lily 
Collins & Sara 2009).There are also stress related problems when some 
of thè girls are given to rich families as house helps or baby sitters or are 
sent into thè Street to hawk. Walking across thè Street in various cities 
and towns in Nigeria, one would find a substantial number of boys and 
girls engaged in menial or odd jobs such as newspaper vending. truck 
pushing, prostitution or other forms of forced labour. Most often girls are 
sent to thè Street to hawk all kinds of wares because of poverty related 
issues, and to help supplement family income.
Also, female adolescent hawkers or. thè streets are exposed to numerous 
hazards ranging from physical violence to loss of wares, risk of accident, 
robbery, kidnapping and even murder for ritual purposes. Some of these
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124 Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology Voi. 21, No. 2, November 2019
girls are sexually exploited and forced into prostitution with thè risk of 
unintended pregnancies and contracting sexually transmitted infections 
including HIV (Muhammad, 2013).Nan (2008) identified market places, 
bus stops, major thoroughfares, streets where pedestrian traffic is high 
and where sidewalks are wide, residential areas, as well as newly paved 
roads that quickly attract new cars and foot traffic as hawking locations. 
Onuk and Beshi (2011) added that some hawk in commercial buses and 
along trafile hold-ups.
Risks like motor accident, rape, kidnapping, extortion, sexual 
molestation and thè child involvement in robbery and other anti-social 
behaviours are too great to overlook among children engaged in Street 
hawking. Child hawking exposes thè child to a lot of hazards like sexual 
assaults. neglects and threat of punishment for speaking out. The 
outeomes of these acts usually result in an unwanted pregnancy, sexually 
transmitted diseases, psychologica! problems and hatred for opposite 
gender. Street hawking exposes thè children to dangers posed by 
frmdsters and actual mutderers because of their vulnerability at odd 
hawking hours. Although, ' arious efforts to stop teenage Street hawking 
like passage of Child’s Rights Bill have been made by both thè 
government and non-govemmental organizations, little has been 
achieved as Street hawking continues to be on thè increase. This has 
spurred thè researcher to look into causes and effeets of Street hawking 
on teenage girls.
Street hawking is thè reemitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or 
receipt of a fonale by means of threat or use of force or other forms of 
coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power, a position of 
vulnerability or thè giving or receiving of payments, benefits to achieve 
thè consent of a person having control over thè child for thè purpose of 
exploitation (African Network on Prevention and Protection against 
Child Abuse and Neglect, 2010). Abisoye (2013) defined it as thè act of 
canvassing for sale of items by hawkers along thè Street, from house to 
house or in public places in town. According to Nseabasi and 
Oluwabamide (2010), Street hawking is a negation of thè intemational 
convention on thè right of thè child. Several reasons have been put 
forward as predisposing factors to child Street hawking. These factors
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Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology Voi. 21, No. 2, November 2019 125
include poverty, high cosi of living, lack of sponsorship, poor school 
performance, single parenthood, large family size, peer group pressure, 
poor home conditions, lack of parental care, parentsL unemployment. 
parental pressure, poor scholaslic achievements (Fawoleet al., 2003). 
Baland and Robinson (2000) found out that these children suffer verbal 
abuse, low self-esteem and a loss of imagination. Anagbogu, (2000) 
found feelings of inferiority complex, exhaustion, emotional distress, 
unhappiness and personality disorders to be associated with Street 
hawking. Teenagers especially thè fanale folks are exposed through 
hawking to bc sexually aware too early in lite. In an attempt to sell their 
vvares, teenagers mingle with thè touts in thè motor packs and in thè 
streets. Some of these female hawkers are lured into sexual relationship 
that may result into pie-mature prcgnancy, some may become 
promiscuous following exposure through hawking.
Research Questions
The research questions that study answered are:
1. What are thè causes of Street hawking among teenage girls in Gate 
area, Ibadan?
2. What are thè effects of Street hawking on teenage girls in Gate area, 
Ibadan?
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126 Nigerian Journal of Applied Psvchology Voi. 21, No. 2, November 2019
Findings and discussion 
Research Question 1
What are thè determinants of Street hawking among teenage girls in Gate 
area, Ibadan?
Table 1: The causes of Street hawking among teenage girls in Gate, 
Ibadan
s Itcms SA A D SD Me Decision
1 I hawk 18 19 7 6 2.98 Accepted
becaus (36.0%) (38.0%) (14.0%) (12.0%)
e of
inadeq
uate
family
incoro
e
2 My 15 11 9 15 2.52 Accepted
parents (30.0%) (22.0%) (18.0%) 30.0%)
are
unemp
loyed
3 1 hawk 7 5 17 21 1.96 Rejected
becaus (14.0%) (10.0%) (34.0%) (42.0%)
e my 
father 
is
dead.
4 I hawk 8 7 13 22 2.02 Rejected
becaus (16.0%) (14.0%) (26.0%) (44.0%)
e I 
have 
no
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mother
5 I hawk 13 16 12 2.46 Rejected
becaus (26.0%) (32.0%) 24.0%)
e my 
parents 
are
separat
ed
6 I hawk 21 18 6 3.10 Accepted
to (42.0%) (36.0%) (12.0%) (10.0%)
suppor 
t my 
family
7 I am 10 12 20 2.12 Rejected
happy (16.0%) (20.0%) (24.0%) (40.0%)
hawki
ng
8 I hawk 18 13 9 10 2.78 Accepted
to (36.0%) (26.0%) (18.0%) (20.0%)
make
money
for
myself
The remote and immediate causes of child hawking among teenage girls 
in Gate, Ibadan include inadequate family income (Mean = 2.98), 
unemployment of parents (Mean = 2.52), to support family (Mean = 
3.10) and to make money for self (Mean = 2.78).
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128 Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology Voi. 21, No. 2, November 2019
Research Question 2
What are thè effects of Street hawking on teenage girls in Gate, Ibadan?
Table 2: Effects of Street hawking on teenage girls in Gate, Ibadan
s / ltcnis SA A 0 SD Mea Decision
1. I 23 15 3 9 3.04 Accepted
sometimes 46.0%) (30.0%) (6.0%) (18.0%)
feel
unhappy 
because I 
am
hawking
2. I have 6 21 14 2.14 Rejected
been 12.0%) 18.0%) 42.0%) (28.0%)
involved
in Road
traffic
accident
while
hawking
3. 1 have 11 13 23 3 2.64 Accepted
incurred 22.0%) 26.0%) 46.0%) (6.0%)
injuries in 
thè course 
of
hawking
4. I have 16 5 13 6 2.82 Accepted
experience 32.0%) 30.0%) 26.0%) (12.0%)
d physical
violence
while
hawking
5. I have 7 1 12 10 2.70 Accepted
been 34.0%) 22.0%) 24.0%) (20.0%)
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Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology Voi. 21, No. 2. November 2019 129
sexually 
\arassed 
in thè 
course of 
ìawking
6. 1 have 3 7 4 26 1.74 Rejected
leen raped 6.0%) 14.0%) 28.0) (52.0%)
while 
hawking
7. have had 3 8 24 1.78 Rejected
sex for 10.0%) '6.0%) 36.0%) (48.0%)
money 
while 
hawking
8. 1 have had 6 24 18 1.84 Rejected
an 4.0%) (12.0%) 48.0%) (36.0%)
unwanted
pregnancy
9. Some of 14 15 11 10 2.66 Accepted
my (28.0%) 30.0%) (22.0%) (20.0%)
colleagues
have
offered me 
alcohol to 
drink 
while 
hawking
10 Some of 4 6 18 22 1.84 Rejected
my (8.0%) (12.0%) [36.0%) (44.0%)
colleagues 
have lured 
me to 
stealing
The effects of Street hawking on teenage girls in Gate, Ibadan include thè 
following: I sometimes feel unhappy because I ani hawking (Mean = 
3.04), I have incurred injuries in thè course of hawking (Mean = 2.64), !
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130 Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology Voi. 21, No. 2, November 2019
have experienced physica! violence while hawking (Mean = 2.82), I 
bave bcen sexually harassed in thè course of hawking (Mean = 2.70) and 
Some of my colleagues have offered me aleohol to drink while hawking 
(Mean = 2.66).
Discussion of Findings
The result on Table 1 showed that thè causes of Street hawking arnong 
teenage girls in Gate, Ibadan are inadequate family income, 
unemployment of parents, to support family and to make money for self. 
This supports thè work of Ekpenyong and Nkereuwuem (2011) that thè 
need to continually provide for thè family in thè midst of unfriendiy 
conditions has led women, mcn, youths and children (both male and 
female) to engagé in Street hawking activities. Similarly, Akpan and 
Oluwabamide (2010) said that thè major reasons given by hawkers for 
indulging in Street trading was not because they were forced by their 
parents, but it’s was due to inadequate family income and thè need to 
support their families. This was attributable to thè fact that majority of 
their parents were unemployed. This is consistent with thè findings of 
Onuzulike (2007.) that that low wages contributed to incidents of Street 
trading and child labour as children attempt to help support their 
families.
The result in Table 2 revealed that thè effects of Street hawking on 
teenage girls in Gate, Ibadan include unhappiness, injuries, exposure to 
physical violence, exposure to sexual harassment, offering of aleohol 
while hawking. This finding is similar to that of Olutunde (2013) that 
majority of thè Street hawkers had bcen exposed to one or more hazard 
during thè course of trading. He stated further that physical injuries were 
reported by over three-quarter of thè hawkers in this study. Injuries also 
occurred due to road traffic accident, which was reported by a third of 
thè respondents. This finding is also in line with thè study carried out by 
Abisoye in 2013.
trnpiications Social Workers
In view of thè findings of this study which include unemployment and 
inadequate family income as major causes of Street hawking among
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Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology Voi. 21, No. 2, November 2019 131
teenagers; physical violence, sexual harassment and road traffic accident 
as major effects of Street hawking, actions must therefore be taking 
drastically to cub thè act of Street hawking. The social workers have 
responsibility to intervene in this social problem and must firstly address 
thè issue education for these teenage girls. The introduction of frec 
education by thè govemment to ensure these children have basic 
education will go a long way to curb Street hawking among thè teenage 
girls. The social worker will have to influence policies through 
appropriate mediations and ensure implementation of thè policies. The 
social workers will organize education, enlightenment and awareness 
programmes for various communities to sensitize them on thè ili effects 
of Street hawking among teenagers. The social worker through thè 
Ministry of social Welfare will advocate for improvement in workers’ 
remuneration. Furthermore, thè social workers will liaise with 
appropriate authorities to ensure penalties are meted out to parents who 
violate thè policy.
Conclusion
This study showed that Street hawking is a common form of child labour 
in lle-Ife, in south-westem Nigeria. Adolescents engaged in Street 
hawking were more likely to be aged between 10 and 13 years and were 
also more likely to be females. The occupation of their mothers played a 
significant role in determining if thè child hawked or not. Street hawking 
appeared to have negative effects on thè acadcmic performance of 
hawkers. Addressing thè problem of child labour in Nigeria would need 
a broad-based approach in terms of policies and programmes to tackle 
poverty which seems to underline Street hawking. Mass education of thè 
entire populace on thè ill-effects of all forms of child labour on 
adolescents would also be helpful. There may be need for legislation 
against child hawking in thè long temi to curb this menace.
Street hawking has considerably increased in Nigeria and this is a threat 
to thè implementation of govemment policies especially labour Child’s 
Rights Bill and Child’s Rights Acts. The study found that Street hawking 
resulted in physical violence, sexual harassment, road traffic accidents 
and much more among teenage girls thereby destroying their future. In 
view of this, actions need to be taken.
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132 Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology Voi. 21, No. 2, November 2019
Recommendations
Based on thè findings o f thè study, thè following recommendations werc
triade;
; The govemment should enlighten thè generai public about thè negative 
effects of Street hawking by children.
ii. The govemment should enact policy that will increase thè household
incoine.
iii. There should be establishment of vocational skills acquisition centres 
so that those children that wish to leam vocational skills can be assisted.
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