Editors O ft, L;nvuyj, B O Ololajulo Swift Print Limited, Nigeria IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Published by PhoneS: w08i0f3t 4P5Nr4ii0gn4et3r i0aL,0im70i5t7e8d20116 © O.B. Lawuyi 8c B.O. Ololalujo 2011 First published 2011 ISBN 978-240-082 Aarenllpy rRoidghutcse dR,e rseeprvued. Nopkno blis ho wtmoneca onopsry -int oEg l ebacent rdoi nn h rvi e ece, d mp oaerr ctr heoapfn atichckiasal ,g boeodro okint hm aeanry ym bfoer pmr ionrt ebdy, wstorirtategne ofor rrmet rfireovmal systce nomted in the future, the Purbd, lwiinsihgthe, roosu rt a nain dp /raoinoryr t phiener f ieonacnlsu, dnionwg Owner. mC roismpsyiaortniigo hinnt IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY C o n te n ts Dedication........................................................................................Acknowledgm...e..n...t..................................................................... ............................................................................................. 65 Introduction T1h. e CRoenatlirtiyb,u Ttoerxst ..a..n...d... ..R...e..p...r..e..s..e...n..t..a..t..i.o. ...................................................................................................................... 107 PARPTr aOxNisE.....................................................n... .i..n.. ..A...f..r..i.c..a.. ..A...n...t..h..r..o...p...o..l..o..g...i.c..a...l 15 2. OATh .B. e D Laiswcuipyliine of Anthropology......................................................... 31 3. ThEe. ATseaakcihtiinkpg iof Anthropology........................................................... 49 4. OT.hBe. LCahwaluleyni ge of Fieldwork in Anthropology........................... 66 5. OE.Int B qh .n Luo aw irgyra uyi ...p...h..i..c.. ..F..i..e..l.d...w....o..r..k... .a...s.. ..a.. ..M....e..t..h..o...d... ..o..f.. .A...n...t..h..r..o...p...o..l..o..g...i.c..a...l..... 81 6. KSaoymoed eT Arakdinitsieotneal Anthropological Theories............................... 101 Babajide Ololajulo P7.A RTTh eT WReOlationship between Anthropology and Philosophy ... 115 8. AIsnatahcr oUpkoplookgoylo and Environment: Forging a Relationship ...126 9. ABnabtharjiodpeo Olologlya jaunldo Health..................................................................... 146 10. AT.oSu. rAisjamla in Nigeria...................................................................................156 O.B. Lawuyi IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 11. Gender Discourse and Anthropology: An Overview..............172 12. TChhein yMeered iaU kapnodk oCloultural Process...................................................... 202 O.B. Lawuyi P13A. RT AYTohSro T .u u HbgaRh tESsoE ocnie Atyn.t..h...r..o..p...o...l.o...g..y... .o...f.. .L...a..w.... .a...n...d.. ..L...e..a..d...e rship in 231 14. Wo Ajalafromm eOnw aon dT oRwitnu ainl CSooumtmhwuensitceartnio nN:i gEetrhina.o..g..r...a..p...h..i..c.. ..R...e..p...o..r..t..s249 15. Aretha AsakitiASfouu-tahfueagshtie rRne l k Ni pgiiigoe-cruialt.u...r..a..l. ..C...o...n...f.l..i.c..t.. ..i.n... ..N...a..n...k...a..,. ..I..g..b o 259 16. UChrbinayneirtees U aknpokolocultural Issued itnh eN iIgdeeroialong yC iotife Hs.o..m....e...:. ..E...n...g...a..g..i..n g with a soci2o8­3 17. ‘BTahbea jBidluer rOilnogla ojuloStudies at a Timf eG eonfr Cehs’a: nAgnitnhgr oDpisocloipglyin aanryd BTohuenatdraer Aierst.s.....299 Abayomi Ogunsanya 12 IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 11 G e n d e r D is c o u r s e a n d A n th r o p o lo g y : A n O verview CHINYERE UKPOKOLO Thanhudims acthhnapterinterestek i isni modn,p ewaxcahtm icoihnf eitssh gitseh ned degevore adlloi sopcothe preoccup astoiocinasl , atnredn cdusl taunrda lc a m hnfa uernset ionn t hoe ufiret lAlhenrnotghperosol poogology lud. n Sodpfe Aercnsittfhiacrnaodlpliyon,l goo guoyrf, wstiomictihee .t piEeamsr itpnich tuahlseae rTs haaitrrtede n lWatiioodrn lo dtn.o A thltthehe o sutSugudhbi -etShsa eoh pnaa fgy ge.e nTndhdeeer rp adacpirseocros isudran African an rdr esen eg t oiiofvineessr pgcuerinlmtduaerr studies is other multipcaliylc iattony t mohfra wotpeoroil iaonlgstey br. -y B aaenn per acknowledges that here, we select c dath umrsoeup lootifl-o dtghiisesc tisep xliitnne nathrsyeiv ifeni e nlndaa totuufrr ese,o , caiinta dlg iavtnhedes prherepers raeersnteitcneldtea Atainnv etehsx riton r ksso amvea ilpabulbel, iwcahtiicohn csa nwnhoti cbhe,, pions soibulry , vexiehwau, saterde Preaptrriecsiae nJ .t eHdi ging itnhsee p ntohslieovmeg iecrsea vla iSnetdwu dt roieefns w doosn.m WIn any case, Naomi Quinn in Status Revisited: i 1nli9 tte7hr7ea-itr1u w9r8eo 7rtik’ l plA u1nb9tl7hi7sroh. o pCeoanedl roio m’s ngl e ipC no. ’ss Status’ c1a9lM iStutioukndh ioeinps 88, pick ea (s1do9chi7yea7tiy)e, sah naadss twcwuhloteu rperau Nlb aslitocumadtiii eoQsn usoi nna nwre so tmroepevpniee wadt,s pa onardf t ciacodumdlaeprdi lh aait sditoeoncr aicodafel ’wse poexorkte o snd f s Wuch so. inIo pon m.f rTeonhm’es bisnoytm emnedo o tfo t hreeipre taetx tthse tihra etf fmor cross- pre e t do not hereo,c civtu ipinsa gnt ibooetn ybso.e nIcfda c uteshreet aiIr in vr ie es butlaptn rmdesmy e rian antrtta h ket e rie ro snttos a pinnidc k tae cdremdr tain strands from ew them atse xintss ihganvifei cnaos mt oybf eh peuenmr iibnoldcels uv daiew nt but becausene ddI 172 IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY acaacnkndnn coouwt, GEND ltlpeudoragssle i bafenlywt,h E p R DIS rreorfepesore COURS elnontc easll E t AN toe x D A sotsm d NuTHROPOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 173 that gender issues are m e t ee xttos ospuatscied ec othnes tfriaeilndt os.f sI oaclisaol tcinho ena snteitdxhetrsro ehpdao vlioeng aytf,hf jieur msctea adtse. gg gy. Th Saeimrngdiilenara ilssitz upedadip eiesn r i tnha letso makes bold tp assert discipline. All these will beo erixzpaltorilroyen,d w ofuofrm tcheaennr n c h omen adtinstream theorizing but acknowledge, however, that gender dionisn tc-hos risiebctiutptliionnes, aarse s oumndee or­f debAatleth, oanu gohp ewno-emnedne’ds sctoundcieeps tduoalizati is o es noto nn.ecessaurris viene grisv iteaewnx t. soI nciagnno nitnhoget iastudies, thisancn kdsnc ohkwonllaoerwdsgh epip at phteoeri r bs crtioollan tdtrreainbce utsth itoeh ness ce omergence of fem lyin miste apner fsepmecini ti ivset kanntohwronp oaslo wglyea.d vIe gisde.e Tnphtriiofsyd tfuohrcem ttihoerdne ,e t hppeha npr wet iocomuf lneaonrlv eyem,l atrhenarcdoipeuargtsohhr ipyfe ,p marnojde ctto, discourse on gender and anthropol aobsgaeycs k sogpfrr toihnuegn smd. oavgeaminesntt wothhiecrh iwn miisseyt Voices from the Fringe: A Glimpse into the Emergence Wofi tFhienm thien hisutm Sanch soocliarship ifiin nd datceot ividual no ttriwt yoo, f ta foni s rt i asi n tt tro ety, there exists a divvheea tsrytiec tra a lailm thifapiergel ov d ere tsgroupxta en(nLctoe, w, s d bi . ee uSt, t e1x, in maer bm9y5i ni0te:s4se )li.nf ni diye that categ Idnt dsroaeceriivideud el,ty oi es, ial’ssnp elil’fi sto aar i dszes the as gender practices are bye-products of sex identificatiosen b .c iohGl ioovcgisiieicvtaeyl Wscyuhslttiuetemrha le iasa dntherefore, one of the prestige structures (Ortne aernn acdenesdr, pmideearnlcete iitavyne. ddF afoe ,d 1rm p 9 fas 8lye1c.). Gemi hnItoi sil ender has been defined tso gtshicceha olc lupalratsut,t reMarln omisneegra on(fi1n t9hg9 e av tadtriaficofehuresedlny ct aoes s bt h3) posited, gbi e socio­ as soc e oenltodwgeeirc eainsl Z1(1i9m999m30: ia4l 3c3osn as trroulec,t ,a s soomcieatli category, as a prerm mes as a combi ancatticioen, a os fa tpheersfeo r(mMaonsceer,, agsepnedcetr) o pffur bar atn)h. Invariably gender is a ‘doing’ thing (West and ecitni ,ec 1987). The performativiger m ss etarxleeiss ots.re Adfes mi na adslioecc,a iitate lm sc oatpnhssa ttor uuc tyrco to,s asf - gccueunllttduuer, which Butler t restrictiorrnaasll,l yev xadpreietacettriamotniionsn eisdn, IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1et7h4i cs AaNnTdHROPOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGo1p9e9r3a)t.e Ftehme srioen on within which male I CaAnLd A PfePLmICaAlTeI OaNrSe INe xNpIGeEcRtIeAd to stahucecb romerddainitne oadtc ecf uothpr bi sycm hca rielsla ebtniongtgh gae nmdoer roles foreie ws osumpaenr,oi nersgdp intehacetia v e cll ement a puyol itsnui trWiaolen sa n smales and females (Lips Indeed, the emergence of feminism .itne dsru amnp itdioenosl otghya tw theincdh ptos Wbaoslilcsatollny t nh seo c1i8atl hth Coeungthutr, yw whiales vFthaeerm iienindd iiasvmsi e dtco a iutrasalef wt d l (h d1or7es5ess the issue of wof is a c 9wo-no1cr7ke9sp7 ta) nd wdif afoispc ucinrlteio dtnoit i mendfel nuase nsthuceebd of irfredsmti nfienamtisioti nnthi.s otMu, gaary ema define as its definition is h natds. rimnecamerg nian iptitoainnli g tzs a fptrropagators. The variance owes to the divergent views equaaliintye do fii nsth t o tihho mn wthhe e eese 1fxa8ecstth i c d tchhe e a n b tp artee (see tU ufkermpy o .cocnu pthiees oo iOnkoinslemo ,b 2ias0s fri ig 0a ecnm4 t ihinni nio s, ifdoerg rt tsthhouo o rucgeh to fluorgtayht e thrha easxt, fs iwnocem eitns phsleoaewnkaestv ifeoornr, to fo 1r ner atwhtmeTho mnaetnu rme aarngd type 9th ceee nnattc utmureiaetls efde i nmaagilnaiz in Bin sa stoitof wnfe.o mImti nreeinsjem acnsts)d .a Fmseyemmnim ninies ttmrhy eq ousfoe psctioeiwotnye.sr ,t huen ebqauseasl ttdhhoermo duiengcahlni ncEeeu orinof pfteheue cd west irseittr andi nseo bcaainteetd y b aFytr twahnoec mte en arose in the 18th and and exploitation hoaafli rscamacpt, eitthraielz, ecadonl obdny i mtahla ees snriicvs i mea eos. f T amh ecehr allenge to male problems in most western nations. Agaioneu, incnetdenrut rsaatn ccdhh atanhnegt e ecsxa sppwliotearealpitsiimong and other u rialization raised n, opuafn vihveeedgr wseamaly oh, na pmyh oeavalsuma(nMng ir eoigst h aecnhhtsr, d ar tah sJi anacterizing Europea wgyasas,w tpoar rieddaeeconhloaeg,d i c1aa9t l8t c nh lization of powh3e) asociety at the tim .t lilTmehnege,e w doeafms o ldaden oedrm dfee erer, Tstoch hbee ebm alapec.p klicable only or commentasF,to oirmperial c tool othneie ws,h ainteds ,w eommpelony weresr,e c poelornipizheerrsiz aendd i nm tehnids. qRriuogeuhssttssi.eo aTnuhin iwsg o r msth leiekn e gd Triedha ontm oEta nsbl eiHgloohbntebgn ement philosophers and social Rousseau’s so‘otchbieva ildo ciuovsni ntmera arcrutg,l eifno’ iarn li innzsaatttaui tsoo,n Jt ohfohorsnme Letohdca ktteh s and nrcee. ,T ohfefe ‘re hou exdc ltuhese i vswipsor lJdien aegnnb joJoaaycr dqs ues tm’ tende uch en non hcoyfp oiner IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY of eman GENDER DISCOURSE AND ANTHROPOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 175wtfohore u bvlaodly uese c n ijopoaanfyd f t riteoend. In g om h aisn dso ecqiaula cliotyn,t reaxcctl,u Rdoedu swseoamue, nw fhroo mem thpohsaes itzheadt alaanncddk iJcnaagyp atahwbelsaeer o dqf h tierh li‘sng. ekIninne grR arola wualiti uss ilela’. uH’se apgreonpdoas,e do nal yd imffearne nwta esd ruactaiotinoanl ‘othTerh’ ea ghaieinrsatr ectnhhaeic , ‘as1 el s9b 8cio3nu: tionally and abstractly, therefore, women freedom was such thealtf ’t a lr8dy) n .ooptp boes gitiivoenn afrnede dpoemri pahnedr eizqautaiolinty o(Mf tihees wmcahapircigthian liianslctilzsua dtoieovdne w ra onemdm etphnl choheya ceroralsco,t neiarziezrins gh tahvee arpigphlti coavteior nth oef croiglohtnsi zaendd, oanf wd odmiseconn tthernotu, gahn ldib the e ,s iudnbisadvaeration ts hmeiqsou vag nnetdan gdoeafd a mprooeusnist eioodnv meinrug c woh fod tmihseep nl‘eo.a thsTuehrree’, wonofo tWmioonemsn e’asn b po(1uo7ts 9itt1hio)e n Mw aionrm yt eWhne’os lslnsoatcotuin eenemct erdaneftstsi .rc Iehn at oll ecnhagnedge t hthee p croenvdaiitliionnVindication of the Rightgs emdmeofaivenedcm iapelaln tftiosor nmth. sIan toc frs eppaarsatirnniagg rlyuc,hp ta at th eree, rationality and intellect, and these movements, they radhilce da wlolmyo m t ype negr eoionpde rdaellmy.a nVdaerdio ufos i rqnuaetsiotinoe.n nB lyyth rtehe bes etvlreluercdyt auegrxeais i wtnws oot,mm aenennd socie ence of wina pvFoeel ty; they ques sim,t iwicnaitilsh ts pemaaoccvhee , emi tnioen fempo dnceht cc miasniao anle- mpaarktiincigp of such socio-political environment rb okeef ddthi vbeiy de aera ds. i tanhttaioot ntah forfeere cl atp cthhkae soierfs il,ni vovefotsel.vnement 19th century to early 20th century wp iTtehhc eiuf ifnci ricvsote nrwscaaevlr ens usdpfefarpnaegnneed icnagll oedn Tiinnhc UluSdAe din w thoem 1e8n2 a0ss t. hTeh bea sseic co dw fc h roicmh Tthheee lcafeowmn. ciOnenrisnet soo fifn tth htihes e me psoeoscctoh in mwdp aw o os n rae dnq cuwearanv ea nfadl lasg witiatthioinn .1 T9h6i0ss o troig 1in9a8t0esd. leartae rw baes cCaamroe lt Hhea nsilsoch’s essay tt vaen fto lbiutoygo hoktfs ta thgheaa istne hsxate dsin bieneqfuoraeli ttyh eb elafowrse. the era, cu itled The Personal is POther booklst ulirkael Baentdtyg p aFonrl iieatdmicaaonln ’sig n ethqeu afelimtieinsi satrse. iFnoerx tthr e fl ufeemncieoliticaln wiisnth sti hcohef cshlaes sa nwaolymzeend athned fcrruitsitcriazteiodn t hand despondence amon i(cg1a 9tbh6le3y ) ml iwnidhked. e Tbheel iFeefm thinaitn we Cormiteiqnu feind fulfillmeednrleet IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1th7r6o ugAhN TcHhRiOldPbOeLOaGriYn AgN Da nANd THROPOLOG!CAL APPLICATIONS IN NIGERIAinsp cainollcnoluw ira sdideed t iS otimno eredo w fonore r tkh eo feam uts midien isththse.o hmSohemem eaa rkfgoiunre gsd,e lwtfh eaarcte t wumaolamizjoaertni ossnoh.u orOuctledhs e broesf dirsao ttchhueamrt wethnotamst oebfni om’sl dooedn eBgr enta hfueevm ofiiern’miss bmino.io sDkte,s T Bhaesea Soencoen do fS etxh e(1949status was as a result o fund ),a wmheicnhta isl work a woman obguitc al factor. aF owr oSmimaonn fu ecvu oDir’s position in the w. Aslt eua rnBa ele/axsuiovscotieiarnl, tcioaonlniesd tii tsi o o wnn rk hoost born becomes ca -1 arg 98 teuTgm 0e)de, ncittl o tiosse cnloyom wt psituahrr epth rwieso Finmrgee nntch thao existentialist, Jean Paul Satire (1905 a hoer yt hisi rsde ewna avse a o cfo fe t De Beau nmtininuiastmio tnfha eol losf ptwhpeirt e voi shseisnceo rd1 n em9m9in0plod wosa rvtio yty ed ee pa inrned ts xheis aeni twte. onTrtmedhl i d a aist. l Gatan ddd rseusgsginesgt st hteh (af1ta9il9u0r)e sw hoifc thh seu ebamrliiteterd p thhaaste g. eJnuddeirt his Bpeurtler’s work nendd teex h re rTer oisu bnloe sin formative, strut cotfu trhees emrau. lOtitph tgehlree i rnaepf lipus renonoat cisahiln tbgool edo kecaasuse for women subordination, aGnednd Setre vaennd SPmowitehr’ ls(e 1 d9o8m7)a, iwnsh iochf svoiec (w lii ngn egthn wedith theial life ep(Hre raaiswo d 1992), whichakc iistnisvculeeu epsewrco p ,d is a leading from the functionalist perspective. The third waveer re Conivtohecs, e g1ses9 n n 9t ell’s dh7ea)rt, addresse Gender Thinking Lcthooent sfd eoimtfi osinu d nic.s c tthe issWe dsoissmecsoe hu u nar e ssv oete f feminism objective of exposingu t bwdheseir o eexo m snu, g erohe nc ’tsoh rredeireproductibvious delyf af, onsrdttas ar atr vee satnilld b eecionng ism, and of strugget ldue n ifnvo ertih lgienr egWa w o romic rights. between men and women (Sjorslev, 1998). etes etmc woerded in Toda r eq intuh ca lltaihtseys wEeach dtoco otmhneoe mn i u’ ssyc v,i pfelimnein iussti nstgu dpieecsu cluiatrs atocroolss s tdo isdciispcloinveesr aanndd fideoldcsu, mweinth ics t tInh ea nctohnrnocdpee oices o orlors tgLayin .t , ed W fr h eianmrg ey ther in Anthropology, Philosophy, Sociology, representaptito no ifn caunlttihun ositfsu thd ies the aim is to add women perspective to speak authoritativelrryoe tp ooa uannmdtah nrtohkpieno dleo,p gaiyns tdceo mknntoroliwbougleticedasg let o pp drroeobbdaluetcemtsio oonn.f over the politics of cultu rcleou gr(ryWe innat l atd ewerb,a ay1t et9hs9 aw5t) ia.t lhlAoinsw csWu alatnluttreharr lo fsputourtldohigeeysr IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY s GENDEfaiubeboldum oti hft tsoetwudd ,d yfi efafmenrdien ains Rt DISCOURSE AND ANTHROPOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 177 overF etimmien iassm g ehnadsne chre a iapnthropology is a composite of two parts: a within the group i atdsdi nfpe fplve roorewach fa. rTino ecure taosn. tdhe study of women. It asks question prominent. The first is the i s cri knowledge have been constructed (Oyewumi, 1998), while tnhweeso cs aempcoaa tbjiocliers mtcras, at times emerging from Wthoe rladt tweommpet nt oo r stehaer wcho mfoern uonf civoelornusard.l Vis tegories of criticism are condition and experience can only be pco aatn p uhc eosea m fa fteitnmagci knth ifserm ofim risn ‘bio logic’ that oppression which cuts across cultureoss.s Tibhll eef aoifcn ttlohyre u rfneo ir t t wchreis a oit miT‘kec h yies i ’n m rd t’os, fksfre eomym iin sbi ubordsi f iot e n mlpoogaatesi liectaniole nds,se positifote oenm rr bi. mTinihi onsliogical identity. However, in a vretircsuallaiztiinngg tinot rhaucntatb tlhe ea nfdem iniensicsat pdaibsilcs ts, smtch haeonyld ahr ist se cnldaeimvo ausr tthoe e bxatrsiicsa ftoer fwemomineisnm’s Wseevsetra e tr oclelnyt rpico, suitnedde rtmhianti noagus r aspe otfoave not succeeded in doing as the world scholars on women rienlos ennag b r io cdhaas lot egf.ie cmOaly ideneriotserminon-W fiensdteings n rn c, umes k pe Oltuherca issym erw ceoumnmatiiin nuheeadss vd1oe9it9cee7rsm,1 r9ien9pis8rm)e.s Tewill continue to ially by third The fact that fenhmtee isnde icsbomyn tdh critici tsrmai la fgeaminisnti sfet mdeinbiastme i(sS etehse,e Obdyiisoeslweongutimicnaigl, piistes a oa pccrlceae zipent aothnf icdsei sp aialmlruto soinofg ntsheted hwaeso post colonial and Third World women. and “a sign of their cultu gmrl oWmbeeesn et esinrpn et hcoierai lgTlyihn ii rnhd aA sWf raiofcfraeld,cted, negatively, 1983). To others, still, it is aail d nddeelwec- afcdolaremsnsc owef”o cm(uMletiuner sia nal naimf ft.l huIniendke feedm, many of the major inadequacies of feminist scholarship isd t phJaeyr niaatw socie silleisanmrcd ienetiinsemas,, trfheemec omignneisnitt’i so svnco,h itcooel sas oin articulating women experiences. Neverth ie.n lOegsn ose,f knowledge prodursmchteiio pdn e,h glaersae decsino, gon ftt rowi bpourmoteegrdne’ ssi svnio viedc iefvesem irnsin eri eswste paaoyrlscih titecoss .atnhde AAnntthhrorpooplooglyo, gthye: scGieennced eofr h oumn athe Agendain diverse aspects of humans. Thnek fioncdu, sh aosn a ltwhea yhso slhisotwicn s itnutdeyre ostf IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1m7a8n kiAnNdT gHiRvOePsO tLhOeG dYi AsNciDp AliNnTeH lReOvPeOraLgOeG IaCbALo vAePP oLtIChATItshoeciira cl uslctiuernec aen adn edn hviurmonamne er OdNisSc IiNp lNinIGeEsR iInA the chouuf lsmtouacrinaakll ianundnd i svcheuarlrtsueasrli atcli oeamsn tmhanr itonypt .io n its attempt to interrogate humans, attributes, which no mattero dtnh ep Ilno gtryy, inthga e dnaerctgeirscetuoelr a t rodi tidsioec istp.h liiTsn htehe pr oaruyesga hsa otittnse nsiutsib oftnihe latdot- tHish oeswt hileulv sustained as members of a comm os of adnni vaden,r csaeissf itcsoaurt,ci ohn, hthaiss lcienrktaagine Homo sapiens. iiosnf c ttohhmea tph me u r, wamn th aoenr fact is that in the quest to understand and reconstruct This neglelitghee anktcn ipgwoinep , uehlvaaotdilo,u ntfio,o n and culture history, the significant half of the interrogaeot wcioolnne sditngiitetui toaetfse o wru orams erelevnlea,s th iaavsve mely be meleebnneg nrtshe go lofe tfch tteei mdsa. emT, hewe g ares sualnt a crescendo of books and a drtht iienc l mgeesodus operandi which forms theavailable to both students, and th,n osdpseeer c wsttrhuudomi eassr o ea fni nddta edtraise, csaotreuedr ns ieonsw .g T r obodauaspyis., adcisccourse either as scholars or policy makers through ethnogr emanpaddeer tshpeao o nTr uhenett sq oufe hic and tnhee dihc uamml aa wsntiodom nm eoen, mannyi tdye Ica ft hdwon thoeesd emno leaonng’disc acclhla idsldse ren. of the origin of g in various bdcaiostnceidsp,i lteaiosn ndin h thtahsee sg ese odnceeibarala ttseecdsie hbnaocvethes wbdiioovrelolrdgg.i ecInantl vaaindeddw rtseh. s esnindge rt i hhnieesa qriust asoulfiet tih,e ems tphreeosreentitc ianl dmeobsatt es oisc tihetei eqsu eosft tihone voef rtshuess en iunrdtuicrees/, cfeu O u lc f ntu du tlhart eeusm’r e eda nle v sbietacah w lltyoe s ,.o , sTl tswhh o oar nbaytr o tsiamcdhe cosal arteerfsge orhrraieevdse t eoam raetsir c‘gnulated explanation for differen e issue is in determining w ea:ht utihcrhee pbdierooblmaotgiein coeafnl tcthlayet eeagrnoadr, ypc ioonsn iwtssth ittihcuh ti Farl apes huatet sw epumadraom’ts l e-fen op ssf y e utc m bhhoeo a ra mlen aanslyt batietcuhasal .tv hiToehuoerry a nfneadat tuiusr reaen/s nC(Faortnuesureedq/bio springboard behind the incomp,lu e1et9en lcoegsy dination originated from the basis of 2v h5ee)rr .no Sofigmund Freud, in his work titled, ‘Some Psychical or changed. Thsi isso un tt eohdef t thAhena mat ttaohlmee sibordination.f ceeaxml i naDl heise, trai ndncattioomn iBcaeltlwy,e reenp rthe Sex Her lot in esents easn’ is the “unaltternable law elivsf eeol ofc pannmanteuonrtte ba” en( dDc htuharillslee fyno ragmnedds IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY piEnrdcewosmaernpdtlsee,d t1 GEN e i9ns 8et6hs)sa. D toI ER ntfh o DthISCOteh feee mmr w URS aaor Ed sA,N tDh eA NaTrgHuROPOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 179 portrait of castrated malell.e’s personalit my ednetv wehloicphm Seingmt ruenpdre Fsreenutds wbcreaeisnd gsey,n necsoep nteyocm itaholeluy ps i enwr tcithehep ntWiaoetnus e o Tfs hethex. She, in his opinion, represents a unquestionable. treer, na s e ocon dwc i n aoe c stm i e sea p us t cn, hf oaosfr he ac ‘c esanestcturoarnited male’ gave The other school, culture s r condi edtsi-o.c nlFa esrmse mahluaeminneaesdns fpweremirmeina dirseytt iesnrc mhexoinplaelrads.knowing that reis nt eo Ti o these fean rpgcu hgse hon utdhteecroi r mim na ieer nqicsuhtaosl,io ttlyh, . eTf erhaoetl uec ruoelfts uc urpalrtloiusmrtesi,/n anesun irtttl wuy reterh eies, aBcuneldytu opnods tshibisl yb,oinnfdlu oenf ucen itpyo elicies. gs uOcmannen ste tto t ha ec omnvoiondc ionfg tchoen csloucsiieotny wisshuie xists othe cshr at hlaiassttp see nicntgstao g oeffud r ctthuhelet rua trdteeis,n itnfiotoren g iornafs tttehad rt hg drisiov,u idtphisne. gFc oluirnl tieunsrs astaleinvstec reui,n nogitt hteheder. espoceocrincaeolpimztaiioctisno (nat,hn rede ilpnigotiesorintai,co tpnioa o e culturalists was determini rne fbn tethitenw gwe, eofn n am mraeinp c ly r e ion , std rtu ahccucet t ti ual uosrnoec lay,i en dtd iynes .p flu cIrenond edti n uc ce t seyctssi toeli n nhk)ee g am m, the , ursetnrm o paniogns sother duegrgslte ition a ndbdiveaitbd ocuwef lwtuo leed.e Fnt roma ld eianntf eliun. e Itnnhc eea sns oyarc ceiea stsyee.e ,n Tt hhasue psh,l aetying roles in affecting structure that musot rbb teih odele occguoylnt usartnraudlics ttcesud, l ttfhouerr ebfe ioainlro tghg haeteen dcdu ealrtn uddr aipslicasostsu sirocsnhool public opinion. This s iacal d ate and journals to p t it m etiegrhmt iinnfislumee ni sc ieas Wdheuimmlsooannns bptreuahbtaleivdsih ooeundr t aihs e bp htarytutsagicgcklae lo wnas carried beyond the pages of books denying cultural d ook titled a E ttdawckarsd. OT.h Wis i wlswohnaer sie,n hf1oe9 r7a 8rig.n uIsnet da1 n9thc7ea5t,, Sociobiology jdaunosmdti fiynu wapnrootmsa. reP nhi nmy saiAcrm egtinearmrt ionfi sbmio.l oWgiilcsaoln e wvoalsu tsieoenn o afs h uusme in agn ns athtuerree btoy bthoeo bki. tFteorrn ienssst atonwceaa, rlEd a a srtt liiaczacak tsiwon. The book was greeted with outrage ri khsimen, ha w h nise e brred Neo o akfiem amneddin atihst m aielsen wrieWt eid:iles naosdn ctoMon dateraxminisoemnds itnwr ahatiess IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 180 IAnN 1T9H7R8O,P aO LmOeGmY AbNerD oAfN tThHeR aOuPdOiLeOnGcIeC ApLo AuPrPeLdI CaA pTIiOtcNhSe IrN o NfI GicEeRdI A TcspoSoh leci dsa io ke w,v aeatnnetdr biolog i o ylol ve . ut-hs r et rW(raNst i ie lso ecshl sat nhn’onet s e he apdna;d s asd a ‘WEiorinil s ks so h suen e nr, reoynoutune dreaindreg t htahelle p wpored 2001: 132) ot i juenmcotw oto’f. Sffoiocunrrsd t iaoe hv b rae iorlfyl oo lgofy nt,h tstandingge ht it umws,ee w,n etainse tvhi ecwthe bas en etdu arys . aT rheev insaitt uorfe‘n/actuultruer dee dbiasttein’ cotfi othne, dcoisncTtiiphnleuinreeed w itso an sho ul adnrotg uefelbymt ii gnisai sgote fdd wi sthocoemu aertnstee’s n tomtion of scholars interested in political mood of Victortnhifaalnut eEtnhncege lddae nbvdye, ltoohnpee m daeargnteitn. oafl iaznattihorno,p aonlodg yit ahsa as fcbaeicantst euthdr which also influenced the evolut p ioorefn vwaarhiylii cnthhg ei ison brtyea lsoliecfc atthluleya lm1 a9antldhe tilsor anthdgei pt i yao.tn Td ohisfu ctsihp, eal inWndeer osotfc oaennn tttrhhirsm of male scholars on one hand and the submederrigcioehddo to‘oofmt time, to perm eoe opattoehl oeargn,y tc hiotrnsoetpilonf iluso egrdoic ouatlne wcdhr iiantli lnmegnaslg.e eT-doh,re io ervenestrue ldat pasonocldiit eiitcsys .t ahTseh m iosa nhnly ho esuri’sg ( nbtihifneica warnyo tom apacpntoo)sr, i, wtiaohbneo rvoeef t‘shtheeel f‘ s’ ‘eo(tlthfh’e et armk’ aeinns )st huvepersus the iieferastrecdh iicna tl hbei nBarrityi sohp apsocseintion also influenced rhe gumlmoabcaaynl, wc hich the key players perceived as repitdhiviesiol ilizsoa gwtyioh noa fta Fsnoidsc cirhaalet ripo arnonagdlir tMeys aosrv,.c.e.utros m whaaanrv’des sb daresaesne cnnyat aitnus gra e tc.h oEelom tnrbiiaeuldm pdopewhd eoirnf, dirnaotdmieoeensdatli,ity” (Fischer and Marcus, 198 s 6ue:mv1e7mr) .e hdTi ghuhipse rca oss nt“aspnterdruavcratdsio ivone,f nnoatt uAurnlatthli loo cura adtliesghor o n t hoformtheaf t ft imehledu e d sw ot fob t am he etaa nmb waesdhi.os ifso pr etrhceei vseudbonthrop to r bdein paatriot no f athnids iMn about late 1920s thatita lerfegdwa r eet tMhneaodg rwaphoh ipcu bmliastheerdi ta wals po. ol imoTne ohngy is over a ceeee frilirensagt,d wsecora rnokt lfoy n,t h ngitasu gei nn rvy old, it was deaednr a grtuetleaanrtditoi oninss Tdhetea ailueCtdoh msotruin adglys o oof fpA srgeeexs ueinna ltS eaadnm ddo efasac mirniip l1928. In the text, Mead presented a costumes and ornaments of the yvti icolulnassgt ooemfr tssh. eoIn fr titeueanla sgoen ggisr lasn idn dSaamncoeas., Sex and Temperament IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GENDER DISCOURSE AND A tsinhte etr hMeroeuteyn ppderusigm ianim ttihvorere esao nscdoiec ttiheieetsi e Ts(1935), NMTHeRaOdP OLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 181 Western social thought on c sihenax Nm aebswu tl hGi.e uS ihbneae sa e xsaomcieintieeds -s et roles. Her attack on biological determinismpi,so wsfeohdri c amh c wahlaeas ll hxee nr Agorleasp easnhd, taitm thee, wtiams ei nfotellnodweidn gto t hsheo iwnf ltuheant cteh eorfe S aigrem curnodss F-cruelutudr’sa a wnd lp vroaerrv efa etlmoe ntahcleee maing eegnne dnaadn.ed Ar wbroooles. To Mead, her w k at the question of ‘mumte etnnh itrihntey t yhbeeraesreas d swaofcitnieert o iterhske rispa an iat ner andut hbwelir o oc b math jteiaocnnti vpoeuf rdhseeinsrcripen the hom gb eof eo t mm ikoa,i inno inosf bSteactaem ktehsret’ wacoloruemlade s e topical is .np eIanrsf ohmremor t bhooetho suke, Mine faedm sinuib dy overpopurl aewtre afdsu nw‘wcotarisoltdne.s fu smtl toihtfto etuhdge th hgtia,f tte sst hpoeef cially in the United male role as breadwinners wasS fh‘awera absletsetotf euarlr gothuf aethnde c mthriaalnddy ibt iweoaonrmainl egrno i lnwe haonof Twhohhmios ekc iotnhudal dno exercise the t hgiat the traditional in Am in the fts of many men resentefurilc aofnf i dhseoearc iw emvt ar iaeysw aa kts ecithr pa sllplaeecncegi’ a(lP poellrasrodn 1a9li9ty2 :g 2if1ts, rfeaprr binettetedr 1 i9n9 t4h)e. ASammeoriac acnu lctuulrtue rwe a(Fs ipsca.r t h et hNee pveerrtieoh deto.l e Ftshoser, tdMhoiemsa, idmn’saa nncthy ia dAremaocletoergircyiza ianntshi oewnree rnoetf waannadtyh tNrooi epthloseleo engs ytha babvuliets aholmbsose enirntv reo adfn , hdMe Mre aaedfrfc’osu rbst, o t1oo9k deliver a message about (Eriksen and Nielsen, 20 of cult 86: 3). Indeed, as Eriksen life was later criticized by0 1tDh:e1er3 me3k)a u.i rnHasolt wrreeelaamti contributed in no Freemavner v i ,A is n M m m, n heiesa rwdi oc’sat a nonlorkc cino ytu einnllt eA ocmft uSe asrmli cliaafnlel amoa for what he believed was not the accurate presentationM oafr tghae rS(ea1t Mead asenxdu tahle lSi amoa: The Unmaking otShaamt opar,e F-fmer.e aeDrmietacaaln d steersxa vlwaetlaeesrd fatrofot wetrhn M f an Anthropological Myth 983), Western society. He further claimeeed dS ead pub t ahumapto oMana arinn lid sSh caed her work o mn otha’es wabaosu at mthaejo pr ehoinpdler asnhcee tsotu hdeire dh.a vHinisg raecpcoesrstg atarole sct am Mmoeeaa bdjua’scs skte atxos i drienenp ttoihtreyt einxfpolromitasn ttos wenetreer ytaoiunn hge gri. rlDs ewspho probably exaggo ee rrptaaotiesnidt informatior ite the attack on Mead e’tsdh w etiorhr asket, x htuheaerl IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1b8o2o k sAtNaTnHdRsO oPuOtL OaGsY o AnNeD oANf TthHeR OePaOrLliOeGsItC pALu AbPliPcLaICtiAoTnIOsN tSh IaNt N tIeGnERIAwpreorbel eramrea tiinze gender relat ded to Aionnm t cheherai c1pat9en7r 0fse sd ,t eMhaele mini aanvdga ’wsiists b lbauito bl th oa ekk lsi enitoshhnnis. Prior to this period, women issues 1970s. oof e 1m9 po2,g d8rerg e awis p nca hesies, except as a brief mentg n aotnf sttyehsnrt oerpmefo ealronrgdeid cm atalo rf berimya ngineoi.t s Etosv inon eolny ' f jwr Ph ueasfest raaes c ilolinst Kriabbuetri criticizn etcdhe eM tmoa leAinnbo,o ry’s Aboriginal Women: Sacred and Profane (1939) excluded from a owrnig oinf saul bAsutastnrtaivliea dwahtaw e roen swheo maregnu aendd t hgeant dweorm weitnh, 606) ll s eakrsiep’s e s1ca9tcs1r e3od fw Aaobnrodkr wpigrhioenfraaeln hreee. lTnigohitroeondu t(ghThao thu wesrso awmnote, rnk1 w,9 s9eh9ree: Aas fric(iodrumotnh . eaOsfte srignnific aTnhcee ablosoo kis, twheh iwcho rfko ocuf Leith-Ross (1939), titled an W majoirni cipasrltolrya otiman. sed on Igbo women of The colonipa tle e N lornm ieogdfe rIAigabb, aow lRaanisod ta,’ bapynr odthd etuh cBetr iowtifos chmo oelofnfn iciwaiala lros )co,c fwu p1ha9ict2iho8 n-w1 a9as3n d0a wthhaoelmtm. asLenel ivathe a ns-dR t hoo ldi bnmrgii nnfoigsr tccrea tfss, in th o orr wthaes rdeissteuarrbcehd t hthaat tg wavoem beinr tcho tuold t hmeo wbiolirzke. tFhraotm t hhee rI fgibndoi enwr relati oeo lnbosonhoiaikpl, awedximtahmi nhiiensret rdsao ttcihoioen -p pineor lesitaoiscntaaellr ientny N voiifrg otehnreima I egtonb toa. wproamctaicne,, isnu rfapcrtis g , oi snm golnay n Iig nibdso,e ipwneo ntmhdeeeonnrt,y to,h fde h eaipmuet.hn Aodcrec cnoatrm doienn tgtoh t teoh heme crao,n nt,h cbelu uIsgti bon It is certainp tlahyast aa msignificant role in her society. In her word ison: psthelaeaalcf yt h- c a mo nne othf innfeid,r e ltunheceneyt, iasdele epsmiarr oetn, gnsot t othnel yi bbyo even in difft icofou rlbt eige asai,nb al ena ndtd n [wastoiicvr]led, ..cl.y u Tssthtoaemn dws,i oncmgo.u eMrna ogdreoe, T-h e( Lfeeimthi-nRisots sm, o1v9e3m9: e2n2t) ot oc fooolploewra ate c, otmo mstoann da imby. oont of the 1960s has had striking influence aw(Qno h mewreo tnmh’sien pngl a, acitne mt ihnor aoti pvreoavtloeisdgei dsth ttseh, eweosorpyme oecfni ally in America. If not for any tuhirnonp, o1lo9g7i7ca: l 1te8x1t)s. , Ttoh eth ee xfecmluisniotn anthro isth eao neft vhworlo pumoopti l oeo o lnn g o i go si tinfs sh tuihnmeto a cn“ad sneoofcinineiing ts, was not juctysa”tl IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY wadnihs ciacicpha GE l iidnt eeom,f faeinc dis NsDuEeR bDISCOURSE AND ANTHROPOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 183 o questiThf secsiee nwtiofimc eprnsr e oacfni sctiuholrntou u oapr tnna eadldol las loatn ea moral problem of objectivity in the women’s statuses and roo lcegesirs rtthaniranottipyvo”e ls(o Ffgoiysl’lcsoh wclas i“mco tnhvaet nthtieo nknowts began to al no l in diverse sofoeccireu atsine dtsh Meiar rrceusse, a1r9ch8e6 tei:d o3gn)es. WS(saee s on unocivrkl f esd, o r r instance, Ruby R s1cao9ln7 gt9ie)nn, eednsetprse ,a cisinay lmsleyma inrec othhh eortry. l fA i ccfhrui-Thilc Ltaeavs udnrea svlu i teab t 1975 llo-trepermgnioaetn ; i vSnta a ,e n andcdr toahsyes, ot1thh9ee7 r9g T;l ohabe, coincided w s, and as case ifnroddr cmdleiamvjoealrxo epladmn wdenmit ithh ththee W eommeergne Cnocen foerfe mncoed einrn M feexmiciniot must be noted, According to tCa ardrkoo.lm iFnioenr aI ftteehkdea , dwthihseco moleuo rtdsiveeasc taioodnne a, wl tbhoaems iser onfol ie si nto mf1 9wo7vo5em maesen nt thisne, was th[Gej ibveelnie vfaev toha ri nth eth me osvoecmieetnyt. sctoautluds lep ur ta:ble social conditions, shifts in perspective g5u6i0d-i5n6g1 aiandttt eetorra nas) cst,i soownc hiaaimctehod n insgh witfutosrm ni ne mno ocacdnuidfp yma tteihonen. a-cl e,( nIwfterekaaall t, hn1,o 9ra7mn5ds: csoocnisFatoli rtru etthleaedt iw othnoesm hfeirpnas ma, nethwtheor crokupslot ulfoorgists of the era, social relationships tprheoesle imtaircacalhle e assne txdh ceconun lwtcueerirvaeel ,s st thorefu rtchetfeuo rfree ram lwlyao liemm heaangv’eses c saaintgedng iopfirecirazcnaettp iiotninop.nu Istn ow tnhh etihcshee tgishesenu emersaa iltneio- dntho eomifr i snwcahotoerldka srs,sy fsiotnem of the society (Ifeka, 1975). The unveiling women’s positci ouasn eotdhf epro,o bpwaoeslroic gianyl ltwyh on women’s pn an odn sstaetxu sro. lf e Iehn osocietcwr eiatadhsd itr yhe. esTs husnglyei,n dtt ow, stiohtmieo fneinr is’nts mtharrokIuneg dh tthhee ipnecrluspsieocnti voef goefn wdoemr iesnsu setsu danieds .concern in anth hereno tpi1oo9nlo7 0goysf wt1h970s piooern kfeisee lrt wfhuarthdin,a s gat eran nraedlsf lowe coc che aorfa book itnme tdeh nat whcteoe merixzepened rr iebepyr aensentation in ethnographies, the studies and concerns int’s tc ola ittvheeegs o liirnmy ett nhhcliea e g t s o l in atohuf ce wrre ocamusilentungr aednso tcthhuremoype sontltuoadgtiiisoetdnnch s oinf ht in antehdr othpios laosgpye icnt tohfe w poemri.oe And IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1w8a4s thAeN pTuHbRlOicPaOtLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN NIGERIAathhroeOnew e Fp i cte e oh lrdnes :so Acerne naettlx h e ep r txe o hp ieornie onfc Pees ggyrpioelnocgeicsa l Exping thati nemfolufe ei G e rnn r gd oilde’s iceences edvd ifd rtouhma (ede1l 9 qtf iit7ee0ldd) wv. Eooslrusme titled Women in they were women had influence on thehu ean lacittoyul lroeef ka teyhrs oinn tthhee c foiellledc tainodn raensteharrocpho lporgoyd. uTchtes. fTirhste wwaosr tkh er aiissseud two fund c taaie of ‘positionmn oedn de niqs a uttaha tal le cii otsfya llcetc tthedat. sretrflaencdti nogf o sne olfn-ree’sf lpeexrisvoen aaln rtohlero inp othloeg ed’ fieldw s uooerfsk t ,h inea htEoor iwukns aednne raasnnttdah nNrdoie pelosxelaoncg,t il2syt0 ws0h1ho)au. tTl dkh iceno dcnh doaufl lcd fyaie.t ladT ,hh teeh/ esa ahrnegt uhhmarosep nroetl oigs istetn fgieel dnwowor bke icna omred etcore taiovr te th dlae ta( srby wi riecmulaa entees w in taa h hnnett thihcrihno poGobloojelgdcyte.i ’vAsi ltbly to thoeekns eeet t xwopfo oanthropology. The second in the issues 197h 0frisro sprteo pplorrgoeisbsetles sisesdu ews n mtaitn, tgthh aee tnrieem wwe ,a seesx rapie apsn rod iganrsgo sbtsheleyy o eqnnudg eaas gdteieodcn at dhoee.f a Ctgoteennncdetireonrni n iongf wreesreea rcmho prreo coevsse.r Stloym aen odf tahccura oliferation of publ ese putbef re ll(iy1c ac ftlrieoc977itni tcsio) a ai n nnl s dco l o Juf n e dat ehfnd iee- P ilcdeatwhtionoronkgs, rwianph thihcihe Paul Rabinow’cs Rpeefrlection oaTsh e Heaup Fasi soscnehrae dl mior a uan nd F cieoldwork in Moroccoannd anndf Ie s(s1i9o7n8a)l . cAhlatrhaocutegrh othf eesae s d rl wieorr fkise lsdtwilalo urrelk tD aaiuncmceodou ntnhtt’es, aastncacdtou cusun alttssu ara armol e‘uot i Mnshco audrsc s(uisose neh aaFsbi soocbuhstee trrh vaene dedp, Mtihsateerycm wuosel ro1eg9 iy8n 6ofl)fu. feBienoltdtihaw lw oinrr okot paeen tndhi enitigsr in interpretivtehd e tarhe communication wnsit’t heh snurcboosputoannltoteigrvyee dialogues between anthropologists rthevaet atlheed tphaer naadtiugrme aotfii ctnh seah nhidifst t bowert dwt ioenew fnia ercldudswlt uoarr ekts,h .t ehTouhrsee,y tm ifcuaarrlkt hifneogrc uans os htoeifndt w(FaisOchne rt and Marcus, 1986). hiciaclh a nthde psoel iwticoarlk cso netnegxetn odfe fireelddw aolsrok aclnatsshs aricomsp aArdenerbo hzleion gggye.. n TTdhheeer egan to gra ep is i naw su uaac esi twiynhich Gotten fotliufo wxn ooorff b lodoek’s book raised, the response published an interesting pk sisec choeon l s t aw wrsohhat m ich looked at gen ainnetdnr o riednsu eacanertdch htrheoreps oc. olEo d ndg er cwiec iiann ptl IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY aosunf bftehsmeroqapuleoe nlm G otg uvyt END oe iidcnn E e le R 1ess9s DI s 7ni SnCO2et. so U sT t RhSeE i AnNteDl lAeNcTtHuRalO PdOeLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 185 texts of the past era, even htohefo wsaeou mwthreointrt eians scoacni boaantetie in the discipline of wmiatlhe manadle f ienmfoarlme aannttsh rthopano lwogitihst ws/oemthennon. g Ibrnay mp whooesrm cdae ltn ha, ent otah tbrhoseep nfoaclceot g taihcnaadtl oatocn c hewismosim,b lmeen et onin edtteohrmnaocignraatpeh tehe p ts s oecasrs. C ie itlyie fsi,n adc croaprdpionrgt fdeismtianlgeu ivsohi cbeest.w Aeertndio etnhn eew rpi tuh(b1 lo uuublltiucr aspl aecxep eacntadt iaornes, pthlaecree froersetr, icetaiosinlys occuTphiee 98 dc obnyc mepetn o af nfedm waole ic ta9sn)id def pursrr itvahanetdre tdohopismi naaecidnco s,ut hanantt df ostrho elcasiecek tai eroesf asinentetrhmordionupgcoleylod fg eiimnsttaosl eet hsfipee elldciti eoarlfla m y t mu ernue in tt r heg e ede snpneeescrstai Unit t vaeendldy r.ien anthropologist provoked i nrteearcetsito ant wthheei dcti hmS tleae,t aveisibility which Ardner 1974, of an edit d t chst.ei oA wnltsoh raokmu ogofh nth gai s wm Boarme to the publicatiolineti si n tided i nnh tt Women, C1hr9ee7a 4tmm caoenlnlyet coitnfio twenr epdr work by Michel lTe hOe. aRuotshaoldrso, ainn dth Leo tieuxste, Leaxmamphineerde ulture and Society. dise tboa Cteu lotuf reea?r o ’l iIen or m t fdh e eettnhi vaneno dgpr roblems associated with the inadequate is culturally determiesic neaesdsdea,s ya g ,ai e nOp n hhdieeertnrs r e ,w iOnor rtthe field of anthr argnku,e e‘rIs sr t eFhveaimst iwtaelod the ro npaotluorge nd conclusively asserteem tdoe t nMh saautl be“to hars y/ .Nc Iunaltt tuuhrriees sc dination rciseo hnaesu tulr m tin b eiuv teiof ti s a cons hrosena dli nf atchte e whole, t t obrfuo hcot of culture rather than nature” . In her lihfee nfo ard thveo ceantde idoc hft whoatootm mmey ukm, Raons aslodcoie atfifeisr,m wehdi tchha st hsee xnuoatle ads ywmams eastr ay rise, laitnidonees da,c rao scso cmupltiula e retn between public and private domains. She noted that the authorsio n sn ubbeo brrdoinuagthiot nin. to the domestic spheres of Women, Culture and Society aesm ap tloooyiln ogf tahnea lsyimsisp.l e d si v.s iuC coocmfe emedtehendnt oiingnrg a sophnho iwtch ienw bgo ortoks about gender new sion of social subjects o hnke t, hlIifemi bAiatmastiadiume cultu rdaelp caorntustrreu cint (wAWmomoamdeineun m,s tCeuu, dl1iteu9sr8:e 7 ta:h5ne)d. qSuoceisettiyo na lsoof sgpeanrdkee sio don ofs sf feo xaf Although the works of the era were preoccupied with unirv earss aal IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1su8 6b ordANinTaHtRioOnPO oLfO wGYo AmNeDn A,N aTnHdR OaPtOteLmOGpICtsA Lw AePrPeL ImCATIONS IN NIGERIA fftooh ade to formulate a iNdier ce uotrshyini stgh at would explain the assumed universal gender asymmetry coellnlestceitfniioe n(d son A2 ug0pe0pn fodrseiecrad anlsy a cnuudnlt iuTvreharilrs dacl o Wngsoetrnrluddc woms ab1o)u, t Rwoosmaledno aanndd (Linacmphe er reasirtn.e gA a l(yc scyeomnr mdfoienr tgdr yato tap E rgroejneectr,a tfieown' opnerlym inan thene t1 c9h7a0nsg beust ibne tyhoen rde asse athrec 1 she p crhioarnigtie)e 9sg7 eo4nf) and oths thed maensrt,e hclvrooenspt or iekilbr s coonu eentd iagy t ne tine, dun eot ddo t ti‘ tWno d inh aR ochmaayannnge int wasa toRhneeei t gteharet’sh 1e9re8r0:s M analde 1B9ia9s0 sin. SAanlltyh rSolopcoulomg yin’ w 1h9i7c5h paupbpleisahreedd anthropolo ogfy t thToeo awgpraporeduasn rAd inbn r atehnatekh 1irnopology of Women (1975), a book the category include g anthologies of feminist essays ooff WD omen in Society ( S1h9i7rl8e)y, and an9 7e0dsi.t eOdt hveor books that belong to Aidener’s Defininlgu Fmeme atiltelse:d T he Nature Perceiving wWomaSnaocdrk k oe mtni (1975). Robert McC Netting’s ‘Women’s Weapons: The Politics womPse’rsni tev‘lE sean t ‘itegF c ee it Plm ys aAmroRpleev ong th ’s second-err Sitstyiat’ teu(d1satedn: ein T tohfey aPru’ (9 bl 1ic9 7D9o)m; esW7s9,o )mw cieotnhn, ttrrheibegu aOtrerddg a Peggy inanii znda’e t(fi1 R9.7 S9a);n to privioanntien o/gfp Ptuhr adna beol id dyb Kin cu acsspt a ihisrao ee cn nr, cddueislttceurrrmeapiln acneo crtiheeelsas.te i oTdnoisa clt rhaeeppspaern ocaaiencsht.h tSroao tnpedosatlogists, of economic importance of women and yth (e1 9re7l9a) e ecomnpolomyiecd vthaer icarbolseses- her tionship between the wpstuaaby ls iwtcu isdtthya ,mt ushtus als.o ees.n e I ainnf fo sitruhmbeseri dswt etohnracdtes w,a tchhteievn eit nwomnhances their partic iehsa, t hpeenuy bp alaircre t fimecimopsaattl leei k ipenol yaw tbeoar r.l eaFcnrecoievmde Within this d ncement of women economic wednioscmtoinuecnntt ieavrne ti nhg rteohnped is o fe cu lioreg-lid rs ins, d iave tsu nacd ex de tddh c r i h eps a s r noipgbaelte iimno ntsh inew t1oh9me7 ep0nus baallisncot s heprmaoce. work titled aslesdo. bReucbaym Re opharrlti cohf the is epsrougleeosdg t ihtshatest Aitnh rsueAcsnttsito hinsrs oiunpes th -Leavitt edited Wo Anthropolo otghlyoe m e gavyto n rl ’. ue CmlrossEastisena ot -ouC suw lbtys io uomroaekln,l y (e:S xCepchetarinoiegnec aesn da sC ahnatlhlernogpeo l(o1g9i7st5s). Profession -n 1th’ ibs ys eDcitainonna F iBivneac)rl,ku iesdr et, i t‘l‘WWedoo ‘mmWeeonnm eiinnn IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Anthropo GENDER DISCOURSE AND ANTHROPOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 187AF‘Wenmothmarleoenp Aoalnno ltodgh gyr’yo b p-yo loC2ga’ ircobalyli n PeP aItf eCkaaand Fieldwo erspec ,pt ivAlaebnso’, r bi‘gyTi nhRaeol hFWreloimcmha-alLnee :a FvMaitactlt eoe rta nidn 'al, oaonff ttthhheer o fiepnm odliaovlgie r kfFi’ eiJealdlndwewot orBkrukj’r ab y(1 J9a7n5e)t pBousjirtead a tmhaotn tgh eo bthioelrosg. iIcna l‘ Widoenmtietny raenltahtionships di,s ustasel l’fse exfvipeaelldr eiwer nohrcakes. agS dehneef einnroaittlee dpinr tofhlbuence upon the character whi uation, role playing e alttec bm. oHsto hsw muecevhne r aa, snt hdpe ew freosmmonaelanel tdisyispfufee crrhopoloe soe impl fan nqt dufr eto gi ishemesstio t m tmheaontr eisn ho etften than not adopt the role o f ‘pseudo-man’ approach in anmntsha nraonspkeoer h tcheo epnrsoidfeesrssi ohne,r bsoetlfh n iont t jud. I he s ct heoqiucea lo tfo r ebsueta nrcoht tthhaatt wmoenm aerne a tnhteh proripnocliolpogagilsy n r daesear acteloserods ,m ctheheaesn asarein the ci mcaec cpcoetnapndticunecg t oetfdh ‘ pinsceluuddoin mg athlee’ researchers, as the study of twso wmheon s wtuadsy a wccopomordretenadn wste escrooec e n isa eal csd-cso s lpn uamptasdsc -esr,ta aat i tn oeud nd s wp‘plisatehyu ind‘p otsh-emeu ddailose-c’ fiiepdmleinnaetl. Agwomen (Bujra, 1975eit)’ y. r wo ailinet h, iw nmo aomlreed nien rof ofttorem na afcenqetuls it,r haeal tti hnthofoeuyrgm hm aumtsieot nna s nsfeurvomemer tainhntadot C fc rohosrecu ss- tchuelt duirvael rsgteundti erse aolfit wieos,m theen ’us nliivveesr saanlidti eesx paenrdi epnacretisc ublraoruitgiehst prderivliinegcriiogpe alnirgaicotuesri zvea wu rless tb ,d etahltiaeatf. saW,f fpo imoambeineli ntini’es lives and experiences. Class, race, ethercat ctthiceeirs I s s,( leafsomprie cci nsiaoslctlayien tscieeecs,l ,u afsorireo neix naadnmidcp evlsee ,i tllhiivnaegt )u,y ni day-to-day lives which are different frad ennel idcdr teIhe experiinsxl paIesmrlaiiemcn icsceo escn.i cAeetssi e of w socieDts a om between “city aniuedrs l e goyam i(n1e,n9 8 tihn6e )n rhoean s-i sIrs iglnahomt liyhc ho simogchoilegitgeihentsee, idEty,v w einon m wweitnoh’msin lei vtnhe’ess dnlitoiefmfriacatudulsrt,e” a o(nDnd u welesopym,e ec1ina9 v l alirylle ab gfeuetwrst,e hbeenert cwclhaesaesrneas c stweethrtiilzceehdd aby the divergences in non-western sociec8rt6ioe:s4ss 0-hc7ua)ld.t u Innravolatly rb,i aietbe blnye ,c pwaamiteh m ssi v ot aghkreeiscseu g lsteupnreeacrltairsluitzsma tsai noondf dominance, colonialism, or world history in geneebr avsliu o(buSjsjeo tcrhtssale tvt wo, o1mm99ae8lne: IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 128988 ). RANeTseHaRrOcPhOeLrOs GpYr AoNjeDc AteNdT HthReO PrOoLleO GoIfC wALo AmPPeLnIC iAnT rIOeNwprao p Sr oINd NuIcGtEioRnIA and iatn bd sd tauhlcsetieIcna th o m e oefm n a trhkreodu gbhy e pfeervcoitcd eoesfns d to etfv teihsloseupirem sp eelnirkste op ntohaleli c eirexoplee rienc gathering and int of wo ems ienn t hine dfieevlde.l oTphme eenrat, icnosllteacntceed ibny 1fe9m75a,l eR haoanhtt rthlhirceohrpe-oL wleoaegvrieistt tds ias sec rorrenop gwaanoticmnieges nt hb. ee tcwuleteunra tlh ‘oet dhaetra’, Wathbaom nd otr t et al ihagenin :s atMlu wdalioeems and Female Anthropologic mianla lPtehe earisnrpt ehwcrotoirpvkeo slAo’ bogobisrstiesgr. ivnFeoadrl taqhcuceaoolimtryep taoincfy atihln ega donea f m dnt ar e aclmf eloe lacletnecddt ef emdm aiarnkl eet hdane d thifsirecopologists about Australian th ethodological ap rldepp, ratonhaceci ehdsei fisfne, rtheaenn crdea sn ignine atthnhdee riinneqc eoremfoprleet, ea. ffMir amidleee odel tothhgnaies” (Rohrlich-Leavitt et al 1975: 567). They, boftohuri rmseemaxneestn,s t,bs ,u “whether ot gbarnya pehxecrluat nrd s a roeblsye trhvoe steh ienin ac clwitn ,s iatvhteieolyyn mivities ot h al fo emrn e a b ls sutubdy hich womenee sac ao mi lourn s of a tthetoe sdoe,f c e par uucsuletl utmruera aliesl peretihcstunulotrgienr. ga in a involv Aphnedrr sop cfauerrnttitahrlei cre tdthhinsetooogrrrytae pdah ntydh ewm himeictahhg oegd.i voIelnos gtbhyie r otfhfi ntmaol ad tic aninys i at polm a yr ttiene”dg, wgeonmAdee drne rcaeanldatthei roaonpso. logists brought in new pictures to understand sianilsge, capcoun re nldt c s ut ise thrrauisl ly c gtc ionn tshtrfetu e1crt9 ti8oh0ne s e,o mgf eernregldaeetnce of women studies in anthropology, apd reproiaodvnuesc rtoiisfoe pn ot. owC ceournl, ttauenrxdatlu mpaa rio rdntiiscshucourse expen andilpa wrsi tobimeeste wtnher aennd mede nto a anrdt iwcuolamting integrated into the discourse l ounn dgeenrsdtearn. dFirno’gsm o soupgh div fta hpcioessw ti e ienmr rp seewr oa c ods u nu,w lctutieronanl, tgahcerrnoodsuesg rch ui stlhstuuere cesos b.n Ietneg xa1un9a 8tlio1z ,a aOtcirqotunni eroref a tanh edm eWoxrhpeie tcreoihemneacpedles e xod afi tnmedde nrai nca hninedfr lw upoer t nmo hafur s, book in te idilne , al agCreoennthe de st y me ru furb,r sgeexnudaelirt yd aisncdo urerspe titled, Sexual Meanings: The Cultural ction of Gender and Sextehdedre ndo itne dso, cisie otanle c oroofn dtshutr ucuality. In the book, they argued that e tpciorteinos ntai rgoeef mostnreluaycn tsiunyrmgessb. owGlesh niacdnhed ra sasyso scstiueemcthy, IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY cmaonay constr GuEcNtD.E RI nDIdSCeOeUdR, SEW ANhDi tAeNhTeHaRdOP OisL OGoYn: eA No OfV EtRhVeIE Wre ce1n89 in nthstrroupcotiloongiss wtsh tioc hre Mafefairdm h cardo nsso-tceultural variations on the gender t u Male Daughters, Female HusbanSSohncedi eeprtoysst ai(tn1ed9di8 ni7ng) h oseft rsu ewdxio eardnkd It gghbeanot d sseeorxc iainen dtdy s: daec Gneda dbers earlier. Ifi Amadiume ndero aungdh tS einx ain caonn Atefrxitcuaanl Facalownr, abiynes Imag bemoaa ncl euth.l teTu hsraiesm, caeo wtnhtoienmxg as obta adinn g Aeedfnr iidncea Wrn i sno Icgiebtoy c(uIgltbuor seo dcoie ntyo)t. also explored in Oyewumi (tau1na9 l9c a7dn)e ftbiinetli etaid oh nu sobf e assnetedxr , naa nsndod c giaae lnd tdahueorgu hwgthaetsr. autho The Invention of Women: Msoackieing an African sgoecndeti rre aial t ahst rgued that otirusi gbohuftt icoison l aoobn S weianols/mew eoenfs tWaesre nspt eeirnrncv eeGinvetenidod netr.o DdTaihscourses where the argued. In the 1980sr, s iwnevnhata rtii ansbh lOey y,c baool lYtehod rt “hubebi oac oloongfc eiwcp”et i yen hisnee rxm sotef‘rsnee an eNndti -gib yo Adyfr iac x’ annde r w‘giaee,sn tSde narndn ocaf mwReee sustnder severe att he were aleesaronr c crhheepasrr caeacsrteerniretiad a zt ci er’ studied societies/culture eo kousn.t Alld b obyf y t ac wu hloetmsue are pas throu greh- te reaxnla m‘aohe len t ni hntsh retrr oso’pf. hoalorgdi-shtistting critiquesation of som ine tohfe e1a9r8li0es iIrnne r MasT 1er9aor8bc0hr i aafi nnfeddmalinowski iIhnsag lse of gender-consciousness. submitted thatl wadn oadnns h.t hHerreo frpi ecolodlonwgcoilsurtks, i iAonnn t nhweeat s1te 9q B. Weiner published her in Trobriand Islan odamsd eminni ’ttsht epedo s soiotcfiio atnlh seayn ssdtoe rcmoie loety 7u. 0itsFe oo drn i fitfnheesrt eraonnltec f eor,o f mwWo ewminheeanrt dc(1uis9ltt9rui8rbe)u,, tWwioehnii ncoehfr isbdhueenn dtailtfetiser idbo tufh tbee adbasis of wom few tnhas of vital significance produced and controlled by won.mtaone ntah , elpeirrao vpveiosds eiati epo oplen it oipcal s tdhn e s ibknai rst ehl .ep F oo“wmr eSorjr oitnrus atlhereyv fhaunarddt h ri esiliency of Kiriwina traditions (Sjorslev, 1998: t3iss0, f2oo)rr. gsSatjrnoeirnzsgeletdhv, gpaneondwd et gehnre oyargued thatr plr ahedad t,h teh ruosl,e M foaaifl lwinooer re ed wski and other (male) anthropologists assumptiosynp siom onpns oilvriefte a wninto rrthoklese mtione ssnet’eas bwhiloeiwtayl twahn oidnm tehne adnistribution system oththaet rc shoaclileetniegse dthc hrthoaeun ggtea d.k tAehn eh-iforo sert-c ogorfnomic h the inclusa ioontnht eeodrf IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1g9e0n ANTHROPOLOGY ANtdoo csudhmearpe enc,ot anitncioe arnn ostr fe wam paese Da lAlN THROPOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN NIGERIA concerns. From data cnoodpmoleiun’ essx wpwooarsylidn, vgti hethe neglected aspects in the tchoenrter ibaureti odniv oefr sweo wmaeyns inin o wthgh efirrc ochmu Wl ttueh wese . tefn Iira nentl cduresre,a sitio nbfg elaycna, tghernodpeorl began value ogical exteSringanl iifnicfearences such as Eurocentrreicsi,s tmhr aonudg ha s nt hmdera m oiym e dp ccenios lsetioatrit r srimot tnh.t h aoetf tcmoo anCrtagrtiinalizatin Sochbioeur-tciinounelt s i nointn ls yoc,h f oga number o f scholars have observed the sidelining in Lucuirttaazlt iiAnon nh leeanrr sdwheoirpr ksis, tsiiunde etshd ea ‘ Tnfidhe letd h Eoerf au asnnudtrheer roorfpa Wotilnoomggy oe. nfA ’wsc cWoomrrdietiinnn’ggs otohpthapteo rlre tpgurintaiicmttyii,cz eeesss.p tSehchei eav to h(iwrcoeh poicofhlogylly whe tn hi sge e oc ” nni t(ee1 do9 fa9 t0h)e, cthanisn iosder i n d-osentet inthgr poruagcht icthees oanf dt hFeis cwhoerrk’ss used t onoted that a cann susotunhe-ossr e)at,r tdein ecgno intaecl xeotr fnl piekudeb , lMaication significant’ Awnothrkros poology as Cultural Critique (1986), which miasr oocnnuges Acaorcenc owtrroidbmiunetgin ot.o n Ths heriins, ,o otfh btheve ffii entlthdreo odrfue csceoe cntiota l pgaraansddt,u acuutnel tdusetrruardla eatnentdtsh rthe ‘most of 226 works the authors cited, 25 or 1 w1o oppmeorloceegnny’st. cdcooenn w tassiii o ldd men eeedrr eagdti oanthuiodnne. c Aeto g roaipno,i lootuhgseilsy t, sim wpelies that many land-breaking works a tchoem mporesAth ensnnigsuaarticles, which are solicited by ann iev re excluded from the authors’ on idf el i cRoaefnv ctieu wwitorial rr boe of orankrtds A an, ihnn th at h r vth op er oer p o afo lioelogldgy,,y y wrely touae hic cnth dei t h fro d as wbthyoe mQgeu 1nin9dn7e)7r /fe publica dttheiora m noltu i n owg ihisf gt mh . e1 n9thd8 Oa8fetr, tohnel y8men c -srigelnai f5oi cnraeen v(tia ei sw1s9us7 eo7. fT pthhieeec pesoo olcniiocultural topics This in its ted materials and the t i wcusno smdueerrrnroa’sut sinntdagit nuogsf adgneenvdedroleocrp emdni oees ncl tnfo r teu ixb irps utions moeps leieesns gfu are sour g tric assump tah rgateht e“irnd t.o htions abmL e ou ipnt rozalpiteisc si nan adn p aocwaedre mstricu gdgilsec iwplhiniceh. pthuebrleisfohr we, olrakms eonnt ewd opmoelinti caanl ds a twruatot ,n nttah eepriesftoerme,o loobgsieersv medig thhta et ntthaiisl and anti-racist scholars while the trekgsie t uos rfie nw haoenmrdee nnrt,a itwnio otnhrkaels i ftabyiy”lu . brSleahe, endency to overvalue works bctoky IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY whi GENDER DISCOURSE AND ANTHROPOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 191Tphhknrigo e oh tPelio sdugclhi c tt h itiocs ol ns h a o rs a aofnw Edt rhke preva, tnnhooegw crlaoepndh lgeynet.dit 2 ioi, s IP npa trhens a oCnda r pwlaonr k wledge (Caplan, 1988:16). du cseodci, c oEannnctglheurndodepdeor tlihonaggti cKthanilso m,w i ledge: Indeed, other fields such as Psychologayl, rEeclaotnioonmsi ctsh,a Pt heinlog noeddneede eodrf, niHmoistpt osaurcyrt, p pRe(1980) hroaiss ligion, Lit diin tnigvo aetsely dC altinf efdroa retdula rGbee oaernd other social sciences and huma snopithieys, mmuetlthioddissc ifprloinma royn ienh fledu itesencnicpdelesin racttziee isna n thotiwhropological concerns. This is form relevan n rea tthoe ra tn s hoa ptrahdpeser r.b toIinrtlr eogdwe, ni‘Bndlgeu ror rfde idids ecGaoenran constituting distractsui oarnsn eesd,’ s, Fdeloiasrcb ooinursarsttaeen oicnne t discu ,ia tsnEetslhtfe riros r p sbiBo voeolto com sheg riicunaptle p ’ sri on-n taeenrnts woerdks t msw. uhTlithci-ehd ra ise ccatiuspoalnilnl yais rb ytrh oianatd ngeaentn uadrneedr. mode Women’s Role in Economic Dine vtheelopment (1inte r Tnhiziartdi oWn oar 9nl7dd0, i)nA dfwruihsctaer riiean l ipszhaae critiqued the assumption that tshche orTleahsritsr ’id ns e Wtahroecr hfld ite.o ld Au cnocdfo earrndstithnargno dpt owo l troiot on ha mgicular s pimropvriodveedd d waotam tehna’ts astraet uosf nreunmdbeerer do fi novthiseirb lset uwdoiems e“hn Esc yeo. nbT’ash ree c(so1tn9uo9dm5y) ii cst chaolissno tw rrioebrluektv ioaannnstd tinoa h(Easdc oa bdaert, r1im99en5t:a1 (l7 1e19f)f8e. 0cM)t ,oo dnn a’ svw ceoo smnhtoerwnib’nsu ettihcoant dtoe vtheelo epcmoennotm hya sb nuot ti to hnalys aponef drWs Cpoeelscottneivirzenas t, dieoexnvpealnodpemd eannot aac Ed lcu t oma ie mpe n pn nteed a nthoden E odlmeesaitncr uopcro tLsivieteaio ccnoo ncaksne’sdq ustWeantomcues” ens bacose nevtxieecxwhta eondfg ioenu btrh udeti snincaucrlsrusosiwoivn es e ionn fst eah liols fpc phlreaompatecenhrt,, eddue sBvienolsgoe pramunpet’hns rtw osophrookul. olIdgn i ntchoaetl wtmhoaem rgWeinneas’stl i, zinaatn the word whether as a process or practices thati do na oll f twheo moeuntc’so mfoerms aetrhra apphernalia of the contact with are all parts ote fer tenhsgetes in naddneicdree sdr o ohlfee wr, setihsgtene ridfniecizv toa lwcuheianrr gba caotsfee rt, ihztohese e tsh ibadete llicienofnsin tgaac notd:f oOtkhoenr jwo o1r9ks7 4th, a1t9 p7a5y, 1976 a an attentionnd t oV caonl oAnlailet cineo in the social nealis nm1 9a an7nd2d , ‘ d1teh9ve7e l4looaspbs m, t w1orking, ofe w9n7to’6 m( sfeeoner IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY p19o2w erA NbTaHsReO PiOnL OAGfYr iAcNaD, AeNsTpHeRcOiPaOllLyO GiInC AILg AbPoPLlaICATIONS IN NIGERIAeatnhtnhInorvogaprraoipalobhgliycy,/ hqausa rlietmataivinee tde cdhinstiiqnuctively uniqu ne dth).r oNuegvhe trhteh eulsees os,f oirnef fsoeertaherdechr d eiesse.s puTehse t,h iaemn 1pd9a 8mc0t eso maer interpretaafn tgiien rnkgde bedre a cd dons of aais eec coiinsu ircvsoeen covhnea ynaingnetgh i rinto sap niodtlehoargsoy.p borlooguigchatl from women studies to gender nmsttheu rdcoioepnsot leowxgitid-cseapnle recedipf iocthr taesn . dsTc hfouepr sethh ieofrtf WG cucou nelndtuerraslthlleedctehtere aaasnn dadi nn sgeo and interpretation of women condition within marginadrl i iznoe ndth,e et h tf wicietal contexts through the integration of eae llakdns a analydbt oitchael tool enhanced the colonize analysis of the same qeuthanliotygr oafp thhice mddaeatntaa.. iwannasdsta thnhuceemr,e aa snto i fro eafl fraeetraio cant inso.e nwI na uidnt so iprg oihnwt fieanrct,t o kk noinuowrs huleinpdd,g eetr hpsertao ndodupicpntrigoe nsos,f e gpdeo/nwtdheeerr sRphueabtrploiesgdhr eedfsu sarintvh eeeldyrited volu g tahine sat r‘Meaa no ft heec oHnuonmteirc1 the co , aFnrtahnrcoepso Gloaghylb, eforgr Arenstphercotpivoelolyg yh’a. vF, eoi rnp Lui1nb9lt7 nm1c eeap tntitduled Woman the Gatherer (19ished ‘W al1oiz9ma7at5ion of small scale e 8co1n).o Tmhyis. ethmep ehvaosilsu tgioivne no ft oh uhunotinn,g t hine raen isth urn n,w tLahinton, and Sally Slocum Slocum in her 1975 opol reor gaGnicatatehld er ureencrod:n uMset ratuhlece toiBroienatssi c oianlf aH(1nu9tnh6tr8eor)p.” o aSlosa gldlyye w vSehlloioccphue pndut ibnblgyic- gaSathiteohrnew rcoirnoitgdi groupm challenged tc hiWzee adbs ihtah sb eu( rcQnou naicnnendp tC1 o9. f7L “7). Sally s in the disciapMnlaicnnaes t theoerf Tbanyh temh rpaoelpersso.pl oTegchyteive porf iwdeo mitseenl fi sin objectivity. According to her: and the inter ptrhera eitts a hatai oss ntbr , in seo engngiv dmeenav.le elful o bmpieaasdn iaynn wdth apeyu sqr, usufeoesrdtei oipgnrn ima tsoak reaidlny, Tahnei l deve pmuabl.l i- l oca(S p til m oo e ncu nmt of G, o 1f 9o7u5r, dasis rceipplriTinnheti esad s b ini“at sMh eah casGstu ehdeiy n1 do9e8f r9he:ud 3m 9tah4ne) ioonff twahnoed mp are onfud cruotchnteitorrn iab toutfta ikcoknn o aowhnl berg (19 in lttehhdeeg eme vianor lag 8 uni 1 tnit )ah wonlrio azpas,to as it were, a revisitation of hilooungm yoa fan wn cdou mtlhtueenr ee xp hcolisusitstoiirooynn. IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY The e GENDER DISCOURSE AND ANTHROPOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 193EriksIe fnfen a cnt of Gahlberg (19196d7 N iite theaedn s(t2il0l 0b1e) 8 1su) mwmasa rreizvolutionary in the discipline. a1g9r8ic1u, ltthuer acl osloleccietitoiens ounf edne ru tnhpe rhoebale e dm d it thus i atic to :speak of non- % ge(Dactoahnheolrbmeyrg h Woman the G ing ec1ao9sn 8obm1e)ye, .n aI nnk dmn oasnwinync ce a astseh sef, o itrl awat neg ‘Mangai tnh1ge9,r 7eo0rr stw,h aetsh H ispu unkbtilenisrdh’. hunting a neo In c d df 2too0 ns0ud1bu: sci1tse2tden bcye twhoamn tehne amnedn c’sh hiludnretinn gc.o a-ns t (srEhirboiukwtsened nt h amen ugdca Nhth iemelrsoienrneg atunrdnA ewrdgo, umnaob 5 etln oy’n,s i swn ) t uothmdeiee 1ns9 oa8lf0o 1sn 9eti 7lal0s t seh, xebe pumrtp eoslinefi netd, tbhye f oembjiencitsitffor a be yainntgh rgoapzoel ohgays Pr(2eec0ae0cne7bt) u ttpielurd biu is a nl nigderstandinrec -aAetmioonn gt it gle odf h‘uGmenan condmiteinon, .w Cohmineyne raen Udk cphoikldorloen’s that women lac the Nankaauthority and jusktxi acpema)r itrniicatuitpiaoaln tpi oeornff otirnhm e d- eItgrab,k oeS nyo-mffo rbS-oogulr athanneteads tTerrna dNitiigoenraial (kola cuyticlliizceasl ,t hneo nfe-lminaelae rp wreosrelndcveie iwn I ‘ ogbf o oajth nc i’ eco espsme ioonpl Io nggubyto,) claiunnlktdle, and eu d r‘ oea/. soTs’ huming thi(ses tw paottof f io onf xploring atrnhkde, arceosslnating this to ‘oji’ and ‘o/o’ ritual performances, brought earlier tadhliimak uecml ucposnionsensitoiconensr niinnin tto qof fghe etm l uiteesrtaiotunr. eT bhye Iwgboor ksc thhoulsa,r sc raintidq t it will be ovehreasslieme pppealiarfictcieca istpiyoamntib ooonfl. s t Thtoeh erie scsvaueseae l thboie utnheoednr -ttIohg eub nolor snecpgho-ohrlteaelrding s tshcoh assu mmaed teh ahte roen lidys dtishi,s et sohelea rwresof otrhrkeas, t w tdhreeitten b cultural ‘othn neyer wse’d o ym aennd cours b fuort cao ornoft cisnepnuatictreyi c ii nna ntshdoe cE iioun-rtceour-lcrtoeungratartlii cor nena on-African offers. lso ‘selves’ within the orbit oloiftf yn .go Tet nhodenreleyr dMiascrPocouussrt s- em ino daenrtnhirsompology utilizing the space which postmodernism knowlede(g1,e 9 bp8rr6oo)u gthert m , which is a c Postmodernism disu ncotitos eingd na in‘fpdioc asthtnpara just an eraet, bccoh odamnigpgmeosn’, ebtnhote t hom f iwnid hwtahitef e F mioscaf hngeneren rad neodrf unt taelsnot “oafn t ihdaeto klongoyw, alned agnea liyttsieclafl. IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1p9e4rs peANTHROPOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN NIGERIAvdl(Eo iscon earidcikeisnseg, t cirtnaiuvtheo euarsn tadhn adal sfroa ganm eaensttehde,.t.i.c a t whaotr ldde oscf rmibed the w orld ...... as undermn et al 2001 any, local, individual heterog ietnone etdhit/eyp ieanrncir ne:1a a4s i0wn)o. Irtl dis aonf ehpeogcemonic schopheri h that gave v ooilcse a tnod t hide evoolicoeglieess”' attempt at underds tpalnudrza gel dris.e mWco gnition of those that had hitherto beeing himiwthasiesn l uft,hp aihsn eiddld eh oauslmo eganicnca oklm pinapdra asidss iipgnrmgo ,hg cruuemlstsuainroa snl, s’ wtroinah tihche hpardo mchiasera lcatnerdi.z n Plsattitaoonn tcaoel ti, thayes s pcearremtss eethn aut tni std eTdeh rre a etqinouenerasgltion of hfoeu enndtierde h ietiystit, coc rha on a caylat ho ompstasf iWc mioo ck,e n .f geJaedcn bqeyui tWeys eo sDft ekernowledge Br stern metaphy rnsr siicdcsiae f,n rcofeom/r wrfueh esler, 2003 rf at Derida ;c Malalsc Carthy, 1 undamental error (see of tetehrreemnr csse ut bhumaptoi tnftue wndc ht ‘hitcrahatn Woscetion ansee sc nm9d9ae1yn) tb.a Tul hisledig gnar iecfiaoetnd ec’r,e rpaontr oiesrx iptn searching for ‘truth’, ‘essence’, and so ont.ee nErntar cmehse :c ta‘arnpe haoysposeincr’sa, has inve ehnritnleoadsl o app vohaiynr. iteH oteyf rsseiegplnfr-isefuiseefdfni cataigetanioitnn as tno wdf hsoeitclhhf-e oorr tihvgoeirincsae ctsai nnag cm raoensadss uccaruenl ttsuhe t‘ere s mv eaelsf a’ ,as ‘ otcrroaingncisnec’pe, tn‘ bdtheeingselves, denyingan ttth ai ’sl, e fchroeongmset mhas itthu oitsni nytrg, a twheh ral bou nsc efircnahdm ehenwataso l rcskih goanfr ieafipceitdset. reTimzheoedl op govisaetlsmu, ecoasdn enarno ndarie ntids b t emm seoeap s.na riMnatgaelevemensdt, t . b hro s(w1y9 ien8x uptgreohnv stihidoeen dc, rmait aiqlleeue ehw eoagfye ,t mhaeon nf ryaa.l mtTeherwni ative mode of representation, a perg6io )f drho wamvh eae nna geparaainr oa rdfi tiggohmttalslyi zlnoinsoegt e ttdhh,ee i ss ork of the Enlightenment, and within this atmosphere that genderio rdr pcyeh trahiroadc, taesr iFzeisdc her and Marcus power play that turned representat ilisoecgnoi ut airtms wea aecsmy raeenrlgainto politid bt iyavu eatl hypo esrenictdyuu.r leIu mtocesd, tooc ucnluvdeiinl gtth ieas tptah artIincduelaerd ,r ethaeli hnead tp oahpsate vtnhee rdec eou ndpte tecyma fdereorsgm eh naecsne ft ueorrfting into historical arena. ourselves and o tianh weurehsdo. lGeteo rn asdnhegare gh eeonrf der dp dei so e cisou nsur gu ere ni sws sd coeofru eardns tekh nirnoo wapnoletlhdorggoeicp paorll oocdoguync coveorld and our definitiontei oronn r e has ever since continued tof IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Tsthyhmreu bbsot GE r liidssmocsi,a slo NaDnEdR DISCOURSme o fc wuhltiuchra El AND ANTHROP wecroe nusnttriul cretio OLnOsG Yo: fAN OVERVIEW 19cently, u nmacekannoiwnglesd gaendd 5 . pgsto e ce n iocop der ennlceet’is no dcgiasitnceoggu oorrsfi ezta hteeino ggnaa ipgne tbsh eeitn wa, neatehnnrd or pethoaeliuf eh utom sahnakpien dan. d determine thelo tgy and assumption, which fuinitctuaerlge lr iotaetfri aoanntut hrorefo, pitsho eilsox pginye,ct otteh dea TCondfoihsricseo c c -ugh l roa usion sipen tiegnr thahanesa feliyexalsdmis o,i nf wesodec tihahela apreoccupreoccupations over time. Frvonemd bctuheleetu praatilo annst hanrodp torleongdys. iFnr goemn dtheer wethmoeem dregisencd, i,tp otlo iin nteht eeir n1e stth oe n1 t9h7e0 vso wi ne aarblilees tt, or airdee, nptriefyse nmcaej oorf hoaf sw gormeaetnly t bheroenu ge9hn8 r0tihsce hw eshdteu. ndW yah chehosel of womeo n modern n wfehmicinhi wsta as nptrhervoapleonlot giny ridoelen atinfide sdt actuulst uorfa wl oc il fe b itsohttiehc waspeoxpmerose,an kc shnt outowd tilehesed fguoenc dupesrreosddt auoncndt isionengx ihinnottwoe r ppsoleawxy e iord fie npn ostwoitcyei roa - ocmunelstntur irunac ltt hicoeon ns otoecfxi ostepsx.o Tlaihtniecda egl mespneadrcgeeir,n aggse sntchdeeenyra dtrriisaocn oissu ltarhsteee wwstairtush girnge lftelhe eac tts etodhe unde innrld ap yrg ooedfn uhdcuetmrio aannt ta rrniebdlua rtteiioproduction by showcasing evident in gecn iaedstey tr,h aae np craoolnydssueiscqt, u ionefnc mrceeaa loesi fhn teghgleye ,im n on imt n oes rhapirlpeas yfeatures of powenpya. cTth . eoW ifn optmoewreened posities rtc ironenvely lhoa dotiiltoiisonmns r huannoderstancontphsert iotopufot eluo dnginivsget osi,lf i whnughmd and gave o an t crhree s e- e . dcx T eoa hose nnmcseit ntre a oud n ct th htbs ropolog eo tiahnn etdqh uesa e itsarturslityl ,ci ees, taurn prweecially wd osur nktjshu wasttii t ohnm ttehhnee have bbcoer noftWu rragimebh uct e at wnoerwk opfe vraslpueec, ttihvreosu ginht toh eairn tfiherldowpoolrokg eyx, paenride nhceasvf eiha abavlleel nelenonst suo rneol tfyh t ed ga notne doto o inot tcbndehu uu rim rt uerennatd sehorunsm ttahnadtis nagn wdoilclu menesnautnart eibo enth tof h hoaav r ooioupurosrlebtj eacti o ccfa lgvces. representations are made. This will not oynui yrn ogos wsr eecasul ilitttyu t rtoeh srh oubumugtah na tlihsty lrya pter ovaindde o faoru tah beenttteicer IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1a9n6d mAoNrTeH cRoOmPOpLrOeGhYe AnNsDiv AeN cTuHlRtuOPraOlLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN NIGERIAwpthoielllyi c edynrichpopulao ft oniorom tuhlea tdioatna aon landscape in the literature, but a significnat n.m Tt ahgkisoe aoalvm ooiisfd fd ta hbpolreso emg riinasttmeakrmeesest sbe. ydT nihnei gsu,l etsion will not only impi icnlti zitnuing such findly ourn, guarante ine gtsh anthropology but will agrl hs foaa illfcu oorfne ts httoei t hrueutaemlsia iannt ' nsainegdend ihf fiuocmar taaion cnirt,iy t a zea Ainfdriicgaenn oaunsd v ooiti f ccoa mrlw irsses/peai i ernd n rt g s. epT rlinehpcirs k tei ,ot avitnei orovnui eorw fa ihtntadesim gaeplsnto ot uhos igm chuolilvgteuh rtkeensd o ttwhhraloetud tghghee tiUnhktispe roaekrseotaleo,d t( in ge hnedr e ve still remains part of the mandate to can still beh2 ed0roe0n 7ae)r. e iW nv Trahe s d ird stti sirsoc soWnuue o glrss r yelde. tA atlnot thbhoer uoingpthoe lrmorgouigcsahtts e,h dea ssa psb eeecveiiandlly ty believe that in the 21st centur eydn,o cmn e hedo siie we are, indeed, goin uch nn taoynf ptchuerl,t oupbroeal lo aigtl yte’asr nncldaatriimovec gree tcnoo thnraissvtrmeu e cptoiinrs gte ematnhotnlhoorgociepeson ldtoregivsicomaidl. koOnf obthwiaeslre owdfg iaesn eiy,f under ‘energetic’ atta ctsok, w.knilol wcolnedtigneu,e i ttso c blaei,m fo tro a r leolniagb tliem ken otow cloedmgee, ARmefaedriuemncArdener, Ee e ., s 119.18998. 7. 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Y“GoWernkod:m eRreo nuT trienolu etbdhlgee:e A.Fnetmhirnoipsm and the Subversion of IRdoehnrtlityCapPlaunb ich-Leavitt (ed.) ology Profession.” In R. Women Cross-Culturally Hague: Mouton ConE1n7teh.lln l,i osRhg erar1sp9. hP8yp8 2.5 .4”“ 7E-n5g5e8n. dering Know Vloeldge: The Politics of Anthropology Today CrosPsreetst,s e.R, . BW. 21090807.. “GCeunldteurr ae,n dG ePnodweerr, Satnandf oHr .d 4: .S Ntaon f6o. rDd eUcn. iPvpe r1si4t y- Harrison and S.P Hunti nNgetwon Y (oerdks: .)B asic Buomokasn. PRpi.g h17ts8.”-1 I8n8 L. .E. DDuahm SPhlbroe a ens p rtsg, e. JH. u, E 1 ma 199788 n. Culture Ma Progress1. The Headman and I Austin: Un tivteerrss: iHtyo owf VTaelxuaess EEsri Pres ckoLsboeannrd, s. , oTAn. .: HP1.l 9ua9tno5d W Foimnnen, tSh. e NG.a t2h0e0re1r. New Haven: Yale University .P ress. A History of Anthropology Press. Encountering PDreivnecleotpomn:e nPtr:i nTcheeto Mn aUkniinvge rand FiscUhenrm, aMki.nJ.g T a onfd t hEe .MTh. irGde oWrogrel.d 1986. sity Anthropology as Cultural FreeCmrhietai nqU,u nDei:v. Ae1nr9s EitxypFriedan, B. 19638.3 . oerfi Cmheinctaagl oM Pormesesn.t in the Human Sciences Chicago: Marga rCeatm Mberaidd gaen:d H Saa Nrmveaowrad :Y UoTrhe UnFreuAdn,t hSr. o1p9o2lo5g. i“cSaol mMyet Phsychical Consequences nokif:v tWehre.s mitayk Pinregs so.f an GeeDrtizs,t iCn.c t1i o9Nn8e 0wB T . eY“t hwee FeenminBolrukr: rGe drto h ine M sGes emSnaernx yesstiquee.s.”. ” In J . Strouse ( We Ad. n.N)a otrotmonic. alWomen Analysis Gvdd1e6,5 -R1 7199. 70. American Scholar Vol. 49. Pp HawC3k,h ePicspaw 6go4or9:t -Ah6,l 8dM5i Wn.. e1 o.m99e7n. “inC otnhfeo Fuinedldi:n gA nGthernodpeorl.o” gical EVxople. r2ie7n, cNes Signs o IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1H9t8u n, AMN.T 2H0R0O0P.O “LCOuGlYt uANreD, AInNsTtHitRuOtPioOnLOs,G aICnAdL GAPePnLdICeArT IInOeNqS uINa lNitIyG EinRI LAAmerica.” In L atin IfekMBLa, a eo Cao t.kt es1r.9 s: How Vvitt P7(p5e .d1 “.8)T9 h-1 .E9.9 H. arrison and S.E Huntington (eds.) Culture e aFleumesa Slehape Human Progress New York: Basic KabHerargyu, Re: Mouton Publish eFrasc. tPor in Anthropology.” In R. Rohrlich- 1939. Women Cross-Cpu 5lt5u9ra-5ll6y6: . Change and Challenge LeitPRha-oLips, HRu uolt.sesle, dSg. e1.. 93 A9b. original Woman: Sacred anAfrican Woman London: Roudt ePlerodfgaen aen Ldo Knedgoann: LLouwtzPuAi,en , b tC hR l i1.sHh9.i9 n3g. CSoemx apnand yG. ender: An Introduction London: Mayfield M .r o“pToh 1le9o 5gEy0..r” aS soucirael Oorfg Wanoizmateinon’s LWonrditoinng: Rionu tSeolAmerican Ethnologist Vol. 17. No. 4. ecPdipog -e6c.1u1lt-6u2ra7l. McaClMianraotshwsyas,c kThi., u 1Bs9e. 9t1t1s9.: 1I dMeaasl saancdh Iullsuestitosn London: Univer In ins tCitounttee mofp Toerachryn Corloitgicya Pl rTehseso. ry MMecaGde,e M, R. .1 J9.2 a8n. d L. sW3i.t .y TR ohiefc CaLh F loa anrmiifoddr.no l yn1 A 9Pm9r6eos. nsg. the Australian Aboriginesia: MayA Nfnieethwldr o YPpouorbklol:i gsWhiciialnllig aT mCho eMmoropyra:r noAywn. I8ntroductory HistoryMMMeieeaasd c ,C Mo.. 1935,1C9om80in. g ofA ge in Samoa d, , MM. . a1n9d7 5K.. Ja Sex and Temperament New York: Dell.Maylea wanadrd Feenmaa. le1 NH 98 ew York: William Morrow & Co. Moraen,a dHg uS.Leo.:c i1Ian9lsi8st6itt .Su ttrea otefg Sioesc i1 a 7 Cl 8St9u-d1i9ambride 3s.. 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U RSE AND ANTHROPOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 199 P aScrieesnecnet eAds saotc itahoteimo nAe,nn C’ns Pl PpSay r1st6tiec6mi-p1as7 tw4io.inth i Okonjo, K. 1975. “The Inhusiactialt guMoti.eoent inogf o n B fPi sotehlixetui cAasl m iFnu Nnicgteiorinaa.”l PR Amonegr icthaen IPgolit aoipcleeasrl OkoTa South ntoj orto,h nKe et rn Nigeria Living West o. oC1. 9a7n6a.d Tiahne DAfuraicl-aSne xS Ptu fd thiees R Oivmeru Niger.” Paper PreoliticalA Ssyssotecmiat iino nOsp eCroantifoenr bseeonnst ceoed.f WHaofmkienn aanndd ECo.Gm. mBauyn i(tCeyad Plsiof.)ol irtincisa i:n S Mtaindf-oWreds Utenrn Nigeria.” I : iver n I Jg.Nbo 58. Women in Africa: Studies in SociOrtnaenrd, ESc.Bon. o1m9i7c 4C.h a“Insg efemale to male as nature iss ittoy Pcureltsus.r 4e5- . al RPuepbrliisnhted in M.R. Jon and R.L. Warms (eds.) ?” Anthropological OrtnTehr,e So.r ya:OyeCwaummbir, in indAg nH C Intro0dg omp .e1 9U. W9n7ihv. it adenuhyce.t aoPdrp,y (4 eH0d2iss .t-) o 41r1y93 8.(11. 996) California: NMeway Yfield Sexual Meanings ork: Oyeowfu Mmini,n 0es.o1ta Pre esrss.ity Press.998. “TDhee -ICn vention of Women Minnesota: University Pollaanndd , WMe. s1toe9lr.9 n22 3C (,u RNletopu. rr4ien..” o nfounding Gender, Feminist Theorizing Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and SPoucbietyQuinn, lNic.a t V 1io9n7s7. . “Anthrotpedo lo1g9i9c4a). MRabinow, R 1977. l St aurdgieasret Mead London: Exley AUnnnivuearls Riteyv oiefw C aolfi Afonrtnhirao pPorelossg.y Vol. 6. Pp 1o8n1 -W22o5m. en’s Status.” Reiter, R.R. 1975. Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco Berkeley: RosRaledvoie, wM .P rZe. s1s.9T7o4w. a“Wrdos Amnethropology of Women London: Monthly 4O2v.erview.” In M.Z. SRtoasnafl nd, oC uanltdu rLe. aLnadm Spohceierety :( eAd sT.h) eWoretical omen RaoC, uYlt ureRelatiaon da nMd S. oWcietynality, Eqaulatloitn ord y. o2f 0A0ge4 : . S“taCnuforncy, anltdu d Uni rDee vaen vers lodp mP ituyb Plirce sAs. Pent.” In cVt i po Ran 7 o: IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 2 0 0 A RohUarnlnid N MTH. RWOaPlOtoLnO G(Ye AdNs.D) ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPLICA TSItOaNnSf oINr dN:I GSEtRaInA W civher Culture and Public Action ford PRuoobhmlr - isla Lihcn seih:a t y-vMLi P etat r al, e ess vR iat.,tn . B Pd.p FS 3ey-36.(ed.)mk easl ea nd E. Weatherfoers. Pp 567-580. Anthropologica rl dP. e1r9sp7e5c. t“iAvbeos.r”i gInin Ral. RSaocskasld, oK, W . M 1S.9Zta7. n9af.n od“rE dLn:. gSLetaalm nRfpoeh oemree n( eCdrso.)s.s -1C9u7lt4u. rally Hague: Mouton Women, Culture and PSocietyBSproorsadtodunlce:t yiLo (intetd,l esa .n)B d Private rv diPs Uritoenpdiv: eWrsiotmy rown a erty.” In Pe rnDe,s .Wst.h. eM OcCrguarndiyz aatniodn J .oPf Sanday, PR. 1979. I“sFsuemes ainlne C dSu Ctlatoutmursap lai Annn ytth.h Per opPp u1ob8lo9g -y :2 S0e1le.cted Readings M18c8C.urdy and J.P SpradleySjorSselelevc, tIe.d 1 R9e9a8d.i n“Wgs oBmoesnto, nG: L(eitdtsle.) 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Pp. 41-68ar.li Pa.e”a cebuilding Journal of IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY van All GENDER DISCOPolietinc,a lJ .VI no1s9ti7tu2t. io“nSsit toin UgR SoEnA NaD M ANTHROPOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 201 vanSI ntAuddlel f Igbo Wom iepesne.n, dJe.ln . c61e,9 ?N7”o 4P. .a 4p:“ eA1rf 6rP5irc-e1as8ne1n t. aenn: .”C olonialism and the Lost of WomCenan a-d iMano Jdoeurnal of African USantnudiv Perosliittiyc ed at the Confere dy of De aomlf CoChcaralainftogicre n:I niTas,ht iSetua Rntiotoalne sB .oafr bWaoram aennd’. tShpeo Cn nrscnoeir zoeinnd g‘bS yoi cntihtaoel van ESAt.Grlla.e tBnif.ai cyJa .t( ie1od9ns7,. )a6 n. d“A tbhae IRnivoitssib’ iolirt yI gobf o W entre for the California: Stanford UniversWityo m omene.”n I’sn WaPress, pp.H .J r. ?N Iadnecoyl oagnyd, Walter, L. 1995. “FeWmionmisetn A innt Ahfrroipcao:l oSgtyu.d” ies in Social and Economic CNhoangeWeiWneor.,m 3Ae, .nPB p.i .n 12 97K82i0r -i. w 2“i8Sn0. 113-139. Leacock taa,b Tilritoyb rinia nBda nIana L Geeandeslands.”v Iens r: aCnodl Soonciiety Vol. 9, Publisher M. Etie anleis amn da nEd. WWeeisnt,e rC, .A a.Bn.d 1 s(,e9 pd7ps6... ) 4 6W-7o6m. en and Colonialism New York: Praeger Women of iSn.A T. rFoabrrriea lnlD d(.e JEd. xsZc.)hi manmgeer. mAu Vsatilnue: , UMneivne orfs Publication, pp. 108-126.an. “Doing Ge Rinteydn oeorfw .T”n eI:x nNa sJe .wP Lr Peaesrrsbs.epre catinvde The Social Construction of Gender London: Sage IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY