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Proceedings of the third National Conference of the 
Forests and Forest Products Society . 
3rd- 6th April, 2012 
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CopJafi 02012 Research for Dmelopnmt in Foreshy; Fomt P m d a~nd  Nuturd Resources 
Mmagemetrt 
AU tightr resewed No part of this publication may Be mpmduced, stored in n retrieval systen or 
t rmnzbd  in mfbi7n or by any mum, electmnic, magnetic tape. mechanicai, photocopying, 
m&ding or otheulr. without pamissi~nfm m the Pmident, FomB md Forest PrudtlcEs SocieC 
l h p w t m n t  p ~ o m~&t  oum~p~ana~ernmt .  
*odueftmuo~f rnCeE&gs: 
Eomb andForest Products Society 
Dep~t~fl&Resources~anagement 
Unhxdy of Jbadan, Nigeria 
F&&gof_Proceedfngs: 
neb0 Rinis 
No. 29MeIaja Stmet, off uncle Joe 
Mokola, Ibadm 
Tel: 234 (0)0&034650144 
Correct citation of ikispublicair*~~~: 
One.feli,A.O., Isese, M.Q.O., andOIuwayomi,T.L. (2012) 
T~xonomicalC fassScakion and Physical Health Assessment of Avenue Trees in tbe. Faculty of 
Agriculturu and ~orestjU, niversity of Ibadan. (OnyeJcwetu, LC., Agbeja, B.O., Adekuale, V.A.J., 
Lameed, G.A, Adesoye, P.O. & Omole, A.O. - Editors) Proceedings of the Third B i , d a l N ational: 
Conference of the Forest a d F d Pro ducts Society, field at the University of Xbadan, Nigeria. 3-6 
ApriI 20 12-p~75. -84 
Copia of Proceedings can bepurclrasedfrom: 
d o  Dr. B.0 Agbeja C/O Dr. VAJ. Adekunle 
Department of Fomt Resonrces Mwnagement 'Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, 
University of Ibadan, Nigeria. ' FedexaI University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 
Ernair.. olashaa~whao.com Email: vaiadekunle(a~d~oo.comq 
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Table of Contents 
Preface 
Key noteAdWs - b e r i b  Prof S XA deyoja 
L e d P apers 
-Stahts of&rcsi cover in Nigda-ProfS.0. M e l e. ....... ............ ........~..,~,,,.,.,..~~~.~.~..~...... ...1. ........~. 
-Demmmtion, & & h i  and Wowtation- Prof S.O.O. B.a.&...j.o.. ............................................................................................... 8 - ~ e ~ ~ o f W h t i w . O M u m a n H d t h - SOAlrfw,  dann .................................................... 
-ModtlingStanddevclopmmtwith~teMarIro~-prOfJS...A..Q..s..h....o.... ... ................................;................................
16 
2..4.. . 
-Climate Clmg~andBoatoyrittinC bdh@&-RofLAAyodtI8 ................B.~m .: ...... ....................................*.... 30 
sirs - TWME 1:- GEOGWHICAL X N F O ~ A T I S~YNST EMS ASNPLLED m F O cov~m ~ l  r l ~  
w USE, 
--phi4 InfomationS pkm (GIS), Opbadt, BA  Aiyelojn, AA.,Aigba, H.I., .....................L. ..- ... .. ................ 3 8 
-Pmpects ~fRwnobsae~and~~hidMllnatim-Q.V.~ola&dS.O.Akinda..I...e.. ...............................4. 6 
-The Potential ofPariiciptoq B t 0 p p h i c T r h m ~J-~ b , D n BUB&,  egha,A.U .......................................................S  1 
S U B - ~ ~ P F O ~ B ~ F ~ RGYROWAINNGSIDY) Cl(ASS&SSM&NT 
-bawme~dofTkeoSpeC;me~t haFdty ofA@dhm-AdqemiAA dAdeoyc. ................................................ 56 
. -- ~ ~ ~ ~ p o s * I t i ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ o f a ~ i e a l ,..........,...........-......~......~... g 6S5 . B ~ ~ ~ y a  ~6alQ~fi~~timandPhysicdHdth-O~f~li,AlMO,I.d...w...~.. ...M,...,..,,.O.L....:O  ..................7. 5 
-Tree$ inUtbanArea: Silvmy of I roko~Bm~TJ . ,B~ba lo laEan~dD O.n feliA.0. ....................................... ... ............ 85 
,-Timber h o m e sI nventory Uaing OIS in Omo -0.S. OlaIceop and 03.A dedoyin .................................................. 92 
, -Flora,Agricultural Crops and~quati~c lmt~s&minotf t he Caster Wetlands of Lagos State, 
Nigaia-AWjaJcnyu4ni ..... :........ ..................... ............... ............................................... ........ 10j 
SUIS-TEI-R-FQ~PATH0WGYANX)~MDLOGY . 
-EWcctofageonthsNamal& &tEntofGmdi~ hrbonm (R-) Woodto Subtermman 
l h & e s ' A t t a c k - ~ J . M .  wodo, J.O. and- 0.3 ................. :................. ................. , ................ 108 
- L i e m odificationo fwoodchipa of G m e I i n a m h( ROBqusiagioo whibRot Fungi- 
OladapoFM.AdttogusA.C. mdOlwadnreA.0. ...................................................................................................... 112 
-Antimicrobial Evaluation ofGmcInia Kolaseed Extracts onsome Humaa Pathogeriie 
mimwganh-AweA&.FafadeB.O.AmadiJ,Q.andOladapF.M ......... ....... .A ............................................... 116 
- -Bioaetivity of the hfeximcis ofMorindal ucida (Renth1 against cowpca~ru&d, 
CafIarobMflm milatw (FXCOLBOFTHW CHRY~0MRLIDAN)-Aj. a.y i05. E ...............................  .,. ......... 120 
SUB -'CREME 4:-FORESTM P O ~ T P R O B U U~"SrI LI+U'IN 
-Prospa ofpulp sndpqerproduetion
OgunwwsimfiP. Onwualu .............,. .f.r..o..m..a.  gr iculturems?winNigaia-AA  ................... . .......... .............................................................1..2..6. . 
, iProspeEtsofNigWianhrdhod~ peeiefso rpencil@uction-Admiyi, I.M,Badejo S.O.O., 
Baiyewu, UAdejoba,OR'dAlaoO.J.. ,. .................,. ...... ........................................... . . . . ...... ........ 134 
- h ~ n t o f t h a ~ a x r d ~ t i o n p m ~ c s o ~ i g e t i a m m a d e w a o d p l ~ t i c  
cumpodtesOmAfrimn, 0.0.a ndAdesope,k. ...................... A.... ................................................. ......+.......:. ............ 138 
-Useof~ldWater~etsofPhmb~goz~Ianlca(teadwood)Fmh~otBark' As 
Pathide on African Wfwh {CIc~ritwG wfphw,B h d d ,  1822) Juveniles -Akinola, 
~ y m l a ~ l w e g u n d ~ ~ ~ g % O m o ~ ~..e....A :. .d Ae  .d....a....~....o.... ............................................................. I41 
- ~ o ~ e r s i ~ n ~ c i , ~ ~ n ~ u w w o o d ' p ~ m i lStla!cs,PoIigfm~h-a ~ b o m  
OmolaAO.andB.M.lmob ..........................................-..-......... ...--................. ............................1.4.-6  . 
-Cbanunges ofSushWng WoodIndllseiGg and~aw~ a a e ~ isauplp ty'in Nigerian ~ e ~ r e s s e d  
B c o m y - A d ~ ~ l % A*-- *N~ -  v . . . . ~ ~ ~ I I I I . ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I - I I I I I - I I I I I I -- --I-IIII..I-III-..-.........IIIIIIIII.II........+.. ..........I.I.I II..I..~... ........ 154 
-Dimensional Stability ofsuitding Blocks Production from Wood Waste and sand- Badejq 
S.O.Baiyswm,RA.A&jobq 0.R mclAdcl~Ei .A. .... ;...---........ .......-.... , ............................................................ 158 
-Evaluationoff ibre Chmmmhrica 0fPIcwmuco50: A l a mu sed species-Adejob%0 .R 
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SITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Challenges of sustaining Wood Industrfes and 
Raw Material supply in Nigerian Depressed Economy 
Adewole, A. N. 
Demment of Agric and Environ Engfneerlng, 
F m @  of h o , Ch iv@r~oifg  mdan 
e-mait; l: -ro 
MobiI8: +2348033963 707 
~ b s t r a c t  
Engineering&~socid, econdmicr;ndhuman deve~optenat ndtlrrd~~~oiunrsh owledge oJ90cisty and in~mtrtlc~ums. 
I; C a majorfactorln introvaih andh the tise andfdl of civilhution. Xhe challenge ofsustaining wood industrim and the 
sypbof  w d as raw materht in Mgera ar this era of aonomtc d-in is consided an enginewfng challenge. it is 
believed that mgln~ear~m m c a f l y& aln+ta d& challeqpa in o&tv attain a set gwf. Hence, this- isd ewred 
lo m ' d n g i mpact of ewnomlc d ~ m s i o ohn wodglyp& ID Nigerian wood sector and accompanying challenges to 
qihews. B e w ay mi was enwnerad to include the d d o p m m to f afternahmwra w materialf rom array of Nun. lTmbrr 
.F omt hdrrcts (NWPs) to complement wood wppfy, dewloprnerrt of capacl~folro cal fibrication of w o d  working 
mockin= andcontinus reseamh on means of dewloping~nlmehodoIogain~d~e ngineemuret o also mfocured to adapt 
and domaifcute modem technologies. Hour natbn e m p mperb hmms its mo~vcesan d enginering, we would 
d&&be  able tostay doat of the~rwenbt  vubledmn~rny, 
Keywords: Wood induskim, Raw m a t i ,E  n g i . ~ e ~ c h a Elelon, o micPBpresion,N igeria 
Introduction 
Enginwing, as a human endeavour plays critical mlts ha ddmsing the iarge-scale pressing challenges facing the societies 
worldwide, Such largescale Mlenges, mmqiing to UNESCO (2010) report include access to affordabIa health care; 
taokling the coupled issua of en-, hapaparbtiona ad dimto change; providing more e@CebIe access to information for 
m,populatims;c lean dtinlcing warn natud aad m m - d d isaster mitigation, envir-tal protection and natural 
mmwcc management, among nummus othni. Hence, the preedca of mg+ering naturally goes with challenges And 
en- rn pariicularly trained to handle these challengw no matter tba mture, magnitude or pource to tflgurc that the set 
goal for targcmd devdopmont fa a & d .  The hporknw ofenglnoering as a profwim is  tbw immeasurable in making 
lib meaningful and comfomble to &d xegardless o f t ime and conditions. As such, ths continue effort of Nigerian 
Society of hgkeering (NSE) to mobfizn the anginetring community to become more effective in delivering real products 
8 n d m i c e s  ofbenefit to tho eociety in a d~veIophgw unlxy me Nigeria and at this t h e o f economb depression is a vitally 
important responsibility. 
Nigeria's economy ia still underdewloped and depdcd on the existaw of abundant resources,N igeria has o m  of the 
e w td tvtlopmunt potsnthh h A ~ ~gcivBen the vastncsrr of her resouroes (Aduwole and Onilude, 201 1). Despite tbese 
potandds, Nigeria is tM among the poor& cwntriea of the world with fior -my mired by huItip1e difficulties. The 
undisputable fact about Nigeria's economy b-that tbe pmt-eo&d governments .wen bedeviled with comption snd 
m i s m m ~ e n th ereby preventing the channeling of the country's abundant returns from crude oil, into lasting 
impmvement in infrartructuie and the cmtruction of a sound base for so1f-sustaining economig development, The 
resultant effect ia that Nigeria ia as at now poom than it was at herindepideme in 1960 (Anon,2 012). 
Porests in Nigeria are being depleted at an M grata a nd only a mere 5% is reported to be left ss 8t 2002 due to 
onwmtmlled I& and cunvmbn to round pole and lumber IPopoola, 2006). Tho engineers in tbe wood sector art 
mtrmtly ihingpmbIemrr o c c a s i db y eh- ofatrpply ofwwdm mkhl and the s m to f economic depression. The 
b i g c ~ ~ n io hwow  to sustaint he woodindustrial l s G c t w d  consistsot mainraw material supply. The a ho f this paper 
bto mvicw andsuggest solution to the challoagea faeiag mghdngpraaticw9nd engineers inthe Nigerian w dsec tor. 
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-1- #8tUlaIw W w d I n d w t i u  and Amv M-1 suppiy In NIgc&n D q t d B wno~ny 
Ewnomic Crhhf rom GloW wid Ni&gi&n Perspecfiws 
Thd hpaet of tha global m e l h o n &a m a m y o f the developing nations is more pronounced. Aniekan (201 I )  
reported that the ghhimeltdownwas apzodwt of combination of~ecificdyW Westbtn problems and wider weraknw~in  
.the wodd economy. Its effocbt hw have Watnn h,in kmatiorid a dn ational ?spereussions. nough few economies 
were buEcred from thu depmsion, Itwomnd aa alraadyblodc ~momiepicturefo r the rest of the world. Weskxn markets 
muId absorb f i ~ ~cotmrn odity hpwts as pmductiw&.l l aad incomes dwmdled, And this forced the prices and earnings of thcnationa prodmhg foo& andmw matar@ to drop, 
Nigeria's ecanomy is not also sparod from tha depmsion, though the country's eaonomic depmsion was not 
pronouncedunti1l ate 1970's. The -ion has be en^^b y rapid invmtment recession accompanied with quick 
. -fall in indmtdd piduction, starting from the induahies that produetd capital goode and extanding quickly to consumer 
pmciuEta Mda. The dqxqsion appears to be mom of- t hm& a economic went in that it reaches into countless lives, 
c r d n g h adship, d o na d h ao f eab&p.The BZ I- d e p M l qely on imported capital and manufacture goods 
and Nigariea market waa datdudd by fodgn fmw d w the WAC, Jdhn H01t among o h with  its underdevclbped 
i n h & u c ~ ~ t h e ~ v y l ~mMd pi stt[aO luk~tm1,  992;19niekan, 2011 ): 
me need W arIsw to develop indigsnow capacity to expbre the blassiag of natures in our ~nvimnmenti n 
c&& witk abundanthnm um%in  vadous&cipb, particularly engineering fields, tb mitiga tc Ihe fall out of 
the this country's wonomfc mi&. Far any nation b &y &mtnf the pment troubled economy, it has to properly hamas its 
reaom88 and Engin*. 
o j d ~ ~ f ~~&o x mpt Rb~ y o u m ' mWdS & ~ F ~  
~ i ~ & ~ ~ ~ h d i \ i d Rtwdo.i mhuhb~13~ oriea~dimdythebi&foil8stinthesouatnhd  t h e w m a w odhnds intbb 
narth.TWsitwtnnah, which is &out foltfm oft$&~ 0 ~ 1 3 ~ s f i r ~ n r e a mm~a~idiyi hees1 woodand poles while the high 
fmat 0.c. the f.atnfomt] supplies host'al ld d c tim ber and lumboi: CoI~nia&l vemment in Nigtria at the late end of 
thel8[10sw asrspmM to h begun ~BtabUBbmm~t ffbrtatrdswws( hofor,  2000; C.B.N.,2 001).Ths rcrrtrvea had p w n  
to 93,420 squam Mometwa as at 1970. Fore$ -on in the late 19508 w a ~lar gely by natural raseeding and the 
gwemment establishad somep laatalions in locations like M o h e j i ,  shasha etc..T%ec ampaign by government in 1960 for 
dwolopmant of fofoktplantati~yflids dedremlt withplanhg off ~ t - ~ r o weixnot~ic  speciess u& as~earkan d ~rnelinab y the 
Stab govaamemts Eo stqrply timbsr; pulp, pol-, and'flrel wad. Despite phis development, forestry's share of Nigeria's 
qanding ODP d e d b d h m6 % iniha lnta 1950s to 2% in &a Iata 1970s and 19803 (C.B.N., 200 1). The earnings from the 
ex& oftimber and wood producta decliad 6% (of expoa.income)i n 1960 to 1%  in 1970 and reduced nothing in the 
Lte 1970s and 1980s due tu h-eh d b m a t i c d( C.B.M, 2001). 
Niptian fbmi has smw bean aperimming h a s i n gp msure on wood supply due to the progrksivc i n w e i n !he 
domatia need oc&& by growing popukio~T.  hs p w h gp opulation would not have b ~ c nof  concern if there at.e 
emugh woad to go a m d D epletion of impatant resorrroes likp wood often brings along witb it poverty, disease, 
mnhiutrition and o hds ath (Amofor, 2000).f ads& the importance of free was captured by Lucns (2000) that - e l m  eta 
will result a a h p o d d w d  -10 am d I y fo rced to dmtmy their anvironmmt in prder to suwive. 
3ustnhbiIity is t h ~ p r a ~ ' o f ctb~atowinll a hWpcOp1~ta  haye amughrwowces~ugthh eirlife and tho lives o f  
fu-  ti^. Sust&&ility of &ad mmly wauld them£- be pomible by cmaerving t~eeus ing all means possible 
CharacWti~os  f m a n W mdIndustr~ 
Available evidtnct ~ F ~ D e pofF~iuat~ry (FnDF) it n d i d t hat the n&of wood based industries 
in Nipria is gensraIly on tho ~ e a x w p t t h atht e wmbetof g a d ind ustry has declined. As at 1993, the General Wood 
andVaneer Ctnwd# Ltd, Canada who WM amploy& by the Fed& Department of Porntry to carry out some a t u d i o~n  
fha wood based hdwtlrim rwaelwlfht herowmu dtagdm 1715  wood industries in Nigeria consisting of 1700 sawmills, 8 . 
plydb, 4 pardd~bo ard mills apd 3 paper A.Bu t a mport o f t h  survey by Beak Constants Ltd in col~abomtiunw ith 
-Ucomahh tmnational thmda also crmpl- by tha PDF in 1997 rwedcd that ths number of wood based industry bad 
d d h df irom th lwel of f 715 h 1993 to 1373. Tbasa amprid of 1349 sawmills, 10 Plymilh, 4 Particlebomd mills, 3 
Papermills ell Matehandsphta hto& FDF,ZW). 
AithoughK~@anwmd hdwtry Is chatachxhd with formal and informal sectors, the report caph~edal l sawmiIIs be 
it w d l ,  mudim and scala The f o n dw ood -tor akhrally comprised of few integrated mills IiIcs f i a n T i m b t r  and 
Pi- Saws, Pi&orit at Ologbo, A * m i ~ ~ ~ I n d Sw-wokod y ~ In dushy, Cabbar, Iyayi Brothers, Benin 
City, Qma woods, Ogrtn Stats, KPJoiaery aadmantturs Company, hadaq WOODCO, Ikeja, BPBSOIG Ikeja md others. 
Ths m a f o r d -  i#dw€rimi n Nigexia am typicdly lurge oapacity facilities euch as large sawmills, plywood miU, . 
155 
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pulp ad p~parplwtaw ash papex recyclingp lants'aad othcra. M O S&~m ess cornpan& have dcPrcciabd and are d e r i n g  
h m o bsolusceme with major problem baing lack of qme pa&- fw tha wipment @t are averagely 50 yean of age. W e  
same of tbwe ~ompmima n no mom in &ce those in existence are running Wow real capacity. The informal sector 
iaefuda tbe chainsaw opemtm, roadside carpenter, sale enterprise sawmiIk, ssaw doctom, wood machinery repair outlets 
Dtber servicep roducer, 
Though the ntrmbcr of sawmills ~ u dpro,dact ion has not d-4 commensurately,T his is because even Ihough 
wood i n d d w i  am finding it increasingly difficult to obtain dasinibb 8im ofpopular tree; species, litre ~ansoniah,  k o a nd 
Maho&uy from ?Uig& f m Itb cy bave bean forced to acp* the range of exploited qecies to species which hitherb 
wen regarded as uneconomic. Also the chsitlsaw had found rdcvatl~ein lumbering activities with its attendant material 
wastage and risks. It i a  common in emersing ama in Ib&m, for instame to, to f i d  chimaw operatoz conye- trees on 
land to be dcvclopd h hitherto vf2lap into lumbar For in sim usa All tlrerra ars activities that results b m w ood supply 
8h-e andwcalaating cost offhemostly immature woodrrvaila@h ourplankm~kut. 
~ f l e &u f l i ~ r m e d ~ w n a manyd  ~00dSwppiyySliorragso n Food Industrim 
*Thea il boom of ahs 19708 id& down wcpm b qmost  of the wood from our forests was- diverted to domes tic 
construction indwbiee. The mc@mllcd coltun~rchetxl pt016adon-to satis& local demand for wood further sbrunk wood 
supply. Althwgb privataly o w n a d - h em ar& in the Iats ainckeah century; ths local demand for cornmemid wood 
. pducts (excluding p& aad paper) threatened to wrhaustrersm b e the y ear 2000. In 1980, the, Structural Adjuslment 
Pmgmmne (Sm presmied by Pbi World Bank to address eoanomfG rcwisionin dayeloping countries impact negatively 
'dnwo~d~tprinth~act  ostafmajorforesto~mequi~riseatoab~~20(W0o0r%fd Bank, 1992;APiekan,2011]. 
The ~ b w o m ~ & o uto sthe  extmtthat m y w  o o d ~hatve t~o be  closed down or left with rmservimabIe or 
depreehhg w o npta ab aad equipmat, ThIs M, hubt BE- the t tcbnicq financial offi~ioncya nd cost recovery of 
t b m  wristing woodinbtrim. The induskit9 operationsw m'mignificmtly affected k sueba way that thc capacity utilizatidn 
w m q m t d y  droppodto 30% popoh, ZOlO)..Ths f d @ r e q m o m lw~o odspies like Apa, Orno, Opcp, Imko among 
othm ~ V bePcom e pltrils large girth log is almost m a b b , T he stack is largely dominated by small girth and 
logs that will ahmt carteinly poses pmblem to the end w m ( tngbcra) ifnw me& of containing the inhemnt 
)mitations areaotfashionedout 
Bhhg ~awmillafo r instance, are duigned to handle w e d iameter hgs, the small girth logs will certainly be 
cwverted with low reeovwy ekespt bsttex method ia developed The informal stqor of wood industry is growing despite 
thm h im ost of their advi t ia  am W c a l t o economic gxowth. For insbme, &spite the ban on chainsaw milling because 
fhs opmtimh outrightly b e di  n m y S latas inNigeria because of sevdrcasom part of which are high levels of waste 
essocialed *it dm to hpprqh tow orbgpractka yd the type ~ u yThe .low c apital invwtrnent and availability 
of abundant d lahour has ma& it m ethc m ost c~mmrmzmttpdof  lumber proddm for the local msrket All these 
has mads formal -tor of the wood induslw &attractive to investor and W cauid lend to the joblessness of engineem if 
nothias isdono. - 
WAY OUT OF THE CHALLENGES IN WOOD SECTOR 
Somofthemggc~tedwqso ut of thaseproblema will include: ' 
(i) ma dadw& of el& non-wood k tpd u& likebamboo, r a wa mong o mto c omplimer!t wmdas main 
raw m w a li n aur wood Indwwi.T hia wilI tmt& the involvomed ofNigerianmghm in retraining that is targeted 
at adapting and domesti&ting modem tephnologias & currently usred in nations lib India and China to mitigate the. 
s h d p o f ~ 0 d r a w z n ~ ~ 1 p p ~ ~ ~ ~ & w o o d s e e t w .  
(ii Tho dwdapmt of aapacity for designing aad -g H~citnwt ood working machineries and parts locally to 
a s irveotwandexirst ingwdi~ca.  
(ii) The doyclopmsnt of i d me th& to opt* tha we of the avaihble wood 8nd waste ganarated fiom it. 
(iv) -lop mom pmducts.tocdy wood end NTFFs and their was- that can be producad even at cottage level 
vht#rearch b axpanti the number &wood bpkd ind- in tha country, 
(vj The State go- ebuld h emoouraged to mvut Qsfx fomt palicit8 tu accmm~datain formal wetor so as to 
c a k h i o t hek quo& to the economic developtmt 
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Chdll- i f m i n i n g  W& bduoktar and Raw U a M I s upply In h?gwb D e p d h ~ y  
Conclusion 
In conclusion, this papw is o p h h i ct hat if the mgge~tewd ay out can be considered aa mandate by theretevant stakeholders 
in the wood sector, hair c&hmtionwiU bringtbemoradesirad end to the current problems facing thesector. 
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Aniekan Ekpq 20 11 , Povorty Meviation in nigetia Thmugh Capitalism Ecvnomic Fmcwork problems and 
C h U v . P ubliehad in f oumal of S u s U b l a  Development in Africa, 13(2) 1I pgs 
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Aruohr R 0.2000. Review md Improvement of data datedt o d - p r o d u c t s  in Nigaria. Published by EC and FA0 
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C.B,N. (2001) A m u l  Report and ~ratsrnenot fAmunb for the Year ended 3 I st Docember 200 1 pg 142. 
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Lucas EB., 2000 Valadicbory Ledm Delivaad At tbo hulty of TachoIagy, University Of h d a n ,  hadan, Nigeria 
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