TOWARDS A DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF INTERNET WEB AND INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR VETERINARY MEDICINE EDUCATION IN NIGERIA. Tayo Babalobi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria E-mail: oo.babalobi@mail.ui.edu.ng; tayobabalobi@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: Various professions, such as accountancy, medicine, engineering and law, have developed and utilized the potentials and capabilities of the Internet in professional education, training, research and practice. This is by utilizing Internet Web Communication Technologies (WCT), the computers/computer networks of various Information Communication Technologies (ICT), and the development of an electronic libraries/resource base. The veterinary profession, over the past decade or so, has also utilized these facilities. However, the development and use of ICT/WCT and electronic libraries for veterinary medicine is mainly limited to the developed countries like the USA, UK and other European countries. It remains, largely an “African Dream”. This could be ascribed to the low adaptability/affordability of the Internet culture and a low level of awareness of these electronic facilities in African countries. Nigeria has five officially recognized veterinary faculties, with three others in the offing. The availability of self-owned Internet links by these universities is a recent phenomenon. However, many academics had utilized private commercial Internet facilities, a relatively expensive venture. Thus, none of the veterinary faculties in Nigeria is engaged in corporate utilization of the WCT/ICT facilities in veterinary education. Also, although the theme at the 2001 Congress of the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association, was ”Advances in Information Technology: Impact on the Veterinary Profession”, apart from an invited speaker, only one paper, presented by this author, was strictly relevant on the theme. Apart from the low adaptability/affordability and the apparent lack of awareness, there are three major limitations to the development and use of ICT/WCT/veterinary electronic libraries/ resource base in veterinary medicine in Nigeria. These are the need for training/ retraining of veterinary informatics personnel and acquisition of relevant hardware/software, poor power supply and the development of sufficient/relevant local veterinary electronic libraries. The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, which was recently designated a Nigerian Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine by the Post-Graduate College of Veterinary Surgeons Nigeria, has the human and intellectual capacity for the application of ICT and WCT to veterinary education and ongoing research in trans- boundary and zoonotic tropical diseases. The Faculty eagerly looks forward to such international collaborative support to overcome existing limitations, in its mission for the application of ICT and WCT to veterinary education, research and practice in Nigeria. Introduction The Internet is arguably one of the most significant dedicated to veterinary medicine research and technological developments of the late 20th century. education resources Initially conceived in the seventies to act as a nuclear attack resistant method for exchange of scientific Internet use in Africa information, the Internet was deployed for linking The use of the Internet facilities and opportunities in research agencies and universities. Its interactive Africa is still at an abysmally low level. Comparing the potential as the Worldwide Web created new performance of Africa with other regions of the world opportunities which enabled information communication (Table 1), Africa has the poorest Internet performance; worldwide. It is now being employed as a tool for the performance is a factor of 30 below that of Europe, learning, teaching and research in many professions at for example. Even Uganda (one of the better performing pre- and postgraduate levels in many universities, African countries) is at the same state that Europe was especially in the advanced countries of Europe and the at in 1995, and the trends show Africa is falling behind Americas. Also, a number of websites are other regions (Cottrell and Canessa, 2003). 73 IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY TABLE 1: INTERNET USERS AND POPULATION STATISTICS FOR AFRICA Pop. % Use Penetration AFRICA REGION Population in Internet Users, Growth (% % Users (2005 Est.) World Latest Data (2000-2005) Population) in World Total for Africa 900,465,411 14.0 % 13,468,600 198.3 % 1.5 % 1.5 % Rest of the World 5,511,601,774 86.0 % 875,212,531 145.5 % 15.9 % 98.5 % WORLD TOTAL 6,412,067,185 100.0 % 888,681,131 146.2 % 13.9 % 100.0 % Source: internetworldstas.com http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm. Upgraded March 28 2005. Even within Africa, there are more than an order of magnitude differences in performance between different countries as shown in Table 2 below: TABLE 2: INTERNET USAGE STATISTICS FOR AFRICA Internet AFRICA Population Internet (%) (2005 Est.) Users Users, Use Growth % Population Dec/2000 Latest (2000-2005) (Penetration) Users Data in Africa Algeria 32,557,738 50,000 500,000 900.0 % 1.5 % 3.7 % Angola 12,918,595 30,000 41,000 36.7 % 0.3 % 0.3 % Benin 7,317,178 15,000 70,000 366.7 % 1.0 % 0.5 % Botswana 1,820,498 15,000 60,000 300.0 % 3.3 % 0.4 % Burkina Faso 11,998,145 10,000 48,000 380.0 % 0.4 % 0.4 % Burundi 7,742,727 3,000 14,000 366.7 % 0.2 % 0.1 % Cameroon 16,983,434 20,000 60,000 200.0 % 0.4 % 0.4 % Cape Verde 469,489 8,000 20,400 155.0 % 4.3 % 0.2 % Central African Rep. 4,072,248 1,500 6,000 300.0 % 0.1 % 0.0 % Chad 8,528,506 1,000 15,000 1,400.0 % 0.2 % 0.1 % Comoros 650,306 1,500 5,000 233.3 % 0.8 % 0.0 % Congo 3,403,718 500 15,000 2,900.0 % 0.4 % 0.1 % Congo, Dem. Rep. 57,261,205 500 50,000 9,900.0 % 0.1 % 0.4 % 74 IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cote d'Ivoire 19,072,133 40,000 240,000 500.0 % 1.3 % 1.8 % Djibouti 767,393 1,400 6,500 364.3 % 0.8 % 0.0 % Egypt 69,954,717 450,000 3,000,000 566.7 % 4.3 % 22.3 % Equatorial Guinea 1,085,278 500 1,800 260.0 % 0.2 % 0.0 % Eritrea 4,125,942 5,000 30,000 500.0 % 0.7 % 0.2 % Ethiopia 70,600,043 10,000 75,000 650.0 % 0.1 % 0.6 % Gabon 1,398,521 15,000 35,000 133.3 % 2.5 % 0.3 % Gambia 1,435,510 4,000 25,000 525.0 % 1.7 % 0.2 % Ghana 20,916,973 30,000 170,000 466.7 % 0.8 % 1.3 % Guinea 7,988,524 8,000 40,000 400.0 % 0.5 % 0.3 % Guinea-Bissau 1,427,685 1,500 19,000 1,166.7 % 1.3 % 0.1 % Kenya 33,393,408 200,000 400,000 100.0 % 1.2 % 3.0 % Lesotho 2,307,137 4,000 30,000 650.0 % 1.3 % 0.2 % Liberia 3,065,594 500 1,000 100.0 % 0.03 % 0.0 % Libya 5,980,693 10,000 160,000 1,500.0 % 2.7 % 1.2 % Madagascar 17,955,589 30,000 70,500 135.0 % 0.4 % 0.5 % Malawi 11,166,595 15,000 36,000 140.0 % 0.3 % 0.3 % Mali 10,587,269 18,800 25,000 33.0 % 0.2 % 0.2 % Mauritania 2,836,848 5,000 12,000 140.0 % 0.4 % 0.1 % Mauritius 1,268,044 87,000 150,000 72.4 % 11.8 % 1.1 % Mayotte (FR) 182,075 - - - - n/a Morocco 31,003,311 100,000 1,000,000 900.0 % 3.2 % 7.4 % Mozambique 19,416,143 30,000 50,000 66.7 % 0.3 % 0.4 % Namibia 1,994,816 30,000 65,000 116.7 % 3.3 % 0.5 % Niger 11,925,511 5,000 15,000 200.0 % 0.1 % 0.1 % Nigeria 156,468,571 200,000 750,000 275.0 % 0.5 % 5.6 % 75 IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Reunion (FR) 779,388 130,000 150,000 15.4 % 19.2 % 1.1 % Rwanda 8,640,104 5,000 25,000 400.0 % 0.3 % 0.2 % Saint Helena (UK) 5,110 - 500 n/a 9.8 % 0.0 % Sao Tome & Principe 166,657 6,500 15,000 130.8 % 9.0 % 0.1 % Senegal 10,694,222 40,000 225,000 462.5 % 2.1 % 1.7 % Seychelles 82,494 6,000 11,700 95.0 % 14.2 % 0.1 % Sierra Leone 5,182,225 5,000 8,000 60.0 % 0.2 % 0.1 % Somalia 11,967,011 200 89,000 44,400.0 % 0.7 % 0.7 % South Africa 48,051,581 2,400,000 3,523,000 46.8 % 7.3 % 26.2 % Sudan 35,035,677 30,000 300,000 900.0 % 0.9 % 2.2 % Swaziland 1,121,937 10,000 27,000 170.0 % 2.4 % 0.2 % Tanzania 37,103,500 115,000 250,000 117.4 % 0.7 % 1.9 % Togo 5,272,987 100,000 210,000 110.0 % 4.0 % 1.6 % Tunisia 10,116,314 100,000 630,000 530.0 % 6.2 % 4.7 % Uganda 26,987,700 40,000 125,000 212.5 % 0.5 % 0.9 % Western Sahara 320,712 - - - - n/a Zambia 11,015,072 20,000 68,200 241.0 % 0.6 % 0.5 % Zimbabwe 13,874,610 50,000 500,000 900.0 % 3.6 % 3.7 % TOTAL AFRICA 900,465,411 4,514,400 13,468,600 198.3 % 1.45 % 100.0 % Source: internetworldstas.com http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm. Upgraded March 28 2005. Problems of Internet use in Africa and Nigeria and the related infrastructure that goes hand-in-hand Participants from Africa at the 2003 World Summit on with it (Oatway, 2004). the Information Society http://www.itu.int/wsis A number of problems still plague Internet connectivity bemoaned the fact that their compatriots lacked and usage in the Nigerian University system. From an computers, training and the economics essential to existing study result (using the Obafemi Awolowo affording new technology. (Alden, 2004). Although University as study), it is apparent that Nigeria has poor Nigeria has one of the most advanced Internet to bad connectivity. In fact, sites appear to have fewer frameworks in Africa, with a broad bandwidth of 512 throughputs than many homes with DSL or dial-up kbps to the Internet, this service is one of the most modems in developed countries (Cottrell and Canessa, costly and problematic in the world. The problems range 2003). Poor social infrastructure, especially erratic from inadequate telephone facilities and connections for power supply, is a major problem in Nigeria. affordable Internet use, to the high cost of computers 76 IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Internet usage in Nigerian universities However, a number of undergraduate and postgraduate The level of utilization of the Internet for academic students do employ technologies such as Geographic research in Nigerian universities has been evaluated in Information System, Global Positioning System and some Nigerian universities. At the Obafemi Awolowo Remote Sensing in tropical disease research (Libby et University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, questionnaires were al, 2001). Multilateral assistance/collaboration is needed administered to postgraduate students spanning art and to overcome these limitations and actualize this science-based programmes. The results from the desirable need to develop and apply ICT/WCT and analysis of the responses showed that the use of the electronic libraries for veterinary medicine education, Internet ranked fourth (17.26%percent) among the research and practice in Nigeria. sources of research materials. Even then, respondents who use the Internet ranked research materials (53.42 Collaborative partnership percent) second to e-mail (69.86 percent). The study Partnership with e-learning ICT/WCT facilities is concludes that the use of the Internet for academic required to develop the use of ICT/WCT for education research would significantly improve through the and research in Nigerian universities. The Nigeria provision of more access points at departmental and Project is an example of such educational partnership faculty levels. (Jagboro, 2003 between Emporia State University's School of Library http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL). and Information Management (SLIM) in Emporia, Kansas, USA and three peer institutions in Nigeria: Veterinary education in Nigeria Bayero University, Kano; Ahmadu Bello University, There are five existing veterinary faculties in Nigeria Zaria; and the University of Maiduguri. The project was • University of Ibadan, designed to foster communication and collaboration • Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, between the faculty and student bodies of partner • University of Nigeria Nsukka, institutions, thereby enhancing diverse and global • University of Maiduguri and perspectives in their programs. Participants on • Othman Dan Fodio University Sokoto. exchange study visits from Nigeria to collaborating Three new ones at Abeokuta, Makurdi and Umudike are partner institutions in the West were exposed to WCT still at the pre-clinical phase. technology and blackboard instructional software for online classes by lecturers, and monitored offline Veterinary education at the University of Ibadan discussions and chats by students. The outreach Veterinary education at the University of Ibadan began component of the project entails strengthening the in 1963, in cooperative training with ABU Zaria. It capacity of Nigerian institutions, and local public libraries became a fully fledged faculty in 1971 and has so far to support development of civil society in their produced 122 PhD, 15 MPhil. 122 MSc/MVSc, 38 communities. (http://nigeriaproject.emporia.edu/, 2003). MVPH, 45 MPVM , 8 MSc. (Epizootiology) and 1169 In 2002, UNESCO initiated a Japanese funds-in-trust DVM graduates. Recently in 2005, the University of cooperation plan to set up virtual libraries in Nigeria. Ibadan Faculty of Veterinary Medicine was rated by the Given the low capacity utilization of Nigerian university National University Commission of Nigeria as the best in libraries to adequately stock relevant required books terms of quality and number of teachers, infrastructure and literatures, the idea of the virtual library is to exploit and graduates; and is designated a Nigerian Center of the opportunities in ICT to provide solution to these Excellence in Post-Graduate Veterinary Public Health problems (http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL, and Preventive Medicine by the PostGraduate College 2003). The virtual library is an opportunity to address the of Veterinary Surgeons Nigeria. paucity of teaching and research materials in the Its department of Veterinary Public Health and libraries of institutions of higher education in the country. Preventive Medicine was established in 1975, with It would also allow the institutions and local researchers responsibility for teaching/research in epizootiology, to share their own research outputs with the global preventive medicine, biostatistics, jurisprudence, community Ya’u, zoonoses, food and meat hygiene, organization of (2003). veterinary services, veterinary economics, ambulatory clinics; and has produced 38 MVPH, 45 MVPM, 8 MSc ICT/WCT status at the University of Ibadan (Epizootiology) and 13 PhDs since 1983 The University of Ibadan ICT recently received a boost as it benefited from a three year (2002-2005) ICT/WCT veterinary medicine education in Nigeria Institutional Strengthening Grant of $3,000,000.00 from The application of aspects of ICT/WCT to veterinary the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. research and practice has recently been actively (Three other universities- Ahmadu Bello University promoted in Nigeria (Babalobi, 2003, Babalobi and Zaria, Bayero University Kano and University of Port Cowen, 2001, Babalobi et al, 2004, Hassan et al, 2004, Harcourt similarly benefited). A substantial part of the Libby et al, 2001). Despite this gradual imbibing of ICT grant was devoted to improved Internet access at the and WCT technologies in university education, research university. In 2003, only 25 officers of the University had and training in Nigeria, none of the five existing access to the Internet through a telephone dial-up veterinary faculties in Nigeria is yet to effectively employ service via an Internet Service Provider. With the these technologies (especially WCT) in veterinary MacArthur grant, a Campus Area Network, using education. wireless technology has now connected 650 networks 77 IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY (of an estimated 820) to the network (The University of well as a Web-based MSc. and certificated online Ibadan MacArthur Foundation Grant. Newsletter. Continuing Professional Development modules in Special Edition, January 2005). Even then connectivity Tropical Animal Health. problems still occur recurrently at faculty, departmental The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of and desktop outposts. Ibadan, which was recently designated a Nigerian Also from the MacArthur grant, the University Library is Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health and converting its manual database format to electronic Preventive Medicine by the PostGraduate College of format and has acquired relevant hardware and Veterinary Surgeons Nigeria, has the human and software for electronic access. A VSAT Internet access intellectual capacity for the application of ICT and WCT facility has been installed at the University main campus to veterinary education and ongoing research in trans- and a second VSAT will be installed in the University boundary and zoonotic tropical diseases. The Faculty College of Medicine, to meet the demand of the College eagerly looks forward to such international collaborative and serve as back up for the main campus VSAT. The support, in its mission for the application of ICT and University College Hospital, Ibadan (UCH) has a WCT to veterinary education, research, and practice in functional medical library – the UCH Medical Library Nigeria. Resource Centre. The grant was recently renewed for another three years, Conclusion with effect from May 2005. In his inaugural lecture of 1983, Professor Olu Longe, the 1st Professor of Computer Science at the University ICT/WCT applications in veterinary epidemiology of Ibadan, illustrated some similar basic concepts of the education native Yoruba Ifa Divination and computer science. He A recent discussion on the epidemio- explained that the ancient Yoruba knowledge systems l@LISTES.UMontreal.CA, an epidemiology e-mail existed, were known and practiced before the 11th discussion group, broached the issue of the use of the Century. The same ideas were rediscovered in the West electronic forum WebCT (or similar technologies) for in later centuries and packaged as computer teaching epidemiology via class discussions/discussing (information) science.(Olu Longe, 1983). a case study, the investigation of an epidemic event ( Soubhi Hassan: Thu 10/2/2005 3:11 PM). Incidentally According to Phillip Emegwali, the Nigerian born and impressively, an African university, the Department American scientist credited with designing the world’s of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary fastest computer, Science, University of Pretoria, has similarly advertised ‘…We Africans were the first to enter the Agricultural a 2005 WebCT Short Course in Community-Based Age, the first to build in stones, the first to pioneer in Animal Health, as well as a Web-based MSc. and technology. The Greeks learned our technology and certificated online modules in tropical animal health, to taught it to the western world. Two thousand years later, support continuing professional development. With the the West is leaving us behind as it prepares to enter the collaboration of its partners, it seeks to use “New Information Age and the third millennium. We must hurry technologies, such as the interactive potential of the to enter the Information Age. Europeans learned our World-wide Web, to create new opportunities which technology, used it to enter the Industrial Age and enable information to be shared more freely and to became more prosperous than we are. They learned to present educational information in a modern format” put capital together and mass-produce consumer goods. (Gaum 2005). Unless Africa leapfrogs into the Information Age, the economic gap between Europe and Africa would widen African dream, vision and mission because Europe is about to enter the age. In other At the Budapest 2003 4ICAHIS (4th International words, to catch up, Africa must take two steps for every Conference of Animal Health Information Specialists), step Europe takes’’. Antoinette Lourens re ferred to efforts to take the (Emeagwali, 1997 nightmare (Lor, 2001) out of retrieving E-information http://www.emeagwali.com/speeches/igbo/1.html). services for Africa and turn it into a colourful and viable ‘African Dream’ (Lourens, 2003). In this regard, the Promoting and implementing the active use of WCT and University of Pretoria’s Veterinary Science Library’s role ICT technologies in the professions (including veterinary model e-initiative has extended the learning horizon, medicine) in Africa, with the active collaboration and making information available to users beyond the assistance of our Western WCT/ICT colleagues, will campus e.g. private practitioners needing information for certainly help Africa enter and benefit from the continuing professional development purposes, post Information Age. graduate students (including a disabled student ) doing Acknowledgement distance learning courses, as well as students in other African countries. (Lourens, 2003). There are a number of international organizations The Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, actively involved in the promotion of veterinary Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, in informatics and the application of ICT and WCT to collaboration with Western partners, has caught the veterinary medicine in Africa. Among such organizations vision by blazing the trail with its advertised WebCT is the Animal Health Information Specialists AHIS (UK Short Courses in Community-Based Animal Health, as and Ireland) http://www.ahis.org. 78 IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY The AHIS has as objectives: University of P retoria has succeeded not only in taking the nightmare out of retrieving e-information and turning 1. To bring together all those who are employed it into a colourful and viable African dream, but has or interested in the dissemination of animal diligently and graciously hosted 5ICAHIS and health information facilitated this presentation. 2. Foster cooperation and resource sharing 3. Stimulate interest in related matters References 1. Alden, Chris (2004). For most Africans, Internet The AHIS promotes these objectives by the organization access is little more than a pipe dream. Online Journal of meetings, discussions and conferences and by the Review article. Annenberg School for Communication collection and dissemination of information. http://ojr.org/ojr/workplace. www.usc.edu.2004.10.28) This plea/position paper, (and similar ones on this 2. Babalobi, O.O. (2003). E-groups and the issue), have been presented at one of the international development of the veterinary profession in Nigeria. AHIS conferences- the 5th International Conference of 40th Annual Congress of the Nigerian Veterinary Animal Health Information Specialists in South Africa, Medical Association. Ibadan, Nigeria. October 2003. July 2005. 3. Babalobi, O.O. and Cowen, P. (2001). PROMED – Another important role player is the Technical Centre for mail: An electronic mail disease-reporting forum. Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) Proceedings of the 38th National Congress of the (http://www.cta.int/) The CTA was established in 1983 Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA) Topo, under the Lomé Convention between the ACP (African, Badagry, Lagos. Nov. 2001: 206 –207. Caribbean and Pacific) Group of States and the European Union member states. CTA's tasks are to 4. Babalobi, O.O, Fabiyi, 0. and Oguamanan Libby, develop and provide services that improve access to (2002). Application of Geographical Information information for agricultural and rural development, and Systems to veterinary medicine: an overview. Tropical to strengthen the capacity of ACP countries to produce, Veterinarian. 20 (2): I17— I 25. acquire, exchange and utilize information in this area. 5. Babalobi, O.O, Ogundipe, G.A.T, and Okafor Libby CTA also produces ICT Update http://ictupdate.cta.int/(a (2004) Towards an increasing awareness and use of bimonthly printed bulletin), a web magazine, and an Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Remote accompanying e-mail newsletter. Each issue of ICT Sensing (RS) And Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in Update focuses on a specific theme relevant to ICTs for veterinary medicine in Nigeria. 41st Annual Congress of agricultural and rural development in African, Caribbean the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association. Vom, Jos, and Pacific (ACP) countries. Specific CTA ICT/WCT Nigeria. November 2004. services through its Information and Capacity (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/9010/28604/01294646.pd Development Department (ICDD) f) (Accessed 28 December 2006) http://www.cta.int/icdd/index.htm, for strengthening the information and communication management capacities 6. Cottrell, R.Les and Canessa, Enrique (2003) Internet of ACP partners include: performance to Africa. 2003 Round Table on developing countries access to scientific knowledge, The Abdus 1. Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) Salam ICTP, Trieste, Italy 73 (http://www.cta.int/about/sdi.htm) www.ejds.org/meeting2003/ictp/papers/Cottrell- 2. CTA's CD-ROM Programme Canessa.pdf (Accessed 20 April 2007) (http://www.cta.int/about/cdrom.htm) 3. Seminar Support Programme 7. Emeagwali, Philip (1997) Can Nigeria leapfrog into (http://www.cta.int/about/ssp.htm) the Information Age? 4. Support to non-CTA training schemes http://www.emegwali.com/speeches/igbo/1.html (http://www.cta.int/about/training_support.htm) (Accessed 20 April 2007) 8. Gaum, Inge (2005). Community-based animal health The presenter of this paper, with some other Africans, 1, Continuing Education, University of Pretoria/Web- benefited from the Seminar Support Programme which based MSc and certificated online modules in Tropical is designed to enable ACP nationals to attend regional Animal Health to support Continuing Professional and international conferences on topics of relevance to Development. Presented by the Department of Tropical their area of work. The programme also helps to ensure Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of that ACP views are expressed at international Pretoria, and its partners. WebCT Marketing E-mail, conferences dealing with agriculture and rural April 2005. development issues (http://www.cta.int/about/ssp.htm). http://www.ceatup.com ; Finally, the Organizer of 5ICAHIS, the Academic http://www.up.ac.za/academic/veterinary/depts_vtd.htm, Information Service, Veterinary Science Library, http://www.up.ac.za/academic/veterinary/depts_vtd_msc 79 IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY web/index.htm, http://www.up.ac.za/academic/veterinary/depts_vtd_cpd 15. Oguamanan Libby, Babalobi, O.O. and Fabiyi, 0. web/index.htm (200I) Application of Geographical Information Systems to assess the risk of Trypanosomosis in Apete, Ibadan. 9. Hassan, A.Z., Mohammed, I., Remi-Adewumi, B.D. Proceedings of the 38th National Congress of the and Umar, M.R (2004). Computer application in Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA) Topo. veterinary medicine. Nigerian Veterinary Journal 25(2) Badagry, Lagos. November 2001: 211-217. 1-12. 16. Olu Longe (1983) Ifa divination and computer 10. Internet World Stats: Usage and Population science. An inaugural lecture delivered at the University Statistics (2005). of Ibadan, Nigeria, 22nd December 1983. 50pp. http://www.internetworldstats.com/links4.htm 17. Soubhi Hassan (2005) epidemio- 11. Jagboro, K.O. (2003) A study of Internet usage in l@LISTES.UMontreal.CA. An e-mail. Thu 10/2/2005 Nigerian universities: A case study of Obafemi, Ile-Ife, 3:11 pm. Nigeria. http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL University of Ibadan MacArthur Foundation Grant. Newsletter. Special Edition. January 2005. 12. Lor, P J. (2001). From inter-library lending to instant http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.114550 universal access: First World utopia, Third World 1/apps/nl/content3.asp?content_id=%7BBAD3B401- nightmare? Paper presented at an Inter-library lending 917E-4427-9CF6-34715E645F51%7D¬oc=1 Conference of the Finnish Research Library Association, (Accessed 20 April 2007) Helsinki, www.nlsa.ac.za/docs/pjlpaper.pdf 18. University of Ibadan, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 13. Lourens, Antoinette (2003) An African dream? E- Prospectus (2002-2004). Issued by Dean’s Office, information services at the University of Pretoria’s Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. 188pp Veterinary Science Library (Service Unit: Veterinary http://www.ui.edu.ng/facultyofvetmedicine.htm Science, Academic Information Service). Paper delivered at the 4th International Conference of Animal 19. WWW Virtual Library Veterinary Medicine (URL: Health Information Specialists (4ICAHIS), Budapest, http://netvet.wustl.edu/vetmed.htm). Hungary. https://www.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/2263/1354/1/ICA 20. Ya’u, Y.Z.(2003). Towards a Virtual Library for HIS4p.pdf (Accessed 20 April 2007) Nigeria. http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php- URL_ID=16043&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION 14. Oatway, James (2004): Nigeria Web Report. African =201.html (Accessed 28 December 2006) ( Media Debates Web Report. http://journ.ru.ac.za/amd/ http://nigeriaproject.emporia.edu/) 80 IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY