Journal of Applied Sciences 12 (3): 254-262, 2012 ISSN 1812-5654 1 DOI: 10.3923/jas.2012.254.262 O 2012 Asian Network for Scientific Information Hydration Behaviour and Infrared Spectroscopy of Pre-treatments Effect on Portland Cement-Eremospatha macrocarpa and Laccosperma secund~jZorumS ystems '0.0.A defisan, 'JS. Fabiyi and3A.G.M cDonald 'Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Unlversity of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria 'Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Federal Unlversity of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria 3Forest Products Program, College of Natural Resources, Unlversity of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1 132, USA Abstract: The effects of cold water extraction, incorporation of calcium chloride (CaC1,) and aluminium sulphate (Al,(SO,),) on the setting time (LA, maximum hydration temperature (T,,), time ratio (td and surface chemistq of Eremospatha macrocarpa and Laccosperma secundlflorum paJticles mixed with Podland cement was investigated. The mixtures were placed in thermally sealed thermos flasks for 24 h after whch L,, T, and t, were measured. The & , T,,andt,were 12.4a nd 11.9h , 59.1 and 583"C, 1.1 and 1.1, respectively for untreated E. macrocarpa andL secundlflorum andranged from 5.2 to 10.7 h, 57.7 to 837°C and 0.5 to 0.9, respectively when treated with cold water and chemical addtives. Cold water extraction and chemical additives si-en ificantlv improved the hydration parameters of rattan-cement system. CaC1, performed better as a chemical accelerator than Al,(SO,), whleL. secund@orum i h b i t e d cement setting more thanE. macrocarpa. Infrared spectroscopy showed that incorporation of CaC1, to L. secundlflorum p d c l e s helped expose cellulose to advance paJticipation thereby enlarging its surface area for interpenetration networking with cement. Key words:Eremospatha macrocarpa, Laccosperma secundlflorum, cold water extraction, chemical addtives, cement, hydration temperature, setting time, infrared spectroscopy INTRODUCTION boards' propehes such as increased demity, improved appearance, bendng and compressive strength, Production of Cement Bonded Boards (CBB) from dimemional stability and improved wood-cement bond untreated fibrous raw materials is faced with the problem due to its effect of accelerating the hydration of of inhibito~ye ffects of sugars, extractives and lignin in wood-cement mixtures (Olonmnisola, 2007). CaC1, is the lignocellulosic materials (Moslemi and Lim, 1984; Hong most commonly used among various available chemical and Lee, 1986). The disadvantages of &bition include additives. It accelerates the hydration of cement delayed setting, relatively lowered hydration temperature pahcularly the tri-calcium silicate phase (C,S), reduces and prolonged time to attain maximum temperature the setting time and in some cases increases the maximum (Moslemi and Lim, 1984). Addition of an accelerator into hydration temperature (Biblis and Lo, 1968; a mixture of cement-water paste could enhance the speed Moslemi et al., 1983; Lee and ShoIf 1989; Ramachandran, of hydration process to occur earlier (Nazerian et al., 1994; Olornnnisola and Adefisan, 2002). It improves the 201 1). Several attempts have been made to overcome t h ~ s bendng strength and dimemional stability attributable to challenge using cold or hot water extraction andlor increased board density and improved bondng between incorporation of chemical additives such as calcium paJticles of lignocellulosics and cement (Badejo, 1989; chloride (CaCl,), aluminium sulphate (Al,(SO,),), Fabiyi, 2004; Olo~unnisola,2 006). The internal bonding magnesium chloride (MgC1,) prior CBB production (Hong and drect screw withdrawal increased by 166 and 67%, andLee, 1986; Olonmnisola, 2007). The chemical additives respectively with the addition of CaC1, to coconut cement are usually added in quantity of less than 4% (by cement boards while those of demity were 64 and 45%, weight) and have been found to enhance many of the respectively (Almwda et al., 2002). Corresponding Author: IS. Fabiyi, D e p h e n t of Foresby and Wood Technology, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria Tel: +234-8165111175 254 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY J. AppliedSci., 12 (3): 254-262, 2012 However, CaC1, may not be effective in overcoming C. deerratus whle it is rare to find infomation on severe inhibitions of cement hydration due to heaJtwood E. macrocarpa. Since both E. macrocarpa and polyphenols of some cemin wood species. Compounds L. secundzflorum are widely spread and common in that can accelerate cement hydration and also chelate or Nigeria, it is veIy impodant to investigate the hydration chemically modify polyphenols are more effective than behaviour of both rattan species under same 1aboratoIy CaC1, at improving the cement compatibility of inhibitoIy conditions and experimental procedures. T h s step would wood species (Semple and E v m , 2000). Semple and enhance comparative analysis of hydration behaviour E v m (2000) found that although CaC1,perfomed well as between both species. ApaJt from the traditional chemical an accelerator in the presence of wood-wool of pre-treatments that have been used so far, there is no Acacia mangium wood, it was not as effective as other available infomation on the use of Al,(SO,), as chemical compounds llke tin chloride (SnCl,), aluminium chloride additive in relation to rattan canes. (AlCl,) and sodium silicate (Na2O3SiO,). This finding The use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor the suggests that dfferent lignocellulosics dependng on chemical structure of dfferent polymers is widely their constituent would react differently when explored. Its versatility is due to the fact that it requires incorporated in cement mixes. Therefore, it is impomnt to minimum sample preparation, not te&ous and not time understand the effect of various chemical additives on consuming. However, its use for monitoring the changes different lignocellulosic fibres sources for making CBB. that occur when cement, lignocellulosic fibres and In Nigeria, several studies have been conducted on chemical additives are mixed together is limited in the hydration of rattan canes (Dahumi, 2000; literature. This study therefore aimed at investigating the O l o m i s o l a and Adefisan, 2002; Olomiso la , 2005; effects of cold water extraction and incorporation of CaC1, Adefisan and Olornnnisola, 2007; Olornnnisola, 2007). and Al,(SO,), on the hydration behaviour and infrared The reason for h s i s because rattans have shod rotation spectroscopy of E. macrocarpa and L. secundzflorum and can be harvested in less than seven years after mixed podland cement. planting and processed with simple and relatively cheap technology. Also, the assembly line from rattan MATERIALS AND METHODS harvesting to CBB production involves low capital investment ( O l o m i s o l a and Adefisan, 2002; Matured stems of E. macrocarpa and O l o m i s o l a , 2005; Olomiso la , 2008). There are three L. secund@orum canes were harvested from Gambari major rattan species namely: Eremospatha macrocarpa, Forest Reserve located between longitude 50°44' E and Laccospema secundzflorwn and Calamus deerratus that latitude 7 9 4 ' N in Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria. The canes are found in Nigeria (Dahunsi, 2000). Adefisan (1999) were conveded into billets of about 6 cm and hammer repoded that E. macrocarpa has &meter of milled. The milled p d c l e s were sieved using a set of 10-17 mm and stem length of 20-25 mm whle 1.18, 0.85 and 0.60 mm sieves. PaJticles that passed L. secundzflorum has &meter of 10-20 mm and stem through the 0.85 mm sieve and were retained in the length of 10 mm. The sugar contents of both species 0.60 mm sieve were collected and dried to 10% moisture differed with L. secundzflorum having the hghest content. These paJticles were divided into four sets with carbohydrate content (over 70%) whch may cause it to the first set mixed with cement but no addtive have the hghest probability of &biting cement incorporation (henceforth called untreated), the second hydration (Dahumi, 2000). set was soaked in &stilled water for 30 min at room These rattan species respond to pre-treatments temperature, drained and dried to 10% moisture content differently. O l o m i s o l a and Adefisan (2008) repoded (henceforth referred to as cold water treated), the h r d s et that hot water extraction improved the compatibility of the pre-treated with CaC1, and the f o d s et pre-treated with C. deerratus whle L. secund@orwn was more amenable Al,(SO,), before mixed with cement. to cold water extraction. Hot water extraction of C. deerratus cement mix had hgher hydration temperature Hydration test: For the hydration tests, 15 g of the and lower setting time than those soaked in cold water. E. macrocarpa or L. secundzflorum paJticles, 200 g of However, cold water extraction resulted in higher Podland cement (purchased at a local hardware store, hydration temperature and lower setting time in the Moscow, Idaho state, USA) and 93 ml of distilled water L. secund@orum cement mix than hot water were mixed in a polyethylene bag to f o m homogeneous (OloIunnisola and Adefisan, 2008). UnfomUWtely, most of sluny following the method developed by Adefisan and the hydration studies conducted on rattan canes by O l o m i s o l a (2007). The neat cement was mixed with several researchers have centred onL. secundzflorum and 90 mL of &stilled water while 3% CaC1, or Al,(SO,), UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY J. AppliedSci., 12 (3): 254-262, 2012 Table 1: Cement compatibilily assessment schemes imurovement in the settine time was obsenred for , , temp., k,) Suitable (T,,>6OSC) did not significantly affect the setting times of the Maximum Intmediateb suitable Sandem- and rattan/cement/water mix but incorporation of different hydration temp. T,(, = 50-60°C) Kohler (1964) Unsuitable (T,,<5OSC) chemical additives significantly influenced the setting Timeratio (a: lst,>l.5 (Suitable) Olmniso la (2008) time of the rattan/cement/water mix (Table 3). CaC1, ratio of setting time 1.5Z.O (Acceptable) of woodlcement t,>2.0 (Inhibitory) significantly reduced the setting time of the mix to neat cement rattan/cement/water mix than Al,(SO 1 . ,0101unnisola i e . t,= twc/tNc (2008) repoded the setting time of 10.3 h for 30 min cold water extracted L. secundzflorum (sieved) mixed with (by cement weight) was added. However, untreated cement. This is agreement with 10.7 h obtained in this and 30 min cold water extracted samples were mixed with study for same condtion (Table 2). the neat cement and 90 mL of distilled water only prior hydration characterisation. Hydration characterisation Maximum hydration temperature of the rattan- was performed in a set of well insulated thermos flasks. cement composites: The maximum hydration The temperature rise was monitored for 24 h using temperatures ( T ) attained by the untreated thermocouples (J-type) connected to an 8-channel E. macrocarpa and L. secundzflorum cement mixes were datalogger (USB TC-08, Pico Technology). Three sampled 59.1 and 583°C (Table 2). The T, for CaCl,, Al,(SO,), specimens of each mixture were prepared. The and 30 min cold water extraction pre-treated compatibility ofE. macrocarpa andL. secundzflorum with E. macrocarpalcement mix were 83.7, 60.4 and 65.1°C, cement was assessed using the compatibility indices respectively. In addition, T, for CaCl,, Al,(SO,), and (Table 1). 30 min cold water extraction pre-treated L. secundflorwnlcement mix were 78.6, 57.7 and 633"C, Chemical characterization: Specimens for the chemical respectively (Table 2). Based on the Sandermann and analysis were obtained from each of the untreated and pre-treated rattadcement mixes and ground into fine Kohler (1 964) index, the untreated E. macrocarpa and powder using pestle and modar. Fourier Transform L. secund@orum could be classified as intermediately Infrared (FTIR) spectra were measured directly from the suitable for the production of CBB. The chemical powder (1% wlw basis) thoroughly dispersed in pre-treated E. macrocarpa and L. secundzflorwn could be KBr (99% wlw basis). Spectra were recorded using a classified as suitable except the Al,(SO,), pre-treated Thermo Scientific Nicolet 8700 spectrometer equipped L. secundzflorum whch ranked as intermediately suitable with a DTGS detector. Each s p e c t m was taken as an for the production of CBB. Hence, the addition of average of 64 scans at a resolution of 4 cm-I. chemical addtives significantly improved the T, of the rattadcement mixes with those treated with CaC1, having RESULTS AND DISCUSSION highest maximum hydration temperature than those pre-treated with Al,(SO,), and 30 min cold water Setting time of rattan-cement composites: The results of extraction. the hydration tests are presented in Table 2 and Fig. 1 In addition, E. macrocarpalcement mix had higher The setting times of the E. macrocarpa and T,,thanL. seclmdzflorumlcement mix. T h s indicates that L. secundflorwn cement mixes without pre-treatment were CaC1, was more effective than Al,(SO,), or 30 min water 12.4 and 11.9 h, respectively. Based on the classification extraction in minimising the ihb i to Iy effects of sugars of Hofstrand et a1 (1 984), the untreated E. macrocarpa and extractives present in the rattadcement mixtures. The and L. secundzflorum were veIy suitable for Cement practical implication of this study is that the use of Bonded Board (CBB) production. Generally, the Al,(SO,), to pre-treat E. macrocarpa or L. secundzflorum incorporation of chemical addtives and 30 min cold water is not economical since 30 min water extraction gave the extraction of the two fibrous materials resulted in reduced same T,,; hence cold water extraction is preferred s e t t q tvnethatrangedfrom 5.2 to 9.4 a n d 5 6 to 10.7 for because water is readily available and affordable. In the E. macrocarpa and L. secund@orwn cement addition, L. secundzflorum paJticles however i h b i t e d composites, respectively. In addition, the setting time for cement settlng more thane. macrocarpa paJticles. Higher 30 min. cold water extraction and 3% Al,(S04), were veIy sugar contents in the L. secund@orwn canes may similar for the two rattan species (Table 2). The greatest contribute to its low T, UNIVER ITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY J. AppliedSci., 12 (3): 254-262, 2012 Neat cement UntnatcdE ma- CaCl, tnatcd E. m m v c a p AL 1SO.I. trsatcd E rnmmcmw ----- UntnatedL. ~ e & j 6 m ----- MI, m t e d L , ae&jbm Al, (SO.), m dL se & - 30min&OatackdL ~dj6m 0 ZOO 400 600 800 IOM) 1ZM) 1400 r i ( min) Fig. 1: Hydration behaviour ofEremospatha macrocarpa andLaccospema secund@orwnlcement mixes E. mracrocmpdcement mix. None 30min cold H,O entaction 3% CaCI, 3%AI,.(,S On.ll, ~ L. secundjmmlcement mix. None 11.9 58.3b 3Omin cold H,O entaction 1 0 7 63.3b' 3% CaCI, 56* 78.6' 3%A12(SOn)3 1 0 7 57.7 Means withthe same letters inthe same column for each oftherattan species are not statistically different Table 3: Duncan's multiple range tests of the effects of pre-teatment and muan species on the hydration parameters of rattadcement mines. Factors Setting time maximum (k,, h) Maximum hydration temperaare T,(,, OC) Time ratio index (a None 30min cold H,O entaction 3% CaCI, 3%A12(SOn)3 10.lb 59 lb 0.9. Rattan species E. mracrocmpa 9.0' 66.7 OF L. secdiAorum 9.4- 64.91 OF Means with the same letters in the same column for either pre-treatment or rattan species are not statistically dflerent O l o m i s o l a (2008) repoded that the maximum hydration temperatures of the E. macrocarpa and hydration temperature of 30 min cold water extracted L. secund@orwnlcement mixes (Table 3). Ths implies that L. secundflorum (sieved) mixed with cement was 51°C. different chemical additives had dfferent effects on the This is contraq to 633°C obtained in this study for same hydration behaviour of the rattanlcement mixes. condtion(Tab1e 2). T h s contradction may be due to differences in the sources of Podland cement used. Time ratio indices of the rattan-cement composites: The Olorunnisola (2008) used Podland cement produced time ratio indices (td of the rattanlcement mixes are in Nigeria whle Podland cement used in the present presented in Table 2. The time ratio indices for both study was purchased at a local hardware store, untreated rattan species cement mixes were the Moscow, Idaho state, USA. The study conducted by same (1.1) Similarly, the t, for CaC1, pre-treated O l o m i s o l a (2008) ranked 30 min cold water extracted E. macrocarpalcement mix andL. secundzflorumlcement L. secundzflorum as intermediately suitable whle the mix were the same (0.5). The tRf or Al,(SO,), and 30 min present study conducted at Idaho ranked it suitable for cold water were 0.9 and 09-10, respectively for CBB production. pre-treated E. macrocarpalcement mix and The choice of any of these two rattan species L. secundzflorwnlcement mix. Therefore, pre-treating (without pre-treatment) d d n ot significantly affect the T, either of the two rattan species with CaCl,, Al,(SO,), or of the rattanlcement mixes. However, the application of 30 min cold water extraction did not make any dfference, chemical addtives significantly influenced the maximum hence t, is not rattan species dependent but chemical UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY EErreemoospsapthaat hmacrmocaacrpraocarpa LLaaccoospseprmera msecaunsdeifclournumdiflorum 1133 25 25 1111 1177 1100 2211 1 4188 1 4 20 1 22 20 16 2244 19 119 16155 33 2233 114 884 26 26 40400000 3 3550000 3 0300000 2 5250000 2 0200000 1 5150000 1 0100000 5 50000 Wave No. (cm−1) UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 25 11 17 10 21 13 18 12 9 20 3 24 16 19 15 4 23 8 14 6 2 1 26 C A 7 B 5 D 22 E 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Wave No. (cm−1) 2211 18 11 225 18 11 9 20 1320 13 1100 4 24 1166 1212 119 23 1155 3323 88 11 26 117 11442 66 22 A CC BB 77 55 DD EE 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Wave No. (cm −1) UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY