Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Volume 3(3), pages 65-74, June 2018 https://doi.org/10.31248/JASVM2018.097 ISSN 2536-7099. Copyright © 2018 Article Number: E0B0FA722 http://www.integrityresjournals.org/journal/JASVM Review Review of Participatory Epizootiology Research of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia at the Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (2007-2015) Babalobi O. O.1,2* and Alhaji N. B.1,3 1Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. 2Chairman, Eruwa Faculty Veterinary Field Station, University of Ibadan (2007-2009, 2014-2018). 3Public Health and Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. *Corresponding author. Email: tayobabalobi@gmail.com. Tel: +234-816-753-8536; + 234-805-530-1991. Copyright © 2018 Babalobi and Alhaji. This article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received 6th April, 2018; Accepted 30th April, 2018 ABSTRACT: This is a review of research application of Participatory Epizootiology to investigate Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia among pastoralists in Oyo State and Niger State, Nigeria, between 2007 and 2015, at the Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan where the first author, a Veterinary Epidemiologist Lecturer/Researcher teaches Participatory Epizootiology Research as part of PVM 711: Advanced Epizootiology, a compulsory Course in the three Master degrees curriculum of the Department since 2004. He subsequently designed a PhD research project on the application of Participatory Epizootiology to the Igangan Grazing Reserve and got a University Senate Research SRG/FVM/2006/9A to that effect. In 2007, the Principal Veterinary Officer of the Faculty Eruwa Veterinary Field Station in Ibarapa East Local Government Area, Oyo State, south-western Nigeria, reported to the first author (then Chairman, Eruwa Veterinary Field Station), a suspected case of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia incidence at the Igangan Grazing Reserve. The diseased lung samples of dead infected cattle he brought were confirmed by gross and histopathological examinations at the Faculty’s Department of Veterinary Pathology. From 2011 to 2015, the second author adopted the PE PhD-design (with other conventional veterinary research approach) to investigate Contagious Bovine Pleuro-pneumonia prevalence in Niger State, North-central Nigeria, first for his Masters (2011), followed with a PhD (2015). Result indicated that Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in enzootic in Oyo and Niger State, Nigeria with a 77.67% of CBPP outbreaks in Niger State, Nigeria occurring in the dry season, and a prevalence of 8.73%. Participatory Epizootiology is a cheap, low capital involvement of traditional settler beneficiaries in identification of enzootic animal problems and their Community Based Animal Health training need. Participatory Epizootiology should be adopted in combination with conventional veterinary methods for effective Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia surveillance and control techniques in Africa. Key Words: Participatory Epizootiology, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Surveillance and Control, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. INTRODUCTION Participatory Epizootiology (PE) is the use in Veterinary veterinary knowledge and traditional oral history, to Medicine of participatory approach, techniques or methods improve understanding of animal health issues (Schwabe, to collect qualitative epizootiological data or intelligence 1984; Mariner and Paskin, 2000; Catley and Admassu, contained within a community by observations, existing 2003; Babalobi and Idowu, 2005). Also called Participatory IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Babalobi and Alhaji 66 Epidemiology in Human Medicine, it is a decision or action- in East and Central Africa, the PE approach was officially oriented intelligence gathering activity (FAO 2000, Catley and successful adopted for the Global Rinderpest and Leyland, 2001). The use in Veterinary Medicine has Eradication Programme. In Nigeria, PE was also been to improve understanding of animal diseases and successful adopted in the eradication of the 2006 Avian veterinary services and community participation to design Influenza threat in Nigeria under the Early Detection solutions to disease problems with livestock keepers’ Reporting Surveillance: Avian Influenza in Africa input. This has been upheld and promoted by both the EDRSAIA (Babalobi, 2011b). Obviously, the Food and Agricultural Organization FAO and the implementation of the EDRSAIA PE training must have International Office of Epizootics OIE (Mariner and Paskin, “opened the eyes” of the government veterinarians and 2000). According to Shimshony (2009), the birthplace of prepared them to the efficacy of PE methods application PE is Southern Sudan in 1993. (Anzaku, 2009). Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a fatal, PE is known to be introduced and established in Nigeria infectious and contagious respiratory disease of cattle, via two routes: caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides (Mmm) strain of the Class Mollicutes, with up to 50 to 90% 1. Through postgraduate academic/research training by mortality (OIE, 1995, 2005; Thomson, 2005). All ages of the first author, a Lecturer/Researcher and Consultant cattle are susceptible but young cattle develop joint Epizootiologist (Veterinary Epidemiology and swellings rather than lung infections. Many cattle show no Economics) at the Department of Veterinary Public disease signs despite being infected and others recover Health and Preventive Medicine DVPHPM, Faculty of quickly after a transient mild disease, yet they can carry Veterinary Medicine FVM, University of Ibadan UI, infection for as long as two years and may be responsible Ibadan, Nigeria, from 2004 (Babalobi 2012a); and for passing on infection at a later date (FAO 1997). Up till 2. Through the 2008-2009 Early Detection Reporting 2004, CBPP was the only bacterial disease in the Office Surveillance: Avian Influenza in Africa (EDRSAIA) International des Epizooties (OIE) former List ‘A’ Diseases. capacity building exercise on Participatory In sub-Saharan Africa, CBPP is the most important Epidemiology (PE) and Participatory Disease transboundary cattle disease after Rinderpest (OAU-IBAR, Surveillance (PDS) for Highly Pathogenic Avian 1999) and the Middle East (Rweyemamu et al., 2002). It is Influenza (HPAI) for veterinary personnel in Nigeria by a severe disease of high economic importance because of the International Livestock Research Institute(ILRI) its ability to compromise food security through: (Babalobi, 2011b). 1. Loss of protein and draft power especially in enzootic The first author’s interest and commitment to PE and its areas (Tambi et al., 2006). various components is traced to: 2. Affects cattle production through morbidity, mortality, retards genetic improvement and limits the ability for 1. Publications of and personal 2003-2004 e-mail the cattle to work (Tambi et al., 2006). interactions with Dr. Andy Catley, then of Tuft’s 3. Reduce output. University, who was serving at the Community Animal 4. Increase production costs due to costs of disease and Participatory Epidemiology CAPE Unit, PACE control. Programme, OAU/IBAR, Nairobi, Kenya. (Catley, 5. Disrupt livestock/product trade. 1999, 2005). 6. Inhibit sustained investment in livestock production 2. Christian Veterinary Mission (CVM) Seattle, and Washington-organized International workshop on the 7. Cause pain and suffering to animals (Paskin, 2003). training (of trainers) of Community Animal Health Workers held in Jinja, Uganda, from Sept. 22nd Estimates provided by the Food and Agriculture through October 6th, 2005; and Organization (FAO, 1990) indicate that animal diseases 3. Various PE CDs and training publications by Catley cause losses of up to 30% of the annual livestock output and Mariner (2001) and others such as AU/IBAR (AU- in developing countries. The economic impact of this on IBAR (2002), FAO (Mariner and Paskin (2000), IIED the economies of developing countries is phenomenal. (Catley and Mariner 2002), OIE (Shimshony 2009). Masiga et al. (1998) estimated the annual losses directly or indirectly attributable to CBPP to be around US$2 billion The official declaration of the successful eradication of in African countries. The value of morbidity and mortality Rinderpest in animals in 2011 became only the second losses was estimated at 30 million euros (2.5 million per successfully eradicated infectious disease after the prior country) while the total economic cost (direct and indirect eradication of smallpox in humans (OIE 2011). However, production losses plus disease control costs) was little was highlighted on the role of part of PE in the estimated at 44.8 million euros (3.7 million euros per successful eradication of Rinderpest. FAO (2012). Initially country). An investment of 14.7 million euros to control tried on small scale community-based health interventions CBPP would prevent a loss of 30 million euros. The IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 67 J. Anim. Sci. Vet. Med. financial return on investment in CBPP control is positive, settlers in a Fulani agro-pastoralist settlement scheme, the with benefit-cost ratios that range from 1.61 (Ghana) to Igangan Grazing Reserve, Oyo state, Southwest Nigeria, 2.56 (Kenya). In the northern part of Nigeria, direct West Africa (Babalobi, 2009, 2011a). This was intended to economic cost of CBPP is estimated to be US$ 1.5 million follow up earlier works on control of CBPP in Africa (OAU- (Egwu et al., 1996). IBAR, 1999; Thompson, 2005). In Africa, there is significant under-reporting of CBPP On August 15, 2007, Dr. Lawal, the Principal Veterinary due to ineffective surveillance and data- recording systems Officer of the largely undeveloped 2000 acres (810 (Thomson, 2005). Early warning is the key to early reaction hectares) undeveloped Eruwa Veterinary Field Station for containment, control and rapid elimination to prevent EVFS, located at Eruwa, the headquarters of Ibarapa East epidemics (FAO 1997). A policy advocated by AU-IBAR Local Government Area North-west Oyo State, in South- (2002) for the control of CBPP include collection of western Nigeria, brought to the attention of the first author epizootiological data and information to determine and (who was then the Chairman, EVFS), lung samples which detect foci of infection, that is, surveillance (Babalobi, were from diseased cattle brought to his attention by a 2007; Ayling, 2013). Pastoralist from the nearby Igangan Grazing Reserve, This article is a review of the research application of Ibarapa North Local Government, northwest, Oyo State, Participatory Epizootiology to study pastoralism and South-western Nigeria. A suspected case of Contagious investigate CBPP in both Igangan Grazing Reserve, Oyo Bovine Pleuropneumonia CBPP around the pastoralist State, Nigeria and in Niger State, Nigeria, between 2007 settlement was confirmed by gross and histopathological and 2015 at the Department of Veterinary Public Health examination of two infected pieces of lungs submitted for and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, post mortem analysis at the Pathology Unit, Department of University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan. METHODOLOGY Case 2 Case 1 Niger State is in the Northern Guinea Savannah of North- PE training commenced at the Department of Veterinary Central Nigeria. It is located between latitude 8o 20’ N and Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of 11o 30’ N, and longitude 3o 30’E and 7o 20’E. The study Ibadan, Nigeria since 2004 (Babalobi, 2012a), after was conducted in three pastoral communities located in Participatory Epizootiology was submitted as a new course the three senatorial zones of the State: Bobi Grazing by the first author and was officially added and adopted as Reserve in Kontagora zone, Paiko in Minna zone, and part of Course PVM 711: Advanced Epizootiology, a Eyagi in Bida zone (Figure 2). compulsory course of the three Masters programs of the From 2011 to 2015, the second author used the Department: - Masters in Preventive Veterinary Medicine Participatory Epizootiology approach (with other (MPVM), Masters in Veterinary Public Health (MVPH) and conventional veterinary research approach) to investigate Master of Science in Epizootiology (MSc Epizootiology); CBPP prevalence in Niger State, North-central Nigeria for as well as any student (especially government Veterinary his Masters and PhD degrees (Alhaji, 2011; 2014; 2015a, Officers), who wish to apply PE for an MPhil/PhD or PhD b, c). Study materials used were: programme. The first author subsequently applied and got a 1. Cold box and coolant, University of Ibadan Senate Research Grant 2. Digital camera, SRG/FVM/2006/9A titled ‘Participatory Epizootiology 3. Epizootiological kit (vacutainers, vacutainer needles, Research of the Igangan Grazing Reserve in Ibarapa transport containers, formalin, cotton wool, 20cc Agro-Pastoral Zone of Southwest Nigeria (Babalobi, syringe with 18 gauges 11/2” needle, plastic gloves), 2007). It sought to apply a Participatory Epizootiology 4. Recording Materials (notebooks, pens), and Research Approach to study a Fulani agro-pastoralist 5. Tape recorder, among others. settlement scheme, the Igangan Grazing Reserve in Ibarapa Local Government, Oyo State, Southwest Nigeria Qualitative data and 90 blood samples for quantitative (Figure 1). The research was undertaken between 2007 serological analysis were collected during the PRA and 2009 to get intimated with the history and the present interview of pastoral respondents and observed clinical situation of the settlement, the settlement problems, the CBPP diseased cattle respectively. Participatory Rural settlers’ expressed needs, and the animal and human Appraisal (PRA) Techniques were used to collect health situation of the reserve. The first author then Qualitative data. These are the timely methods for the designed a PhD study research on the Application of gathering action-oriented information (FAO, 2000). Participatory Epizootiology approach to the monitoring and The Complement Fixation Test (CFT) and competitive surveillance of CBPP, an enzootic disease identified by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA) have IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Babalobi and Alhaji 68 Figure 1. Map showing location of study area in Oyo State, Nigeria. been recommended by the OIE as herd-level serological the Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive diagnostic tests (FAO, 2007). Due to problems Medicine, University of Ibadan since 2004 when it was encountered with the availability of Complement Fixation approved by the Post-graduate School, University of Test (CFT) reagents and coupled with its inability to give a Ibadan as a compulsory part of the Department’s Masters fair sensitivity for the CBPP at later stage, cELISA was programme (Idowu 2004, Babalobi and Idowu, 2005; used for serological analysis. (Aliyu et al., 2003). Ogunwale, 2007; Ogunwale and Babalobi, 2007; Babalobi, The statistical analysis on CBPP prevalence was 2007; Babalobi, 2009; Babalobi, et al., 2009; Kareem, computed as the number of cattle observed to be infected 2010; Kareem and Babalobi, 2010; Idowu and Babalobi, with the disease at PRA to the total cattle population 2010; Ogunwale and Babalobi, 2010; Morakinyo, 2010; expressed in percentage (Putt et al., 1987; Thrusfield, Babalobi, 2011a; Babalobi and Kareem, 2011; Babalobi, 1995). The level of significance between the prevalence of et al., 2011a, Babalobi, et al., 2011b; Alhaji, 2011; Alhaji, CBPP in the rainy season (April to November) and dry 2014; Alhaji, 2015a, b, c; Morakinyo and Babalobi, 2013). season (December to March) in Niger State were tested The researches have not only shown the poor animal statistically using chi-square test at 95% confidence level disease reporting and surveillance status in Nigeria but and value of P< 0.05 are to be considered significant (Steel have also proffered the PE approach as the panacea for and Torrie, 1980). improved and effective animal disease reporting and surveillance in the most populated country in Africa, where up to 80% of livestock are kept in rural communities with DISCUSSION virtually no rural based animal health care to tackle Various PE-based researches have been undertaken at recurrent seasonal disease outbreaks and attendant IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 69 J. Anim. Sci. Vet. Med. Figure 2. Map of Niger State, Nigeria showing the three Agro-geographical zones A, B and C in the state with their LGAs. socio-economic and public health consequences Chad, Maho (2001) estimated a CBPP prevalence rate of (Babalobi 2011a, b; Babalobi et al., 2009). 1.6% for cattle raised in a transhumance farming system From the Participatory Epizootiology approach to and rate of 1.2% for cattle raised in agro-pastoral investigate CBPP prevalence in Niger State, North-central production systems. In Nigeria, Aliyu et al. (2000) Nigeria, results reveal 77.67% of CBPP outbreaks in Niger estimated a prevalence rate of 0.29% from post-mortem State, Nigeria occur in the dry season, a prevalence of examinations of lesions in 81 national abattoirs. Nawathe 8.73% was recorded, and an estimated total economic (1992) also estimated a prevalence rate of 0.51% in impact of CBPP of 795.9 million naira (5.21 million dollars) Nigeria, while Kane (2002) reported 2.9% prevalence rate - a relative burden of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia for Burkina Faso, 5.4% for Mauritania and 10.5% for Mali. in Niger State, Nigeria were obtained in a 2011 study Wanyoike (1999) and Fikru (2001) reported prevalence (Alhaji, 2011). The second authors’ PhD result reveals the rates of 2.8% and 4.0% in Kenya and Ethiopia PE approach can accommodate and be used along other respectively. convention veterinary research approach to give concrete and reliable results at that level (Alhaji 2011; Alhaji, 2015; CONCLUSION Alhaji and Babalobi, 2014; Alhaji and Babalobi, 2015a, b, c; Alhaji and Babalobi, 2016; Alhaji et al., 2016). While most academics are more into conventional clinical The prevalence of CBPP, number of infections (old and and laboratory-based qualitative veterinary inquiry new) that occur in a given cattle population at a given time methodologies, PE is a field of ethnoveterinary/indigenous (Tambi et al., 2006). The prevalence of CBPP varies knowledge based qualitative method not given much value according to the cattle population system concerned. by biased academics. Participatory Epizootiology is a Prevalence rate tends to be higher in extensive cattle cheap, low capital involvement of traditional settler production system, such as the pastoral nomadism. In beneficiaries in identification of enzootic animal problems IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Babalobi and Alhaji 70 and the Community Based Animal Health training need of REFERENCES settlers. The second authors’ PhD result confirms that the PE approach can accommodate and be used along other Alhaji, N. B. (2011). 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(2003). Economic and social welfare importance of Resources-Pan African Programme for the Control of transboundary animal diseases. In: Report of a workshop of Epizootics. AU/IBAR-PACE, Nairobi, Kenya. Chief Veterinary Officers/Directors of Veterinary Services of Mariner, J. C., & Paskin, R (2000). Manual on Participatory SADC Member Countries on Transboundary Animal Diseases Epidemiology. FAO Animal Health Manual No. 10. Food and with special reference to foot and mouth disease and Agriculture Organization, Rome. contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Southern Africa, http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X8833E/x8833e03.htm Pretoria, 21-22 July, South Africa. Masiga, W. N., Rossiter, P., & Bessin, B. (1998). Present Putt, S. N. H., Shaw, A. P. M., Woods, A. J., Tyler, L., & James, situation of CBPP in Africa and epidemiological trends. In: A. D. (1987). Veterinary epidemiology and economics in Africa: Report of the first meeting of the FAO/OIE/OAU-IBAR A manual for use in the design and appraisal of livestock health Consultative Group on Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, policy. ILCA Manual No. 3, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Pp. 23-24. 5-7 October, Rome, FAO, Rome, Italy, 25-31. Rweyemamu, M., Paskin, R., & Benkirane, A. (2002). Emerging Morakinyo, O. A. (2010). Participatory Appraisal of Peste des Diseases of Africa and the Middle East. Annals of the New Petite Ruminante (PPR) in Iseyin Local Government Area of York Academy of Sciences 916(1), 61-70. Oyo State, Nigeria. MPVM degree Project, Department of Shimshony, A. (2009) Participatory surveillance (involving Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University (farmers and paraprofessionals). OIE conference Session 2: of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Early detection, notification and surveillance. Evolving Morakinyo O. A., & Babalobi, O. O. (2013). 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(Which was based on Dr. Jeff Diseases with Livestock Keeping Women of Awotan, Ido LGA, Mariner’s work, initially reported as the dynamics of CBPP Oyo State, Nigeria. A Research Project Report submitted to endemism and the development of effective control/eradication the Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive strategies for pastoral communities (Mariner, 2003) Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Thrusfield, M. (1995). Veterinary epidemiology 2nd Ed., Nigeria, in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of University of Edinburgh, Blackwell Science, UK, Pp. 180-188. the degree of Master of Veterinary Public Health (MVPH). Wanyoike, S. W. (1999). Assessment and mapping of contagious Ogunwale, I., & Babalobi, O. O. (2007). Community Based bovine pleuropneumonia in Kenya, past and present. M. Sc. Participatory Epizootiology of Livestock kept by Awotan Thesis. Freie Universitat Berlin and Addis Ababa University. Women, Ido LGA, Oyo State, Nigeria. Proceedings, Scientific Session of the 44th Annual Congress of the Nigerian IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 73 J. Anim. Sci. Vet. Med. APPENDIX Conference Proceedings and Publications of Authors (Babalobi O. O. and Alhaji N.B) on the application of Participatory Epizootiology on Contagious Bovine Pleuro-Pneumonia and other related articles (2005 – 2017). 1. Babalobi O.O. and Idowu O. (2005): The Paradigm of Community-Based Participatory Epizootiology: A Review. Tropical Veterinarian. Vol. 23 (3&4) 69-77. 34. 2. Ogunwale Ibironke and Babalobi O. O. (2007): Community Based Participatory Epizootiology of Livestock kept by Awotan Women, Ido LGA, Oyo State, Nigeria. Proceedings, Scientific Session of the 44th Annual Congress of the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association, Warri Delta State, Nigeria. Pp. 293-296. 3. Babalobi O. O (2009): Application of Participatory Epizootiology approach to the monitoring and surveillance of Contagious Bovine Pleuro-pneumonia among settled pastoralist at the Igangan Grazing Reserve, Oyo state, Southwest Nigeria. In Linda Hoinville, Joey Ellis-Iversen, Daan Vink, Eamon Watson, Lucy Snow and Jane Gibbens (2009): Discussing the Development and Application of Methods for Effective Surveillance in Livestock Populations Report of Pre-ISVEE XII workshop- Methods for effective surveillance. ‘Epidemiology Unplugged-Providing power for better health’: The Twelfth Conference of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE XII), Durban, South Africa, August 2009 as rep_pres_¬isvee page2appendices.pdf http://vla.defra.gov.uk/reports/docs/rep_pres_isvee_babalobi.pdf. 4. Babalobi O. O. (2009): Participatory Epizootiology Research of Settled Pastoralists of the Igangan Grazing Reserve, Oyo state, Southwest Nigeria. ‘Epidemiology Unplugged-Providing power for better health’: The Twelfth Conference of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE XII). 10 - 14 August 2009, Durban, South Africa. p 342. http://www.sciquest.org.nz/node/67816. P 342. 5. Ogunwale I. and Babalobi O. O. (2010): Ethno-Veterinary Medicine Perspectives of Common Diseases and Health Problems of Livestock kept by Rural Women in South-West Nigeria: A Case Study. Nigerian Veterinary Journal Vol. 31(4) 255-262. 6. Babalobi O. O. (2011): A Participatory Epizootiology Research of Settled Pastoralists in Igangan Grazing Reserve, Southern Guinea Agro-Pastoral Zone, Oyo State, Nigeria: First Report. Nigerian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 32. (1). 16- 20. 7. Babalobi O. O. and Kareem A. A. (2011): Participatory Baseline Survey of a Case Study Rural Livestock Health Management Practice in Nigeria: The Place of Community Based Animal Health Workers. Tropical Veterinarian. Vol. 29 (2). 8. Babalobi O.O., M.B. Bolajoko and S.A. Anzaku (2011): Participatory animal disease surveillance, panacea to the bane of animal disease under-reporting in Nigeria. Epidémiol. et santé anim, 59-60, 273-275. Proceedings, International Conference on Animal Health Surveillance (ICAHS), Lyon, France, 17-20th May 2011. http://aeema.vet- alfort.fr/public/pdf/revue/59.00.pdf`eport. 9. Babalobi O. O., Bolajoko, M.B. and Anzaku S.A. (2011): Participatory Disease Surveillance as Panacea to The Bane of Animal Disease Under-Reporting in Nigeria: A Collaborative Research. Short Communication. Tropical Veterinarian. 29. (3) 36-40. 10. Alhaji N. B. (2011): Participatory Epizootiological Study of Prevalence and Economic Impact Estimation of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in Niger State. MPVM degree Project, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. 11. Morakinyo O.A. and Babalobi O. O. (2013): Participatory Appraisal of Peste des Petite Ruminants (PPR) outbreaks in Iseyin Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Proceedings of the 11th annual congress of the Southern African Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine. 14-16 August 2013. Salt Rock, KZN, Republic of South Africa p 28-33. 12. Alhaji N. B. and Babalobi O. O. (2014): The Use of Participatory Epizootiology to Investigate Burden and Seasonal Occurrence of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Pastoral Communities of Niger State, Nigeria. Poster presentation at t the 51st Annual Congress of the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA KADA 2014) holding at the Umaru Musa Yar’Adua Indoor Sport Centre, Murtala Square, Kaduna (23rd to 28th November 2014). 13. Alhaji & Babalobi 2015: ‘Molecular epidemiology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia by detection, identification and differentiation of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides in Niger State, Nigeria’. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences (2015) 13(3): 1-8. 14. Alhaji N. B. (2015): Epizootiology of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Niger State, Nigeria. A Thesis in the Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine Submitted to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy PhD of the University of Ibadan, November 2015. IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Babalobi and Alhaji 74 15. Alhaji N. B. and Babalobi O. O. (2014): The Use of Participatory Epizootiology to Investigate Burden and Seasonal Occurrence of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Pastoral Communities of Niger State, Nigeria. Poster presentation at t the 51st Annual Congress of the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA KADA 2014) holding at the Umaru Musa Yar’Adua Indoor Sport Centre, Murtala Square, Kaduna 23rd to 28th November 2014. 16. Alhaji, N. B., & Babalobi O. O. (2015). Socio-cultural factors influencing transmission of Mycoplasma mycoides small colony in pastoral cattle herds of north-central Nigeria. Vom Journal of Veterinary Science, 10: 1–13. Accepted: 3rd June 2015. 17. Alhaji N. B. & Babalobi, O. O. (2015). Participatory Epidemiology of Ethnoveterinary Practices Fulani Pastoralists Used to Manage Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia and Other Cattle Ailments in Niger State, Nigeria. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Volume 2015, Article ID 460408, 10 pages. doi.org/10.1155/2015/460408. Accepted: 24 January 2015. 18. Alhaji, N. B., & Babalobi, O. O. (2015). Molecular epidemiology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia by detection, identification and differentiation of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides in Niger State, Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 13(3), 1–8. Accepted: 17 August 2015. 19. Nma B. Alhaji and Olutayo O. Babalobi, 2016. Sero-positivity and associated risk factors of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia under two cattle production systems in North-central Nigeria. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 43(2): 311–320. DOI 10.1007/s11250-015-0952-y. Accepted: 29 October 2015. 20. Alhaji N. B. and Babalobi O. O. (2016): ‘Qualitative and quantitative impacts assessment of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Fulani pastoral herds of North-central Nigeria: The associated socio-cultural factors’. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. (2016) 128:124-128. Accepted April 6, 2016. IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY