E m c o n 201 2 Encrgy Tedlnatogy and Management Conference 2012 Aawmment of Household Energy E£6c$emI n badan, Nigeria A.A. Adedim and O.E. SimoIowo Department ofMechanica1 En&&g, Univmiq of Ibadan A B m m Homeholds lequire significant amount of t n q y to meet various servicm like lighting, cooling, heating, cooking, refigeration, electronic enterhimmt ek. There's virtually any household activity that can be canried out without the use energy- The requirement fur household energy in Nigeria has been @owing over time. There are varioua energy sources available to houeolds in the country. T h y include fud woo4 charcoal, saw&& gas, petrol kerome and electricity. It is fairly settled fmm Literatures that electricity is tbe cbeapt and cleanst energy some available. Homvtr, Nigeria, with a population of ova 150 million people only has h u t 4 0% of its population having accm to electricity with most of the people with access living in the arban centres (WDP, 2011). Access to electricity in Nigeria is the divid'ig line between h e urban areas and the rival areas, It can be said that Nigeria is su-g b m ."Enerw Poverty". For a nation that seeks to attain the status of a developed economy, the issue of energy poverty must bE resolved fast. 1.0 ~ O D U C r T O N Households r q u h significant amount of energy to meet various se&es'itke fighting, coohg, heating, cooking, refrigeration, elecbnic entertabmat etc. Therepsv irtually any household activity that can be carried out without the use energy. The requirement for household energy in Niger* has been growing over time. There are various energy wmea available to households in the m n q . T hey include fuel wood, c h o d , sawdust, gas, petrol, kerosene and electricity. It is fairly settled b m literatures that electricity is tbe chews and c h a t e n- source available. However, Nigeria, with a population of over 150 million people only has abut 40% of its population having access to electricity with most of the people with access living in the urban centers W P , 20 1 1). Access to eleclricity in Nigeria is the dividing line between the urban areas and tbe nrral areas. It can be said that Nigmia is suffering fiom "E- Poverty". For q nation that seeks to attain the status of a developed economy, the issue of energy poverty must be resolved'fast. The power crmently geneirated in Nigeria is inadequate, urnliable and insufficient characterized by fresuent voltage fluctuations and power outages ha t l&st s e v d h ours, days and in m e c ases weeks. According to Sarabo (2008), the electricity demand in Nigeria far out strips supply and the supply is epileptic. The demand for power has contitlumsly increased with the relative increase in population. 'Piqued by thew situations, many households now rely on self-generation (wing petrol or diesel genemtors) to complement or substitute the poor and unavailabh grid supply. This is very expensive and so- of air and noise pollutions. The country's electricity demand has continued to increase with relative inmase in population with the utility company facing daunting challenges to meet the demand. To ad&ms the crisis, the Government has set a target to increase the genedon capacity to 10,O MW in 2012 by building 'more th-1 power plants acrohis the country (UNW, 2011). Increase in the generation capacity will provide great potentials for the country. However, the benefits of increased generation portend a threefold consequence viz: faster depletion rate of the country's energy resources (gas); increased cost of energy products and services as well as environmental degradation. Hence, energy 164 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY - 'Emfcos 201 2 Energy Telcnndogy and Managemeat Conference 2012 qal?h~av e identified Energy Micimcy as tbe &t, chipest, clamst and even the fastest maus of gemtion. zffciim cy dm to a Man in the mmgy wed for s given &ce (bating, cadin& lighting, etc) or level of activity (WE,2 010). In 0thw ords, it is propiding fha eama service with lets mount of mmgy. This is only posl3ible if& tecbnobgy and pct icekhwbr {non technical factms) are improved. Energy Efficiency mn bF ~ppIiedto various hms&old energy usages, however, tbi atudy is limited to the appsicatioa of energy efficiency to the management of howhold electricity consumption. E can be implemented h m b oth the supply 8nd demand sides. From the Supply Side, it entails the utifiQ applying efficl~technologiesan d equipment in the genemtion, trammission and distribution of electricity to consum&. Whib on the W a n d Side it deals with employing technologies, appliances or practices to improw the use of mwgy at the level of the end urn. This is also referred to as Demand Side Management. The utilities can on their part promote the end-user e f f k i e n qb y devising and implementing techniques and technolopia that ensure conwrmera use en= more efficiently. Examples include instalhiion of mat meters at tbe midents of c~~ to enable them track their energy mmmption (Jmsita & Christophc, 2010). Another way is by ~truclvringth e tariff in such a way that it eocomges consumers to shifl their consumption to off peak periods (ICTPEC, 2002). If EE is imbiM by householth in Nigeria, it will lead b the fbllo- Savings of pemnal income - home ownm pay h a a s they m m eh Mare c o m m m 4 11 have etc- to mew - the energy saved in p h c s with access to electric@ can be sent to areas without access, Fewer gmmting plants would be needed; hence money needed for building more power stations will be sperlt on other competing sectom of ttte economy. Mbimhc impacts of gmaation on tbe environment. Energy remums are depletable; i n d eff iciency will gumantee their future susbhbility and adabillty. 'Household tlecirieity use accuunts for about Wk of the total electricity u d i n Nigeria But the typid homehold wastes d one third of that energy yearly*. This is mostly due to the uhie of Wcient appl ia and indiscrimhate consumption pattcm. Thus, the energy saving potentiat of the residential -or is very high, Hence, this study intends to investigate means in which energy can bt managed in houblehol& The cm@dp w p c of this study is to identify and explain in energy effIciw perf- for & b d s in madao, Nigeria The specific objectka of the study arc (1) to i d d f y technical and nontechnical (behavid) mwmm to reduce energy constunption by househoMs in Nigeria; (2) to w tp o s s i b l e ~ dfeor~ th e development of EE @ices and masum in mgeria. 2 0 M E T H o D O m The study was conducted in the metropolitan ma of h d a n the capital city of Oyo state south-wesrern Nigaia The city is located bctwecn latitude 7.23~n dof ~the cquatm and 3.230 cast of the Gmawicb maidiaa 1t was a total area of 3080 km2 and hadl a popdatbn of a-tely 1,400,000: he lbdm metropolh is divided by fhe PHCN hto six business dts . 15 howholds were &mly selected in each unit. T h b m a d e a t o t a l o f 9 0 ~ I d sS t m ~ q u m t i o n n a i r e s w m e ~otbota bddata h m th e 90 ho~holdsD. ak obtainad were on technical and non-technical c ~ t i c ofs ela ctricity c o ~ t i r mby bpusbldsl. Uthr instrumeats used in the study arc interview, physics1 m c y and review of existing documents h m = levant ktitutiom. The data obtained were analyzed using the .? dkXWOft -1 S a ~ t i C sdo ftware. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY E ~ C W201 2 Enel-& Twhnalugy and Management Conkmnre 2032 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Gmml c ~ t e ~cs ofhfou sehalds: DmHm afdectdd& supply: power supply in the city is poor, 69% of the sampled household claim that they j u t have electricity supply behem zero and nine hours per day (Figure 1). This is a likely situation in othcr cities in Nigerh This is expected to &ect the pfkm in which households managt Wir energy. i 3 - 3 + E 7.9 1&12 13-15 16-18 1g-24 i Dumclon per day {horn) L I m e 1: D uration of electricity snpply. Source: Field survey data ManagmW ofh~useholden erm: energy efficiency as defined is the simply the management of use to reduce wastage. When people do not kaow bow to manage energy, it will eventually lead to wastage. The results revealed that about 63% of the sampled households do not know how to manage energy while 3 1% chimed they how how to manage their energy use (Figure 2). I NU a n s w r i I - I FIgnre 2: Respondents ~ e s p ateo the question '% y ou h o w to m a g ee nergy in ywr home?" Source: Field survey data Typs of meter Installed: more than half of the sampled howeholds (53.3%) hve the analogue mew installed while 3 1.1% have the smart meter and 14.4% do not have any meter type installed (Figure 3). UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY I w rQR i F ~ 3 : ~ 0 f ~ ~ i q , ~ ~ S-i Field mmy t i a h Electrfddy bill satkfactftm: the results showed that 68% of the sampied households are not satisfied with their eltctricity trills while. 33.3% are satisfid (Figure 4). Further findings shows that 9Wh of the rapondents satisfied wi4 their bills are those that have the smart meters installed in their homes. Not Satlsfkd r Rgnre 4: Household's electricity bill ~atisfactio~ Source: Field mey data Fachfs tbat Muem choice of applhrm: lots of f&ctora influence the choice of appliance a consumer purchase and use. Fig= 5 rev& that price and durabiity me the most cansidered factors white appliance rating which should be highly considered is rather the 1-t. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 4mfCan 3012 Enerw Techwlrtgy and Martagmum Conference 2012 A m - : App- rqmmt the b i i d e n t i d e Mcity us# growth area in the cmtry due to the growth in popuhtion &Id7 a f 5 m l M i W of applimes (mptcrdly old -@hand qplimca) that i n a f f ~ t . To d-'s trend and pment Nigeria k r n becoming a dumping p m d for srich spplhmes, enagy l e g p roptmus mist be ~~ LaMng programmes are &bed at radfy iq the selection criteria of cmmmem by M g Leir ~ i i o tna t he en- conrmmption of househoId appli-rn B n q y efftciency b i a a w infmmtive hbels Ma appkaces, indicating the sppbnce energy rating and pdammce Zn m eA frican 5 c m t r i a like Ghana, South Africa, Egypt and Tunisia, energy M h g i s m fully O M O W L Appli#ws tbat are commdy hbcM hhdt refrigerators, fmmm d air ~~o~ amd a me of other appliancws such as rice c o & ~ , waW h ~ ~ g ~ a n d w ~ m a c h i n e . ~ m t w ~ & ~ o f ~ b tbheplaactedocn a a an appban~te*n hsemept *Is and compdson labels. -B l&eL lndioatc that p d w t b~cl ong e fh -most eaagy efficied class ofpmducts or m& a ~ 6 d s E a a d a r d o r o t i g i b i lTi ~h~b~ t y p e d l a l l e l ~ ~ ~ t h a t ~ ~ c t r r m o e t ~ ~ ~ h ~ l a b e ~ m a ~ y b e ~ ~ ~ y d s w k f a r e n ~ ~ f f i c i t n c y a t i t mayb~an"Ee~W"(Hd~@m&D&q~), UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ETMCou 2012 Enew TerSIndElgy and Management Conference 2012 the country (WEC, 2010). For emmpb, Nigeria may decide to set a s t a d a d t hat diigaators consuming more than 300kWh/yr will not be dowed into the country. Diskibution ofsmartmeters: The electxicity metering spfem in the city is very poor. Lots of haweholds are still using the old analogue me- that have become ob801ete and many still do not any m e k at all. To this end, many horn are plaoed on wstbtcd bills end this does not promote enagy efEciency. Since consumas h o w that they do not pay exactly for what they use, they will waste energy. The ust of smart (prepaid) mctcrs can help change tbe bebavioar of consumers to emqy c&icntly especially in the "fam-to-bc" type of housiig. Hence, &ere should be mawive distribution of the mart me- witbin the city. This will not only help househoids to track their energy u s a b~ut will also emme consutnm are charged on a bay as you consume hes'. Pmvidinghmdal hcentim: Providing incentives~f6&ur&asing energy efficicnqp roducts can used to change the behaviour of conaamers to promote cntrgy efficiency. This has been applied effectively in different of the world. In Nigeria, policy should be put in place to encowage people to switch h m t he use of less efficient to more &cient appliana. Furhumore, incentives should be' given to local, m a ~ u f ~ ~ tamndm m arketers of electrical appliances to encourage them to provide more energy efficient appliances. Nm-tedmtcal measures: These are measures that can be taken k t I y b y the households to manage their enagy use efEcieatly. They are mainly changes in bcbaviom (energy c o ~ t i o pnat tern) in ordm to reduce the en- wastage. Rduce the use dMescentliM buIbs: Mwt of the sampled households use the incaadmcent bulb ( F i i 8 ). lncandtscent bulbs am very tllergy intensive. &ording to M o t (2009), only about 5% of total energy used by an incandescent bulb is convtrted to light energy, the remaining 95% is convated to heat energy. Itirandwfint FnPrgy L~vin& Bulb type pigme 8: oibvibs uscd by h h 0 1 d s . Swrce: Field survey data Energy consumption in thex hor*rcboIds can be d u d if indtxcent bulbs are replaced with energy saving M h like compact flumescent Lights (CFL). The rating of incan&scmt bulbs range from 40 W Lo 170 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY E m C o + 2012 Energy Technology and Management Conference 2012 I the country P C , 2 010). For example, Nigeria may decide to set a s t a d a d that reweratam c o m i n g more than 300kWh/yr will not be altowed into the couniry. Distribation ofsznartmettm: Tbe electricity m e w s ystem in the city is very poor. b t a of households are stilI using the old analogue m e w that have become obsolete and m y st ill do not my meter at dL To this end, m y homes are placud on eehated bills and this does not promote energy efficiency. Since conmunets h o w tbat they do not pay w t l y f or what they use, they will waste energy. The use of smart (prepaid) meters can help chauge the behaviour of consumen b we energy efficiently especially in the 'Yhcemfwe" type of h d n g . Hence, there should be m i v e d istribution of the smart meters within the city. This wilJ not only help hauseholds to track their en- usage but wilI also ensure mnmmms are charged on a 'pay as you consume bases'. I -2 A - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ R F : Providing incentives for ptmhing energy efficiency products caa uaed to change tht behaviour of m m m m s to promote energy eficimcy. This has b ~ apnplie d effectively in diEmnt parts of tbe world In Nigeria, policy should bc put in place to mcmrras pwple to switch from the use of less eficient to more efficient appliance%h rfhennore, incentives &odd be given to local ~ u f a andc ma~rkete rs of c M c d e pphuces to encourage them to prwide more energy emient appliances 1IT-calwm: These are m e w tb at can be taken directly by the households to manage, their energy use efficiently. They are d y e b g a in Ixhaviom (energy consumption pattern) in order to reduce tbe mrgy m R Reduce use o f ~ ~ t I @ t ~ : Most of the mnpM households use the incmhcent bulbs Q i p 8 ). Incandescent bulbs are very en- intensive, M i n g t o Lebot (20091, only about 5% of total energy used by an incmdesoent bulb is converted to light energy* the remaining 95% ia converted to heat energy. F@m k Types of bulb wed by howhoIds. So- Field survey data Energy conm&ptim in these househob can be rcdvccd if inmudescent bulbs are rep lad with cncrgy saving bvlbe like compact Boonscent LigbU (CPL). The d n g o r incandwccot Wbs range from 40 W lo 170 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Z W C a a 2012 Energy 'fechoology and Management Co~lkrence2 012 variw18 ageacie&caa$ed with fie responsibilities fa developing and enfmcing standards should be adequately empowed&wurdinate and monitor the imp1ementation of energy efficiency policies. The National C e n m for Energy hearch should cohbmte with the universities of technologies io the counhy for knowledge and research sharing to help the development of energy efficiency technologies in PJigzia. Oovernment shmld st up t national fund for the pmmotion of energy efficiency in the cowtry. Stand& and labding progmmm ahodd be inmduced to establish national standds and labels for NiMa. This is to enable consumers identify magy efficient appliancm. Policy should be set to reduceleliiinate tbe im-tion of old and -dent ~econd-handa ppliances into the cormtry* Prepaid (mm) meters should be dismbutd to households to allow them properly track and manage their e = ' e r g y v . Awareness programmes ahould be planned to enlighten the dtizemy on the h e f i t s of energy eficiency. 4.0 CONCLUSION It is a trubm that energy is the cog that M w t he wheel of the economy of asy nation. The greater the amount of energy mailable, h e f aster the wheel lam. While EE is t8e hbricant that can be applied to &e cog to enable it run smoothly. Thus, EE can be employed as a key driver of sustainable development for any nation's economy. Employing EE strategies in Nigeria will address a variety of objectives, including .reduction of wash~,~$&Il3i~r~rve~dt mennt eed in generation and en-tal protection (local pollution and defomtation]: By reducing the amount of energy consumed by households, EE a n b e the main strategy for increasing the availability of energy within the comtry. R is an ener&y m a gen erated from the "would have otherwise wasted" resources. Every kWh saved is equal ttr kwh generated a d i t i~ easier to save than to m k . EE will help reduce the buge need of inve8hmt for expanding en= infrastructure, the~byh i n g capital fm other p p m a o r avoiding 1mkge.s of capita1 that limits economic gtwvtb; more generally, it will cnhance economic development by & i energy shortages and contniute to poverty eradication. I t will coptribute to environmental protection hy reducing local pollution and deforestation in particular, especially in rural areas where many howhlds &dilol n ot ham accm to electricity and have to rely on fuel wood. REFERENCES CIPW (2002). Energy ElRciency Planning and Management Guide. A publication of Canadian Industry Program for Energy Conservation. ww w.oee.nrcan.ac.ca CREDC (2009). Energy BBcfen~yS urvey in Nip&. A publication of Community Research and Development Centre. -nW.org Harrington L. and F c s M. (2004). Enew Labelling md Sfandards Pmgmmm Thm~~gf~toheu t World. A pubhation of-the National Appliance and Equipment Enerw Eficiency Committee, Australia. NAEEEC Report 2004404 Jwia S. And Christopbe D. (2010). Evaluatiun dResidenth1 Smrt Meter Polici~W: EC-ADEME Case ShdIes m Energy iWIciency Measures and Polides. Published by VaasaeTT Global Energy Think Tank UNIV RSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY EEMCon aale Energy Tecbt~afogya nd Management Ebnferenre 2012 Lebot, B. (2009). Energy ElZndenqv and Market Tmwformatlm:A Short Overview of Best Practl- A paper presented during the Inception W o M o p of the UNDF-GEF PPoject to Promote Energg mciency in Residential 9nd Public Building in Nigeria, 14th July 2009. S d o , AS. 2008. Matching supply witkt Paper pmiented at the National Workshop on tbe Participation of State G a v ~ t ins th e Power Sector, 29 My, Ladi Kwali Hall, Sheraton Hotel and Towers, Abuja. UNDP, 201 1. Pqiect h p H m R eport: h o t h g E n- EHciency irr Residential and P u b k Sector in N e d . U nitad Nations Deveiapment Rogmme (UWP)N igeria, May 201 1. WEC (2010). Enmgy Gfirclemy: A Recipe for Sue- A publication of World Energy Council, ww,worldeeerev.or~ UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY