CHEMISTRY FOR INDUSTRY, WEALTH
, AND LIFE
An inaugural lecture delivered
at the University of Ibadan
on Thursday, 28 July, 2011
By
ROTIMI AYODELE ODERINDE
Professor of Industrial Chemistry
Faculty of Science
University of Ibadan
Ibadan, Nigeria,
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Ibadan University Press
Publishing House
University of Ibadan
Ibadan, Nigeria.
© University of Ibadan, 2011
Ibadan, Nigeria
First Published 2011
All Rights Reserved
ISBN: 978 - 978 - 8414 - 58 - 2
Printed by: Ibadan University Printery
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
The Vice-Chancellor, Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Administra-
tion), Deputy, Vice-Chancellor (Academic), Registrar,
Librarian, Provost of the College of Medicine, Dean of the
Faculty of Science, Dean of the Postgraduate School, Deans
ofother Faculties, and of Students, Distinguished Ladies and
Gentlemen:
Introduction
I feel, particularly honoured to stand before this great
audience to deliver the 13th inaugural lecture in the 201012011
series'on behalf of the Faculty of Science. It is a rare privilege
which I humbly accept with all sense of responsibility. I give
adoration to God Almighty who appointed today for the
honour and privilege in this great iconic symbol. of academia,
the Trenchard "Hall. Kindly permit me to thank the Dean of
'. Science.Professor K.O. Adebowale who incidentally was my
. first PhD graduate; for his support in making this lecture a
reality. As you might have guessed or inferred from the kind
and generous citation given of me by the Vice-Chancellor,
today's lecture ,is a significant one, not only because it is the
first inaugural 'lecture from Industrial- Chemistry Unif.Tbut
also that it is to be delivered by' the first Professor of
Industrial Chemistry from the Department 'of Chemistry of
this great University. The two "first" attached tothis occasion
make it a unique one. The other' unique aspect of today's
lecture is the fact that among the distinguished audience
attending this -lecture are some of my former. research
students in Industrial Chemistry, who today are occupying
Professorial Chairs in various universities in the country. ; .
.,. Mr. Vice-Chancellor, Sir, in this and other universities, it
is ttaditional of many inaugural lectures to carry titles which
have disguised meanings, at least to readers who are not
specialists 'in the particular discipline. The purpose' of this,
according to Jibowo (1989) is to win the hearts of readers
who .could then be encouraged' to attend the lecture, so as to
arouse the level of curiosity and. expectancy with which
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
inaugural lectures have come to be identified. Thus, we have
come across titles such as,
"In search of the original Jesus"
"A peep into the Garden of Eden'
"A gentle invitation to chaos"
"A place for everything"
After due and painstaking consideration, I have therefore
chosen for this inaugural lecture, the title "Chemistry for
Industry, Wealth, and Life". This title is a pointer to my
research endeavours since joining the University of Ibadan,
and to the contributions I have made through chemistry, to
industry, wealth and life.
There is certainly no doubt that a lot of people seem not to
realize the relevance and, more importantly, the place of
chemistry in a nation's economy. Frankly speaking,
chemistry is indispensable to industrial growth and national
development. At this point, I would like to pay tribute to all
the preceding inaugural lecturers from the great Department
of Chemistry for their unique presentations of various views
from chemistry.
Chemistry
Chemistry is the science of matter and the changes it
undergoes. The science of matter is also addressed by
physics, but while' physics takes a more general and
fundamental approach, chemistry is more specialized, being
concerned with the composition, behaviour (or reaction),
structure and properties of matter, as well as the changes
matter undergoes during chemical reactions. Chemistry is a
physical science and is sometimes called "the central science"
because it connects the other natural sciences such as
astronomy, physics, material science, biology and geology.
The structure of objects we commonly use and the properties
of the matter we commonly interact with are a consequence
of the properties of chemical substances and their inter-
actions. For example, steel is harder than iron because its
2
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
atoms are bound together in a more rigid crystalline lattice;
wood bums or undergoes rapid oxidation because it can react
spontaneously with oxygen in a chemical reaction above a
certain temperature; sugar and salt dissolve in water because
their molecularlionic properties are such that dissolution is
preferred under the ambient conditions. The transformations
that are studied in chemistry are as a result of interactions
either between different chemical substances or between
matter and energy. Disciplines within chemistry are tradi-
tionally grouped by the type of matter being studied or the
kind of study. These include inorganic chemistry, organic
chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical/environmental
chemistry, industrial chemistry and biochemistry. Many more
specialized disciplines have emerged in recent years, e.g.
neurochemistry, nanochemistry, computational chemistry,
combinatorial chemistry, green chemistry, etc.
1/
How I Started
I came to University of Ibadan from University of
Manchester after my PhD in October 1976. My first major
assignment was to start Industrial Chemistry Unit under the
headship of Professor J. G. Beetlestone. The first five years of
this pioneering responsibility could best be described as a
teething period. With the assistance of Professor T. O.
Barnkole, we paid visits to some industries in Lagos to
discuss the idea of establishing Industrial Chemistry Unit in
the Department and their expectations of our graduates. This
interaction assisted us in producing a robust curriculum for
the programme which we commenced in 1983 with six
students. The first set of lecturers in Industrial Chemistry
included Professor T. O. Barnkole, my humble self, Dr. F. A.
Dawodu, Dr. G. B. Oguntimehin and Dr. Mopelola A.
Omotoso. The first set of students graduated four years after
in 1987. Research work was slow initially, because there
were no research facilities in the Unit to work with. In the
circumstance, I was advised to move into other viable areas
like Physical Organic Chemistry and Spectroscopy where I
collaborated and had my first set of publications with the
3
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
following senior colleagues-s- Professor J. Hirst, Professor T.
O. Barnkole, Professor J. A. Faniran, Professor B. B..
Adeleke, Professor 1. Iweibo and Professor A. O. Adeyerno. I
returned to active research in, industrial chemistry when
research facilities became available, with my first set' of
'research students engaged in research relating to
fermentation, seed oils and fats, crude oil, solid minerals,
environmental chemistry, etc.
Fig. 1. Industrial Chemistry Laboratory
This lecture will reflect on six aspects of my research
activities which are fermentation, seed oils and fats for edible
and industrial uses, crude oil and pyrogenic hydrocarbons,
solid minerals, skincare chemistry and the.environment. As
expected, it will endwithacknowledgements. '
Production and 'Optimization 'of Ethanol and' Citric Acid
from Fermentation Media" r - ",' ".
Mr. Vice-Chancellor, Sir, one of my foremost areas of
research is the production and optimization of ethanol and
citric acid from fermentation media. As we know, there has
been a growing need over the years for increased production
of ethanol and citric acid due to their tremendous importance
to food, pharmaceutical and other allied chemical industries.
In recent times, ethanol has become useful as alternativ~
4
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
energy source to petroleum for obvious reasons. This explains
why we.ventured into. this area of research. I
Ethanol and Citric A~id .
The production of ethanol by fermentation routes is
inherently associated with low-yields, among other, problems.
The sensitivity/of the microbial strains to fermentation condi-
tions like pH, substrate concentration, temperature, nutrients
supplementation as well as the possibility of accumulation of
·'toxic products are some of the problems responsible for the.
low yields obtained via the' fermentation routes: In order.to
address these problems; Oderinde and Esuoso (1988) cons i- ,
dered the effect of pH, sugarconcentration and temperature
on the 'alcoholic fermentation of'.sugarcane molasses. Since
the presence of trace metals in sugarcane molasses presents a
major .problem .during fermentation, "we also 'considered
various ways of controlling the concentrationof thesemetals
to .satisfactory levels in the substrate. It is generally believed
that this can be achieved by passing the .crude ' substrate
·through ion 'e,xchange resins arid thereafter adding known
concentrations of metal ions. According to Choudhary and
Pirt (1966);' and Noguchi and Johnson (1963), the method is.
laborious 'and subject to failure. because the metal' require- .
, , ,J'
ments by microorganism is only knowri qualitatively.. Slight ',-
changes in the. environmental conditions like temperature calf
change the optimal metal' ion, requirements 'by micro-
organisms. . .. .
,We therefore considered the 'use of metal chelating agents
for the medium (Oderinde, Ngoka, . and Adesogan 1986;',
, Oderinde, Esuoso, and Okogun1990). The metal complexing
·agents>'used are' Jerrocyanide,ethylene-diamminetetra.a~etic '.
acid (EDTA), cyclohexafie-diamminepentaacetic t: acid
(CDTA) diethylene-rriamminepentaacetic acid (DPTA)and~"
nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). These agents were introduced .
underpilot .plant conditions during the three-stage processof, -
inoculation (acclimatizat~6n::phase);. propagation- '(active
. growth phas~e). and fermentation. , with the hope of finding an. .:. -
5 ~.
. .'.
> -
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
appropriate agent which will improve the yield optimally.
Our results indicated that the metal complexing agents acted
as metal buffers in the medium producing metal complexes
which are in a dynamic equilibrium with the solution and can
reversibly dissociate, releasing metal ions at a concentration
that is commensurate with the need and growth of the micro-
organism. The ethanol concentration increased by over 5%
v/v in the fermentation media and CDTA exerted an all-round
stimulating effect on the yield of ethanol.
Oderinde, Esuoso and Adesogan (1990) also considered
the effect of lipids on the alcoholic fermentation of molasses
using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fatty acids are known to act
as growth depressing and stimulating agents. The growth
depressing ability has been explained in terms of the acidity
of the medium and the disruption of biochemical activities of
the cell. 'Fhe mechanism of growth stimulation was explained
either in terms of uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation or
acting as alternative hydrogen acceptors. Our results showed
that lipids with high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids
considerably increased the concentration of ethanol by over
7% more than control cultures while lipids high in saturated
fatty acids inhibited the concentration of ethanol by over 2%
compared to control cultures. In our studies, we observed that
typical uncoupler, 2, 4-Dinitrophenol did not affect the yield
of ethanol. We therefore concluded that the mechanism of
stimulation was due to the fact that unsaturated fatty acids
were acting as alternative hydrogen acceptors to oxygen
during fermentation thereby improving the rate of production
of ethanol
Our quest for the production of ethanol from cheap and
inexpensive fermentation substrates has led us to explore
other cheap substrates. Oderinde and Esuoso (1989) and
. Esuoso et al. (1993) considered the hydrolysis and alcoholic
fermentation of the tubers of Cyperus esculentus, one of the
five worst weeds in the world. The hydrolysis was carried out
both in 1M HCI and 1M H2S04 at various time intervals in
order to determine the level of sugars produced. In addition,
6
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
the level of the toxic by-product of hydrolysis, 5-(Hydroxy-
methyl)-2-furaldehyde, was monitored during the hydrolysis
period. It was observed that the level of this toxic by-product
was below the tolerance level for yeasts (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae). Our results also indicated that 252 kg ethanol was
produced from 507 kg of reducing sugars per ton of Cyperus
esculentus tubers. This yield was within 92% of the theore-
tical possible alcohol yield from hexoses.
In view of the availability and cheapness of Cyperus
esculentus, citric acid was also produced from the substrate
using Aspergilus niger Ws 72 strain obtained from the
Department of Botany and Microbiology (Esuoso, Oderinde
and Okogun 1991). Fermentation was carried out on the
orbital rotator shaker, under non-agitated condition and under
occasional-manual agitation. Our results indicated that the
highest concentration of citric acid was accumulated in the
un-agitated cultures. This was the' first ever report with
~··aetobic microorganism lik~ Aspergillus niger.
Chemistry and Technology of Fats and Oils
Oils and fats are mixtures of lipids. They are mainly
triacylglycerols accompanied by diacylglycerols, mono-
acyl glycerols and free fatty acids. They may also contain
phospholipids, free sterols and sterol esters, tocols (tocophe-
rols and tocotrienols), triterpene alcohols, hydrocarbons and
fat-soluble vitamins. Seed oils are used in various industrial
applications such as emulsifiers, lubricants, plasticizers,
surfactants, plastics, solvents and resins. Research and
development approaches took advantage of the natural
properties and excellent environmental credentials of these
oils which make them outstanding for the numerous possible
applications. .
In my search for the positive contribution of Chemistry to
life, I noticed that there was paucity of information on the
composition and utilization of most of the seed oils
indigenous to the tropics, which was more of a problem than
the real shortage of the oils (Oderinde and Tairu 1989;
Oderinde et al. 1989). Though we found abundant data in
7
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
literature on the proximate composition, mineral content and
other characteristics of the more conventional seed oils, there
was no adequate information on non-conventional, lesser
known underutilized seeds and their oils (Oderinde et al.
1992). A large amount of these lesser known seeds are
discarded as wastes yearly (Oderinde 1988; Oderinde and
Tairu 1988). This attitude not only negates their use as
potentially valuable resources but also aggravates an already
serious disposal problem (Oboh and Oderinde 1989;
Oderinde 1990). The wasted seeds and their oils cari be quite
useful and economically viable, if their properties and
compositions are evaluated (Oderinde et al. 1994; Ajayi and
Oderinde 2002; Ajayi et al. 2004).
In our laboratory, we have investigated the properties of
most non-conventional seeds and seed oils sold in our major
markets and the lesser-known underutilized ones that are not
available in the market (Oderinde and Oladimeji 1990;
Oderinde and Tairu 1992). The results of -our evaluations
were very useful in giving specific classification and unique
applications to the seeds and their oils (Oboh and Oderinde
1988; Oderinde and Tairu 1988). As a side attraction, we also
examined the properties and the uses of flours of these
underutilized lesser known seeds with the ultimate goal of
using them in the compounding of animal feed (Oderinde et
al. 1990; Oderinde et al. 1994).
Mr. Vice-Chancellor, Sir, it will interest you to know that
our University of Ibadan is rich in economically viable seeds
- from plants which have been considered to be classified as
solid wastes. The seed-bearing plants belong to the
Leguminaceae family. Over the years, my group has
examined these 'solid wastes' (underutilized seeds) and the
oils from them (Oderinde et al. 2008; Adewuyi and Oderinde
2002; Adewuyi et al. 2010). The Leguminaceae family has
three sub-family members which are: Caesalpinaceae,
Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae (Oderinde et al. 1989;
Oderinde et al. 1990). Of the three, the Papilionaceae sub-
family has the highest yield of oil. We have extracted oils
from members of this sub-family, characterized them and
8-
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
used them in various applications (table 1) (Adewuyi and
Oderinde 2011).
Production of Surfactant
Surfactants are substances whose molecules contain a
hydrophilic group at one end and a hydrophobic group at the
other. They are applicable to both edible and industrial
products. Edible applications of surfactants include use as
emulsifiers or thickening agents. The monostearate and oleate
glycerides are used mainly in the food industry where they act
as viscosity modifiers and stabilizers that provide texture to
processed foods. Industrial applications of surfactants are
numerous and they are important components in formulations
of agrochemicals, corrosion inhibitors, cosmetics, detergents,
lubricants, metal works and oil drilling fluids, polymers, and
textile finishes.
Surfactants possess characteristics which can be altered
by chemical modifications along the hydrocarbon chain of the
fatty acid containing hydroxyl or epoxy functionalities. Fatty·
acids or their methyl esters react with primary and secondary
amines such as monoethanolamines and diethanolamines to
produce the corresponding alkanolamides. The alkanolamides
are usually used as non-ionic surfactants in the household and
cosmetic industries. Industrial applications of surfactants owe
a lot to chemical modifications. In our efforts, and on the
basis of the Papilonaceae family, we have developed reaction
mechanisms for the modification of non-ionic alkanolamide
surfactants. The Proposed modification reaction steps are
given in figures 2 and 3.
A Formation ofperoxyacid
H202 + HCOOH • HCOOOH + H20
B Epoxidation
o
/\
-CH=CH- + HCOOOCH ----'l.~ -CH-HC- + HCOOH
Fig. 2: Reaction scheme for the synthesis of epoxidised oil.
9
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
0
011
a,- II r/C-H
o "'-OIl
ell, -o-e-II, + ell, _08
I 0 0
I arca -o-e-ll, + J 110 """ liB "'v 011 •• r,- II r/ IC-H + CII - CB
I oII + "'- 011CB,-O-C-lt, I
0 CII, -08
I 011r/
•..•- C-H
"'-OIl
~ Glycerol
Fig. 3. Reaction scheme for the synthesis of diethanolamide. RJ, R2 and
R3 are alkyl chains without epoxide(s) functional group.
Table 1: Physicochemical Properties of the Papilonaceae Family
Parameter LS LC BN GS
Free fatty acid
(%) 1.61±O.10 1.41±O.SO 1.23±O.Ol O.70±O.40
Acid value
(mgKOHlg) 3.20±0.10 2.80±0.SO 2.24±0.01
1.40±0.40
Saponification
value 19S.20±0.SO 198.3S±0.30 I84.80±0.60 197.90±0.70
(mgKOH/g)
Iodine value
(gIodine/l ~Og) 166.88±O.80 170.46±1.00 138.38±O.50 128.60±O.40
Peroxide value 1.20±0.40 0.80±0.20 1.1O±0.40(mgOigOil) 0.40±0.30
Unsaponifiable 1.70±0.SO 1.90±0.SO
matter (%) 2.48±0.06 1.00±0.20
Mean
molecular 292.87± 1.20 286.ll±I.00 299.82±0.1O 28l.26± 1.00
mass (g)
Specific
gravity (25°) 0.9720±0.10 O.9600±0.1 0 0.921S±0.02 0.8760±0.OS
Colour (25") Light green Goldenbrown Light green Orange
Refractive
index (25°) 1.3900±0.30 1.4S00±0.10 1.4810±0.OS 1.4000±0.0 1
BN = Baphia nil ida, GS = GLiricidia sepium, LC = Lonchocarpus cyanescens LS
= Lonchocarpus sericeus
10
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
All the members of this family (table 1) have high iodine
values. which indicate that modification could be carried out
on these oils. The high iodine values showed that these oils
. are highly unsaturated. The unsaturation points are also the
points at which different functional groups could be
introduced into the oils for different industrial applications.
Based on this high unsaturation, we proposed the introduction
of the epoxy functional group to the alkanolamide surfactants
in order to improve on its properties. The fatty acid
composition of these oils also confirmed the unsaturation
reflected by the iodine values that were obtained. The oils are
rich in linolenic (C18:3) and linoleic (C18:2) fatty acids
(table 2). The modification carried out on the oil gave an
epoxyalkanolamidewith good surface-activities. Aside that
these. surfactants exhibited good properties, we also found
them to show good antimicrobial activities which present
them as promising antimicrobial agents (Adewuyi et al.
2011).
Production of Biodiesel
A report of the United· States Energy Information
Administration estimated Nigeria's oil reserves to range from
16 billion' to 22 billion barrels (USEIA 1997). This oil is
found in fields in the coastal areas of the Niger Delta.
According to the Ministry of Petroleum Resources, there are
159 oil fields, producing from 1,481 wells (Emoyan 2008).
These figures are in agreement with the recent position of the
Energy Commission of Nigeria(Ef.N), that in the short term
(2005-2007), crude oil will continue to playa dominant role
in the economic development of the country, while in the
'medium term (2008-2015), Nigeria envisages an energy-
transition from crude oil to a less carbon-intensive economy.
- However, the Energy Commission of Nigeria's long-term
(2016-2025) plan on the nation's energy requirements is
completely non-fossil (FEPA 1991).
s.
11
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Table 2: Fatty Acid Composition (wt %) and Distribution in Different Lipid Classes of Oils
Sample C14:0 C16:0 C16:1 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C20:0 C20:1 C22:0 C22:1 C24:0 lInsat. Sat.
I.S NO 7.50 NI> 4.3 27.8 11.3 26.3 1.6 2.3 13.9 0.4 4.6NI. 68.1
31.9
ND 12.3 ND 3.3 23.7 18.0 29.0 1.4 1.0 8.0 0.2 3.1 J1.9 28.1
GL ND 20.0 NO 4.4 24.2 16.1 20.8 1.6 0.4 6.5 3.5 2.5 65.0 35.0
PL ND 32.1 NO 8.4 13.2 11.0 27.0 2.7 0.9 3.5 NO 1.2 52.1 47.9
LC NO 11.9 0.2 3.4 24.0 18.0 28.2 1.4 1.0 8.2 0.2 3.5 71.6 28.4NI. NO 8.2 ND 4.3 27.9 12.2 29.7 I.S 2.4 10.3 0.4 .3.1 72.6 27.4
GL ND 20.0 0.3 4.4 24.0 16.0 20.6 1.6 0.8 6.4 3.5 2.4 65.2 34.8
PL NO 28.6 0.8 7.2 23.3 9.3 23.5 2.3 0.8 3.0 NO 1.2 57.7 42.3
BN NO 1.6 NO 1.8 15.9 50.0 0.7 0.8 2.8 17.0 1.3 8.1 70.7 29.3
NL ND 1.6 NO 1.4 13.7 49.0 0.7 • 0.6 2.2 18.2 1.0 11.6 66.6 33.4
GL NO 8.8 NO 4.0 13.2 35.6 1.0 1.1 2.0 18.0 0.7 IS.6 52.5 47.S
1'1. NO 22.7 ND 8.2 12.6 17.6 1.0 2.7 1.1 19.6 NO 14.5 32.3 67.7
GS NO 16.0 0.2 19.2 23.8 32.2 1.2 3.5 0.2 1.8 ND 1.9 57.6 42.4
NL ND 17.0 0.3 17.6 25.8 32.1 1.1 3.1 0.2 \.5 NO 1.3 59.5 40.5
GL NO 30.9 NO 17.9 22.8 22.8 2.1 2.4 NO NO NO 1.1 47.7 52.3
PI. NO 32.5 NO 16.2 2S.1 17.5 ND 3.4 1.7 3.6 ND NO 44.3 55.7
C12:0 = Lauric,C14:0 = Myristic, C16:0 = Palmitic.C16:1 = PalmitoleicC,IR:O = Stearic,C18:1 = Oleic,C18:2 = Linoleic,C18:3 =
Linolenic, C20:0 = Arachidic,C20:1 - Eicosenic C22:0 = Bchinic, C22:1 = Erucic.C24:0 = Lignoceric C24:1 = Ncrvonic acidBN =
Baphia nitida, GS = Gliricidia septum; LC = Lonchocarpus cyanescens LS = Lonchocarpus sericeus NL = Neutral lipid, GL =
Glycolipid, PL = Phospholipid Unsat, =Unsaturation, Sat. - Saturation
il
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Mr. Vice-Chancellor, Sir, combustion of fossil fuels and
petroleum products is known to contribute to the levels of
gaseous pollutants, such as sax, CO, CO2 and NOx, and
particulate matters in the atmosphere. The ill effects of these
pollutants include acid rain, global warming, and health
hazards to man and lower animals. Now more than in the
past, greater recognition of the environmental consequences
of fossil fuels has drawn more researchers' interest to
"' biofuels. To deal with these serious problems, such as the
deteriorated situation of the whole world energy supply,
energy environment and energy security, our group decided
to, evaluate the use of alternative renewable biofuels in
'propounding a solution to the steering problems.
Modem biofuels have been reported as a promising long-
"'term renewable "energy source which has the potential .to
"~ddress both. environmental impacts and security concerns
posed by current' dependence on fossil fuels (Batidzirai et al.
2006; Alamu.er al. 2007). Besides, the oil shocks of 1973 and
1979, the rising- oil prices since 2000,' greenhouse gas
emissions. (leading to global' warming) and the instability in
the Middle East, which were widely acclaimed justifications
to seek alternatives to conventional petroleum-based fuel
(Singh 2006; Girard and Fallot 2006), available data on the
global depletion of petroleum resources is a pointer to an
approaching sunset on crude oil production which is also a
confirmation of the universal admission that fossil fuels are
not only finite but will run out in a foreseeable future (Sambo
1981; Fluck 1992; Jekayinfa and Bamigboye 2005).
Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based
diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, propyl or
ethyl) esters. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically
reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, animal fat (tallow)) with an
alcohol. Biodiesel is commonly produced by the transes-
terification of the vegetable oil or animal fat' feedstock.
Chemically, trans esterified biodiesel comprises a mixture of
mono-alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids. Biodiesel is
meant to be used in standard diesel engines; it can be used
13
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
alone, or blended with petro-diesel, Biodiese] can also be.
used as a low carbon alternative to heating oil. Its applicgtion
also includes use as a heating fuel in domestic' arid'
commercial boilers, and a mix of heating oil ~nd biof~el
which is standardized and taxed slightly differently 'from,
diesel fuel used for-; transportation. Biodiesel has better
lubricating properties-and much higher OC~i;lP~ratings than
today's lower sulf~~~.tesel f.~els.:·Bio<;iiistL ,~ddi,~i~:)J,1~lJ~.''",~
reduces fuel system wear, and in low levels -inhigh pressure· . ".
systems increases the :rif~.of the-fuel injectf9~.eq4ipin~p.t that .'
relies on the fuel for-its lubrication: Depending on the engine"
this might include WgJi' pressure . injection' pumps, pump
injectors (also calledljl1ii~inject6rs.riind fuer'lnje¢tprs: .. '. '.:!
Oderinde et a(~<'~' '6) ·,have'·ptoduce(f~hiodiesd· from
underutilized lesser:.' ,~fVsee(f oi'Is:using a .two-step'reaction .
system which inv61v,~·~1~,sterification reaciion ' followed: by
transesterification,r~aiffit?~{in the .presence of a catalyst (fig'.'
4). The essence of .theesterification is to reduce the problem
of soap formation " normall y' . encountered during the
production of biodiesel from feedstock with high free fatty',
acid content.
CH,·OOC ...R. · R, ..·COO··R"
I C.:ntaiy~t I ..
CH·OOC R~ .,R·OH ~ Rfi·COO· R' + CH·OH
I I
CH~..O..OC· ..R.1 ('H2···OH
··l·riglyn;ride Alcohol Glycerol
Fig. 4. Transesterification Reaction
Our very recent attempt by my group to tackle this
problem of soap formation showed that the free fatty acid can
be reduced in a one-step pre-treatment of esterification using
H2S04 as catalyst. This one-step pre-treatment reduced the
problem of soap formation normally encountered when using
oil with high free fatty acid for the production of biodiesel,
thus reducing the production cost of biodiesel (Adewuyi et al.
2011). The fuel properties of the 'methyl esters (biodiesel)
.. ,- 14
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
from these underutilized lesser known seed oils compared
favourably with the ASTM and European recommendation
(EN14214).
Toxicity/Edibility of Oils
Conventional edible oils are becoming very scarce and there
is a need to establish alternative oil-bearing seeds as their
substitutes (Agbaji et al. 1993). The continued increase in
world population and the ever-increasing demands for both
oils and oil-meal have resulted in increase in the prices of
edible oils. This increase in prices necessitates the need to
investigate new sources of edible oils, especially among the
non-conventional and under-exploited oil seeds (Omode et al.
1995). The search for alternative oil sources," especially for
developing countries, is therefore of utmost importance.
In Nigeria, there is little or no information on most of the
underutilized lesser known seed oils and most of the seeds
have. no specific industrial purposes: .Our findings from in
vitro and in vivo studies on rats showed that most of the seed
oils were toxic (hjayi et al.'<2004; Ajayi et al. 2007; Oderinde
." . i>'
et al. 2008; Ajayi-er al. 200_8)«see figs ..5-8). We do hope that
refining these seed oils will serve as"a way of removing the
extraneous materials present in th·~1P-;.:which might be
responsible for their toxic nature. .<:~~..JJ
~"'\t
"l<~:"~~~f.
800
600 • Body weight gain
400 • Feed intake
200 • Feed efficiency
0.JL..,;~~:""",!!~~-
GroupA GroupB GroupC Group0
Fig. 5. Graphical representation of feed intake, body weight gain and
feed efficiency of rats
15
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
i/IQ
Group A fed with test oil Group B fed with test oil
Group C fed with ground nut oil Group 0 fed with no oil I
Fig. 6. Photographs of slaughtered rats after feeding for twelve week
::' :s
.,'
16
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
20
, Group A
10 • Group B
W-1GrouPC
o
tf Group 0
Liver Intestine Spleen Heart
Liver of A (Markcdicentral Kidney of A (Diffuse congestion of
venous congestion) H & E x 400 thc parenchyma) H & E x 400
Heart of A (mild hacmorrhage) Spleen of A (Mild congestion)
H&E x400 TI&E x 400
Fig. 7: Photomicrographs ofthc organs of group A rats
Spleen of B (Vcry severe congestion) (More red blood cells in the sinusoids than
lymphoid cells) H&E x 400
Heart of B (Moderate myofibre haemorrhage) H & E x 100
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Fig. 8. Photomicrographs of the organs of group Brat
Crude Oil, Refined Products and Pyrogenic
Hydrocarbons
Crude oil, refined products and pyrogenic hydrocarbons are
the most frequent causes of contaminants in the environment.
To effectively determine the fate of spilled oil in the
environment and to successfully identify source(s) of spilled
oil and petroleum products, development of oil hydrocarbon
fingerprinting and identification techniques is extremely
important in many oil-related environmental studies and
liability cases. Crude oil and petroleum products possess high
social and economic significance. The characterization and
determination of the chemical composition and physico-
chemical properties of these products are major analytical
challenges. The extremely high complexity of these products
calls for the use of various analytical techniques, including
chromatography (GC, HPLC), spectroscopy (IR, UV, NMR,
MS),other specific tests and empirical measurements of
physical and chemical properties of interest.
Mr. Vice-Chancellor, Sir, one of my research interests in
the past twenty five years has been geared towards detailed
characterization and compositional analysis of Nigerian crude
oils and their products using various spectroscopic analytical
techniques, for planning the most effective utilization of these
fractions as feedstock in the petrochemical industry
(Oderinde 1985 & 1988). Impact assessment of organic and
inorganic polluting substances in environmental samples
(soil, water, sediments, etc) was also investigated.
Accordingly, our research activities and programmes are
organized around two interrelated topics, with the following
specific areas:
(a) Structural characterization of Nigerian crude oils and
their products together with coal-porphyrins, using a
combination of spectroscopic analytical techniques,
(b) Analysis of organic and inorganic pollutants in
environmental samples.
18
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
We have applied the infrared spectrophotometric
technique to structural characterization of crude petroleum,
middle distillate and heavy residual (> 387 DC) oils from
various locations in Nigeria (Olajire and Oderinde 1992). Our
results showed that infrared absorbance ratio serves as a good
criterion for distinguishing crude petroleum and their
products from different locations. We also carried out the
first study on the effects of weathering on the infrared
characteristics of Nigerian crude petroleum (Olajire and
Oderinde 1993). The large difference in the spectra of
naturally weathered oil and the fresh crude petroleum showed
that infrared analysis of the whole crude cannot give enough
information necessary for fingerprinting the source of oil
spill. This can be accomplished with infrared spectro-
photometry by subjecting the fresh and weathered oils to be
compared to distillation or to some other vapourization
procedure, which induces comparable volatility losses in the
oils, and the spectral fingerprint of the nonvolatible com-
ponents can then be compared.
The present trend in catalytic cracking is in the direction
of utilizing heavier oils as feedstock; hence the concentrations
of metal contaminants in the heavy residual oil call for great
attention. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
was used by Olajire and Oderinde (1993) for multi elemental
analysis of crude petroleum and their heavy residual oil
boiling above 387 DC (729 OF) from different oil producing
companies in Nigeria. The distribution pattern of the two
major contaminants, i.e. vanadium and nickel, in the crude
petroleum and heavy residual oils was established by making
a plot of the VINi ratio of the crude petroleum against that of
the residual oils. The equation generated around the common
line predicted the VINi ratio of the residue to be three-
quarters that of the crude petroleum. The results showed
unequivocally that vanadium and nickel present in the crude
petroleum were concentrated in the residue. The utilization of
such residue as feedstock would therefore pose a lot of
19
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
"
industrial problems, as these, eleme~ts, ' together ,;with
including sulphur, poison the catalyst used in the refinery,
resulting, in poor product yield and corrosion of processing
units. Refiners' are therefore advised" to find a, means' of
keeping such contaminants, under control. " '."
Olajire and Oderinde (1994) further:investigated':.the
effects of weathering on: the, trace metal contents of Nigerian
crude oils, with a-view 'to assessing the applicability of some
elemental. ratios for fingerprinting the source of .oil spill. The
main: conclusion of the work was' that ,the" ratios of
concentrations of vanadium to nickel, iron, cadmium and
manganese, respectively; in 'an oil sample,wer:e.,.u~affect~crby
weathering- to any significant 'extent; 'thusallowing their use
in fingerprinting the 'so,llrdeof; ari oil spill. Detailed
compositional characterization of petroleum aliphatic and
aromatic. "fractions is of fundamental" interest and it is
instrumental in.thedevelopment of widely used techniques in,
industry. ,:;,: ' ' ,,'; " ,:;': ,,' ,,', "~.,',: ,', .
. In a related study-to that of Sazonova et: al.. (1986), 'fie
measured fingerprints-of, the major oil. components-such as
"individual resolved n-alkanes and major" isoprenoids, by.
detailed analysis' of the Nigerian crude oil, saturated hydro-
'carbon biomarkers: using liquid chromatographictechnique
followed by computerized/gas chromatographic .analysis of
the n-hexane soluble fraction (Olajireand OderindeJ996),. ,
The ratios of Pr'lPh, C I'7IPr,' C 17/Cl~ and CPI were greater
than unit)', providing evidence in support of a; strong
predominance, of odd-numbered .carbon,at~mis over the, even-
numbered carbon atoma. which is indicative of petroleum-
free plants, The method used in this study is particularly
suited to the identification and differentiation of crude oils,
distillate fuel oils,' and other petroleum fractions' which
contain significant concentrations of n-alkanes fractions .of
moderately low boiling point. It is much less suitable forrthe
identification and diffejentiation of, heavy residual: oils
,because theycontain mainly the high boiling constituents.
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
In our efforts to .provide a detailed analysis of the
chemical composition Of Nigerianheavy residual oils boiling
above 387..oC, we adoptedthe separation scheme 'of Jewell et
al. (1972),.llsing' coordination chromatography, ion-exchange
chromatography and a single dual-packed adsorption column,
chromatography containing silica gel and ulumina, followed
by' infrared, and ultraviolet studies' of the' neutral aromatic
fractions of the oil (Olajire .and Oderinde'1998). The ultra-
violet portion analysed the polynuclear aromatic types .and
determined ~their, specific. absorptivities at each matrix,
wavelength.. while '.the' infrared characterized the aromatic
compounds. The UV-IR technique used in.the study enabled,
the"determination of 'the high boiling aromatic hydrocarbons
present in heavy fractions for oil pollution awareness.
In contrast "to the . gas chromatographic technique, the
approach described inourstudy is only applicable to oils that'
containsignificant .concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbon
compounds that are highly' absorbing. However, there is an
abundance ,of such structures in the heavier oils and
particularly "inthe:residual bii. A further advantage oftn~
UV-~R,jecimique used' in this study-isthat it helped in the
determination of the degreeof separation achieved and the
validity of the four compound-type concentrates obtained in
.the' silica-alumina .adsorption procedure. 'The, variations in the
-values of the specific absorptivity ratios of the aromatic
fractions of -the heavy' oils also served 'as a basis for the
applicability. of the ultraviolet technique for fingerprinting of
-heavy oiltypes.. . ..•. '.: .. ' \ '.. .
S~~idMinerals a~d ~he Chemic~l Industry
Solid minerals are naturally occurring substances used in the
production of various industrial products. They represent the
very foundation of the chemical industry- and are among the
most important elements of a production process. To a large
. extent, they, determine the" economics' of the process, the
production method, .and" the quality of the product. Raw
materials employed in' the. chemical industry are classified"
. 21. ;,;. . .'.~,
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
according to their origin as mineral, plant or animal materials.
The most common are the mineral materials, i.e, substances
mined from the earth.
Upgrading of Solid Minerals _
In the chemical industry, it is beneficial to use materials of
high concentrations, since their use results in intensified
production processes and high quality products at minimal
cost. Often, the levels of the useful constituents in solid
minerals are rather too low for it to be utilized economically
and effectively in chemical processes; hence the materials
have to be subjected to preliminary enrichment, otherwise
known as upgrading, ore dressing, beneficiation or mineral
dressing. The upgrading process is designed to separate, by
physical, mechanical, thermal or chemical means, as much of
the valuable mineral as possible, from the ore.
Mr. Vice-Chancellor, Sir, God has endowed Nigeria with
abundant mineral resources to place her among the foremost
economic nation giants of the world. It is sad to note that
many of these minerals are yet to be exploited or explored,
least to talk of making financial gains from them. Unlike the
hydrocarbons industry, the solid minerals sector in Nigeria
has suffered terrible and devastating investment neglect. A
particular worrisome threat to industrialization in the solid
minerals sector is epileptic supply of electricity which
inadvertently caused some of our industries to fold up.
In Nigeria today, there is a growing demand for various
industrial products and construction materials such as
fertilizers, ceramics, pigments, refractories, etc. It is pertinent
to note that the raw materials required to manufacture these
and other products could be sourced locally. I like to mention
here that commercial exploitation of our solid minerals for
local sourcing of raw materials should be encouraged. This
will not only reduce substantially the huge foreign exchange
that presently goes into importation of some raw materials for
our ailing industries, but also reduce production and products
costs, as well ,;;i~~;~provide many more employment
22
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
opportunities for many of our youths. The youths have hcen
taught the required principles and processes needed for
various productions, as a form of human capacity building.
Unfortunately, industry and entrepreneurship cultivated in our
graduates by the ivory tower are grossly under-utilized and/or
are wasting away in the midst of our rich endowment of raw
materials which hitherto are largely unexploited for industrial
and economic revolution. No wonder that industrial chemistry
for industry in Nigeria is at its infancy!
Over the years, my research group has also focused
primarily on generating basic chemical data that are essential
for the industrial processing of six indigenous solid minerals
into useful and consumable products. These minerals are
'bitumen, galena, ilmenite, laterite, phosphorite and sphalerite.
Our specific areas of active investigation include:
(a) kinetics and mechanism of heterogeneous dissolution
(leaching) reactions of solid minerals, .
(b) chemical characterization, beneficiation and indus-
trial processing of solid minerals,
(c) The kinetic studies constitute the major area of
research due to the fundamental nature of the
expected results; other meaningful studies are
practically impossible without these basic data.
Bitumen
Bitumen, also referred to as asphalt, is composed of high
molecular weight hydrocarbons. It is either natural or
artificial. Natural bitumen is an outcrop resulting from the
loss of the light end of crude oil due to seepages or
biodegradation, while artificial bitumen is a residuum of
petroleum refining. Bitumen consists of three major
components, namely asphaltenes, resins and oils. Asphal-
tenes are solid at room temperature and show some
crystallinity, resins are amorphous solid, while oil is a liquid
and may contain solid aromatic hydrocarbons and paraffin
waxes (Kirk and Othmer 1978).
23
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Various methods, including soxhlet extraction (Streiter
1941), solvent deasphaltening TCorbett 1969) and successive
coagulation (Lysikhina 1947) have, been employed, in
isolating the three major components. In our contribution, we
employed. a combined procedure of soxhlet extraction and
elution-adsorption chromatography to isolate the three
components of bitumen (Oderinde and Olanipekun 1990).
Our results revealed that the bitumen consisted of 25%
asphaltenes, 38% resins, and 36% oil on a weight to weight
,basis. Structurally, bitumen consists of two distinct com-
ponents, asphaltenes and malthene. The latter is more variable
in character relative to asphaltenes and has greater influence
on the overall properties of bitumen. Although both com-
ponents are necessary for 'the make-up of bitumen, the
characterization of themalthene contributes a great deal more
towards characterizing' the whole bitumen (Griffin et al.
1959). .
The composition ofbitumen has been a subject of much
study in the past because compositional data will assist in the
handling of problems relating to its transportation and usage.
Generally, three major techniques have been employed in the
composition analysis of bitumen; they include spectroscopic
(Kotlyar et a.1 1989), chromatographic JMajid et al. 1989)
and densimetric (Corbett 1969) methods. The densimetric
technique has been used by Oderinde and Olanipekun (1990,'
1991) to define the average chemical structures present in the
components .: of the bitumen. Our results indicated that
asphaltenes have the largest molecular size, followed by the
resins, while oil had the smallest. For the resin fractions, we
observed that molecular size increased with increasing
polarity of fraction. As for the oil fractions, the paraffins had
the smallest molecular sizes compared to the aromatic. The
three major components of the bitumen and their 'associated
fractions were found to have positive values of condensation
index, implying that the rings in the molecules were
polycyclic in nature, with the asphaltenes having the highest
24
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
number of rings and the saturates (oil fraction) having the
lowest. '
Generally, it was evident from our studies (Oderinde and
Olanipekun 1990, 1991), that the bitumen was actually made
up of a complex structural framework, comprising varying
proportions of paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and
heteroaromatic-containing compounds. The asphaltene, resin
and .oil components of the bitumen, however, exhibited some
similarity-in their chemical compositions but differed in terms
ofthe average chemical structures "pr,esent. The physico-
chemical' ,properties andj. semi-empirical 'measlirements
obtained showed that the isolated oil "was of.the heavy type;
hence it will be a good raw materialfor industrial. production
of petrochemicals. ' , . , ,
" Galena and Sphalerite
Gaiena and sphalerite are both sulphide minerals, that often
occur commonly together in limestones, dolomites and other'
sedimentary rocks, in hydrothermal ore veins in contact with
metamorphic deposits but rarely in pigmatites (Kirk and
Othmer 1981). Atmospheric pollution by sulphur dioxide,
from pyrometallurgy is the main reason for' studying the
hydrometallurgical treatment ofsulphide minerals. Most of
the hydrometallurgical processes offer the possibility of
obtaining suphur in the elemental form (Neou-Singourna and
Fourlaris 1990).
i-. Galena is often converted to lead (II) chloride while
sphalerite is converted to zinc chloride. These are sufficiently
soluble salts from which the corresponding metals can be
recovered through electrowinning process. However, these
two mineral sulphides (galena and sphalerite) cali be directly
converted into the respective chloride salts by non-oxidative
leaching of the mineral sulphides using hydrochloric acid;
this method has been the object of considerable interest in
recent times. Although other acids may be employed, they arc
rather unstable, expensive, or they exhibit poor reaction
kinetics (Nunez et al. 1990).
25
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
The kinetics and mechanism of dissolution of galena and
sphalerite in hydrochloric acid-chlorate solutions was
investigated by my group (Olanipekun and Oderinde 1999a,
1999b). Our investigation revealed that the leaching rates of
lead from galena, and zinc from sphalerite, were in both cases
directly related to the temperature and the concentration of
the leaching solutions but inversely proportional to the initial
diameter of the sulphide mineral particles. The same surface
chemical reaction mechanism' was in operation for all the
leaching processes, thus suggesting that the same set of
equipment could be employed for hydrometallurgical
processing of the two principal sulphide minerals. We were
able to establish that the type of oxidizing agent used may
influence the rate-controlling. mechanism of the dissolution
reaction of this mineral. .
Laterite ..
Laterite is a weathered 'minenil that is 'rich in secondary
oxides of iron, aluminium orboth. It is nearly devoid of bases
and primary silicates but may contain abundant quartz and
kaolinite (Campbell 1946). The utilization of laterite as a raw
material for; aluminium production is fast becoming popular
mainly as a result of the growing demand for this valuable
metal which' can no longer be met by bauxite (the principal
aluminium ore) supply alone, particularly in countries that
have no bauxite. The production of aluminium from laterite,
.however, is often complicated by the large proportions of
impurities usually present in the ore. Among different hydro-
metallurgical routes for extracting metal from aluminium ore
is leaching in mineral acids under atmospheric pressure. This
process has some distinct advantages which include;
• low capital costs of equipment,
• less engineering problems,
• avoidance of high temperature operations, therefore
direct savings in energy (Canterford 1975).
26
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Thus, in our contribution, we investigated the kinetics and
mechanism of leaching of laterite - 'in hydrochloric acid
solutions (Oderinde and Olanipekun 1992a). Our findings
showed that the rate of dissolution of iron found in the laterite
was largely affected by acid concentration, unlike aluminium
and silicon, both of which exhibited slow reaction kinetics.
Analysis of the rate data with the' shrinking-core model for
reaction control, indicated that the rates of dissolution of
aluminum, iron and silicon were determined by a surface
chemical reaction mechanism. In order to enhance the slow
reaction kinetics exhibited by aluminum during the leaching
of laterite in hydrochloric acid solutions, Oderinde and
OlanipekutJ. (1992b) examined the effect of adding sulphuric
acid to the leaching reagent, on reaction rate. This procedure
showed that the added acid markedly increased the leaching
rate as well as the magnitude of the aluminium leached,but
did not alter the reaction mechanism observed forJeaching
experiments conducted in hydrochloric acid solutions only.
Ilmenite
Ilmenite is one of the chief sources of titanium(IV) oxide, and
is widely distributed across the globe. Most of the ilmenite
mined is consumed to make pigments via the 'sulphate
process' (eqn. 1), for the paint, paper, plastic and metal-
lurgical industries.
FeO.Ti02,Fe203 + 5H2S04 --+ TiOSO~ + FeS04 + Fe2(S04) 3 + SH20
(1)
Also, high purity Ti02 is often produced from the mineral
rutile, via the 'chloride process' (eqns. 2 & 3)
Ti02 + 2C + 2C12 ~ TjC14 + 2CO (2)
TiC14+02 ~ Ti02+2C12 (3)
Unlike ilmenite which abounds in nature, the world's
reserves of rutile are very limited (Mackey 1974). The
growing inability of natural rutile resources, now principally
27
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
derived from Australia 'and Sierra Leone, to meet the raw
material needs of the "chloride" pigment manufacturers, is
the main reason for studying the upgrading of ilmenite into
"synthetic" rutile. .
In our study (Oderinde and Olanipekun 1992c), optimum
parameters have been worked out forchemical beneficiation
of ilmenite by leachirig with hydrochloric acid; a concentrate
with more than. 80% titanium enrichment was obtained. Also
recovered' with the concentrate' was hydrated .iron(III)
chloride from the leach liquor. In a separate but related study.
on the kinetics of ilmenite decomposition with' some acid
solutions, Oderinde et at. (1992) observed that the use of
HCl-H2S04 mixture resulted in larger dissolution of the two
chemical elements (i.e, titanium and iron), than when either
HCl or H2S04 alone was used under the same experimental
conditions. Although our findings reported that hydrochloric
acid was an effective reagent for chemicaL upgrading' of
ilmenite into "synthetic" rutile, the' need' for high acid
concentration and high temperature that promote corrosion is
a serious impediment to the beneficiation process.
A related study in circumventing this problem was
concluded. by Olanipekun (2002b) when he investigated the
quantitative dissolution of ilmenite in aqueous- and methanol
solutions of hydrochloric acid. The magnitude of iron leached
was significantly enhanced when the solvent medium was
changed from water to methanol, and the reaction conditions
for leaching became less severe. Moreover, it was observed
that on changing the solvent medium from water to methanol,
the apparent activation energy value was almost doubled and
the reaction mechanism switched from a diffusion process to
a chemical reaction process. X-ray diffraction analysis of
some reaction residues confirmed that titanium ions were
readily hydrolysed in HCI-H20 solutions and precipitated as
titanium(IV) oxide (eqn.4)
(4)
28
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Conversely, the X-ray diffraction spectra of residues
obtained from HC1-CH30H solution did not indicate any
peak corresponding to either rutile on anatase (Ti02).
Skincare Chemistry
Mr. Vice-Chancellor, Sir, our society is such that most
people, women in particular, young as well as old, are fond of
their appearance and recognition in the public. They use
various kinds of skincare and colour cosmetics for health and
mostly, social reasons. The increasing demand for these
products has brought about dailyadditions that exponentially
expand the global market which has long. exceeded the $60
billion mark. Search for ingredients and production of
cosmetics stop at the cosmetic chemist's desk. The cosmetic
chemist and other cosmetic scientists are always looking for
interesting and exotic ingredients that improve skin's
appearance .and health (Oyedeji and Oderinde 2004). An
array of compounds is required and there are more than
lO,GOO possible raw materials available according to
Cosmetics, Toiletries and Fragrances Association (CTFA)
dictionary.
Skincare formulations date back to. 3000 BC in Egypt.
Most concoctions in our studies were prepared from natural
materials (Oyedeji and Oderinde 2006). Rouge preparations
involved the use of iron oxide and eye paints, using the
copper-based green ore called malachite. A good under-
standing of the fundamentals of emulsion chemistry and skin
physiology is a prerequisite when formulating personal care
products. Majority of creams and lotions we use are
emulsions. An emulsion is simply two immiscible fluids in
which one liquid is dispersed as fine droplets in the other.
Emulsifiers keep the oil/fat phase from separating in
emulsions. Most emulsifiers are surface-active, able to reduce
the surface tension of water. For example, beeswax is an
emulsifier for many cosmetic emulsions as it contains many
compounds that are surface-active. Non-ionic emulsifiers are
29
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
often used in skincare emulsions because of their safety and
low reactivity.
Glycerin is commonly added to cosmetic emulsions for its
humectant properties and it is the backbone of emulsifiers
like glyceryl esters. These esters are effective emulsifiers
because they contain both polar hydroxyl groups and non-
polar fatty acids. Emollients used in personal care and beauty
items are majorly fats and oils (lipids) (Oyedeji and Oderinde
2005). Cosmetic chemists often use blends of glyceryl esters
and polyethylene glycol esters with a high and a low
Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) values to determine
the required polarity to emulsify various fats and oils. Key
characteristics required in good emollients are good spreading
properties/low toxicity and skin irritation and good oxidative
stability. Hence, stearic and palmitic acids are often used in
cosmetic formulations. Paraffin oils and silicon oils like
dimethicone and cyclornethicone are also used to increase
lubricating qualities of emulsions.
Depending on the products intended purpose, ingredients
can range from exfoliants and cell stimulators to antioxidants
(Oyedeji and Oderinde 2005). Often, cosmeceutical products
combine different types of ingredients to treat multiple
aspects of a condition. All necessary factors are therefore
carefully measured and monitored throughout the formulation
process to ensure optimal product efficacy (Oyedeji 2003).
The ingredients must not only be pure, they should be able to
communicate with each other. If the star ingredients are not
compatible, the product can cause irritation, redness, and
inflammation on the skin. A good chemist is able to combine
science and art to create products with the feel and look that
consumers desire. As long as the society puts great emphasis
on looking young and beautiful, Cosmetic Chemistry will
continue to flourish with new and exotic products released
into the market. However, I advise users to choose skincare
and cosmetics that work with their skin, not against it, and
remember to keep it simple, rather than flamboyant.
30·
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Environment
The state of the environment in which we live, work and operate
also adds quality to, or if you prefer, spices to our life. By
'environment', we mean our surroundings-air, land and water.
If the rivers are polluted, there is the risk of an outbreak of
waterborne diseases, apart from the effect of such pollution on
the aquatic life that supplies us our fishes, etc. Environmental
monitoring is a multi-disciplinary affair. Chemists have a very
important role of helping to determine the pollutants in the air,
soil, surface water and ground water, by measuring
internationally accepted parameters such as pH, turbidity, total
dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), biological
oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD),
dissolved oxygen (DO), oxides of nitrogen and sulphur (NOx and
SOx), nitrate (N03-), sulphate (SOl), total organic carbon (TOC),
oil and grease, heavy metals like Hg and Pb, etc. The results
are compared with standards laid down by the Ministry of
Environment, Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) and
World Health Organization (WHO) for the particular use that
the water is to be put to.
Most of the environmental work I have been involved in is in
the Niger Delta area and Lagos State. Water pollution is perhaps
the most complex and difficult type of environmental pollution
to understand and deal with (Dobbs 1976), because a very large
number of different sources and pollutants exist. Moreover,
water pollution is an international problerri, since water has no
boundaries. Water pollution may be described as the addition
of some substances or materials or the alteration of some
physical, chemical or biological properties of water which
permanently or temporarily renders that water less suitable for
the particular purpose for which it is intended, viz:
industrial, domestic, municipal, agricultural or recreational
purposes. The water quality standards for these various
activities differ.
Natural water pollution comes mainly from industrial and
municipal wastes, where there are waterways close to such
establishments. Industrial effluents are readily and recklessly
31
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
discharged into nearby water bodies which serve domestic and
agricultural purposes. The indiscriminate use of waterways as
dumping grounds has led to intolerable levels of pollution,
thereby upsetting the delicate balance among insects, plants,
and fish, and posing problems regarding quality of water for
human consumption. While talking about surface water, let us
not forget .ground water on which many homes and
communities depend for their domestic water supply.
Underground water can be very badly polluted by seepage of
pollutants into the aquifer, with time. '
Let me, at this juncture, alert all industrialists and would-be
industrialists in our midst today, that there are laws and
regulations enacted by the Federal Government, governing
environmental issues. The regulatory agencies are the
Ministry of Environment (former Federal Environmental
Protection Agency (FEPA)), and in matters of oil and gas.. the
Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) in collaboration
with the Ministry of Environment. One of the most important
laws by FEPA is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Decree No. 86 of 1992, which makes it mandatory for any
persons or companies wishing to establish any type of business
or embark on certain projects in Nigeria to carry out an EIA,
and obtain permission from the Ministry of Environment and/or
DPR before .starting the projects. The purpose of EIA is
primarily to identify, quantify and qualify the potential impacts
of the proposed activities. The environmental assessment is to
cover the activities connected with or envisaged in the project,
from the site preparation, through the construction stage, to the
abandonment or de-commissioning stage. The EIA therefore
enables planning, modifying, designing and adoption of
appropriate mitigation measures.
I have for many years been involved in EIA, as a member or
project leader of multi-disciplinary teams acting as consultants
to Environmental Study Companies. Also during my
sabbatical leave, as an in-house consultant to Chevron
Nigeria Limited (CNL) Environmental Affairs Department
based in Lagos, Port Harcourt and Escravos.
32
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Mr. Vice-Chancellor, Sir, let me at this point briefly
discuss one of the projects I proposed and executed during
my stay at, Chevron Nigeria, 'and at Chevron Research
Institute, Richmond, California, US. The project was a field
study to improve the scientific understanding of the fate and
effects of crude oil and existing spill response techniques in
the Nigerian mangrove environment. The project site was the
Niger Delta. The Niger Delta has always been Nigeria's
treasure base. I worked with an interesting group that was put
together by Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL). CNL'was fully
committed to this project, dueyto their concern for the
environmental impacts of their activities, and also, to avoid
major disasters. CNL took this proactive position so as to
ensure that they understand the environment in which they
operate. Our assignment was brief with clearly defined
objectives, however, it required from us.iprofound thinking,
deep commitment and an inclusive process of decision
making. Thus, I was mandated to design and execute a field
study on the "Fate and Effect of Crude Oil in Nigerian
Mangrove Environment". T4e information resulting from this
study would strengthen the database available to support
decision makers during spill and would allow a scientifically
defensible approach to spill response.
For the fact that the results from this assignment would be
disseminated globally, our activities required a large-scale
test which could only be achieved in a field experiment where
stimulated spill would be possible. The accessibility of
stimulated spill would further facilitate the project to confront
the challenges that had been. encountered. by some previous
workers in this area of study. Some of these challenges are
loss of 'pre-spill information on the ecosystem; non-usage of
reference plots in most studies, and inappropriate usage of
statistical sampling technique. Considering all these challen-
ges, some basic principles were designed to guide the
projects. In the study,' alimited set of relevant environmental
parameters was selected for measurement in a single habitat,
the mangrove ecosystem.
33
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Mr. Vice-Chancellor, Sir, why did we choose to use
mangroves? Mangroves are the basis of the ecosystem upon
which all other organisms depend. Most people living in the
Niger Delta areas depend upon the rich fishery for their
livelihood; considering the food chain in that ecosystem, the
fishes depend on worms, insects larvae, and amphipoda to
survive; while these groups also depend on fungi, protozoa,
bacteria and sometimes on mangrove leaves. To complete the
chain, the fungi, protozoa and bacteria decompose mangrove
leaves. The scheme for this food chain is illustrated in figure
9.
Fig. 9. Food chain in the mangrove environment
34
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Aside its importance in the food chain, the mangrove
protects the coastal ecosystem against storm and current
erosion by trapping and stabilizing sediments. A mangrove
forest, like a temperate swamp is a particularly challenging
environment in which to mount a spill response. The clean-up
activities often appear more damaging than the spill itself.
Understanding the effects of spilled oil on the mangrove
system will result in spill response techniques which
minimize impacts on the mangrove ecosystem, and hence
minimize the economic impact on human inhabitants.
Sir, my experience as an industrial Chemist became very
useful in this project during the measurement (analysis) of oil
fate in the, ecosv=cm. Using standard techniques of analysis
and also ill':"vlporating my ideas gained over the years from
teaching and research in this great university of ours, we were
able to investigate the following parameters in water,
sediments, air, mangrove barks and mangrove seeds-total
petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), polycyclic aromatic hydro-
carbons (PAHs) and some heavy metals. Also, we measured
oil effects in mangroves and some benthic organisms.
The results of our investigations in this project revealed
that prevention of oil spill is the ultimate, but because it is a
human activity, accidents resulting from oil explorations are
inevitable. However, if an accident occurs, it is important to
mobilize all the necessary response teams to the incident site
as soon as possible so as to recover the site from enormous
catastrophe (Oderinde et al. 1997).
Conclusion and Recommendations
Mr. Vice-Chancellor, Sir, distinguished ladies and gentlemen,
I have presented to us in this lecture, the beauty, relevance
and indispensability of chemistry applications to life, industry
and wealth creation. Chemistry now more than ever before
continues to unfold ample and valuable opportunities for
quality living, industrial revolution and national development.
Unlike in our insensitive world, this is very much glaring in
the western world where opportunities and privileges are
35
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
never allowed to slip away. Since man must win in a
competitive race as is being witnessed in the world today
between increasing human needs and decreasing or stagnant
supplies, chemical products play the ready bail-out.
Chemistry applications indeed have an over-riding presence
in the things we use, wear, sit upon, ride in, eat from, and
otherwise find in our everyday environment. All these things
constitute spices to our lives in fascinating ways. The world is
now focused on green chemistry for natural resource renewal,
sound chemical pollution control and management, wastes
recycling and management, less hazardous alternative energy
sources, and environmentally sound management (ESM).
In the near future, taking into account the relationship
between research in chemistry within academic institutions
and the needs of industry for societal benefits, the need for
well-trained, imaginative chemists, and the 'need to encourage
and deepen our understanding of the properties of matter and
of the way in which and the speed .at which chemical
processes occur, are discernible essential priorities. Chemistry
will take an increasing role as creator and enabler in materials
science and biology, in particular, learning from nature how
she assembles molecules and how such molecules recognize
each other, and learning how to mimic biological processes
by simpler chemical reactions. In the long term, chemistry is
going to create materials with extraordinary properties-as
yet undreamed of-which will dramatically improve
communications, healthcare, environmental monitoring and
transport. Chemistry will stimulate and support innovation in
all of the other branches of science and technology.
Mr. Vice-Chancellor,. for our University of Ibadan to
humbly but proudly fulfill her vision and mission to the
public and assume the esteemed role of a think-tank and
revolutionary for. our beloved country, Nigeria, in the
evolving dispensation of chemistry for new life, industry and
wealth creation, a lot has to be done by the Federal
Government to strengthen capacity in human resource for
science research and state-of-the-art research facilities in this
36
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
university. Nigeria is abundantly endowed with human and
natural resources and therefore has no excuse not -ranking
among the top twenty world industrialized nations. The
components of the platform for easy and speedy realization of
the Vision 20:2020 are the universities and research institutes
and the only proven formula for it is adequate Federal
Government presence and funding. May I use this opportu-
nity to commend the Federal Government and the University
Administration for the current ETF special intervention
projects in the University of which my Department is a
beneficiary. It will be very nice if this trend can continue and
our University of Ibadan becomes the trend-setter in
intellectual revolution.
Mr. Vice-Chancellor, Sir, distinguished ladies and
gentlemen, let the town criers in our midst today take note!
Let the ears that care to listen hear! Let the message echo in
the high places of governance in the country! Nigeria cannot
afford to commit herself to perpetual life of servitude to the
industrialized western nations. Our education system must
develop to preserve our heritage and impact on quality of life,
industrial growth and national development. The university is
itself an industry where the bests of minds are produced for
the best of life in the best of time. Now is the time and not
later for our education system to be saved and improved
upon. Watch therefore, and so act, that the very foundation of
our development, which is education, be not destroyed by
sheer insensitivity and arrogant nonchalance at the helm.
Acknowledgments
"It is a good thing to give thanks unto the Lord and
to sing praises unto Thy name Most High. "
(Psalm 92: 1)
First and foremost, I give praises and thanks to the Almighty
God, the Alpha and Omega, the Creator of heaven and earth,
for His infinite mercies, love and protection in my life and
career expedition and, in particular, for the joy and honour of
37
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
academic testimonies of today. I am forever grateful to Him,
the good Lord!
I gratefully acknowledge all my teachers, right from the
elementary school to the tertiary institutions, for the impacts
of their training on my personal and career developments. I
particularly thank my PhD supervisor and teacher, Prof.
Robert N. Haszeldine (FRS), for his generous support and
encouragement, and for providing the fund for my research
work at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and
Technology, United Kingdom. I remember with thanks and
appreciation, all my mentors and senior colleagues, most of
whom I teamed-up with, particularly on different research
projects in which I have been involved over the years-Profs.
1. Hirst (late), T.O. Barnkole, J.A Faniran, J.1. Okogun, E.K.
Adesogan, B.B. Adeleke, 1. Iweibo and G.B. Ogunmola. I
thank them all for accepting me as a research team member.
My appreciation goes to Prof. Kayode Oyebode
Adebowale, the Dean of Science whom God used to facilitate
today's lecture. I give special recognition and thanks to him
and Drs. G.O. Adewuyi, AJ. Odola, A Adewuyi, LA
Oladosu and F.O. Agunbiade (my academic grandson), for
their support and precious time spared during the preparation
and arrangement of this lecture.
I acknowledge with thanks the immense contributions of
all my students, past and present, with whom I have worked
and who have made my research efforts fruitful and
rewarding. They are Prof. K.O. Adebowale (current Dean of
Science), Prof. E.O. Olanipekun (former Head of Chemistry
and currently, Director of Pre-degree Programme, UNAD),
Prof. AA Olajire (former Head of Chemistry and currently,
Director of Academic Planning, LAUTECH); Mr. Niyi
Olukoya (Director, Glo Business, West), Drs. F.OJ. Oboh,
AO. Tairu, Ibironke Ajayi, Folashade Oyedeji, L.C.M.
Nwokocha, B.C. Ejelonu, O. Ogunkunle, A. Adewuyi;
Messrs M. Onigbinde, T.O. Owoyokun, J.A Olanrewaju and
Miss Durotimi Akinwunmi. I dedicate today's lecture to them
all for their tolerance and understanding during our various
38
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
research endeavours over the years. I apologize for works not
mentioned in this lecture due to time and space limitation.
:- .Worthy of special mention in this lecture are my
colleagues in the Industrial Chemistry Unit - Prof. K.O.
Adebowale, ""'Qrs. Mopelola Omotosho. F.A Dawodu,
Ibironke Ajayi, Folashade Oyedeji, L.C.M. Nwokocha and
~.O. Ogunsile for their 'comradeship and cooperation at all
.f> times. I acknowledge the friendship .a~d understanding of
.' rrofs. B.B:.A.deleke, A..A' Adesomoju, O. Osibanjo, O.
.,::'El\Un~ayo,y:e. Bamiro, J,A. Obaleye, J.AO. Woods, P.C .
.:t).pianwa and~;t.I. Odiaka. I appreciate all other academic and
non-academic staff in the Department of Chemistry, including
, the. administrative staff in the Head of Department's office.
-:" ". The invaluable contributions and support of the
'; .University Administration under the leadership of Prof .
.-.Ayodele Falase, FAS, which made my sojourn as Dean of the
Faculty of SCience a memorable and cherished one are highly
acknowledged. I express my gratitude for the support of some
members of staff of Chevron .Nigeria and United States - Drs.
M:E. Moir, D.E. Ogbebor, Barbara J. Smith, G.A Rausina
(late), M. Tabugbo and L.A Jackson for their comradeship
while I was there.
I sincerely thank all my friends within and outside the
Faculty too many to be listed. To my childhood friends here
present- my most sincere appreciation. My appreciation also
goes to my neighbours and family friends - HRH Oba and
Olori K. Olusa, Pastor and Prof. (Mrs.) T.O. Obajimi, Pastor
and Mrs. S.AM. Adebowale, Prof. and Mrs. AI. Olayinka,
Prof. and Mrs. J.AI. Omueti, Prof. and Mrs. T. Ikotun, Dr.
and Mrs. K.O. Ojo, Mr. and Mrs. T.A Olaleye, Dr. Dayo
Alo, Dr. and Mrs. G.A Adeniran LOYOLA 628 and a host of
others. I thank very much my spiritual fathers and mothers,
members of the Chapel of the Resurrection, and members of
the Resurrection Morning Star Society for their constant
prayers and supports.
I acknowledge with unalloyed gratitude, my parents-Mr.
Emmanuel Olympus Adebowale and Mrs. Beatrice Olusola
39
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Oderinde (both of blessed memory), who as a pharmacist and
tutor/educationist respectively, struggled hard to send me to
school. They taught me the virtues of honesty, hard work, and
the fear of God. I remain ever grateful to them both. I want to
make one special note of thanks to my father-I am here
today largely because of his strict discipline; I now realize
that I needed it then as the only son and youngest child
among his four children. I express my sincere joy and
appreciation to all my siblings-Chief (Mrs.) E.Y. Rockson,
Major Gen. (Rtd) Dr. Aderonke Kale and her spouse, Prof.
0.0. Kale and my late sister whom I fondly referred to as
sister Nike, for every moral and financial support given all of
the way. I thank all my extended family members-The
Rocksons, the Kales, the Abioyes, the Oredugbas, the
Olaosebikans, the Ogunleyes and the Giwas for being there
for me always.
I thank profoundly and most specially my dearly beloved
wife, Mopelola, my trusted supporter, best friend and
confidant for whom I have the greatest esteem and respect,
for standing by me and giving me a life of love and of
beautiful memories I most cherish. I thank her very much for
her priceless companionship. I thank in a very special way
my beloved children-Dr. Ayobami Ogunleye (nee
Oderinde) and her spouse, Dr. Lekan Ogunleye who elevated
us to the status of 'grandparents' about a month ago with the
birth of their bouncing baby girl, Anjola; Dr. Motunrayo
Oderinde and the baby of the home, Mr. Ayotunde Oderinde
and my niece, Dr. Opeyemi Giwa, who has become a member
of my nucleus family following the demise of her parents.
They are all very wonderful and precious to me.
Mr. Vice-Chancellor, Sir, distinguished ladies and
gentlemen, I thank you most sincerely for your kind attention.
40
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
References
Adewuyi A. and Oderinde R.A. 2011. Analysis of the mineral
nutrient, chemical composition and distribution of fatty acids in
the lipid classes of the seed oils of underutilized legumes from
Nigeria. La Rivista Italiana Delle Sostanze Grasse LXXXVIII,
86-92.
Adewuyi A., Oderinde R.A. and Ayodele G.A. 2011. Antimicrobial
activity of diethanolamide: A· non ionic surfactant from
Calophyllum inophyllum and Cyperus esculentus. La Rivista
Italiana Delle Sostanze Grasse (In press).
Adewuyi A., Oderinde R.A. and Ojo D.F.K. 2011. Production of
biodiesel from Terminalia catappa seed oil with high free
fatty acid using acid-catalysed pretreatment step. International
Journal of Sustainable Energy (In press).
Adewuyi A., Prasad R.B.N., Rao B.V.S.K. and Oderinde R.A.
2010. Oil composition, mineral nutrient and fatty acid
distribution in the lipid classes of underutilized oils of
Trilepisium madagascariense and Antiaris africana from
Nigeria. Food Research International 43: 665-670.
Agbaji, A.S., Terry, De and Agbaji, E.B. 1993. Composition of
tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum) seed and seed oil grown in
Nigeria. Riv. Ital Delle Sostanze Grasse 70: 454.
Ajayi LA. and Oderinde R.A. 2002. Studies on the oil
characteristics of Dacryodes edulis pulp and seed. Discovery
and Innovation 14 (112): 20- 24
Ajayi LA., Oderinde R.A., Ogunkoya B.O., Egunyomi A. and
Taiwo V.O. 2007. Chemical analysis and preliminary
toxicological evaluation of Garcinia mongostana seeds and
seed oils. Food Chemistry 101: 999-1004.
Ajayi LA., Oderinde R.A., Taiwo V.O. and Agbedana E.O. 2004.
Dietary effects on growth, plasma lipid and tissues of rats fed
with non-conventional oil of Telfairia occidentalis. J. Sci Food
Agric 84: 1715 -1721.
41 .
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Ajayi LA., Oderinde R.A., Taiwo V.O. and Agbedana E.O. 2008.
Short-term toxicological evaluation of Terminalia catappa,
Pentaclethra macrophylla and Calophyllum inophyllum seed
oils in rats. Food Chemistry 106: 458-465.
Alamu O.J., Waheed M.A. and Jekayinfa S.O. 2007. Biodiesel
production from Nigerian palm kernel oil: Effect of KOH
concentration on yield. Energy for Sustainable Development
11(3): 77-82.
Batidzirai B., Faaij A.P.c. and Smeets E. 2006. Biomass and
bioenergy supply from Mozambique. Energy for Sustainable
Development 10(1): 54-81.
Cannel, M. G. R. 1989. Food crop potential of tropical trees.
Experimental Agriculture 25: 313-326.
Canterford, J.H. 1975. Leaching of laterites in mineral acids.
Minerals Sci. Eng. 7:3-17.
Choudhary, A.Q and Pirt S.J. 1966. The influence of metal-
complexing agents on citric acid production by Aspergillus
niger. Journal of General Microbiology 43: 71-81.
Corbett, L.W. 1969. Composition of asphalt based on generic
fractionation using solvent deasphalting. Anal. Chem. 41 :576-
579.
Emoyan, 0.0., Akpoborie LA. and Akporhonor E.E. 2008. The oil
and gas industry and the Niger Delta: Implications for the
environment. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental
Management 12(3): 29 - 37.
Esuoso K.O., Oderinde R.A., Vega-Catalan, FJ. and Bamiro, P.O.
1993. Optimization of batch alcoholic fermentation of Cyperus
esculentus. Die Nahrung 37: 274-276.
Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). 1991. National
policy on the environment. The Presidency, Garki, Abuja,
Nigeria, pp 43.
Fluck, R.c. 1992. Energy for farm production. Energy for World
Agriculture Vol. 1, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
42
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Girard, P. and Fallot A 2006. Review of existing and emerging
technologies for the production of biofuels in developing
countries. Energy for Sustainable Development Vol. X, No.2.
pp. 92- 108.
Griffin, RL.; Simpson, w.e. and Miles, T.K. 1959. Chemical
composition of bitumen. J. Chem. Eng. 41 :349-352.
Jekayinfa, -5.0. and Bamigboye AI. 2005. Estimating energy
requirement in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut
processing operations. Energy 31: 1203-1320.
Jewell, D.M., Welber, J.H., Bunger, J.W., Plancher, H. and
Lantham, D.R. 1972. Ion-exchange, coordination and adsorp-
tion chromatographic separation of heavy-end petroleum
distillates. Anal. Chem. 44: 1391-1394.
Kirk, RE. and Othmer, D.F. 1978. Encyclopedia of chemical
technology, 3rd Edn., New York: Interscience, pp. 278-279.
____ 1981. Encyclopedia of chemical technology. 4th Edn.,
New York: Interscience, pp 98.
Kotlyan. L.S.; Morat, e. and Ripmeester, J.A. 1989. Analysis of
malthene fractions by means of carbon 13 NMR technique.
Bull. Mag. Res. 11:324-324.
Lysikhina, AI. 1947. A method for determining the composition of
bitumen. Stroited Danog 10:17-18.
Majid, A Bornais J. and Hutchison, RA 1989. Characterization of
various bitumen from tarsands. Fuel Sci. Technology Int.
7:507-533.
Manskaya, S.M. and Dryozdova, T.V. 1968. Geochemistry of
organic substances, pp 92.
Neou-Singourna, P. and Fourlaris, G. 1990. A Kinetic study of the
ferric chloride leaching of an iron activated bulk-sulphide.
Hydrometallurgy 23:203-219.
Noguchi, Y., and Johnson, M. J. 1963. Penicillin acyltransferase in
penicillium chrysogenum. Journal of Bacteriology 83: 538-
541.
43
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Nunez. c.; Espiell, F. and Garcia-Zayas, J. 1990. Kinetics of
galena leaching in hydrochloric acid-chloride solutions. Metal
trans. B. 12B:11-17.
Oboh F.O.J. and Oderinde R.A. 1988. Analysis of the pulp and
pulp oil of the Tucum Astrocaryum vulgare mart fruit. Food
Chemistry 30: 277-287.
1989. Fatty acid and glyceride composition of
Astrocaryum vulgare mart kernel fat. J. Sci.Food Agric. 48: 29-
36.
Oderinde R.A. 1985. Studies on Nigerian petroleum: Part 1.
Varietal differences in the vanadium and titanium content. Nig.
1. Sc. 18: 143-145.
Oderinde R.A., N.C. Ngoka and E.K. Adesogan 1986. Comparative
study of the effect of ferrocyanide and EDTA on the
production of ethyl alcohol from molasses by Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Vol. XXVIII, 1462-1465.
Oderinde R.A. 1988. Studies on Nigerian petroleum: Part 2.
Nature and distribution of sulphur compounds in UQCC crude
and the comparative evaluation with selected Middle East
crudes. Nig. J. Sc. 23: 64-66.
____ 1988. Evaluation of the properties of the oils of citrus
fruits wastes. Riv. Del. Sos. Grasse Vol. LXV, 501-503.
1990. Chemical and technological characteristics of
Lagenaria breviflora seeds: A lesser known cucurbit. Seifen
Oel Fette Washe 16(20): 809-10.
Oderinde R.A. and Ajayi LA. 2000. Physico-chemical and metal
composition of Calophyllum inophyllum seed and seed oil.
Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43: 357-358.
Oderinde R. A. and Oladimeji G. R. 1990. Oil characteristics of
Thevitia peruviana (yellow oleander) and Plumeric alba
(white frangipani). Rev. Del. Sos. Grasse Vol. LXVII, 635-637.
44
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Oderinde RA and Tairu AO. 1988. Chemical investigation of
Nigerian Cyperus esculentus (L) tuber for possible industrial
application. Nig. J. Sc. 22: 70-73.
____ 1988. Evaluation of the properties of yellow nutsedge
Cyperus esculentus (L) tuber oil. Chemistry 28: 233-237.
1989. Utilization of yellow nutsedge tuber for
composite flour. Pak. J. Ind. Res. 32(8): 570-573.
____ 1992. Determination of the triglyceride, Phospholipid
and unsaponifiable fractions of yellow nutsedge tuber oil.
Food Chemistry 45: 279-282.
Oderinde RA, Adewuyi A and Ajayi LA 2008. Determination of
the mineral nutrients, characterization and analysis of the fat-
soluble vitamins of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Albizia
lebbeck seed and seed oils. Seed Science and Biotechnology
2(2): 74 -78
Oderinde RA, Ajayi LA and Adewuyi A 2008. Preliminary
toxicological evaluation and effect of the seed oil of Hura
crepitans and Blighia unijugata bak on the lipid profile of rat.
EJEAFche 8-(3): 209 - 217.
Oderinde RA, Ajayi LA and Nwogu C.D. 2006. A preliminary
investigation into the biofuel characteristics of Calophyllum
inophyllum, Pentaclethra macrophylla, garcinia mangostana
and telfairia occidentalis seed oils. Biosciences, Biotechnology
Research Asia 3(1a): 35-40
Oderinde RA, Tairu AO. and Atinsola F.M. 1989. Chemical
investigation of the Cyperecae family-l.The proximate analysis
of Cyperus rotundus tube (choqui). Riv. Del. Sos .Grasse Vol.
LXVI,211-213.
Oderinde RA, Tairu AO. and Ogunnowo 0.0. 1992. Further
studies on the Cyperaceae: triglyceride, phospholipid and
unsaponifiable composition of Cyperus tuberosus tuber. Rev.
Del. Sos. Grasse Vol. LXIX, 11-13.
45
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Oderinde RA., Tairu AO., Awofala F.A and Ayediran D. 1990.
A study of the chemical composition of some members of
Cucurbitaceae family. Riv. Del. Sos. Grasse Vol.LXVII; 259-
261.
____ 1990. A study of the chemical composition of some
members of Cucurbitaceae family. Riv. Del. Sos. Grasse Vol.
LXVII,259-261.
Oderinde RA, Tairu AO., Dawodu F.A and Bamiro F.O. 1990.
Chemical investigation of the Cyperaceae family. 2: Preli-
minary report on Cyperus tuberosus tube composition. Riv.
Del. Sos. Grasse Vol. LXVI/, 301-303. .
1994. Chemical investigation of the Cyperaceae
family. 2: Preliminary report' on Cyperus, tuberosus tube
composition. Riv. Del. Sos. Grasse, Vol. LXVIY301-303. "
, .
Oderinde, RA and Esuoso, K.O. 1988. -Ititch aIC~holic
fermentation of molasses. .Effects of. pH, iemperature ,.and,
sugar concentration. Pak. J. Sci.-Ind. Res. 31(J'1,~ .). : 807-811. '.-'
1989. Hydrolysis and alcoholic' fermentation of
Cyperus esculentus (imumu). Ghana J. Chern. 1(I): 48-53
Oderinde, RA, Esuoso, K.O. and Adesogan, EX. 1990. The
effects of lipids on alcoholic fermentation of molasses using
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Die Nahrung. 34(8): 681-688.
Oderinde, RA, Esuoso, K.O. and Okogun, J.I. 1990. The influence
of CDTA and DPTA on ethyl alcohol production from sugar
cane molasses. Die Nahrung.34: 171-175.
Oderinde, RA and Olanipekun E.O. 1991. Composition analysis
of the oil component of the Nigerian bitumen J. Afri. Ean. Sci.
12:483-487.
____ 1990. Densimetric characterization of the asphaltene,
resin and oil components of the South-western Nigeria
bitumen. Pak. 1. Sci Ind. Res,33: 421 - 424.
46
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Oderinde, RA and Olanipekun, E.O. 1992a.· Kinetics of
hydrochloric acid leaching of laterite. Pak. J. Sci. Indi. Res.
35:77-80.
1992b. Chemical beneficiation of Nigerian ilmenite
one-part 1. Hydrochloric acid leaching. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res.
35:313-316.
Oderinde, RA., Olanipekun, E.O. and Esuoso, K.O. 1992c.
Kinetics of ilmenite ore dissolution in acid solutions. Bull.
Chern. Soc. Ethiop. 6:81-86.
Olajire, AA and Oderinde RA 1992. Characterization of
Nigerian crude, middle distillate and heavy residual oils by
infrared spectrophotometry. Ghana J. Chern. 1: 324-333.
1993. Effects of weathering on the infrared
characteristics of Nigerian crude oils. J. Afri. Earth Sci. 17:
323-331.
____ 1994. Trace metal analysis in fresh and weathered
crude oils. Pak. J. Sci. and Ind. Res. 37: 349-351.
____ 1996. Characterization of Nigerian crude oil aliphatics
by gas chromatographic technique. Bull. Chern. Soc. Ethiop.,
10: 115-120.
____ 1998. Study of aromatic hydrocarbons in heavy
residual oils by a combination of spectroscopic analytical
techniques (Communication). J. Afri. Earth Sci. 27: 165-174.
Olanipekun, E.O. 2002. Leaching of imenite with agueous and
methanol solutions of hydrochloric acid J. Chern. Soc. Nigeria
27:177-179.
Olanipekun, E.O. and Oderinde, RA. 1999a. The dissolution of
galena in hydrochloric acid chlorate solutions. Trans-Indian
Inst. Met. 52:391-395.
____ 1999b. Hydrochloric acid leaching of sphalerite in the
presence of an oxidizing agent. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42:204-
208.
47
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Omode, AA, Fatoki, O.S. and Olaogun, K.A 1995. Physico-
chemical properties of some under-exploited and
unconventional oil seeds. J. Agric. Road Chem. 43: 2850-2853.
Oyedeji P.O. 2003. Production, physicochemical and stability
studies of cosmetic emulsions from some natural lipids (PhD
Thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan,
Nigeria).
Oyedeji P.O. and Oderinde R.A 2004. Stability of cosmetic
emulsions from water melon and paraffin oils. International
Journal of Chemistry 14(3): 149-154.
___ 2005a. Analysis of samples of cosmetic emulsions from a
market in Ibadan, Nigeria. International Journal of Chemistry
15.1: 35-41.
____ 2005b. Determination of best base for use in skin care
formulations. International Journal of Chemistry 15(2): 211-
214.
2006. Characterisation of' isopropanol-extracted
vegetable oils. Journal of Applied Sciences 6(11): 2510-2513.
Sambo, AS. 1981. Renewable energy technology in _Nigeria:
resource availability and potential for application to agri-
culture. Journal of Agricultural Technology 3(1): 1-4.
Singh, M. 2006. Economics of biofuels for the transport sector in
South Africa. Energy for Sustainable Development Vol. X, No.
2, pp. 40-47.
Sozonov, M.L. Lunskii, M.K. Zhiltsova, L.I., Palzanskaya, I.L. and
Chuvilyaeva, N.I. 1986. Gas chromatographic determination of
the composition of unfractionated natural hydrocarbon
mixturesJ. Chromatogr. 364: 267-298.
Streiter, O.G. 1994. Determining components of bitumen J. Res.
Nat. Bur. Std. 2:415-418.
United States Energy Information Administration (USEIA). 1997.
Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditures.
Office of Energy Markets and End Use. U.S. Department of
Energy. Washington D.C.
48
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
BIODATA OF
PROFESSOR ROTIMI AYODELE ODERINDE
Rotirni Ayodele Oderinde was born on eleventh of
November, 1950 in Ifo, Ogun State to Pharm. Emmanuel
Olympus Adebowale and Mrs. Beatrice Olusola Oderinde
(both of blessed memory). He had his Primary education at
United School, Ilorin (1956 -1961) and his Secondary
education at Loyola College, Ibadan (1962 - 1966). He
continued in Loyola College for his Higher School Certificate
education (1967 - 1968) before proceeding to the University
of Lagos for a degree in Chemistry, graduating with Bachelor
of Science (Special Honours) in Chemistry in 1972.
Professor Oderinde received his MSc and PhD degrees in
Petrochemical & Hydrocarbon Chemistry and in Industrial
Chemistry from the Victoria University of Manchester,
Institute of Science and Technology, UK in 1973 and 1976, .
respectively. His Doctoral studies on "Products from
Bromination of Hydrocarbons" unravelled their uses as
precursor monomers to fire-retardant plastics. He joined the
services of the University of Ibadan as the nucleus and.'
foundation staff member of the Industrial Chemistry
programme in September 1976 as Lecturer II. He was
promoted to the grade of Senior Lecturer in 1984 and
Professor in 1989.
Rotirni Oderinde was a recipient of the following honours
and awards: Federal Government of Nigeria Bursary Award,
University of Lagos (1969-70); Deutscher Akademischer
Auschdienst - West German Academic Exchange Service
(DAAD) Scholarship, University of Lagos, Nigeria (1970-
72); Herbert Stelner Prize, University of Manchester-a prize
awarded to the student who is adjudged by the Academic
Board to have shown the best performance on a postgraduate
course associated with the Chemistry Department (1973);
British Council Award (1974) and Research/Teaching
Assistantship, University of Manchester (1974-76). Since
graduation, Professor Oderinde has worked in renowned
49
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
academic centres and universities in Nigeria, the UK, and
USA. He was in Chevron Research Institute, Richmond, USA
and at Chevron Nigeria Limited, Lagos as an in-house
environmental consultant between 1996 and 1999.
Prof. Oderinde is a member of professional organizations,
including: American Chemical Society, Science Association
of Nigeria, Chemical Society of Nigeria (He was Assistant
National Secretary from August 1987 to August 1990),
Nigerian Environmental Society and Institute of Public
Analysts of Nigeria. He is a Fellow of the Nigerian Academy
of Science and the Institute of Chartered Chemists' of
Nigeria. He is a regular reviewer for many indexed and cited
professional journals and an external examiner to many
Nigerian Universities and those of other African nations. He
has received many local and international research grants in
his area of research interest - Industrial Chemistry. He has
published over one hundred (100) scientific articles in local
and international indexed and cited journals and well over
thirty (30) conference presentations, monographs and
technical reports.
His major research contributions have been in the areas of
(i) generating basic chemical data that are essential for the
industrial processing of indigenous solid minerals (bitumen,
galena, ilmenite, laterite, phosphorite and sphalerite) into
useful and consumable end-products, (ii) improved bench
scale of ethanol and citric acid through fermentation, (iii)
nonconventional seed oils for industrial applications, (iv) fate
and effects of crude oil on the environment, and (v) industrial
and agricultural wastes utilization. He has supervised many
undergraduate and graduate students for their BSc, MSc and
PhD degrees over the years. Three of Professor Oderinde's
graduate students are Professors of Industrial Chemistry in
Nigerian Universities, including the University of Ibadan.
Prof. Oderinde was Director, Laboratory Technology
Training School from January 2003 until August 2003 when
he was elected Dean of Science, a position he held till July
2005. He has also at different times served the University of
50
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Ibadan on various boards and committees as
chairman/member. He also served as a member of the Ogun
State Hospital Management Board (during the military
regime). He is the current Head of Department of Chemistry,
a position he assumed in 2009.
Professor Oderinde is happily married to Pharm.
Mopelola Oderinde, a retired Deputy Director, Pharma-
ceutical services and former Head of Pharmacy Department,
University College Hospital, Ibadan. They are blessed with
three (3) children.
51
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY