r Journal oj Peace, Security !, 4 ^Development ISSN:-2360-9435 Volume 3A No. 1, 2017 Volume 4, No. 1, 2018 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Journal of Peace, security and Development Volume 3, No. 1, 2017 Volume 4, No. 1,2018 Centre for Peace & Strategic Studies University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Published by: Centre for Peace and Strategic Studies, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria © Centre for Peace and Strategic Studies, 2018 ISSN: 2360-9435 All rights reserved: No part o f this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior permission of the Centre for Peace and Strategic Studies, University o f Ilorin, the copyright owner. Printed by: UNILORIN PRESS UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CONTENTS Volume 3, No. 1, 2017 The Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in West Africa: Revisiting the Sierra Leone Civil War Oluwadare, Abiodun Joseph (Ph.D.) 1 Environmental, Peace and Security Issues in the Management of Flood Disaster in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria Ovebode MusibauOIabamiji, Ph.D 17 Disasters, Gender Relations and Food Security in Nigeria: The Case of Ibaji LGA, Kogi State Gabriel, P. O., Omekara, C. L. & Obi-Bisong, N. 33 Boko Haram Insurgency and its implications for food security in Bomo State, Nigeria Okpo Francis Chibuzor And Raji Shittu, Ph.D. 47 Sustainable Industrial Harmony and National Development in Nigeria Yusuf Noah, Olatunji Abdulganiy and Issah Moshood 59 An Appraisal of support and care to Widows and Orphans in IDP Camps in Abuja FC’T, Nigeria: An Islamic Perspective Suleiman B. Mohammed, Ph.D. & RafatuAbdulhamid, Ph.D. 76 Trends of Illicit Arms Proliferation in Nigeria and Curtailment Strategies Olusola O. Isola, Ph.D. 92 Volume 4, No.l, 2018 Motorists' Compliance with the Federal Road Safety Commission's Traffic Rules along Ilorin/Omu-Aran Route in Kwara State, Nigeria Olatunji, A.G.,Olawuyi, B. I.&Afunja, S.I., Tejideen, T. O. 108 Flooding and Guests' Patronage of Hospitality Industry in Lekki, Lagos State, Nigeria Olawale-OlakunleOlajumoke Elizabeth 126 Health and Safety Needs of Homeless People in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria Adio-Moses, Ruth Ochanya, Ph.D. 133 Herdsmen/Farmers Conflict and its Effects on Socio-Economic Development in Nigeria Okoro, John Peter 143 The Role of International Committee of the Red Cross in Managing Disasters in West Africa Adimula, Abiola Ruth, Ph.D. & Bakreen, Abdulrazaq Olasupo 159 Threats to Peace and Security in the Republic of Guinea Obi Ndifon Neji, Ph.D. 176 Unconventional United Nations Peace Building Interventions in the 2014 Afghanistan Elections and Democratic Transition Olusola O. Isola, Ph.D& Biodun K. Aiki-Raji, Ph.D 191 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY JPSD Volume 4, No. 1, 2018 no. 133-142 HEALTH AND SAFETY NEEDS OF HOMELESS PEOPLE IN IBADAN METROPOLIS, OYO STATE, NIGERIA Adio-Moses, Ruth Ochanya, Ph.D., Institute for Peace and Strategic Studies, University Of Ibadan, Ibadan ochanyaadiomoscs@gmail.com Abstract Homelessness or street life is becoming a serious emerging social and community safety problem in Ibadan. Notably, women and children remain an important population within this group and should be considered important data source by researchers in the continuous quest to find sustainable solutions to this problem. This study examined the health and safety needs of internally displaced persons in Ibadan, Oyo State, using the phenomenological research method. Respondents were sampled around major areas in Ibadan where these groups are found. Those willing to participate in the study were interviewed in any of the four major languages (English/pidgin, Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo). Forty-Three respondents comprising 14 women, 16 children and 13 youths were interviewed. The generated data were transcribed and analysed using thematic content analysis. Themes derived from the analysis of generated data showed that poverty and conflicts were major causes o f internal displacement in the study area. Food and shelter were the most commonly cited health needs o f the respondents. The safety needs among the respondents were health care, protection from sexual harassment, rape, physical and verbal abuse. It is concluded that paying special attention to this group will go a long way in reducing community health and safety issues. A fund for the care, well-being and resettlement o f the internally displaced persons through public-private partnership among other policy-based recommendations were made. Keywords: Homelessness, Health and safety needs, Displacement, Street living. Introduction Homelessness is on of the most children flock central areas in almost all notable social problems encountered by urban cities (Shinn et al., 2010; Akinluyi different nations of the world. & Adedokun, 2014; Embleton, Lee, Gunn, Homelessness therefore acts as one of the Ayuku & Braitstein, 2016). This situation strongest markers of underdevelopment demonstrates the paradox of horrible aside poverty with its markers of poverty in the midst of modem urban inadequate education, inadequate development and affluence. nutrition, and poor or total absence of Unfortunately, the visibility of the plight medical care. Homeless adults and of the homeless notwithstanding; UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Adio-Moses, Ruth Ochanya, Ph.D., 134 concerted efforts are yet to be made by (2014) reported that many children come concerned authorities to address the plight from structurally disadvantaged homes in both the developed (Shinn, 2010; where poor living conditions result in Embleton et ah, 2016) and developing many difficulties which force them to world (Obeng-Odoom, 2011; Fekadu et street life. Again, parent's loss through ah, 2014; Akinluyi & Adedokun, 2014). death or abandonment and/or family This situation which was strange and conflict or shortage of housing may force viewed as episodic and situational to the children onto the streets. In many cases Nigerian culture is becoming chronic with the move to street life by women and women and children accounting for about children is an adaptive response to stress, 34% of the overall homeless population in severe oppression and violence Nigeria. experienced especially by women For the purpose of this study, a (Embleton et ah, 2016). Indeed Albert homeless person is any person that makes (2017) stressed that violence occurs a living and lives on the street and is throughout the life cycle of a woman and highly mobile like a modem day nomad. manifests physically, psychologically and Women and children constitute a structurally to include such objectionable significant proportion of homeless persons human experiences as forced marriage, and cursory observations reveal that they humiliating widowhood rites, sexual are usually involved in begging, hawking, violence, domestic violence and prostitution, and sometimes, even theft, as exploitation. a means of survival. The reality is that Once on the street, women and millions of children around Nigeria live in children are most especially hanned by the street and only few people, harsh physical conditions, violence and organisations and governmental agencies harassment, labour exploitation, are doing something about it. Many absorption into criminal networks and visible and invisible factors are associated denial' of their right to receive an with homelessness. Some of the main education that will equip them to achieve factors are: family breakdown, poverty, a better life (UNICEF, 2018). A lot of the conflict, natural and man-made disasters, homeless women and children engage in physical and sexual abuse, exploitation by hazardous work on the street that adults, rapid urbanisation and compromise their safety. While some may overcrowding etc. which in fact force be lucky to get engaged in legitimate them to spend their life on to street work, others may choose or are initiated (Embleton et al., 2016). into illegal activities including engaging This phenomenon is directly in crime and theft, commercial sex or drug linked to rapid industrialisation and trade or becoming drawn into organised urbanisation with the concomitant begging (UNICEF, 2002). They are often breakdown of extended family ties. For among the most stigmatised urban instance, harsh or neglectful treatment of dwellers and they constantly face abuse children by their families could be due to from other persons and harassment from parental depression, anger, anxiety and the police (Cumber & Tsoka-Gwegweni, frustration at life circumstances (Cumber 2016). They are often arrested for crimes & Tsoka-Gwegweni, 2016). Edewor or simply for vagrancy, and can be UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY HEALTH AND SAFETY NEEDS OF HOMELESS PEOPLE IN IBADAN METROPOLIS 135 trapped for long months in the slow Again, they are at increased risk of a moving bureaucracy of the justice system, range of health conditions including poor detained in conditions that violate their mental health, drug and alcohol-related basic rights (UNICEF, 2002). According conditions, tuberculosis, HIV, hepatitis B to the Human Right Watch (2017), and C, influenza, oral cancer and type 2 homeless children face extortion, theft, diabetes (National Health Care for the severe beatings, mutilation, sexual abuse Homeless Council, 2011). They are also at and even death. While in police custody, greater risk of developing co-occurring they may be forced to pay bribes in order conditions. Difficult environmental to be released. The girls may be coerced conditions can also lead to poorly into providing sexual services to police managed long-term conditions. Severe officers in exchange for release, or may be mental health conditions, substance raped. addiction, trauma and social isolation can The consequences of street living compound these health risks. especially children and young people have Homeless people are more likely been documented to be deleterious to the to die young, with an average age of death health and well-being as well as of 47 years old for men and 43 years old development of the society. Idemudia for women. This compares with a general (2009) in a study targeted at prison life expectancy of 74 for men and 80 for inmates in Nigeria; reported that the women in England (Crisis, 2012). The largest proportion of inmates had street average age of death of homeless people life history. This is not unexpected due to drugs is 34. Though this is similar because these children and youth are to that of the general population, the exposed to harsh conditions that make chance of a homeless person dying from them resort to any means of survival, drugs is 20 times higher (Crisis, 2012). including crimes. Again, the street Some 80% of homeless people report a provides a platform for brooding criminals mental health issue: 45% have a since street people have little or no check diagnosed mental health condition as regards who they relate to and where (compared with 25% of* the general they go to. Their basic necessity is to population), while 41% report a long-term satisfy their immediate need for food and health condition (28% in the general the least minimum standard of self-care. population) (Homeless Link, 2014). Parker-Radford (2015) Available evidence shows that the documented the health needs of street prevalence of TB is at least 34 times individuals include general physical greater in homeless people than the health, mental health, long-term general population and that of hepatitis C conditions, substance use, sexual health infection is nearly 50 times greater and housing need. Accordingly, (Beijer, 2012). homelessness can have a critical impact Previous studies have attempted on health. The general health of homeless surveying characteristics of street people is adversely affected since they children, youth and adults. Edewor (2014) may be sleeping on the streets or poor- sampled 447 homeless children and quality temporary accommodation like youths in three purposively selected parts uncompleted building or parked vehicles. of Lagos metropolis. The descriptive UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Adio-Moses, Ruth Ochanya, Ph.D., 136 survey research design was employed in affected, using qualitative research will the study in which quantitative data were provide greater insight and knowledge generated using questionnaire. The results regarding the problem and this is what this showed that majority of the respondents research has done.This study therefore were males and they had low level of investigated causes as well as health and education and were from poor and large safety needs of street women, children and families most of which were polygamous. youth based on their experience on the Parental neglect, discontent at home, street rather than the perception of the marital instability in family of orientation, researcher or that of the policy makers. poverty, constant communal clashes and This knowledge is critical to designing peer influence were the major causes of responsive efforts that will be impactful in being on the street. They slept under tackling the public health and social bridges, at the beach, in motor parks and challenge imposed by street living. vehicles, in market places, and in The main objective of the study is uncompleted buildings. Their survival therefore to provide understanding of strategies include engaging in some health and safety needs of street children, income-yielding activities such as youth and women in Ibadan metropolis carrying load, being bus conductors, with a view to establishing empirical data packing refuse, buying and selling, base line to inform responsive short and engaging in commercial sex and begging. long term efforts to addressing the issue of Substance abuse and engaging in risky homelessness. Specifically, the study was sexual behaviour were also reported to be designed to: common. They faced the problem of insecurity, police harassment and all Examine and document factors forms of exploitation and maltreatment disposing women, children and from social miscreants (area boys). They youth to street living in Ibadan were also predisposed to a number of metropolis; hazards including sexual abuse, Assess and document health needs molestation and other physical health of street women, children and youth hazards. in Ibadan metropolis In an Ethiopian based study Assess and document safety needs Fekadu et al., (2014) carried out a cross- of street women, children and youth sectional survey among adult street people in Ibadan metropolis in which quantitative data were generated. A high level of health needs was reported The following research questions were especially mental health needs as suicidal raised to guide the study: , ideation were high among the respondents. 1. What are the factors predisposing Although previous research efforts children, youth and women to street have provided insights regarding street living in Ibadan metropolis? life, they are however deficient because 2. Will there be marked difference in they are isolated and based on quantitative the health and safety needs of street descriptive survey. A better approach that children, women and youth in is based on the lived experience of the Ibadan metropolis? UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY HEALTH AND SAFETY NEEDS OF HOMELESS PEOPLE IN IBADAN METROPOLIS 137 Methodology addition to standard and pidgin English. Any prospective participant who was not The phenomenological research versed in any o f these languages was not method was adopted in the study because allowed to participate in the study. The of its appropriateness and suitability to consent of the participants was sought and finding answer to the research problem. for ethical purposes, no picture was taken The research method is based on and names or personal identifying qualitative data in which a social information were not collected. Recording phenomenon is studied from the reality of of the conversation was however done the people involved. It is therefore based with the approval of the participants. on the lived experience of respondents. A The transcribed recordings were sample of 43 respondents (14 women, 16 subjected to validation by three experts children and 13 youths) were interviewed who cross-checked the audio content in all as purposively sampled from against the transcribed version. Necessary different areas in the metropolis where corrections were effected after which the destitution is considered high. transcribed data were subjected to Respondents were approached at major Thematic Content Analysis, in doing this, Automated Teller Machine (ATM) points, the transcribed data were studied for social gatherings (parties) and some major common themes across the respondents. streets in Ibadan. Those who agreed to Discussion of findings was therefore participate were interviewed with the aid based on these common themes which of an interview guide. The interview guide represent findings of the study. comprised two major sections, the first section was basically aimed at generating Findings and Discussions data on street living and what led the participants to living in the street. Poverty Questions were also asked on survival strategies and general coping efforts. The The findings of the study based on second section was focused on data the responses of the participants showed relating to health and safety needs and that poverty is the major factor experiences on these areas. predisposing women, children and youths Interview sessions for at least 30 to street living. Almost all the respondents minutes based on major area of used different terms to express poverty as investigation as contained in the guide. their main reason for being on the street Recruitment of participants followed a and with most o f them claiming that some subtle compensation for their time. The days they may not have a penny to keep reason for subtlety in compensation was for later use. Housing is essential for so as not to attract others and make human existence and the respondents participation competitive and sought of reported that due to their lack of financial transactional. The trained research ability to securing paid accommodation assistants who conducted the interview and the inability o f relatives to were selected based on their ability to accommodate them, they resorted to street communicate in the three major Nigerian life might become an option. Apart from languages Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba in housing, the need for food and survival UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Adio-Moses, Ruth Ochanya, Ph.D., 138 also predispose people to street living. (2014) which identified deprivation as a People who live on the street survive on notable cause of street life in developing the street through begging, menial task countries. It also supports the findings of and involvement in petty crimes. Embleton et al., (2016) that also identified Man’s basic needs are central to poverty and inability to meet basic needs existence in itself as there could be no life as part of the factors that cause street when basic needs are not met. Therefore, living in the developed and developing when high level of deprivation makes countries. meeting the needs for food and shelter to be met, desperate steps to surviving Conflict becomes imminent. People who cannot meet their needs for food and shelter are The result of the study also therefore prone to eking out living on the showed that conflict was also cited as a street. Uncompleted buildings, motor factor responsible for street living. parks, stationary vehicles and religious Various forms of conflict were found to centres were reported as the most predispose people to street life. Some commonly used shelters. Many of the women respondents reported that they street dwellers resort to any of these were thrown out of their matrimonial places from where they go about their homes and since they have no other place normal daily activities. The shelter to go to, they resort to making a living provided by any of these points is from the street. Most of the women however not guaranteed and as such, the respondents were seen with children dwellers move about with their belongings within the age cohort of 6 months to eight and locate any other points when driven or years. A particular woman respondent, harassed from the first. A male respondent who survives on street living alongside with an estimated age of six years, painted with her two male children, reported that his reality thus: her husband abandoned her and the kids after a quarrel. When asked why she did ...I follow my mother around and not go to any family member of hers or when night comes, we sleep her husband’s, she reported that she is a anywhere we see. When I ask my foreigner and that she did not know any mother why we always sleep outside member of her husband’s family. Some (especially when it is raining), she children also reported that instability in tells me she does not have money to their homes forced their mother out of the rent a house (KII: male; 6 years). house and they had to take up street live for survival. This finding of the study This result of the study that supports the findings of Edewor (2014) showed that poverty is cause for street which reported marital instability and living in Ibadan corroborates the findings domestic conflict as factors predisposing of previous researchers that have children and youths to street living. established through research that poverty is a predisposing factor to street life. It supports the separate findings Fekadau et al. (2014) and Akinluyi and Adedokun UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY HEALTH AND SAFETY NEEDS OF HOMELESS PEOPLE IN IBADAN METROPOLIS 139 Food and Shelter accessing health care. Health care services are important to maintaining health and The result of the study showed that well-being and when available health food and shelter were the most cited needs services cannot be accessed, negative of the respondents. All the respondents health seeking behaviour results. The stated that they go out everyday just participants reported using locally because they need to survive. Food and prepared herbs and patent medicine outlet shelter make up vital basic need of man in catering for their health needs. This without which living is impossible. It was practice has serious implications for therefore not surprising when food and health and well-being especially in shelter were found to be the most cited promoting self-medication. A notable needs of the respondents. Street dwellers cause of concern is the fact that most of depend on daily proceeds for food and this the women interviewed are still within the food might not even be adequate for good reproductive age. Through exploitation health. Food is vital for health and well­ and inducement, they get pregnant on the being. It must not just satiate hunger but street and carry pregnancy with minimum must be useful in enhancing vital life level of health care. This is in line with the processes. The result of the study showed findings of Biejer (2012) which noted that that most respondents eat to satiate hunger homeless people reported more health rather to maintain health and well-being. problems than the normal population. Moreover, the need for food especially can compare these homeless Safety Needs people to scavenging. This is mostly seen in parties where some of them resort to The responses also showed that left-over foods. They can go from points participants are exposed to sexual to points gathering as much as they can in harassment and rape, psychological abuse nylon bags. In some instances, they can and physical abuse. Women and children also take to petty crimes all in a bid to were found to be the mostly victimised as securing food in order to satiate hunger. some of these threats are even perpetrated This finding of the study is in line with the by equally homeless youths. One of the separate results of Edewor (2014) which women participants stated that she was listed need for food and shelter as the made pregnant by a night guard who most commonly cited needs among offered her shelter along her little child homeless children and youths in Lagos, where he functions as a night guard. Nigeria. According to her story, while it was not her intention to flirt with him, sex was all Health Care she could use to bargain for a shelter without intimidation, physical, The responses of participants also psychological and sexual abuse. Homeless showed that approximately 86% (37/43) people are serially abused physically, reported health care as one of their most psychologically and sexually. This abuse pressing needs. Since they do not have leaves them traumatised thereby having enough money to cater for their basic adverse effect on their mental health needs including food, they find it difficult status. This finding supports the report of UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Adio-Moses, Ruth Ochanya, Ph.D., 140 the Human Right Watch (2017) which safety needs were the major needs of listed sexual abuse, physical and homeless women, children and youths in psychological abuse as major threats Ibadan metropolis. Based on this, there is facing homeless people. pressing need to address street life in Ibadan. Homeless children, women and Educational Needs youths have inalienable human rights that must be respected and enforced. Deriving A notable proportion of the from the above, the following children interviewed stated that they want recommendations are put forward: to go to school. While some of them dropped out, others have never A policy on zero tolerance to street experienced what schooling looks like. life must be championed by Some of the children respondents who concerned NGOs and social want to go to school stated that their researchers. This policy will enable purpose was to become better and government to tackle destitution and respected people in life and help their its concomitant treats to community family. Some also stated that they want to health, peace and security challenges be like other children who they see go to A sustainable special intervention school. It is pertinent to note that the programme to resettle street dwellers participants understand that education is a should be put in place through tool against poverty and worthlessness. public-private partnership This finding has serious implications for Educational opportunities must be respecting the right to education of every provided to unreached children child. It is needful to design an whether in or out of the street. This is educational programme to reach these because education remains the only unreached children as the number of out- viable tool to human and societal of-school children in Nigeria is alarming. development. A society that trifles with the educational Short, medium and long term goals right to have over ten million out-of­ must be developed to tackle school children, as it is the case in homelessness and social researchers Nigeria, can only be described as a and educational institutions must disaster waiting to happen. Educationally provide the needed technical expertise unreached children might become willing towards realising this goal as nobody destructive tools in the hands of people deserves to live on the streets. fueling political, ethnic and social strife in The areas where these special groups the future. are found should be properly policed to eliminate the issues of sexual Conclusion and Recommendations harassment and rape against street women, children and youths. Based on the findings o f the study, it is concluded that while conflict and References poverty were the main causes of homelessness and street living; food and Akinluyi, M.L. & Adedokun, A. shelter, health care services, education and (2014).Urbanization, environment UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY HEALTH AND SAFETY NEEDS OF HOMELESS PEOPLE IN IBADAN METROPOLIS 141 and homelessness in the developing disorders and unmet needs among world: The sustainable housing street homeless people in Addis development. Mediterranean Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Medicine, Journal o f Social Sciences, 5(2), 12:138 261-271 Homeless Link (2014). The Unhealthy Beijer, U.(2012). Prevalence of State of Homelessness: Health Audit tuberculosis, hepatitis C virus, and Results HIV in homeless people: A 2014. http://www.homeless.org.Uk/s systematic review and meta­ ites/default/files/site- analysis. Lancet Infectious attachments/The%20unhealthy%20s Diseases12 (11), 859-870. tate%20of%20homelessness%20FI Crisis (2012). Homelessness Kills: An NAL.pdf retrieved May 30, 2017. Analysis of the Mortality of Human Right Watch (2017).Children’s Homeless People in Early Twenty- Rights, Street Children. Available first Century England - Summary, online at www.crisis.org.uk, retrieved May, www.hrw.org/children/street. htm, 15,2017 Retrieved May 30, 2017. Cumber, S.N., &Tsoka-Gwegweni, J.M. Idemudia, E.S. (2009). Personality and (2016). The health profile of street criminal outcomes of homeless children in Africa: A Literature youth in a Nigerian jail population: Review. J. Public Health Africa, Results of PDS and MAACL-H 6(2),566. Accessed from: assessments. Journal o f Child & https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gOv/pmc/a Adolescent Mental Health, 19, 137- rticles/PMC5349275/ 145. Embleton, L., Lee, H., Gunn, J., Ayuku, National Health Care for the Homeless D. & Braitstein, P. (2016).Causes of Council (2011). Homelessness and child and youth homelessness in Health:What’stheConnection? https: developed and developing countries: //www.nhchc.org/wpcontent/upload A systematic review and meta­ s/201 l/09/H!n_healthfactsheet_Jan analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 170(5), 10.pdf retrieved May 28, 2017. 435-444 NHS England, Commissioning Edewor, P.A. (2014). Homeless children Operations, Primary Care and youths in Lagos, Nigeria: Commissioning (2015) Their characteristics, street life and Patient Registration: Standard Operating sexual behaviour. Mediterranean Principles for Primary Medical Care Journal o f Social Sciences, 5(1), (General 537-545 Practice)www.england.nhs.uk Fekadu, A., Hanlon, C., Gebre-Eyesu, E., retrieved March 18, 2017. Agedew, M., Solomon, H., Teferra, Obeng-Odoom, F. (2011). The Hidden S., Gebre-Eyesu, T., Baheretibeb, Millions: Homelessness in Y., Medhine, G., Shibre, T., Developing Countries. Journal o f Workneh, A., Tegegn, T., Ketema, Housing, Theory and Society, 28(2): A., Timms, P., Thomictoft, G. & 210-212. Prince, M. (2014). Burden of mental UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Adio-Moses, Ruth Ochanya, Ph.D., 142 Parker-Radford, D. (2015) Assessing the UNICEF (2018).Children Living and health of homeless people. Nursing Working in the Street of Georgia. Times; 7/7(51&52), 14-15. Accessed Online from: Shinn, M. (2010).Homelessness, Poverty http://unicef.ge/uploads/Street_Chi and Social Exclusion in the United ldren_Summary_ENG_HQ_2mm_b States and Europe. European leed.pdf Journal o fH omelessness, 4, 19-44. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY