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ACCESSIBILITY AND RETRIEVAL OF NATiONAL INFORlVIAnON !N
NIGE.RIAN UNIVERSITY LmRARms
Christopher Olumuyiwa Ola
Oseghale Osagie
University of Ibadan
Abstract
This paper sets out to examine the accessibility, retrieval and use a/Publications Ordinance
(PO) materials in Nigerian university libraries using Kenneth Dike Library (KDL) as a case
study. The survey research design was adopted and a structured questionnaire was
distributed to 400 users comprising students, staffand external users The record'! of the use
of PO materials between October 2009 and September 2010 were also perused Result shows
thai majority oj' users are aware 0/ the availability and importance of Legal deposits
collection in the library but have difficulty in retrieving the materials due to inability (0
have direct physical contact with the materials, The study therefore proffers that Nigerian
university libraries should, as a matter of' urgency, organize PO collections and adopt a
harmonized library management system in order to enhance users' access and retrieval of'
the materials,
Keywords: Publications ordinance, Legal Deposits, Nigerian university libraries, Kenneth
Dike Library, library management system, National Information,
introduction
Tertiarv institutions constitute what is commonly described as the knowledge
industry, The major stakeholders in the industry are the academic staff: students and 11011-
academic staff There is no doubt about the fact that the position of the academic staff in the
university is an important one as they are involved in the primary activities of teaching,
research, and knowledge production, Consequently, Olorunsola (2008) acknowledged that in
theory a university is nothing more than a guild of scholars, each seeking to speak the truth
according to his disciplines, In order to support teaching, learning and research activities of
scholars in the universities, libraries are established in the heart of every institution of higher
learning, Libraries as organized information systems are charged with the responsibility of
providing information in furtherance of learning, teaching, research and community service,
They serve as content and knowledge repositories by collecting and providing access to
books, journals, and all other forms of recorded information, By acquiring, repackaging and
providing access to information, libraries can ensure that the right information is made
available and in the form that users can understand, As the Agenda 21 authoritatively affirms.
'the need for information arises at all levels, from that of senior decision makers at the
national and international levels to the grass-root and individual levels," (Agenda 21:40,1),
As major infrastructure for impactful research, academic libraries are known and
accepted as indispensable components of the university system While the scholars need
access to published materials in their variety, the long-established role of the library has been
to expand their access by acquiring published materials and organizing them for appropriate
retrieval (Olorunsola, 2008), Moreover, university libraries in Nigeria have often maintained
special collections, containing rare, archival and manuscript materials, theses or dissertations,
un iversity records; published or unpublished, faculty publications, grey literature, and other
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documents of prominent cmzens. Such collections may encompass regional or national
collections such as Africans or Nigeriana collections aimed at facilitating research. One of
the means by which these libraries build up their special collections is through legal deposits.
Legal deposits are acquisitions backed-up by law. TI1eprovision of this Jaw implies that any
title published in a country must have some copies sent to the national library or any other
designated libraries.
Legal Deposits Law in Nigeria had its origin in '1950 Publication Ordinance' which
gave the University College Ibadan Library and the Secretariat Library in Lagos the right to
collect two copies each of every book published in the country. Ibadan University Library
soon undertook the publication of Nigeria publications as the country's National
Bibliography in 1953. All regional governments also enacted their own depository provisions
for publishers within their regions to deposit certain Humber of copies of every publication to
their Regional Library Board. The Eastern Regional Board Act of 1955 gave the right to
Central Library, Enugu. Western Region enacted similar Act in 1957. The Northern Nigeria
"Publication Law" enacted in 1964 also vested all deposit rights with the library of Ahmadu
Bello University, Zaria. The 'Legal Deposits Law' which was enacted in 1950 and amended
in 1970 recognized the Ibadan University library as the centre for legal deposits. Under this
decree, the National Library as the National Bibliography Agency of Nigeria was enjoined to
receive three (3), ten (10) and twenty five (2.5) copies of everything published in Nigeria by
private or commercial publishers, State and Federal Agencies respectively within one month
of publication at their own expense. Till date, National Library of Nigeria and many
publishers in Western Nigeria still send two copies of their publications purely on
complimentary basis to KDL, University of Ibadan. In spite of the vicissitudes of the time,
Ibadan collection of government publications and legal deposit materials is fairly
comprehensive, rich in unique items and valuable for research. PO materials include: core
subject textbooks, reference books, journals, magazines and newspapers. Others include
religious and cultural materials, children literature, institutional and government documents
in various media.
This arrangement led to the establishment of PO Unit in the Reference Section of
KDL. Most of the collections in the unit are indigenous titles published ill Nigeria and they
cut across all disciplines. Even though KDL cannot however, claim to have complete
collection of legal deposits or PO materials from 1950 till date, its acquisition of legal
deposits and government documents constitutes significant proportion of the entire collection
in the library. PO materials are printed- book materials published in Nigeria and more often
than not, containing information about Nigeria's social-cultural background, economic
history, law, politics, ethnicity and they portray the general way of life of the people. Beside
teaching, learning and research potentials of these materials, they are a means of reflecting on
Nigeria's cultural heritage and identity. If properly preserved and disseminated they will help
in empowering and positioning individuals for the desired national development.
Statistics show that PO materials are highly consulted in most Nigerian university
libraries. At the University of'Ibadan, PO collection is classed with other rare collections and
placed under close monitoring. Users are not allowed physical or direct access to the PO _
shelves. Users are issued request forms on which information about the materials, the users
and the remark of the library officer in-charge is demanded. These include: author, title, year
of publication, and call marks of the materials requested in the PO collection. Other personal
information includes user's department anc11eveIof study and hall of residence .The request
form is then used in searching for the information materials and then filed for statistics
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purpose. As close access materials, the organization of the materials on shelves is done
according to accession numbers which is also the date of arrival At the University of Lagos
library, similar arrangement has also been reported. Aderibigbe, (2002) described the
classification scheme used for the organization of govemment publications at the University
of Lagos Library in Nigeria as being done according to authors. The scheme arranges
publications alphabetically according to continents, countries, and states of origin.
Unfortunately this arrangement does not allow related subjects to be brought together. These
information materials can only be optimally utilized if adequate mechanisms are put in place
to facilitate accessibility and retrieval. How accessible are PO materials in Nigerian
university libraries?
Literature Review
Many advanced nations of the world acknowledge the place of national publications
in national development. They value highly, the materials of knowledge that emanate from
intellectual citizens and housed in a purpose building infrastructure, systematically arranged
and made available for use as vital requirements for daily survival. The materials can broaden
knowledge as well as sharpen and upgrade skills. They are means of investigating past events
with a view to finding solutions to current problems of keeping abreast of current
developments as well as serving as the repository of the heritage and civilization of the
people. Okwilagwe (2001) states that books are cultural products and often hear the essence
of the culture in which they originate and were published. He further stated that books record
a people's experience and artifacts. For instance, the Nigerian yearbook, published and
printed by 'Times Press (Nigeria)', Apapa, contains all that one might need to know about
Nigeria. Things Fall Apart, a novel written by Chinua Achebe bears the culture of a particular
group of people, the Igbos, in Eastern Nigeria.
For communities to realize their development choices, enhancement of their capacity
to deliver and cope with societal changes, information accessibility is a critical necessity
(Leautier, 20(4). The ability to access information is especially vital in rural and
marginalized areas. Libraries in these areas can promote indigenous development solutions
that address problems specific to their regions, nations or communities by providing access to
international information resources as well as locally developed knowledge (Baker, 2006).
Through providing access to, and acting as repositories of indigenous knowledge, libraries
can strengthen local communities by helping them develop their local solutions for their
development challenge. Agenda 21 calls for use of indigenous knowledge and approaches
when appropriate to provide local communities and resource users with information and
know-how they need to manage their environment and resources sustainably (Agenda 21:
40.11).
At the time library movement began, books and education were scarce commodities.
Today, the quantity of information that is generated and distributed is increasing
exponentially. The issue of scarcity is superseded now by new problems of access. But the
essential function of the library has not changed: to offer knowledge and information to the
average citizen who cannot afford, with individual resources alone, to secure all the
information necessary to meet his or her self-defined needs in a complex and challenging
world (Conable, 2007). In this way, libraries provide tangible commitment by collecting,
organizing, preserving, disseminating, and protecting everyone's rights of access to the
richness of human expression in all its recorded forms. This responsibility goes further to
justify the existence and support of libraries than any of the many other roles and functions
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that libraries fulfill within their communities. Access is defined as a means of approaching.
entering or coming in contact with something. While analyzing legal provision on access to
archival document, Abioye (2002), quoting Hinchey and McCausaland (1987), maintains that
'access' refers to the terms and conditions of availability of records or information. Morrison
(1995) emphasized that there is danger in not allowing people to have access to proper
education facilities.
Accessibility of information sources is an important recurring theme in the literature.
Kuhlthau (1991) argues that the choice to seek information depends on its perceived
accessibility. According to Aguolu and Aguolu, (2002) resources may be available in the
library and even identified bibliographically as relevant to one's subject of interest, but the
user may not be able to lay hands on them. One may identify citations in indexes, but may
not have access to the sources containing the relevant articles. 111e more accessible
information sources are, the more likely they are to be used. Researchers such as Slater
C 9(3),. Allen (1968), and Rosenberg (1967) had earlier validated through empirical studies
the observations that readers tend to use information sources that require the least effort to
access. The user may encounter five possible types of inaccessibility. They are conceptual,
linguistic, critical, bibliographic, and physical inaccessibility. Aguolu and Aguolu, (2002)
note that availability of an information source does not necessarily imply its accessibility.
because the source may be available but access to it is prevented for one reason or the other.
Osundina (1974) studies the relationship between information accessibility and library use by
undergraduates in Nigeria and notes that the problem of Nigerian students is not the question
of wanting to use the library, but whether or not the university library can provide for their
needs, and whether there is access to what is provided. Ajayi and Akinniyi (2004) found
frustration among information seekers due to the non-availability of sources. In a study of
information needs of library users, Oyediran- Tidings (2004) attributed low use of library to
the expressed unavailability of desired information resources.
Information Retrieval is the science of locating, from a large document collection.
those documents that fulfill a specified information need [ Frakes & Baeza-Yates, 1992:
Salton, 1989; van Rijsbergen, 1979]. Information retrieval is the area that deals with the
storage, organization, management and retrieval of information, where the goals of continua 1
search in the field is to find better methods of doing the same (Azzopardi &Vinay, 2008).
Libraries as repositories of intellectual products playa fundamental role in ensuring that
national information are collected, organized, stored and preserved for the use of posterity.
Aguolu and Aguolu, (2002) have rightly observed that libraries are social institutions, created
to conserve knowledge; preserve the cultural heritage; provide information; and to serve as
fountain of recreation; undergird and underpin education and research. In support of this
opinion, Ajidahun (2004) declared that 'the mission statement of any library is the provision
of excellent information services to its users'. According to the author, the user is the focal.
point of the entire library and information services. A library is adjudged to have achieved its
mandate only when its users are satisfied with the services offered to them. Any librarv that
cannot meet the information needs of its users is a moribund and anaemic infon~ation system
because it has lost its vitality, honour and attractions (Ajidahun, 20(4). This is why academic
libraries must strive hard to assuage the intellectual and information thirst and curiosity of
their users by acquiring and processing various reading materials for the use of their patrons
in order to justify their continual existence and relevance.
Studies have provided information on the variables involved in information seeking
behaviour of scholars. Patitungkho and Desphande (2005) have identified a number of
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variables that come to play in information seeking process. These include: type of materials,
purpose of seeking information, and methods used by scholars in seeking information. Others
are reasons for seeking information and problems faced in the process. TIle study however
reveals that libraries have vital roles to play by being the institution that bear stewardship
respo isibility for information.
For the libraries to assist in the promotion of access to knowledge, they must help to
identify, locate and deliver information or document sought by the researcher (Aguolu and
Aguolu, 20(2). The identification and location of information pertinent to the user's inquiry'
depends upon the availability of effective bibliographic apparatus in general and specialized
fields. To facilitate identification and location of information materials in the libraries. the
library is expected to provide effective access tools as catalogues, bibliographies, guides,
indexes and abstracts. According to Olorunsola (2008), nothing frustrates a researcher more
than trying to retrieve an article, which seems right on target, only to find that the library does
not own the journal. This study examines the important problems encountered by users in
accessing and retrieving PO materials at KDL.
tatement of the Problem
Over the years KDL has, to varying degrees, acquired a broad range of publications and
titles published in Nigeria and Africa, about Nigeria by Nigerians or people from other
countries and these constitute a significant component of the overall library resources. These
materials are housed in the PO Unit in the Reference Section ofthe Library. It is one thing fat
a library to acquire relevant and ba1anced academic materials! collections and another to
ensure that the materials are organized and arranged in a helpful order for the user to
effectively access with minimum efforts. Despite the fact that the materials in the PO Unit arc
rich, indigenous, highly relevant, and capable of promoting impactful and sound academic
activities, it is very obvious that the materials might have been underutilized and perhaps
effectively kept from the users due to the following reasons:
1. the arrangement of materials on the shelves is done according to date of arrival
rather than by subject classification. This makes it impossible for related subjects
to be brought together for easy access;
2 . clue to the peculiar arrangement of the materials, only highly experienced staff (
many of whom have retired) can assist users in accessing the materials:
3. the catalogue is not up-dated as large volume of materials have not been
processed: and
4. the unit is usually under Jock and key due to the aforementioned reasons.
In a proposal for the reorganization of the PO and Government Documents collections,
one of the authors, C. O. Ola, (who incidentally is the Reference Librarian) noted: .
"The close access collections in the reference section of the Kenneth Dike
Library (KDLj include: Africana, Government documents, newspapers and
magazines, Publication Ordinance and Thesis. The collections are very
important and vel:» highly consulted by users -- Lecturers, researchers and
students. This is why they must be well organized. Unfortunately. most of
them are in decrepit situation which requires that we declare a state of
emergency on the collections in order to reorganize them and put them
within easy reach of our users. Most of the newspapers are already brittle;
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others are kept on bare floor while some others have become tatteredfrom
overuse and careless handling. The Publication Ordinance (p.o.) materials
are dumped in carrels and there/ore no/ in any form 0/ arrangement thai
can make them accessible to those who need them. The Africana and
Government documents are not well catered/or. Even the staff collection is
in total disarray It is therefore apt that a programme be drawn for the
'estoration and reorganization of these collections. ,.
These claims in the proposal support the problems being highlighted in this paper and are
agains the principles of librarianship as postulated by Dr. Ranganthan, the Indian librarian on
whose theories. librarianship practices are based. The principles state:
• Books are for use
"' Everv user his book
~ Every book its user
ill Do not waste the time of the library users
•• The library is a growing organism.
These principles have implications for the organization of library materials in order to
promote access to information. This can be done in the library by applying standard tools and
techniques to ensure that related information materials are organized and placed in
conspicuous and helpful order for the users to locate. The present state of PO collection in
most Nigerian university libraries is not in any way suggestive of the application of these
governing rules. Much time is being wasted by users who, more often than not, arc not
allowed physical access to the materials and are forced to wait for an assistant that may not
be able to help in retrieving needed materials. The library as a growing organism has
implications for the application of up-to-date and latest technology for the organization,
retrieval and dissemination of relevant information. Against this bad-ground, this paper is
aimed at examining the importance, accessibility and retrieval of PO collection in learning.
teaching and research activities in the University of Ibadan.
Researc Met iodology
TI1e study which is targeted at users of PO materials, adopted tl e survey research
design in examining the importance, accessibility and retrieval of PO materials in KDL,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria. TIle main instruments for data collection were structured
questionnaire and the PO users' log note book. The logbook shows that 2539 users who are
graduate. undergraduate, academic and non academic staff and users from other institutions
consulted the materials between October 2009 and September 2010. This forms the
population of this study from which a sample size of four hundred (400) users comprising 0 f
postgraduate, undergraduate, academic and non academic Staff and members of other
institutions participated in the study. TIlUS, 400 copies of structured questionnaire were
distributed accordingly. The questionnaire was administered at the undergraduates and
postgraduates' sections and at the reference desk of the library within two months.
Result
A to al of 400 copies of questionnaire were administered, 340 representing 85% were
retrieved and. round valid for data analysis. The questionnaire was analysed using Statistical
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Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) and results presented in tables and simple percentage
count .
Table 1:Are you aware 0fth e avar'IabiJlitty an d use 0fPO CoIIection in KDL?
Respondents Frequency Percentage
Yes 230 68%
No 66 19%
No response 44 13%
Total 340 100%
The study shows that majority of the sampled users are aware oftheavailability and
use of PO materials in the library.
Tabie .•,.:•Howo ften do you use POM atena, Ism' th e liIb rarvt?
Variables Freouencv Percentage
Frequently 46 14%
Very frequently 51 15%
Hardlv 137 40%
Never 72 21%
No response 34 10%
Total 340 100
The table reveals that majority of the users sampled hardly use PO materials in the
library. While 15 % of the respondents claimed they use the materials very frequently, 21%
have never used the materials.
Table 3: Howwou ld you descn'be re trnieva process 0f PO ma ternia Ism' th e library?
Variable Frequency Percentage
Easy 71 20.5%
Very easy 31 9%
Difficult 172 50.5%
Very Difficult 54 16%
No Response 12 4%
Total 340 ·100%
From the table above, it is understood that the retrieval of PO materials in KDL is not
very easy as majority of respondents described it as difficult.
T abie 4 ;PIlYS.ICaI access t0 th e PO. .CoeII ctiJon
Allowing users to have Physical access Frequency Percentage
to the P.O. Collection ,
Waste users' time 86 25%
Saves users' time 33 10%
Leads to 2reater confusion 9 3%
Helps users in discovering related 175 51%
materials
No Response 37 11%
Total 340 --l~O04-%------
152 Volume 11,NO.1, June 2011 The African Symposium (ISSN# TX 6-342-323)
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The African Symposium: An online journal of the African Educational Research Network
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Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) and results presented in tables and simple percentage
count .
Table 1:Are you aware 0fth e avarilabiJlit[y an d use 0fPO Cloitioenc in KDL?
Respondents Frequency Percentage
Yes 230 68%
No 66 19%
No response 44 13%
Total 340 100%
The study shows that majority of the sampled users are aware ofthe availability and
use of PO materials in the library.
Tabie .•,.•: Howo ften do you use POM atena, Ism' th e li1b rarv;?
Variables Freouencv Percentage
Frequently 46 14%
Very frequently 51 15%
Hardlv 137 40%
Never 72 21%
No response 34 10%
Total 340 100
The table reveals that majority of the users sampled hardly use PO materials in the
library. While 15 % of the respondents claimed they use the materials very frequently, 21%
have never used the materials.
Table 3: Howwou ld you descnibe ret'neva process 0f PO ma ternia Ism' th e library?
Variable Frequency Percentage
Easy 71 20.5%
Very easy 31 9%
Difficult 172 50.5%
Very Difficult 54 16%
No Response 12 4%
Total 340 ·100%
From the table above, it is understood that the retrieval of PO materials in KDL is not
very easy as majority of respondents described it as difficult.
T abie 4:PIrvsi.ca I access t 0 th e PO. .CoIIectiIon
Allowing users to have Physical access Frequency Percentage
to the P.O. Collection •
Waste users' time 86 25%
Saves users' time 33 10%
Leads to 2reater confusion 9 3%
Helps users in discovering related 175 51%
materials
No Response 37 11%
-T.otal 340 --l-OO-%-.-----
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The table above suggests, to a large extent, that allowing users to gain physical access
to the PO collection may waste users" time but put them at the advantage of discovering
related materials on the PO shelves. Access to the library shelves encourages browsing.
Table 5.- IIow imnortant are PO. _ma tena. Is?
Variable Frequency Percentase
Important 149. 45%
Very important 96 28%
Not important 62 18%
Not very important 15 4%
No response 18 5%
Total 340 100%
The table above shows that Ibadan collection of legal deposit materials published in
Nigeria is uniquely rich, valuable for research and very important to the users.
Table 6- I use P 0 materials for
Variable frequency Percentage
Class assignments 67 20
Teaching 39 1l.4%
General information 86 25%
Research 133 39
No response 15 4.4%
Total 340 100%
TIle table above shows that PO materials in Nigerian university libraries are used
researchers and other information seekers
TabIe 7:Statistics o.fU seo fPO Materia. Is from' october, 2009 to September 2010
Months Graduate/ undergraduate Academic NOll academic Others
Research Staff staff institutions
Oct. 2009 36 20 17 9 8 90
Nov. 2009 98 63 48 40 85 334
Dec. 2009 75 55 51 46 51 278
Jan. 2010 50 38 16 24 54 182
Feb. 2010 44 39 19 11 59 172
Mar: 2010 89 65 11 37 48 250
Apr. 2010 67 38 18 17 55 195
May 2010 41 36 29 34 38 178
Jun. 2010 72 50 39 38 44 243
Jul. 2010 80 55 26 24 57 242
Aug. 20 10 64 48 28 26 41 207
Sep.2010 69 34 15 17 33 168
Total 785 541 317 323 573 2539
I 31% 21% II2% 13% 23% 100%- -
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The table of statistics above shows the use of PO materials for a period of one year-
from October, 2009 to September 2010. The table reveals that 2539 requests were
successfully responded to within the period and majority of users of PO materials were
researchers! graduate students. This is followed by users from other institutions and
undergraduate students.
Discussion
T'lC study which is aimed at investigating the accessibility, retrieval and use of PO
n aterials. found that majority of library users in the University of Ibadan is aware of the
availability of PO collection. The study revealed that only few respondents sampled use the
materials while majority hardly use the materials. The study established that tJ1C retrieval of
the materials is not very easy as majority of respondents described the process as difficult.
T is might have been responsible for the inability of users to maximize its use.
On direct physical accessibility to PO materials in the library, the study found that
allowing users to gain physical access to the collection in order to search for materials may
waste users' time but encourages shelf-browsing and the possibility of discovering related
materials on the shelves. Accessing the library shelves encourages browsing. Shelf-
browsing in the library has been defined by Olorunsola (2008) as the process of searching for
materials of relevance to one's subject of interest, often without precise subject terms under
which to search. In the words of Line (1995), "browsing has been compared with looking for
a needle in a haystack and finding the farmer's daughter". Users tend to find more valuable
materials through browsing. In open access systems, browsing is almost universally practiced
and is much appreciated by users. It exposes researchers to current materials and this is verv
important as it enables researchers to keep abreast of new development on and beyond the
fingers of their own discipline. The study revealed that PO materials are important and very
useful for research and general information.
Conclusion
The acquisition of national information through PO law in Nigerian University
Libraries can only be useful if the materials are properly organized and made accessible to
users. The ability to access information is especially vital in rural and marginalized areas.
Libraries can promote indigenous development solutions that address problems specific to
their regions, nations or communities by providing access to international information
resources as well as locally developed knowledge (Baker, 2006). Through providing access
to, and acting as repositories of indigenous knowledge, Nigerian university libraries can
strengthen local communities by helping them develop their local solutions for their
development challenges and by creating viable and user-friendly access to publications of
indigenous and cultural character, especially PO materials. Agenda 2] calls for use of
indigenous knowledge and approaches when appropriate to provide local communities and
resource users with information and know-how they need to manage their environment and
resources sustainably. In all, PO can enhance the preservation of indigenous knowledge and
national cultural heritage.
154 Volume 11, NO.1, June 2011 The African Symposium (ISSN # TX 6-342-323)
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Recommendations
The study recommends that:
•• PO collection should be reorganized and catered for
'" Appropriate and adequate document classification scheme should be applied to bring
related documents together for easy access .
., Appropriate software and hardware needed for close access documents automation
should be procured in KDL
a. Users should be allowed physical access to PO shelves since it encourages shelf-
browsing and helps them in discovering related materials.
•• Magazines and Newspapers should be digitized in order to increase users' access to
the information they contained, save space' and preserve the information.
From the foregoing, it becomes imperative that if Nigerian university libraries are to
provide essential support for lifelong learning, independent decision-making and stimulate
cultural development, help improve educational and social skills, further reading habits,
information literacy and promote education, public awareness and training, it must acquire
vast collections and variety of media and offer guidance and learning opportunities for their
exploitation.
If Nigerian university libraries are to be indispensable in an information society. and for
sustained participation in democratic decision-making process, contribute to the development
and maintenance of intellectual freedom and help safeguard basic democratic values and
universal civil rights, they should identify, respect and protect individual right to information
find privacy of their users without discrimination.
To this end, Nigerian university libraries should not only acquire information material,
but preserve and make available to all users without discrimination the widest variety of
materials. reflecting the plurality and cultural diversity of the Nigerian society and the
richness of the environments through proper organization and application of modern tools
and techniques for accessibility and retrieval. .
References
Abiove, A.A.A (2002). Access to public archives: a right or a privilege? Gateway Library
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*Ola, Christopher Olumuyiwa
Kenneth Dike Library,
University of Ibadan,
Ibadan,Nigeria.
E-mail: oluolliola@yahoo.com
Alt. e-mail: co.ola@mail.ui.edu.ng
[.56 Volume 11, No. i, June 2011 The African Symposium (ISSN fJ TX 6-:34::<-;3:23)
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The African Symposium: An online journal of the African Educational Research Network
~ zazx !BmlUJD4A m --... ..Iiitliiiililia _ •••• ~ ..-
**Osagie,Oseghale
Kenneth Dike Library,
University of Ibadan,
Ibadan.Nigeria,
Evmail: oseghazee@vahoo.com
157 Volume 11,NO.1, June 2011 The African Symposiu m (ISSN# TX 6-342-;323)
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