5th ICHPER.SD Africa Region Congress February 2-5, 2011 University of Ibadan Hotel & Conference Centre, Ibadan, Nigeria Theme: “Health, Physical Education, Sports and Dance: A Viable Modality for the Pursuit of Physiological Mental Psychological and Sociological Health and Well-being” Website: www.ichpersdafrica.com UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ICHPER.SD History i Opening Ceremony ii Regional Congress Organizing Committee Chairpersons v List of Africa Regional Congress Organizing Committee Members (LOC) vi ICHPER.SD Officers, Executive Committee Members and Commissioners vii Message from the Vice-President for Africa ix Welcome Address by the Vice-Chancellor of the University o f Ibadan x Keynote Paper xi Impact Of Age On The Cardio-respiratory Fitness In Housewives 1 By Dr. (Mrs). D. Rajalakshmi, Sociological Variables Influencing The Nigeria Premier League By Ogu Okey Charles Ph.d & Boye T.E Ph.D 7 Socio-Demographic Factors as Correlates of Exercise Behaviour Among School Adolescents In Lagos, Nigeria. 16 By Dr. Abass Stress Coping Strategy Of Long Vocation Term Students Of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 22 By M. Umaru, Ph.D & S. Mohammed, Ph.D Improving Quality Of Life And Wellness Through Recreation And Leisure Pursuits 29 By Abubakar Abu, & Lawal, A.B. Arousal Intervention for Optimal Sports Performance 36 By E. O. Nabofa, O. E., and Utulu, N. E. Recreation And Pursuit Of Man's Well-being 42 By Apagu Kambayari Workplace Physical Activity: Challenges And Strategies To Improve Health And Wellbeing Of Employees By Dr. (Mrs.) Azubuike, C. U. Effect Of A Six-week Aerobic Dance On Cardiovascular Variables And Body 57 Mass Index Of Selected Male Adults By Adeogun J.O. (Ph.D), Moronfolu R.A. (Ph.D) & Aimuengheuwa U.A. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Title & Author Page The Psychology of Exercise Adherence among Staff of Tertiary Institutions in 5 2 Lagos. By Dr. (Mrs.) C.M. Adewunm i & Afuye Adebamgbe Adesola Gender Differentiation, Leadership Behaviour and Personnel Job Satisfaction in Nigeria Public Sports Organizations 68 By Prof. C.O. Fasan, D r R. A. Moronfolu and D r I.A. Oyewumi Religious affiliation and marital status: correlates of recreational pursuits among students of Federal Colleges of Education in North Central Nigeria ^ By D r Donatus A. Aniodo & D r Fabian C, Ugwueze Underlying Factors In Poor Retention Of Exercise Programme Participants In Three Exercise Centres In Osun State, Nigeria 85 By D r Ayodele, R, B. & M r Onagbiye, S. O. Correlates Of Infant Mortality (im) In Enugu State, Nigeria 1997 - 2006: Implication For National Development 9 4 By Dr Charles Chima Igbokwe Audience Effect As Determinant Of Proactive Sports Behaviour Of Nuga Athletes In South Eastern Nigeria 106 By D r Egor G. O. Inhibitors To Utilization Of Primary Health Care Services Among Women In Ahoada West Local Government Area Of Rivers-state, Nigeria 113 By D r J.E.F. Okpako & Bennibor, O.N. (Mrs.) Comparative Analysis Of Bmi And Body Fat Percent Of Nigerian And ̂j 9 Ghanaian Athletes: Implicatiions For Improved Performance By Grace O. Otinwa Ph.D Awareness Level, Source Of Information And Extent Of Use Of Ergogenic Substances Among Athletes In Tertiary Institutions In Nigeria 125 By Ekenedo Golda O. (Ph.D) & Aderonmu Kehinde A. Recreational Behaviours and Constraints among Members of NISP Recreational Behaviours and Constraints Among Members of Nigerian Institute of Safety Professionals, Rivers State Chapter: Implications for their Well-being By Gloria O. Nwankwo and Ifeanyichukwu C. Elendu (Ph.D) Hierrarchical Categorisation Of Sports Values Among Secondary School Adolescents In Ghana And Nigeria By Olumide Olusoga, Ezomoh, Azumah Ihunwo M bata & Surajudeen Akorede Lawal, Inhibitors To Sponsorship Of Selected Sports Programmes In Oyo State By Dr. Andy O Fadoju & Opeoluwa Akinsanm i Oyedele UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Assessment Of Hand Washing Behaviouramong Women Residents Of Samaru Zaria Community, Kaduna State By M. Umaru. Ph.D & S. Mohammed. Ph.D The Relationship Between Environmental Factors And Physical Activity Among Lagos Secondary School Students In Nigeria 167 By Dr(Mrs) Emily Oluremi Adeloye & Ajao Adewale G. Sports Events Management Strategies for Enhancing Quality of Life and 176 Economic Wellbeing By Nabofa, O. E. and Ajaino, L. Health Related Physical Fitness Responses to Sport Education Practicum 185 among University Students By Nabofa, O. E. and Money, F. O. (PhD) Promoting Cardiovascular Health Trough Exercise By Obiechina G O., M.Ed & Igbudu Ujiro Ph.D Exercise Factor In Pursuit Of Staff Health And Well-Being of the Non- Academic Staff Of Tertiary Institutions In Anambra State,Nigeria. 205 By Agbanusi. E.C. (Ph.D), Emeahara, G. (Ph.D) & Odo, E.O (M.Sc). Motivating For Physical Activity And Sport Among Selected 15 And 17 Years 2 11 Old Secondary School Students In Lagos State, South West Nigeria By Olubayo-Fatiregun, M.A. Ph.D, lorunsola, H.K. Ph.D, Ayodele, R.B. Ph.D & Aderonmu Kehinde, K.A. Physical Activity And Sports As Vehicles For Health Promotion: Implications For The Millennium Development Agenda 221 By Orji Scholarstica Amuche Impact of Exercise on Age Related Musculoskeletal Diseases 226 By Dr. Babalola, J. F. & Oliyide, O. O. Improving Psychological Health Knowledge And Attitudes Of In-school Adolescents In Owe Land With Social Activities And Services 255 By Jacob, Funso Florence (M.Ed)& Abass A. O. (Ph. D) Improving Quality Of Life Through Sports & Lifestyle Management 249 By Dupe Banjo Ph.D, B.a. Ogunsanwo Ph.D, M.O. Bello (M.Ed)& Ojo, O.S. (Ph.D) Comparative Analysis Of Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Exercise Tolerance Of ? Obese, Non Obese Alcoholic And Non Alcoholic Male Individuals By Odedeyi O. O. & Oroge A. J. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Title & Author Page Relationship Between Body Mass Index, Percent Body Fat, Fat Weight, And 272 Respiratory Functions In Secondaryschool Teachers In Ibadan North Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria. By Fabunmi, Ayodeji Ayodele & Tony Mathias, Sociological Factors Responsible For Unsafe Sexual Behaviour Of Undergraduates In Tertiary Institutions In South-western Nigeria By Anyanwu F.C (Ph.D) & Oparaeke, M .1. Sporting Activities As Panacea For Psycho-physiological Health Problems Of 289 Solitary Life By Dr. Adetoun T. Akinwusi & Okueso, S.A. Jietary Habit and Lifestyle Patterns: a predisposing factor of cardiovascular' diseases among university lecturers in Ibadan 296 By Dr. Ruth Ochanya Adio-Moses Fear Of Falling And Its Relationship To Quality Of Life Among Community- 302 Dwelling Elderly Individuals By Akosile CO* Anukam GO*, Johnson OE+, Fabunmi AO**, Ibikunle PO* Awareness Of And Engagement In Recreational Activities As Antidote Of Human Well Being For Staff Of Tai Solarin University Of Education, Ogun 310 State, Nigeria By Ogunsanwo, B.A.(Ph.D). Bello, M.o. (M.Ed), Dupe Banjo (Ph.D) & Ojo, O.S. (Ph.D) Monitoring And Evaluation Of Schools Sports Programme 320 By Dr. E.O. Morakinyo Impact of Jogging and Circuit-Training Programmes on Selected 325 Physiological Responses among Students of Niger State College of Education Minna, Nigeria. By Abass A. O. & Yanda Adamu Emmanuel Roles Of Tourism Activities As An Adjunctive Therapy In Improving The 339 Quality Of Life For Disabled By Adekitan K. G. & Dr. Omolawon, K. O. Promoting Life Skills Through Health Education ByAbibat Omotayo Yisa (B.Ed)& Adisa Bolaji Iyanda (B.Ed) Becoming Physically,Fit To Achieve Wellness And Quality Of Life For Older t>60 Adults By Onohwosafe Peter Suoke (B.Ed MPH, M.Ed. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 5th ICHPER.SD Africa Region Congress Proceedings Dietary Habit and Lifestyle Patterns: a predisposing factor of cardiovascular diseases among university lecturers in Ibadan By Dr. Ruth Ochanya Adio-Moses Department o f Human Kinetics and Health Education University o f Ibadan, Ibadan. Abstract Dietary habits and lifestyle patterns have all been confirmed to be predictors o f cardiovascular diseases among adults. Basic descriptive data on dietary habits and lifestyle patterns are however lacking for university lectures in Ibadan. This study was carried out to determine the lifestyle patterns that could predispose university o f Ibadan lectures to cardiovascular diseases. Two hundred lectures were purposively selected and the descriptive survey research design was used for the study. The data collected were analysed with the descriptive statistics o f frequencies and percentages. Results showed that dietary habits and lack o f exercise were significant predisposing factors ofcardiovascular diseases among University o f Ibadan lecturers. It was concluded that the lectures life style patterns may be damaging to their heart. It was recommended that health and fitness awareness programmes that will encourage daily healthy living and the use o f sporting facilities on campus should be organized by the Department o f Human Kinetics and Health Education for all lectures in the University o f Ibadan. Introduction In recent times, there have been many sudden deaths in Nigeria. A perusal o f the obituary columns o f newspapers shows that most o f these deaths occur among high profile executive and academicians. The suspicion is that most o f these deaths could be related to the lifestyle o f these persons. The veracity or fallacy o f this contention can only be determined by an investigation. Thorson (2000) stated that now, the health o f most people is threatened more by their life style than by diseases. Until recently, few people viewed lifestyle as a major health problem. However, several epidemiological studies such as the Framingham Heart Disease and Epidemiology study of 1949-1969 ((Pickering, Devereux, James, Gerin, Landsberg Schnall UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 5th ICHPER.SD Africa Region Congress Proceedings & Sehwattz, 1996; Pelletier & Fielding, 1996; Cooke, Davey-Smith, Hoinville, Catford & Tuywrth, 1992; Bouchard, Shephard, Stephens, Sutton, & McPherson, 1990) have made it abundantly clear that many daily hahltsand mode of living are important contributing factors in the occurrence o f non communicable diseases. Increasingly, affluence, modem living conditions, widespread ignorance and a fair degree of irresponsibility are identified as the wall prints in cardiovascular diseases. The contemporary way to premature death, specifically, has been related to the excessive consumption of animal fat and sugarrich foods, susceptibility to tension, lack o f physical activity, reliance on cigarettes, alcohol and narcotics. (Okafor, 1997 & Norgan, 1992). All o f these lifestyle factors have combined to assault young, middleaged and older persons worldwide alike. Human responses to such health threatening lifestyle and environment have been, and will likely continue to be the basis o f these mal-adaptations. According to Cooke, Davey-Smith, Hoinvile, Caford, & Tuxworth, (1994), the problems o f health threatening lifestyle develops slowly yet progressively over a period of years, as heart and blood vessels diseases. These non-communicable diseases are usually long lasting and often permanent. Moreover, they could be difficult to prevent, usually, they have no known single cause and may be difficult to control because a maximum of human adaptation is too often involved. However it has been said that avoiding smoking, stressful situations, fatty food, high salt intake and alcohol consumption will reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Moronkola & Okanlawon, 2003). Also, by jogging several kilometers a week will to a large extent reduce cholesterol levels o f individuals, which in turn reduce their predisposition to cardiovascular diseases (Igbanugo & Akeredolu, 2003). Norgan, (1992). Assured that through these adaptive, risk reducing activities cardiovascular diseases can be prevented, controlled and reversed Cardiovascular diseases actually embrace a number o f specific disease conditions such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, rheumatic heart diseases and congenital heart defects. These in turn may result in heart attack, stroke and congestive heart failure. The potentials of the various cardiovascular diseases for morbidity and mortality are also well documented. (Agha, 1998;Cohen,2001,PalletierandFielding, 1996). Okafor, 1997; Moronkola & Okanlawon (2003) also noted that cardiovascular diseases are the most popular diseases o f the circulatory system in Nigeria and a staggering high number of people, especially those from the high socio-economic strata die frequently from these diseases. It is quite obvious that modem lifestyle fosters unfitness. Many technological advances are intended to eliminate physical exertion from everyday activities. The automobile and television are key contributors to our sedentary lifestyle and we have become accustomed to other automated energy savers: elevators, power steering, and even power windows on automobiles. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 5th ICHPER.SD Africa Region Congress Proceedings At the same time, our competitive society is characterized by pressing domestic problems, business obligations and deadline tensions. In nowhere is this more palpable than in the academia. Thus, most lecturers have little or no time to exercise, even though they are aware that personal fitness is often more important to one's health than drug therapy or other medical technologies. Many lecturers therefore fail to incorporate physical fitness into their lifestyle. This study may therefore stimulate the need to develop a mass multiple strategy required for the reduction and prevention o f cardiovascular diseases, not only among the study population, but also among other sub groups who are at risk. Statement of the Problem One valuable piece o f information learned from Paffenbarger jnr. (1979) showed that the risk o f a coronary event increases exponentially as the number o f the risk factors increase. The more risk factor an individual is predisposed to, the greater the chance o f a cardiovascular event. The present trend in prevention is to reduce or to eliminate risk factors that are subject to modification (such as lifestyle) with the hope that these multiple intervention will lead to a reduction in cardiovascular diseases and mortality in the population. In spite o f the potentials o f cardiovascular diseases for morbidity and mortality, there are no well-known studies investigating the dietary and exercise patterns as predicators of cardiovascular diseases among university lecturers in Ibadan. The major problem of this study was to identify if dietary patterns and lack of exercise could predispose the university lecturers in Ibadan to cardiovascular diseases. Research Questions 1. Will dietary habits be a predisposing factor of cardiovascular diseases among University lecturers in Ibadan? 2. Will lifestyle be a predisposing factor of cardiovascular diseases among University lecturers in Ibadan? Methodology The descriptive survey research design was used for this study. The population for the study is made up of all the lecturers in the University o f Ibadan including the University Collage Hospital (UCH). The sample for the study was made up o f 200 lectures. Simple random sampling technique was used to select four departments each from nine faculties including UCH. 5 lecturers where purposively selected from the randomly selected departments. In total, two hundred (200) University o f Ibadan lecturers were surveyed using the self-scoring Lifestyle Questionnaire developed by Smith & Van da Meer (1987) the questionnaire items reflected all the variables that were specifically tested by the research questions. The statistical question addressed by the analysis was whether the lifestyle o f University lecturers predisposed them to cardiovascular diseases. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 5th ICHPER.SD Africa Region Congress Proceedings Procedures for Data Analysis The descriptive statistics used to analyse the data collected were: a. Frequency distribution; and b. Percentage. The frequencies and percentages were matched against the lifestyle norms of Smith & Van da Meer (1987) for those variables which fall under Heart. Results and Analysis Two hundred lectures in the University of Ibadan were used as respondents in this survey. The statistical question addressed by the analysis was whether the lifestyle of University lecturers predisposed them to cardiovascular diseases. The following aspects of lifestyle were the dependent variables: Dietary habits and Lifestyle (alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and Lack of exercise.) These variables were associated with one organ which is affected adversely by unhealthy life style. This organ is the heart. The score of the respondents are shown in Table 1. Heart There were three score ranges for the heart, namely 0 15 (normal heart and arteries), 16 38 (partially hardened artery), and 39+ (Atherosclerotic artery). These score ranges and their interpretation are based on the work of Smith and Van der Meer (1998) who also designed the lifestyles questionnaire used in this study. Table 1 Response Frequency and Percentage for heart score range (N=200) SCORE RANGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%) 0-15 45 22.5 16-38 70 35.0 39+ 85 42.5 TOTAL 200 100% Table 1 shows that for 45 (22.5%) of the respondents, their lifestyle was normal as far as the heart was concerned: 70 (35.%) fall into the 16 38 score range, which means their lifestyle may be harming the heart and arteries; 85 (42.5%) fall within the 39+ score range, which is an indication that their lifestyle is severally endangering the health of their hearts. All the variables under study are well-known risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. In view of the fact that only 45 (22.5%) of the 200 respondents had lifestyle that could be classified as normal for the heart and arteries and that 70 (35.0%) and 85 (42.5%) fall within unhealthy lifestyle score ranges damaging to the heart, This result therefore provides answers to the following research question which states: UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 5th ICHPER.SD Africa Region Congress Proceedings 1. Will dietary habits be a predisposing factor o f cardiovascular diseases among University lecturers in Ibadan? 2. Will lifestyle be a predisposing factor o f cardiovascular diseases among University lecturers in Ibadan? Discussion Several writers (Igbanugo & Akeredolu, 2003; Sign, Niaz, and Bishnoi, 1998; Smith and Van der Meer, 1998; Knowless, 1977) have reported the relationship between lifestyle and cardiovascular health. In effect, much research work has been done in respect o f the role of lifestyle in the genesis o f cardiovascular and other diseases. The results o f these studies have generated an unusual awareness vis-a-vis the need to avoid or reduce sedentary life style. This study was restricted to a survey o f the predictors o f cardiovascular diseases among university o f Ibadan lecturers. The variables specifically surveyed were dietary habit, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and lack o f exercise. The results and analysis shows that the lifestyle patterns o f University o f Ibadan lecturers predispose many o f them to cardiovascular diseases. Only 29 (14.5%) out o f200 respondents reported that they exercise often (that is once or twice in a week); 7 (3.5%) o f the lecturers were very fat while 37 (18.5%) were fat, 47 (23.5%) reported having high blood pressure, while 18 (9%) were both hypertensive and fat. The implication o f these results can be better appreciated if consideration is given to this question: What could go wrong with the heart and arteries; A diet high in animal fat, lack of exercise, obesity and stress all contribute to atherosclerosis (popularly called hardening of the arteries) streaks o f fat can even be seen in children's arteries. These may disappear, but the next stage (which affects many in their 30s) is the formation o f hard fibrous plagues. People with only small plagues will not usually have any symptoms, but the plagues may grow and eventually block an artery if this happens in one of the arteries to the heart, the result will be a heart attack, while blockage o f an artery to the brain may cause a stroke. Conclusions From the results o f this survey to determine the predictors of cardiovascular diseases among lecturers o f University o f Ibadan, the following conclusions were drawn: Dietary habits and lack o f exercise were significant predictors o f cardiovascular diseases among the lectures. Recommendations The findings o f this study indicated that the lifestyle patterns of University of Ibadan lecturers predispose them to cardiovascular diseases. Based on these findings, the following recommendations are made: 1. The lecturers should exercise more often, and keep their intake o f saturated fat as low as possible. 2. The Department o f Human Kinetics and Health Education o f the University of Ibadan should organize fitness awareness programmes to sensitize the lecturers to the relevance o f a healthy lifestyle to health and longevity. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 5th ICHPER.SD Africa Region Congress Proceedings 3. The Department o f Human Kinetics and Health Education o f the University of Ibadan should organize keep fit programmes specifically for lecturers and senior non-academic staff. 4. There should be regular maintenance and rehabilitation o f sporting facilities on campuses especially in the senior staff club where the lecturers congregate largely for recreation. 5. More sporting activities should be organised and the intake o f diet high in sugar, animal fats and alcohol should be discouraged in the senior staff club References Agha, E.M. (1998). The physiological effects o f a 12 week Ongoing exercise program on hypertensive students and workers o f University o f Ibadan Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis. Department o f Human Kinetics and Health Education, University o f Ibadan. Bouchard. C.; Shephard, R.J.; Stephens, T.; Sutton, J. R. & McPherson, B.(1990). (Ed) Exercise,fitness and health: aconsensus ofcurrent knowledge. Champain, ill: Human Kinetic Books. Cooke, C. B. Dawey Smith, G. 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Factors influencing arterial pressure in the general population in Jamaica. British JournaL 2 467 470. Pickering, T.G.; Devereux, R.B.; James, G.D.; Genin, W.; Lansbergis, P ; Schenell. P. L. & Schwartz, J.E. (1996): Environmental influences on blood pressure and the role of job strain. Journal o fh ypertension supplement 4(5), 179-185. Smith, R. & Van da Meer, R. (1987). The good health kit: a complete interactive fitness programme . London: Ebury Press. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY