NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION Published by THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PRODUCTION VOLUME 43 2016 NUMBER 1 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION ISSN 0331-20o4 Typeset and formatted by Azol Computers Department of Animal Production and Health University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 08036250504 Printed by Tolukoya Print House (A Subsidiary of Tolukoya Business Ventures) 2/9, Bethel Street, Asero Etstate, Asero, Abeokuta 08064255063, 08080698982 Published by THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PRODUCTION Abstracted in (I) CABS (ii) African Journal Online (ajol) httpW www. inasp. info\aj ol UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGES A Brief Biography Dr. GODWIN OYEDELE OYEDIJI Animal Breeding and Genetics Phenotypic Correlations of Body Weight and Linea. Body Traits in Heavy, Medium and Low Body Weight Lines of Sigmond Strain of Japanese quails in Humid Rain­ forest Zone of Nigeria Obike, O.M., Nwachukwu, E.N. and Onwuchekwa, J.U. 1-9 Mutational and Evolutionary Analyses of Bovine Reprimo Gene Durosaro, S.O., Ilori, B.M., Sanda, A.J., Onagbesan, O.M., Peters S.O. and Ozoje, M.O. 10-20 Sex identification of Nigerian indigenous chicks using Auto-sexing methods Adenaike, A.S., Akinlabi, I.O., Akinola, A.O. Ewaoluwagbemiga, E.O., Ogundero, A.E.,Tijani, A.G. and Ikeobi, C.O.N. 21-26 Estimates of repeatability for growth traits of pure and crossbred turkeys in the tropics Ilori, B. M., Akano, K., Durosaro, O. S., Adebambo, A. O. and Ozoje, M. O. 27-36 Animal Physiology Semen characteristics, gonadal and extra-gonadal traits of dutch-belted rabbits fed supplemental doses of zinc Ogbu, O.A.C and Herbert U. 37-43 Effect of ascorbic and folic acids supplementation on oxidative hormones, enzymatic antioxidants and blood properties of laying hens exposed to increased heat load in a hot humid environment Okocha, O.I. and Herbert, U. 44-52 Intake and physiological response of Jersey cows to cooling measures in a hot humid environment Olorunnisomo, O.A. and Oladele C.B. 53-60 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Influence of udder stimulation, stage of lactation and parity on milk yield in West African Dwarf goats Williams, T.J., Ohayi, M. O., Akinrele, L. N., Daramola, J.O., Oke, O.E. and Iyasere, O.S. 61-69 Non Ruminant Production Effects of feed forms on growth pattern, behavioural responses and feacal microbial load of pigs fed diets supplemented with Saccaromyces cereviseae probiotics Adebiyi O.A., Oni A.O. and Adeshehinwa, A.O.K. 70-76 Performance characteristics and nutrient digestibility of Finisher turkeys fed diets containing malted sorghum sprout with varying combinations of additives. Oke, F. O., Oluwatosin, O. O ., Adeyemi, O. A., Oso, A. O., Jegede, V. A., Osofowora, A.O., Olorunisola, R. A. and Adeoye A. A. 77-85 Growth performance, serum thiocyanate and haematological indices of pigs fed whole cassava chips supplemented with brewer’s yeast Adedoyin, A. A., Mosobalaje, M.A.,Tewe, 0 .0 and Adedoyin, O. O. 86-93 Response of finishing broiler chickens to diets containing rumen liquor fermented rice husk meal Alabi, O.J., Adama, J.Y., Fasanya, 0 .0 . A. and David, O.M. 94-101 Effects of sex and frequency of litter change on growth performance, haematology and carcass yield of rabbits raised on deep litter system Bello, K. O., Kareem, S. O. and Jimoh, B. Z. 102-110 Misrepresentation: Case study of metabolizable energy determination in feed and ingredient samples Folorunso, L. A., Falaye, A.E and Duru, S. 111-114 Comparative effect of snail shell, limestone and oyster shell as sources of dietary calcium on performance and egg quality characteristics of laying hens Abu, O. A., Oladele, I. O. and Oguntade, O. E. 115-120 Evaluation of growth performance, carcass and organ weights of broiler finisher birds administered aqueous extracts of Garcinia kola seeds Iwuji, T. C., Ukwuoma, M. C., Ogbuewu, I. P., Etuk, I. F., Ahaiwe, E. U., Egenuka, F. C. and Okere, P. C. 121-128 v UNIVERSITY OF IB DAN LIBRARY Effect of nutritional enrichment with forage (Tridaxprocumbens) on the behavior and growth performance of conventionally reared broiler chickens Iyasere, O.S., Sodipo, T.O and Subulokun, A.V. 129-135 Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels NatuzymeTM treated groundnut shell. Jiya., E. Z., Aremu., A., Abe, R. O., and Azeez, T. A. 136-142 Reproductive performance of rabbits fed combinations of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala leaves Odeyinka, S.M., Ejieh, U.M., Olosunde, A.O. and Ayandiran, S.K. 143-147 Blood profile, carcass yield and offal weight of growing rabbits subjected to four hours feed withdrawal period Njoku, C. R Dosunmu, O.P., Adeyemi, O. A., Ayo-Ajasa, O.Y. and D.J. Omosebi 148-157 Cassava Peel - Blood Meal Mixtures in Rabbit Buck Diets: Effects of Processing Methods and Levels of Inclusion on Performance Ojebiyi O.O., Adegbenro O.S. and Asogba O. 158-170 Effects of feed forms, levels of quantitative feed restriction on performance, carcass quality and cost benefit of broiler chickens Omosebi, D.J., Adeyemi, O.A., Sogunle, O.M. and Idowu, O.M.O. 171-184 Utilisation of enzyme supplemented groundnut cake based diets by laying hens Onimisi P. A., Kahuwai C., Moses O. and Oladipo M.F 185-191 Comparison of carcass yield and meat composition of three classes of chicken Sogunle, O. M., Safiyu, K. K., Amusa, A. O. and Odutayo, O. J. 191-198 Growth performance, haematology and serum biochemistry of weaned pigs fed L- carnitine supplemented diets Irekhore, O. T., Kajero, O. F., Agboola, A. A., Fafiolu, A. O., Bello, K. O.and Oso, A. O. 199-209 VI UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Ruminant Production Blood components of red Sokoto goats fed Moringa oleifera (1) leaf meal supplemented diets Raji, A.Y., Butswat, I.S.R., Njidda, A. and Jelani, I. 210-222 Performance and digestibility of N'Dama cattle fed concentrate diets containing varying levels of corncob Ajayi, F.T., Babayemi, O.J. and Taiwo, A. A. 223-230 Effect of graded levels of Parkia biglobosa in concentrate diets on growth performance, digestibility and nitrogen utilization of Yankasa rams Wada, N.I., Njidda, A.A., Olafadehan, O.A. and Bello, B. 231-238 Newbouldia laevis leaves extract: Nutritive value, Phytochemical constituent and effect on growth performance and faecal egg count reduction in West African Dwarf rams raised semi intensively Yusuf, A. O., Sonibare, O. A, Sodipe, O. G. and Sowande, O. S. 239-246 Semen characteristics of pubertal Yankasa rams fed Zingiber officinale supplemented diets Adeniji, S. A., Ososanya, T. O. and Adediran, O. A. 247-252 Proximate, mineral composition and anti-nutrient contents present in Parkia biglobosa leaves Alalade, J.A. Akinlade, J.A.Fajemisin, A. N., Aderinola, O.A, Muraina,T. O.and Amoo,T.A. 253-259 Micro-livestock Challenges to increased Snail Production in Ibarapa Areas of Oyo State, Nigeria Adedoyin, A. A., Adedoyin, O. O. and Mosobalaje, M. A 260-263. Livestock Products and Processing Amino acid and mineral composition of meat from rabbits {Oryctolagus cunniculus) fed diets containing graded levels of processed tallow (Detarium microcarpum) seed meal Jiya., E. Z., Ijaiya., A. T., Ayanwale, B. A. and Olorunsanya, A. O. 264-273 vii UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Dressing percentage and carcass characteristics of four indigenous cattle breeds in Nigeria Madziga, 1.1., Voh , A.A., Barje, P.P. and Goska, D.Y. 274-280 Carcass yield, meat quality and internal organs of broiler chickens fed diets containing ground black pepper {Piper nigrum) Ndelekwute, E.K., Okereke, C.O., Unah, U.L. and Assam, E.M. 281-288 Animal Health Comparative study of two plants {Lagenaria breviflora and Petiveria alliacea) and their phytobiotic potential in poultry health Ekunseitan, D.A., Yusuf, A. O., Olayinka, O.A., Ayoola, A.A. and Adegbenjo, A.A. 289-298 High level antibiotic resistance and relatedness of Staphylococcus aureus in raw cow milk and soft cheese in Abeokuta, Nigeria Olufemi, F. O., Salako, P., Akinduti, P. A. and Akintokun, A. K . 299-308 Common enteric bacteria on the floor and crevices of a Central Municipal Abattoir in Abeokuta, South-western Nigeria Kehinde, O. O., Olayemi, S. O., Agbaje, M.A., Awoyomi, O. J., and Adebowale O. O., 309-313 Fisheries and Aquaculture Some biological aspects of Mugil cephalus (grey mullet) from wetland of Ogun water-side Local Government Area Idowu, A.A, Adeosun, F.I., Akinware, T.H., Odulate, D.O., Abdul, W.O., Akinyemi, A.A. 314-324 Sex ratio, length-weight relationship and condition factor of Mormyrus rume in Epe lagoon, Nigeria Abdul, W.O., Omoniyi, I. T., Odulate, D. O., Adeosun, F.I., Bashir, A.O., Onibudo, A.F. and Adekoy, E. O. 325-333 viii UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY © 2016 Nigerian Society for Animal Production Nigerian Journal o f Animal Production Semen characteristics of pubertal Yankasa rams fed Zingiber officinale supplemented diets ‘’Adeniji, S. A., ‘Ososanya, T. O. and "Adediran, O. A. 'Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria "Department of Veterinary Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria *Corresponding author: zeyadeniji@gmail.com Abstract_________________________________________________________________ Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is consumed by humans and has been reported to possess medicinal uses. It possesses androgenic property with significant increase on male reproductive parameters. This study assessed the reproductive performance o f Yankasa rams fed diets supplemented with different levels o f ginger powder. Ginger powder was added at 0,5,10,15 and20g/kg o f the concentrate diet as Tl, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. Each treatment hadfive replicates while semen was collected once from all replicates in the treatments. Rams were fed experimental diets for 70 days. The parameters determined were: mass activity, motility, live:dead ratio, sperm volume, scrotal circumference and length. Mass activity values rangedf rom 0.67 in T5 to 3.00 in T3. However, there were significant increases in the mass activity o f the ejaculate with increase in ginger inclusion up to T3 and subsequent reduction in T4 (1.33) and T5 (0.67). Similarly, scrotal length increased from 14.33cm in Tl tol6.33cm in T3, but decreased to 13.33cm in T5. No significant difference was observed in motility, liveability, volume o f ejaculate and scrotal circumference, but numerical increases were obtained for motility, live: dead ratio, volume, sperm count and scrotal circumference. It can be concluded that ginger has positive effect on the improvement o fs emen quality o f ramsfed gingerp owder supplement up to 1 Og/kg.___________________ Keywords: ginger powder, liveability, semen quality, scrotal length, ejaculate Introduction (Akoachere et al., 2002; Rabadah et al., Medicinal plants are of great importance to 2004; Ali et al., 2008). Ginger contains the health of individuals, communities and several active compounds including animals. The medicinal value of these gingerol, shogaols, gingerdiol, and plants lies in some chemical substances that gingerdione (Kikuzaki andNakatani, 1996; produce a definite physiological action on Zhang et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2011). Duke the human body and animal systems. et al., (2002) and Kritikar and Basu (2007) Ginger is one such potential rhizome with a reported that ginger possess some wide range of medicinal effects. It is a well- aphrodisiac properties. Quaresh et al_, known plant and is widely used as a spice (1989) noted that ginger ex tract and medical treatment for certain ailments significantly increase sperm motility and in traditional medicine (Larsen et al., 1999; quality. Consequently, this study was Mohd-Yusof et al., 2002; Tapsell et al., designed to evaluate semen characteristics 2006; Zhang etal., 2009). of pubertal Yankasa rams fed Zingiber Ginger root contains several compounds officinale supplemented diets. which have biological activities such as antioxidant and anti-stress properties Materials and Methods (L akshm i and S udhakar, 2010), Dried ginger root was purchased from Bode antimicrobial and pharmacological effects herbs market in Ibadan, Oyo State. All 247 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Semen characteristics ofpubertal Yankasa rams fe d Zingiber officinale supplemented diets samples were ground in a laboratory mill to cm in-diameter and with two electrodes. pass through a 1 mm screen. Dry matter The rectal probe was lubricated and gently (DM) was determined by drying the inserted into rectum, and orientated so that samples at 105°C and ash was determined the electrodes were positioned ventrally. by igniting the samples in muffle furnace at The electro-ejaculator was used in 525 °C for 8h and nitrogen (N) content was automatic setting, applied for few seconds measured by the Kjeldahl method (AOAC, with 2-seconds rest intervals between 1995). Crude protein (CP) was calculated as stimuli, increasing the voltage stimuli by N x 6.25. Ether extract (EE) was one volt at a time. However, before the determined by extracting the sample with collection, the rectum was washed with 6% ether (AOAC, 1995). The study was carried sodium chloride solution. The probe was out in the sheep unit of Teaching and then inserted up to about 12 inches and held Research Farm, University of Ibadan, in a position of rectal floor. The penis was Ibadan. The farm is located on 7° 27'N and prolapsed beyond the prepuce, and semen 30 45'E at altitude 200 - 300 m above sea was collected into a graduated collection level. In a 70 day study, 25 healthy vial and analyzed immediately at room Yankasa pubertal rams w eighing temperature. The current was alternated 10.80±0.38 kg were used for the with voltage increasing gradually from 0 to experiment. The rams were given 5 volts and returning to zero at every 5 to 10 prophylactic treatment of Oxytetracycline seconds. The subsequent stimulations were L. A. at lml/lOkg body weight and made progressively higher so that at about Ivomectin ® at 1ml/ 25kg body weight the fifth stimulus a maximum of 10-15 volts respectively. The rams were housed in was reached. Erection and ejaculation was individual pens with concrete floor and obtained. The source of electric current was open sided walls; they were offered the AC/220-250 volts/single phase/50 cycles. experimental diet (Table 1) and water ad Semen evaluation libitum. The rams were allotted to five After collection of samples by electro- dietary treatm ents in a complete ejaculator, the volume of each ejaculate was randomized design with each treatment measured in a graduated tube. The having five animals and each ram stood as a proportion of spermatozoa with intact replicate. apical ridge was evaluated. After fixation in Semen collection a buffered 2% glutaraldehyde solution and Semen was collected on 70th day from the examined under Differential Interference rams using electro-ejaculation (EE) Contrast microscope at magnification of method. The electro-ejaculator was used 400. Total number of spermatozoa per with a rectal probe of about 22 cm long, 2.5 ejaculate was calculated as the product Table 1: Concentrate composition of the diet fed to the experimental rams. Ingredient % Dry cassava peel 35.00 Palm kernel cake 12.00 Rice husk 8.00 Table salt 3.00 Limestone 2.00 248 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Adeniji, Ososanya and Adediran between sperm concentration and volume length) were performed once on the last day of the ejaculate. The total abnormal of the experiment using a tape measure. The spermatozoa (considering all normal forms scrotal circumference was measured at the in sperm head, intermediate piece and tail) point of the greatest circumference of the were estimated. scrotum, whereas the scrotal length was Sperm volume: The volume of the ejaculate measured by obtaining the vertical distance was measured with a 5ml graduated between the ventral abdominal wall and cylinder. The sample volume was distal poles of the testes. determined directly in the collection tube Statistical analysis by weighing. Thereby, loss of volume Data obtained were subjected to analysis of associated with transfer from the collection variance (SAS, 2000) and where significant tube to either another tube or a pipette was difference occurred means were separated avoided (Jorgensen et al. 1997). using Duncan Multiple range test of the Sperm motility: Sperm motility (%) was same package. assessed by the method described by Zemjanis (1977). The evaluation was done Results and Discussion with microscope within 2 to 4 minutes of Table 2 shows the proximate composition sperm iso lation from the caudal of the supplemented diet with the ginger epididymis.. A fixed volume of semen (not inclusions, no significant difference was more than 10 ml) was delivered onto a clean observed in all the proximate fractions warm glass slide with a few drops of 2.9% among the different treatments. Table 3 sodium citrate and covered with a 22x22 shows the effects of varying inclusion mm cover slip. The preparation was then levels of ginger on semen characteristics. examined at a magnification of x400 under There were significant increases in sperm a light microscope. mass activities up to lOg/kg (T3) inclusion Percentage livability: A drop of semen was level which decline rapidly as the level of mixed with 1% eosin and 5% nigrosine in ginger inclusion increased in the diet 3% sodium citrate dehydrates solution for However, there was a wide range in the the live/dead ratio as described by Wells value obtained between the control diet and Awa (1977). On a clean, warm glass (Tl) and the other treatments. The ejaculate slide, a drop of semen was placed as well as volume follows the same trend as it two drops of Wells and Awa stain. The increases from 0.13ml in the control diet semen and stain were thoroughly mixed (Tl) to the lOg/kg (T3) level of inclusion together with a smear made on another and decreases significantly with increasing clean and warm slide. The smear was air- level of ginger. dried and observed using the light The resu lt obtained from semen microscope starting with low power to high characteristics for mass activity and magnification. The presence of abnormal ejaculate volume is similar to the result of cells out of at least 400 sperm cells from the experiment by Yates et al. (2010) several fields on the slide was counted and reported an enhancement in the seminal their total percentage estimated (Well and quality of mature goats receiving Tasco at Awa, 1977). 2% DM compared to controls and as well on Scrotal Circumference and Scrotal Length: male broiler chickens reported by Shannon Morphometric measurements of the rams' (2011), wherein there were significant testes (i.e., scrotal circumference and increase in ejaculate volume and sperm 249 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Semen characteristics ofpubertal Yankasa rams fe d Zingiber officinale supplemented diets Table 2: Proximate analysis (g/100 g DM) of concentrate With varying levels of Zingiber officinale root. ■ _____________________________________ P a ra m e te rs (% ) T1 (O g/kg) T 2 (5 g /k g ) T 3 ( l Og/kg) T 4(15g /.kg ) T 5 (2 0 g /k g ) S E M D ry m a tte r 8 5 .0 5 8 5 .2 0 8 5 .2 6 8 5 .3 7 ' 8 5 .4 2 0 .1 0 E th e r E x tra c t 19.93 2 1 .6 0 2 1 .73 2 1 .8 0 2 1 .8 7 0 .5 2 C ru d e fib re 2 0 .0 7 2 0 .9 8 2 1 .13 2 1 .7 3 2 1 .9 3 0 .7 9 C ru d e p ro te in 11.23 11.47 12.18 12.35 12 .94 0 .3 2 A sh 11.00 11.17 10.88 10.63 1 0 .16 0 .3 2 N itro g e n F re e E x tra c t 3 3 .6 3 3 4 .5 7 3 4 .2 7 3 4 .13 3 4 .6 4 0 .9 4 abc= Means on the same column with similar superscript are not significantly (P > 0.05) different motility with increase in ginger level in of improving the reproductive performance broiler feed at 5 and 1 Okg/ton of feed. This of rams fed diets with ginger powder result may be due to the strong antioxidant inclusion. However, further studies on the nature of ginger which either hinder or halt influence of ginger on biophysiological free radicals production. responses of ram needed to be carried out to The scrotal length and circumference were further affirm the result obtained in this measured in this study, while no statistical study. significance was observed for the scrotal circumference; significant effect was References observed for the scrotal length. Inclusion of A koachere, J.F .T .K ., N dip, R.N., ginger at Og/kg (T1) had the highest value of Chenwi, E.B., Ndip, L.M., Njock, 16.33cm which declined with increasing T.E. and Anong, D.N. 2002. level of ginger inclusion. This was similar Antibacterial effect of Zingiber to the result obtained by Samara et al (2014) officinale and Garcinia kola on wherein feeding lambs with diet containing respiratory tract pathogens. East 5% intact Ulva lactuca decreased (P< 0.05) African Medical Journal 79: 588 - the scrotal circumference and length of both 592. testicles in rams. Meanwhile, these Ali, B.H., Blunden, G., Tanira, M.O. and observations may imply that the negative N e m m a r , A. 2 0 0 8 . S o m e effects of ginger occur at the local testicular phytochemical, pharmacological and level and not at the systemic level. In toxicological properties of ginger conclusion, the results obtained from this (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) : A study showed that ginger had the potentials review of recent research. Food Table 3: Semen characteristics of rams fed concentrate diets level with varying levels of Zingiber officinale root at varying quantity. P a ra m e te rs Og/kg 5 g /k g 1 Og/kg 1 5g /kg 2 0 g /k g S E M M a ss A c tiv ity 0 .6 7 b 2 .0 0 “b 3 .0 0 a 2 .3 3 ab 1 .67ab 0 .3 7 M o tility (% ) 7 0 .0 0 7 6 .67 83.33 7 6 .6 7 7 3 .33 3.75 L iv e : D e ad (% ) 9 1 .0 0 9 7 .00 9 6 .0 0 9 7 .0 0 9 2 .0 0 1.87 V o lu m e (m l) 0.13 0 .40 0.43 0 .33 0 .3 0 0 .0 9 S c ro ta l C irc u m fe re n c e (m m ) 2 3 .6 7 21 .33 23 .33 2 1 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 0 .65 S cro ta l L e n g th (m m ) 16 .33a 15.67ab 14 .33ab 14 .67ab 1 3 .3 3 b 0 .4 6 abc= Means on the same column with similar superscript are not significantly (P > 0.05) different 250 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Adeniji, Ososanya and Adediran Chemistry and Toxicology 46: 409- restraint stress induced perturbations 420 in experimental animals by Zingiber A.O.A.C. 1995. The official methods of officinale Roscoe. Food Chem. Analysis. Association of Official Toxicology., 48:530-535 Analytical Chemist, 16th Edition Larsen, K., Ibrahim, H., Khaw, S. H. and ,Washinton D.C.pp.69-88. Saw, L. 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B., Wang, Y., Yang, broiler breeder male, International ~ W. R., Jiang, S. Z. and Gai, G. S. Journal o f Poultry Science 10 (11): 2009. Effects of ginger root (Zingiber 863-866,2011. officinale) processed to different Sripramote, M. and Lekhyananda, N. particle sizes on growth performance, 2003. A randomized comparison of antioxidant status and serum ginger and vitamin B6 in the treatment metabolites of broiler chickens. of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Poultry Science 88:2159-2166. Journal o f Medical Association. Zhao, X., Yang, Z. B., Yang, W. R., Wang, Thailand 86:846-853. Y., Jiang, S. Z. and Zhang, G. G. Tapsell, L.C., Hemphill, I., Cobiac, L., 2011. Effects of ginger root ( Zingiber Patch, C.S., Sullivan, D.R., Fenech, officinale) on laying performance and M., Roodenrys, S., Keogh, J. B., antioxidant status of laying hens and Clifton, P. M., Williams, P. G., on dietary oxidation stability. Poultry Fazio, V. A. and Inge, K. E. 2006. Science 90:1720-1727. Health benefits of herbs and spices: Zemjanis, R. 1977. Collection and The past, the present, the future. evaluation of semen. In: Diagnostic Medical Journal o f Australia 185: 4- and therapeutic technique in animal 24. production, 3rd Edition. The Williams Wells, M. E. and Awa, O. A. 1977. New and Wilkins company, Baltimore, pp. technique for assessing acrosomal 139-180. characteristics of Spermatozoa Journal o f Dairy Sci. 53(2):227-232. Received: 24“' May, 2015 Accepted: 12fh January, 2016 252 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY