OUTCOMES IN PALLIATIVE CARE FOR ADVANCED PROSTATE CANCER IN THE RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF THE AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL, ZARIA. THE PREVALENCE AND CORRELATIONS OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC- LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY IN A RURAL COMMUNITY IN AFRICA. CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF CHOLERA TRANSMISSION IN LOW RESOURCE CLINICAL SETTING SKELETAL INJURIES IN CHILDREN PRESENTING IN A TERTIARY HEALTH FACILITY IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA ANTIBIOGRAM OF BACTERIAL AGENTS OF LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN A CENTRAL NIGERIAN HOSPITAL SURVEY OF EARLY PREDICTIVE SIGNS OF POOR MENTAL HEALTH AND SOCIO-CULTURAL BELIEFS ABOUT MENTAL ILLNESS IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA RUPTURED UTERUS: FETOMATERNAL OUTCOME AMONG UNBOOKED MOTHERS AND ANTENATAL CARE DEFAULTERS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PORTHARCOURT TEACHING HOSPITAL. A SURVEY OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF CHRONIC DISEASES OF LIFESTYLE AMONG MEMBERS OF A UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY IN SOUTH AFRICA. CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF SKIN DISEASES IN A NEWLY ESTABLISHED DERMATOLOGY CLINIC IN SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA: A PRELIMINARY STUDY. PATTERN AND OUTCOME OF VASCULAR TRAUMA MANAGEMENT AT UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR TEACHING HOSPITAL, CALABAR, NIGERIA. A REVIEW OF GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASES IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL. COMPULSORY TREATMENT FOR VICTIMS OF GUNSHOT ACT (2017): SAVING LIVES IN NIGERIAN HOSPITALS OR A CONTRADICTION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT (2015)? DOES MEMBERSHIP OF PEER SUPPORT GROUP AFFECT RETENTION? A STUDY AMONG PLWHA IN ENUGU STATE NIGERIA. I N T E R N A L H E R N I A : I S O L A T E D S M A L L I N T E S T I N A L P E R I T O N E A L ENCAPSULATION, A RARE CAUSE OF ACUTE INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION IN ADOLESCENT: A CASE REPORTVol. 27 No. 4 October - December, 2018 UNIV ERSITY O F I BADAN LI BRARY i i ii iii VOL. 27 NO. 4, OCTOBER - DECEMBER, 2018 ISSN 1115-2613 Undescended Testes: Perspective from a Developing Country. Ekenze SO, Esom EA, Nwangwu EI Clinical Spectrum of Skin Diseases in a Newly Established Dermatology Clinic in South-Western Nigeria: A Preliminary Study. Olanrewaju FO, Oripelaye MM, Onayemi EO, Israel GM, Olatunde LO, Ohwovwohwo RW A Survey of the Knowledge of Chronic Diseases of Lifestyle among Members of a University Community in South Africa. Mukadas O. Akindele, Ushotanefe Useh Haematological Prole of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (Art)-Naive Hiv Positive Children in Enugu, Nigeria. Paschal Uwadiegwu Chime, Adaobi Ijeoma Bisi-Onyemaechi, Ugo Nnenna Chikani, Ugochukwu Bond Anyaehie Pattern and Outcome of Vascular Trauma Management at University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria Echieh, CP, Nwagboso, CI, Ogbudu, SO, Eze, NJ, Alioke, I, Sanni, SB, Apreala, EO, Etiuma, AU, Bassey, OO The Prevalence of Ectopic Pregnancy in Jos, North Central Nigeria: A Reproductive Health Challenge Bulus J, Shuai'bu ARJ, Salihu D, Audu SD, Golit W, Matawal B, Okoye, Chigbo J, Sarki, J, Audu C Compulsory Treatment for Victims of Gunshot Act (2017): Saving Lives in Nigerian Hospitals or a Contradiction of the Provisions of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (2015)? Imosemi A.F A Review of Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases in a Tertiary Hospital. Omonua KI, Isah AD, Adewole N Does Membership of Peer Support Group Affect Retention? A Study Among PLWHA in Enugu State Nigeria Chime Onyinye Hope, Arinze-Onyia Sussan Uzoamaka, Ossai Edmund Ndudi Educational Attainment and Screening Potential of the 12 Item General Health Questionnaire: A Reassessment. Mbong Tangban, Emmanuel Aniekan Essien, Mashudat Bello-Mojeed, Joseph Okegbe, Francis Aina, Owoidoho Udoa An Assessment of Referral Letters to a Specialist Diabetes Outpatient Service in Ibadan. Adeleye JO, Esan A, Akande TO, Balogun WO “Owoero”: A Health Education Tool to Dispel Teething Myths and Misconceptions – A Case Report. Olubunmi Olusola Bankole, Folake Barakat Lawal, Olushola Ibiyemi Internal Hernia: Isolated Small Intestinal Peritoneal Encapsulation, A Rare Cause of Acute Intestinal Obstruction in Adolescent: A Case Report Abiahu J A, Mbaeri T U. Nigerian Journal of Medicine, Vol. 27 No. 4, October - December, 2018, ISSN 1115-2613 294 300 306 315 322 326 Case Report 333 342 349 356 368 362 374 UNIV ERSITY O F I BADAN LI BRARY Nigerian Journal of Medicine, Vol. 27 No. 5, October - December, 2018, ISSN 1115-2613 “OWOERO”: A HEALTH EDUCATION TOOL TO DISPEL TEETHING MYTHS AND MISCONCEPTIONS – A REPORT ¹Department of Child Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria ²Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria ³Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria ABSTRACTABSTRACTABSTRACT Research findings in Nigeria have revealed that misconceptions about teething is common in the society, particularly among individuals from the lower social class. This prompted the development of a twenty four minute video in a local Nigerian language (Yoruba) titled “Owoero” (meaning “ease”) . The video conveys a general message on ease of eruption of teeth in children; void of the long list of perceived symptoms. Videos are powerful communication vehicles and important health education tools. They have been used in many countries and previous researches have shown that videotapes are useful aids in health education This present video is to serve as a culturally appropriate community dental health education tool, with special focus on nursing mothers and pregnant women particularly in south western Nigeria because of their essential role in oral health care of children. The video also targets people from the lower socioeconomic class due to their poor knowledge and practice of oral health .This article describes the rationale behind the choice of a culturally appropriate heath educational video and the process and steps that went into the finished work. KEY WORDS : teething , child , video oral health education. RUNNING TITLE: A health education video on teething . Case Report INTRODUCTION arents look forward to the eruption of their Pbaby's teeth as one of the important milestones of development . Despite the fact that teething is a natural physiological process , a lot of misconceptions are often associated with the process. Teeth eruption usually commences from 6 months of age and by age 3 years, a child should have a full 1complement of deciduous teeth. Over centuries in various cultures teething has been associated with symptoms. Widespread folklore had been built around teething so much that it earned the Latin name Dentition 2Difcillis(difcult dentition). Hippocrates claimed that children experiencing teething suffered from itching gums, fever, convulsions and diarrhea, especially when cutting their 2canines . In 1839, 5016 children deaths in England were attributed to teething and it was documented as the cause of 12 % of deaths of 2children younger than 4 years of age . From the th th16 to the 19 century, 50% of infant deaths in 2France were ascribed to teething . Globally, in more recent t imes, various researchers have reported an association between teething and symptoms of fever, diarrhea, sleep 3,4,5.disturbances and irritability In Ibadan, Nigeria, 58% of ethnic rural dwellers attributed various ailments such as fever and 6 7diarrhea to teething. For example, Uti et al. in their study on maternal beliefs about infant teething in a Lagos slum area, reported that fever (90.3%) and diarrhea (87.3%) were associated 8with teething. Similarly, Ige and Olubukola while investigating teething myths in Ibadan Nigeria, stated that 51.1%, 51.7% and 51.4% of mothers linked teething to fever, diarrhea and vomiting respectively, in their babies. Furthermore, other researchers have found that 9,10,11Nigerian parents believed that fever and Correspondence to: Olubunmi O. Bankole Department of Child Oral Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Email : bumbank2002@yahoo.com Tel: +234 803 360 7853 NigerJmed2018: 368-373 © 2018. Nigerian Journal of Medicine Nigerian Journal of Medicine, Vol. 27 No. 4, October - December, 2018, ISSN 1115-2613 ¹Olubunmi Olusola Bankole, ² Folake Barakat Lawal, ³Olushola Ibiyemi 368 UNIV ERSITY O F I BADAN LI BRARY Nigerian Journal of Medicine, Vol. 27 No. 4, October - December, 2018, ISSN 1115-2613 11,12,13,14diarrhea in their infants meant teething . The outcome of these researches reveal grave misconceptions among Nigerians regarding the teething process. It is unfortunate that factors perceived to be associated with the teething process in Nigeria, have been thought to be due to natural causes. 15Asakitipi investigating the diarrhea concept among Yoruba women in Ibadan metropolis, in Nigeria found that women believed diarrhea in children was caused naturally by erupting teeth. The women believed the eruption process cause the body temperature of infants to increase, thereby causing stomach upset and then diarrhea. These women opined that the teething process increased saliva secretion and saliva when swallowed increased child's propensity for loose stools. Mothers in a study on teething reported that diarrhea caused by teething is a cleansing procedure that cleanses the body system of the infant, thus requiring no medical 8intervention. The inherent danger o f these tee th ing misconceptions is that parents may not seek medical consultation for common childhood ailments during the teething period and administer non prescribed drugs such as analgesics, antibiotics , teething powder/ syrup 16,17and traditional concoctions to infants. For example in 2008, a national disaster occurred in Nigeria, 84 infants died from consumption of an adulterated teething syrup “my pickin” which contained chemicals used in antifreeze and brake 18uid to prevent teething problems. Death from ingestion of poisonous teething medicaments may be one of the contributing factors to the nation's child survival rate and the high infant mortality rate of 88/1000 live births (under 1 19 year). 20 In Guinea Bissau, Sodemann et al. in a study on management of childhood diarrhea stated that , only a third of parents with severely dehydrated children would seek medical help if they perceived that the dehydration was secondary to teething . Videos are powerful communication channels 21and important health education devices. They have been used in many countries to disseminate health education messages to the public. Previous researches have shown that videotapes are useful 22,23,24,25,26,27 aids with high levels of effectiveness because what is seen is retained better and leaves 28a long-term impression on the target population. Using a video tape for health education has many advantages because it demonstrates procedures and concepts that may be difcult to explain or translate in print to the audience. Videos also encourage and emotionally involve an audience, personalizes issues and engage populations 21which prefer information in the visual format. In addition, videotape instructions are visually stimulating and allow educators to reach large 24audiences with consistent information since visual memory is more quickly acquired and 28longer standing than auditory memory Efforts on prevention of diseases should arise from a knowledge of and a respect for the culture of the target community, since health behaviours are culture related. A study on community empowerment for health promotion among Black Americans and other minority groups showed that interventions should be culturally sensitive and 29linguistically appropriate to achieve success. People are usually more captivated with health promotion messages in a story set in their own 30,31social and cultural context. Therefore the authors produced a culturally appropriate video on teething. The Yoruba language is spoken by the Yoruba tribe in Nigeria who reside in South western Nigeria. Currently, there are no known reports of a health education video in the Yoruba language on teething. This article describes the rationale behind the choice of a culturally appropriate heath educational video and the process that went into the nished work. BACKGROUND A twenty four minute video in a local Nigerian language (Yoruba ) titled “Owoero” (meaning “ease”) was developed . This video was targeted at local community members (particularly mothers and pregnant women ) from the lower social class since teething misconceptions are common among them. The purpose of this video was to show that teething is a natural physiologic process and is not associated with perceived teething symptoms such as fever ,diarrhea, boils, cough, weight loss, vomiting and conjunctivitis. At about 6 months when a child erupts teeth, passive immunity of a child is reduced due to 369 UNIV ERSITY O F I BADAN LI BRARY Nigerian Journal of Medicine, Vol. 27 No. 4, October - December, 2018, ISSN 1115-2613 reduction in maternal antibodies and infants insertion of unhygienic objects in their mouth when crawling. This information was included in the video as reasons for perceived teething symptoms which is not part of the teething process. Furthermore, information on prompt visit to the doctor when these perceived teething symptoms are noticed was also included. The danger of not seeking prompt medical consultation was emphasized. Nigeria, Africa's most populous nation now has a vibrant emerging theatre culture, the home movies industry also called Nollywood. This movie industry has produced thousands of lms reecting various aspects of the Nigeria culture 32and tradition It has been observed that many Nigerians have a preference for Nigerian lms in the indigenous languages and they spend long 33hours watching these lms. This is particularly so among those from the lower social class. Using culturally appropriate and sensitive videotape as a health education tool been found 3 4effective among Nigerians. The authors believed that the video will be an exciting and more relaxing way to catch the attention of the populace. To enhance the acceptability of this video among the local community and ensure cultural appropriateness, the members of the cast were selected from popular artistes who feature in local home video lms in the chosen local Nigerian language (Yoruba). The development of this video was approved by the Oyo State Research Ethical Review Committee in Ibadan, Nigeria since this video was produced in a sub-urban community of Ibadan, Oyo State , Nigeria. CREATING THE STORY Research ndings in Nigeria have revealed misconceptions about teething is common, therefore a seven scene story line was developed by the authors to address this problem. The rst ve scenes highlighted erroneous beliefs and practices regarding teething among the local populace, while the last two scene showed a public education segment on teething . In the rst scene baba Sade's wife returns from the village to their house in the town. Prior to this, baba Sade had sent his wife and baby, Sade to the village to so that the baby could be given local immunity called “ajesara” to forestall teething symptoms. On their arrival, mama Sade narrates how Sade was given several cocktails of herbal concoctions. There were also incision marks made on Sade's skin particularly the chin by the village witch doctor . The second scene shows another ill baby who has a very high body temperature. Her mother was perturbed and an older friend advised her to visit a herbalist called “alagbo” . Special native black soap was compounded and mother was instructed to bath baby with the soap several times a day to treat the baby for diarrhea, boils, fevers and cough, perceived to be caused by teething. The third scene showed another mother in the community whose baby had develops diarrhea and fever and an older woman nicknamed “Gbajumo”, in the neighborhood who perceived that the baby had teething symptoms promised to take her to a local patent medicine store where her baby's problem will be solved . The fourth scene depicted a familiar Nigerian setting where a drug peddler was seen walking around the community advertising a teething drug with a megaphone. The drug peddler was heavily patronized by various nursing mothers as he claimed his wonder drug and herbs cured all teething symptoms In the fth scene baby's mother in scene 3 and “Gbajumo” arrived at the patent medicine shop and consulted the owner of the shop who prescribed and sold teething powder and teething syrup to cure the febrile child. The six scene showed the distressed parents of a sick child who had used concoctions and teething powder to alleviate their child's teething symptoms but the child's condition worsened resulting in life threatening conditions . The parents were advised by a neighbor to take the baby for medical consultation and they obliged . The child was treated by the doctor and child's condition improved remarkably. The doctor then explained the causes for perceived teething symptoms and emphasized that the baby's teeth eruption should not be associated with the symptoms. The parents were very glad and they shared the information with other members of the community. 370 UNIV ERSITY O F I BADAN LI BRARY Nigerian Journal of Medicine, Vol. 27 No. 4, October - December, 2018, ISSN 1115-2613 In the seventh scene, mothers and pregnant women were invited for a health education at a local community hospital . Those who attended the health community education programme were counselled by the doctor that teething does not cause fever, diarrhea, boils, cough, vomiting or conjunctivitis. The doctor explained that these symptoms occur when the child is about 6 months of age coinciding with reduction of maternal antibodies thus exposing the child to infections. Also, the doctor advised mothers and pregnant women against self medication and dangerous folk remedies Production of the video One of the authors conceptualized a health education idea on teething which was developed into a story in a local Nigerian language (Yoruba) . With contributions from the other authors , a title “Owoero “meaning “ease” was coined out of the story conveying information on the ease of tooth eruption void of untoward symptoms . This video was focused on the low socioeconomic class by using their type of environmental setting (Amuloko, a sub urban community in Ibadan, Nigeria ); which is in accordance to widespread agreement that health education should be 35tailored towards the target audience . A professional script writer was employed to write a screen play which was reviewed by two of the authors ( a paediatric dentist and a Community dentist) and a lay person. The screen play was redrafted several times to improve dramatization, precision, structure, dialogue and style. The message was put across to the audience in an entertaining way by actors and actresses who wore costumes that mimic dresses worn by the target population . Several auditions were undertaken and the cast was then selected by the producer with imputes from the authors . A production budget was drawn to cover cost of recording, actors fees, editing and production of the video. Appropriate locations to shoot lm were sought and identied by the producer . Locations were checked to ensure that there won't be interruptions or distracting sounds during recording and that there was enough space to get all the camera positions needed The locations included four different households, a local patent medicine shop and a classroom framed to look like a community health clinic. These locations were in Amuloko, a suburban district of Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria. Permission was obtained from the district head of the local community before lm shooting commenced. The scripts were given to the members of the cast to read and understand prior to rehearsals. Costumes typical of the cultural attire of the Yoruba culture were chosen by the production team comprising of the director, producer, technical consultant and authors. Appropriate lights were set for indoor shots. Initial indoor and outdoor recording were done with digital camera using close, medium and long ranges shots. Initial editing was done and computer generated graphics and sound were included and lming lasted one week. The video was pilot tested for validity by six people comprising a pediatric dentist, a community dentist, community health nurse , and two community members ( a cleaner and an ofce assistant) from the lower social class. They watched and assessed the video using the following criteria.: · Is the information (message) clear and understandable? · Is the language level appropriate to target audience? · Are the graphics and scenes effective? · Do the video pictures illustrate content? · Is the presentation culturally sensitive? Their comments were noted by the authors and adjustments were effected in the nal video production. Adjustments and re lming took another one week. This article reports the physical process and the steps in the development of the tool and is the rst part of a larger study. This video has be shown to nursing mothers and pregnant women in suburban and rural areas its effectiveness is being assessed . It is intended that this videotape will be translated into the Igbo and Hausa languages , the two other major languages in Nigeria. It is also expected that the storyline can be translated into other African languages in communities where misconceptions about teething is common . 371 UNIV ERSITY O F I BADAN LI BRARY Nigerian Journal of Medicine, Vol. 27 No. 4, October - December, 2018, ISSN 1115-2613 APPENDIX Sade is a local Yoruba name of a ve month old baby girl Baba Sade is phrase meaning Sade's father in the Yoruba language Mama Sade is a phrase meaning Sade's mother in the Yoruba language Gbajumo is a nick name meaning an important person in the Yoruba language “Igbo” language is spoken by the Igbo tribe who reside in Eastern Nigeria “Hausa” language is spoken by the Hausa tribe who are spread across Northern Nigeria REFERENCES 1. Markman L. Teething: facts and ction. Pediatr Rev 2009 ;30:59-64 2. Ashley M P. Personal view. It's only teething… A report of the myths and modern approaches to teething. Br. Dent. J. 2001; 191: 4-8. 3. Baykan Z , Sahin F , Bayazova U , Ozçakar B Baykan. 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