1 ISSN 0378 – 9721 Volume 60 No 1 March / Mars, 2012 African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa Bulletin de la Santé et de la Production Animales en Afrique Union Africaine Bureau interafricain des Ressources Animales UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ISSN 0378 - 9721 INTER-AFRICAN BUREAU FOR ANIMAL RESOURCES BUREAU INTERAFRICAN DES RESSOURCES ANIMALES P.O Box, NAIROBI, KENYA BULLETIN March 2012 Volume 60 No. 1 Mars AFRICAN UNION UNION AFRICAINE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY IBAR PUBLICATION PUBLICATION DU BIRA BULLETIN OF ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION IN AFRICA BULLETIN DE LA SANTE ET DE LA PRODUCTION ANIMALES EN AFRIQUE A Quarterly journal of Original Article and Abstracts in English and French Annual subcription: US$ 100.00 ISSN 0378-9721 Revue trimestrielle contenant des articles originaux et des résumés d’études en anglais et en français Abonnement pour un an : 100$EU UNIVERSITY OF IB DAN LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY BULLETIN OF ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION IN AFRICA VOL. 60 NO. 1 CONTENTS MARCH, 2012 ORIGINAL ARTICAL PAGE 1. Bovine Trichomoniasis: an Overview. Adeyeye A A, Ate I U, Bale J O and Lawal A I.................................. 7 2. An Appraisal of the use of Vaccination for Disease Prevention in Poultry in Ibadan, Nigeria.Dr. Ishola O O.......................................................................................................................................................................... 19 3. Isolation and Antibiotics Susceptibility Patterns of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 from selected Dairy Herds in Nigeria.Amosun Elizabeth A, Olatoye I O, Adetosoye 1 A.................................................... 25 4. Bacteria associated with sheep Pneumonia In El - Damazin Area, The Blue Nile State, The Sudan. SabielY A, Musa MT and Hadia El- Jack Ahmed............................................................................................................ 33 5. Bacteriologic and Histopathologic studies in Pneumonic Lambs in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria. Ahmed A, Egwu G O, Garba H S, Magaji A A and Tambuwal F M...................................................... 39 6. Prevalence of Helminthic Infections among Wild Animals in Yankari Game Reserve, Nigeria. Mbaya A W, Chuchan G K, Ballah F and Garba B................................................................................................... 45 7. The Monogenean Trematode,Gyrodactylusa. A Major Constraint to African Catfish(Clarias Gariepinus), Production: A Case Study of Small Scale Fish Farms in Ibadan, Nigeria. Tchokote E Y and Olufemi B E............................................................................................................................................................ 57 8. Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Chickens in Cameroon. Fotsa J C........................................................... 63 9. Testicular Morphometry and Histology of Male Wistar Rats and Gestational Pattern of Female Wistar Rats Treated with Graded Dosages of The Leaves’aqueous Extract of Spondias Mombin. Oloye A A, Oyeyemi M O, Ola-davies O E, Olurode S A and Inamah O A......................................................... 71 10. Effects of Tramadol Premedication on Ketamine Anaesthesia in Young Pigs Undergoing Surgical Castration. Ajadi R A, Okwelum N, Sonibare A O, Liebsch K R, Williams C E, Klein A L, Bennett M S, Kruse J T and Gazal O S................................................................................................................................................. 77 11. Effects of Superliv® Supplementation in Feed on Haematological Parameters of Post Peak Shika Brown Layers. Jibike G I, Arowolo R O A, Oladele O O, Agbato O and Ohaebgulam O J............................. 83 12. Local Poultry Farmers’ Media use, Access and Understanding of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Communication Materials in Nigeria. Assam A, Abdu P A, Tabe-Ntui L N............................... 93 SHORT COMMUNICATION 13. A Typical Actinobacillosis In An Adult Friesian Cow. Thaiyah A G, Aleri J W, Abuom T O and Mulei C M...................................................................................................................................................................................... 103 14. Effects of Refined Petroleum Product (Kerosene) Flame and Fumes on Haematological Characteristics of Broiler Chickens. Amakiri A O, Owen O J and Jack D O.............................................. 105 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr., (2012), 60, 71-76 71 TESTICULAR MORPHOMETRY AND HISTOLOGY OF MALE WISTAR RATS AND GESTATIONAL PATTERN OF FEMALE WISTAR RATS TREATED WITH GRADED DOSAGES OF THE LEAVES’AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF SPONDIAS MOMBIN Oloye A A1, Oyeyemi M O2, Ola-davies O E3, Olurode S A1 and Inamah O A1. 1Department of Veterinary Public Health and Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine, Fed- eral University of Agriculture Abeokuta. 2Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan. 3Department Of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Of Ibadan. Abstract The effects of aqueous extract of Spondias mombin leaves on testicular characteristics and neonatal birth weights after oral treatment of male and female wistar rats with graded dosages were studied. Twenty-five female and male sexually matured wistar rats divided into four treatment groups B,C, D and E and control group(A) were used. Five untreated matured male were also used for mating. The treatment groups were given 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, 600mg/kg and 800mg/kg respectively while distill water was served to the control group for 28 days. After, testicles were harvested and studied grossly and for histology while the females were served by sexually matured untreated male rats introduced at the last half of the oral treatment. The gross and histology studies showed normal conformation of all the testicles. There was no abnormality noticed in all. Weekly vaginal cytology done during treatment revealed that all the female rats cycled normally. Births were recorded in all groups within the average gestation range of 24-28 days. While group A (control group) had the highest average litter size of 13 followed by groups D and E with 9, group C and E had the highest average birth weights of approximately 5g. It is concluded that there was no antifertility consequence of aqueous spondias mombin on the male wistar rat but insipient infertility was noticed with lower dosages for the female but none with dosage as high as 800mg/kg. Key words: Aqueous extract, Spondias mombin, testicular, neonatal, wistar rat MORPHOMÉTRIE ET HISTOLOGIE DES TESTICULES DE RATS WISTAR MÂLES ET PROFIL GESTATIONNEL DES RATS WISTAR FEMELLES TRAITÉS AVEC DES DOSES PROGRESSIVES DE L’EXTRAIT AQUEUX DE FEUILLES DESPONDIAS MOMBIN Resume Les effets de l’extrait aqueux de feuilles de Spondias mombin sur les caractéristiques des testicules et les poids à la naissance des nouveau-nés après le traitement oral des rats Wistar mâles et femelles avec des doses progressives dudit extrait ont été étudiés. Vingt-cinq rats Wistar femelles et mâles sexuellement matures répartis en quatre groupes de traitement B, C, D et E et un groupe témoin (A) ont été utilisés. Cinq mâles matures non traités ont été utilisés pour l’accouplement. Les groupes traités ont reçu respectivement 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, 600mg/kg et 800mg/kg, tandis que le groupe témoin a reçu de l’eau distillée pendant 28 jours. Par la suite, les testicules ont été prélevés et soumis à une étude microscopique et histologique. ; Les femelles ont accouplées par des rats mâles sexuellement matures non traités, on été introduites au traitement durant la dernière moitié de l’étude. Les études microscopiques et histologiques ont montré une conformation normale de tous les testicules. Aucun cas d’anomalie n’a été constaté. La Corresponding author: drabimbola2002@yahoo.com UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 72 Oloye A A1, Oyeyemi M O, Ola-davies O E, Olurode S A and Inamah O A. cytologie vaginale hebdomadaire faite pendant le traitement a révélé que toutes les femelles avaient des cycles normaux. Les naissances ont été enregistrées dans tous les groupes,après une période moyenne de gestation de 24-28 jours. Alors que le groupe A (groupe témoin) avait la plus grande portée moyenne de 13 ratons, suivi par les groupes D et E dont la portée était de 9, les groupes C et E avaient les poids les plus élevés à la naissance, soit environ 5g en moyenne. On a conclu que le spondias mombin aqueux ne causait pas d’infertilité chez le rat Wistar mâle ; un début d’infertilité a été remarqué avec des doses faibles pour la femelle, mais par contre une dose aussi élevée que 800mg/kg n’a pas produit un tel effet. Mots-clés: Extrait aqueux, Spondias mombin, testiculaire, néonatal, rat Wistar Introduction prepared into an extract at the University of Ibadan using standard method of extract Spondias mombin is a fruitiferous tree preparation. Twenty-five female and twenty that belongs to the family Anacardiacae. It five male pubertal wistar rats divided into four grows in the coastal areas and in the rain forest treatment groups (five rats per group) B, C, D into a big tree of up to 15-22mm in height. It and E and control group(A) were used. They is readily common in Nigeria and is known weighed 120g. The treatment groups were given as Iyeye in Yoruba language, Ngulungu in Igbo 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, 600mg/kg and 800mg/kg and Isada in Hausa. The plant is widely relied respectively while distill water was served to on for various herbal remedies for numerous the control group for 28 days. The male were conditions. It is a common midwife’s remedy harvested of their testicles at the end of oral to help induce labour, reduce bleeding and pain treatment and testicles were subjected to during and after child birth, to bring on the morphometry and histology. Vagina cytology of flow of breast milk, and expulsion of placenta. the female rats was done for two consecutive Spondias mombin leaves are among the forages weeks to establish an estous cycle pattern. given to domestic animals in SouthEastern The female rats were thereafter served with Nigeria (Ayoka et al., 2008). The plant is given untreated sexually matured male rats at the to expectant ruminant animals and those that ratio of five female to one male. Identification delivered without the release of their placenta of sperm plug in the vagina was taken as the (Okwu and Ekeke, 2003) and also given for day 0 of gestation. Gestation length, litter size, anti-helminthic activities (Ademola et al., 2005). and live birth weight were measured. Student’s Saponin, found as one of its constituents, has t-test was used to analyse the data (Steele and oxytocytic effect (Offiah and Anyanwu, 1989); Torrie 1996). The difference of means were alkaloids have antispasmodic, analgesic and considered significant at p<0.05. SPSS statistical antibacterial activities (Corthout et al., 1994). package (version 16.0) was used. Flavanoids and other phenolic compounds also found in the plant have been associated with Results anti herpes, antioxidative, antiviral and anti ageing properties, (Corthout et al., 1992). tThe testicular weights of the treated Raji et al., ( 2006 ) reported antifertility groups were not significantly different from action of aqueous Spondia mombin bark the control group (Table 1). The gross and extract in male wistar rat. histology studies showed normal conformation This study was carried out, using the of all the testicles (Figure 2). Average testicular wistar rat as a model, to investigate the effect length, width and epididymal length were not the aqueous extract of the leaves can have on significantly different comparing all the groups some reproductive potentials as the leaves are and between right and left testes within each served animals for different medicinal purposes group (Table 2). There was no abnormality noticed in all. Weekly vaginal cytology done Materials and Methods during treatment revealed that all the female rats cycled normally. Specific epithelial cells Plant was collected identified and predominant and consistent with each stage UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Testicular Morphometry and Histology of Male Wistar Rats and Gestational Pattern of Female Wistar Rats Treated with Graded 73 Dosages of the Leaves’aqueous Extract of Spondias Mombin Table 1: Effect of aqueous extract of Spondias mombin on the testicular weight of treated wistar rats (±SD) Group Dosage (mg/kg) Right testis (g) Left testis (g) A (Control) Distilled water 0.9±0.15 0.9±0.20 B (200mg/kg) 200 1.1±0.10 1.0±0.06 C (400mg/kg) 400 1.1±0.10 1.0±010 D (600mg/kg) 600 0.9±0.06 1.0±0.12 E (800mg/kg) 800 1.2±0.10 1.1±0.00 Table 2: Effect of aqueous extract of Spondias mombin on the testicular length and width and epididymal length of treated wistar rats (±SD) Group Average Teticular length Average Testicular Average Epididymal (cm) Width(cm) Length (cm) R L R L R L A 1.9±0.30 1.9±0.30 1.1±0.13 1.1±0.13 4.0±0.22 4.0±0.61 B 1.7±0.32 1.7±0.30 1.1±0.9 1.1±0.51 4.3 ±0.33 4.3±0.19 C 1.9±0.21 1.9±0.26 1.1±0.15 1.0±0.06 4.1±0.50 4.0±0.71 D 1.7± 0.06 1.7±0.06 1.1±0.13 1.1±0.13 3.5 ±0.56 3.7±0.45 E 1.7±0.10 1.8±0.10 1.2 ±0.22 1.1±0.10 4.1±0.10 4.2±0.20 Table 3: Effect of aqueous extract of Spondias mombin on the average gestation length, litter size and live birth weight of treated wistar rats (±SD) Group Number in Average Gesta- Average litter Average live group tion Length size birth weight (g) A 5 24.7±2.52 12.7±4.73 4.6±0.57 B 5 24.7±4.16 4.7±0.577 4.9±0.94 C 5 28.5±7.05 6.5±2.08 4.8±0.57 D 5 22.3±1.53 8.0±4.50 5.7±1.01 E 5 24.7±7.23 8.7±0.577 4.74±0.48 One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Rt test L 5 1.7800 .10954 .04899 Lft test L 5 1.8000 .10000 .04472 One-Sample Test Test Value = 0 t df Sig. Mean 95% Confidence Interval (2-tailed) Difference of the Differencep Lower Upper Rt test L 36.334 4 .000 1.78000 1.6440 1.9160 Lft test L 40.249 4 .000 1.80000 1.6758 1.9242 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 74 Oloye A A1, Oyeyemi M O, Ola-davies O E, Olurode S A and Inamah O A. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Rt Test Width 5 1.1200 .04472 .02000 Lft Test Width 5 1.0800 .04472 .02000 Rt Epid Lgth 5 4.0000 .30000 .13416 Lft Epid Lgth 5 4.0400 .23022 .10296 One-Sample Test Test Value = 0 t Df Sig. Mean Dif- 95% Confidence Interval (2-tailed) ference of the Difference Lower Upper Rt Test 56.000 4 .000 1.12000 1.0645 1.1755 Width Lft Test 54.000 4 .000 1.08000 1.0245 1.1355 Width Rt Epid Lgth 29.814 4 .000 4.00000 3.6275 4.3725 Lft Epid Lgth 39.240 4 .000 4.04000 3.7541 4.3259 One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Gest Lgth 5 24.9800 2.22531 .99519 Litter Size 5 8.1200 2.98530 1.33507 Live BW 5 4.9400 .43932 .19647 One-Sample Test Test Value = 0 t df Sig. Mean Dif- 95% Confidence Interval (2-tailed) ference of the Difference Lower Upper GestL 25.101 4 .000 24.98000 22.2169 27.7431 LittS 6.082 4 .004 8.12000 4.4133 11.8267 LiveBW 25.144 4 .000 4.94000 4.3945 5.4855 One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean WeightR 5 1.0400 .13416 .06000 WeightL 4 1.0250 .05000 .02500 One-Sample Test Test Value = 0 t df Sig. Mean 95% Confidence Interval (2-tailed) Difference of the Difference Lower Upper WeightR 17.333 4 .000 1.04000 .8734 1.2066 WeightL 41.000 3 .000 1.02500 .9454 1.1046 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Testicular Morphometry and Histology of Male Wistar Rats and Gestational Pattern of Female Wistar Rats Treated with Graded 75 Dosages of the Leaves’aqueous Extract of Spondias Mombin ANOVA WeightR Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups .045 2 .023 1.700 .370 Within Groups .027 2 .013 Total .072 4 ANOVA WeightR Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups .015 2 .008 3.000 .250 Within Groups .005 2 .002 Total .020 4 of estrous cycle were prominent (Figure 1). Births were recorded in all groups within the average gestation range of 24-28 days with Control group and Group B falling within the lower and upper extremes respectively (Table 3). While Group A (control group) had the highest average litter size of 13 followed by groups D and E with 9. Group C and E had the highest average birth weights of approximately 5g (Table 3). Group B animals appeared disadvantaged having the lowest Percentage conception and litter size. Figure 1: Parabasal epithelial cell indicative of Results active cycling The testicular weights of the treated groups were not significantly different from the control group (Table 1). The gross and histology studies showed normal conformation of all the testicles (Figure 2). Average testicular length, width and epididymal length were not significantly different comparing all the groups and between right and left testes within each group (Table 2). There was no abnormality noticed in all. Weekly vaginal cytology done during treatment revealed that all the female rats cycled normally. Specific epithelial cells predominant and consistent with each stage of estrous cycle were prominent (Figure 1). Figure 2: Normal Histological section of the testis Births were recorded in all groups within the of treated wistar rat average gestation range of 24-28 days with Control group and Group B falling within the lower and upper extremes respectively (Table 3). While Group A (control group) had the highest average litter size of 13 followed by groups D and E with 9. Group C and E had the UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 76 Oloye A A1, Oyeyemi M O, Ola-davies O E, Olurode S A and Inamah O A. highest average birth weights of approximately 1990-1839 OCLC 17318 5g (Table 3). Group B animals appeared disadvantaged having the lowest Percentage Ayoka A O, Akomolafe R O, Akinsomisoye O S and conception and litter size. Ukponmwan O E. (2008). Medicinal and Economic Value of Spondias mombin. African Journal of Discussion and Conclusion Biomedical Research (Ibadan, Nigeria: Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group) 11: pp.129–136. The undistrupted estous cycle give Corhout J, Pieters L A, Claeys M, Vanden Berghe D credence to the report of Nwude et al., A and Viletinck A J.(1992). Antiviral Caffeoyl; Esters (2006) that the extract of Spondia mombin has from Spondias mombin Phytochemistry 31, 79 no effect on the oestrogenic activity and by extension the oestrous cycle of the wistar rat. Corhout J, Pieters L A, Claeys M, Vanden Berghe The unaffected male testicular characteristics D A and Viletinck A J.(1994). Antibacterial and after treatment is in consonance with Oloye Molliusciidal phenolic aid from Spondias Mombin. et al’s (2011) finding on the positive impact Planta Medica, 60, 460-463 of the extract on the male spermiogram .The Nwude N and Ibrahim M A. (1980).’ Some plant leaves served to animals for antihelminthic used in traditional Veterinary medicine practice in purpose is therefore safe in the male as it does Nig. Presented at the 17th Annual congress of Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association in Zaria..pg 28-31 not interfere with fertility. It is concluded that there is no antifertility consequence of aqueous Offiah V N and Anyanwu I I. (1989). Abortificient spondias mombin on the male wistar rat but activity of an aqueous extract of Spondia mombin insipient infertility was noticed with dosages as leaves. J. Ethnopharmacol. 26 (3): 317 - 320 low as 200mg for the non gravid female but none with dosage as high as 800mg/kg. Okwu D E and Ekeke O. (2003). Chemical composition of Spondia mombin plants. J . sustain Impact Agri. Environment 6:140-147. The use of natural products for Oloye A A, Oyeyemi M O, Ola-davies O E and enhancement of animal health can not be Innamah O A. (2011) Effect Of Aqueous Extract Of Spondias Mombin On The Spermiogram Of Wistar overemphasized. However it is needful also to Rats Bull. Anim. Health. Prod. Afr. (2011). 59 : 95 - 99 ensure the preservation of the reproductive life of these animals in the course of using the natural products. This work has helped to ascertain the need for care in using Spondias mombin in pregravida animals. Reference Ademola I O, Fagbemi B O and Idowu S O. (2005): Anthelmintic activity of extract of Spondias mombin against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep; studies in vitro and in vivo. Tropical Animal Health and Production 37 (3), 223 – 235. Akubue P I, Mittal G C and Aguwa C N. 1983 Preliminary pharmacological study of some Nigerian medicinal plants. J. ethnopharmacol and; 8 (1) ; 53 – 63. Ayeloja et al 2006 ‘’ Non- timber forest product marketing in Nigeria; A Case study of Osun state’’ Educational Research and reviews.pp 52-58 ISSN UNIVERSITY OF IBA AN LIBRARY