Journal of Nigeria Association of SPORTS SCIENCE & MEDICINE EXERCISE IS MEDICINE EDITED BY: Ademola O. Abass & Danladi Musa N IG ER IA A S S O C IA T IO N O F VOLUME XVII August, 2016 SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Published by: ©Nigeria Association of Sports Science and Medicine (NASSM) Printed by: PrintWizard 08050574187,08164633782 rarecommunications@yahoo.com akerele83@gmai 1 .com Published August, 2016 All Rights Reserved ISSN 0794 - 7682 - 9 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE EFFECTS OF PROLONGED AEROBIC TRAINING ON THE FITNESS 1 STATUS OF BAYERO UNIVERSITY STAFF PROF. EMIOLA Lasun Ph.D., fnassm. & DARMA, Musa Haladu Ph.D SLEEP, ANXIETY, AND COPING EXPERIENCE OF NIGERIAN 6 ATHLETES PRIOR TO COMPETITION Olufemi A. Adegbesan;' Felix Ehrlenspiel;2 Daniel Erlacher;3 Comfort, Mokgothu4 EXERCISE IS MEDICINE: THE RECOMMENDED PHYSICAL 19 ACTIVITY FOR DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS AND HEALTH BENEFITS Toba David BAMITALE & Prof. Michael Olufemi AJISAFE. EFFECT OF 8-WEEK LOW-IMPACT AEROBIC DANCE EXERCISE 27 ON TRUNK FLEXIBILITY AND LOW-BACK PAIN OF COLLEGE ACADEMIC STAFF IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA Dr. 1.0 Oladipo & AJAYI, O.A INFLUENCE OF OFFICIATING PREJUDICE ON NIGERIA PREMIER 35 FOOTBALL LEAGUE MATCHES: FACT OR FRICTION 'Diyaolu B. O. & 2Prof. Asagba B. O. EFFECTS OF PRESCRIBED PROGRESSIVE INTERVAL EXERCISE ON 40 QUALITY OF LIFE OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA Ahmad Makama Getso Ph.D & Professor O.o. Oyerinde EXERCISE AS A THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR PREVENTING AND 45 MANAGING LOW BACK PAIN Prof. ABASS, A.O. & OJO, Oluwasogo R. CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS OF HEARING AND HEARING 51 IMPAIRED SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN IBADAN, OYO STATE MICHAEL, G., OSUNRINADE, I N. and OLADIPO, 1.0. EXERCISE AS MODALITY FOR ENHANCING QUALITY OF LIFE OF 57 VALVULAR HEART DISEASE PATIENTS DR (MRS) ADELOYE EMILY OLUREMI. AKINLADE DEJI & AJAO ADEWALE EFFECT OF CYCLING EXERCISE ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR 62 VARIABLES OF HEMIPLEGIA STROKE PATIENTS ESAN, JAMES ADEBAYO Ph.D. & OKUNOLA OLUWATOYE OLANIYI V UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE SPORT FACILITY UTILISATION VARIABLES AS PREDICTORS 70 OF RECREATIONAL SPORTS PARTICIPATION AMONG STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN ADEBAMBO, O. O. & BAMITALE, T. D. ECONOMIC STATUS AND LEISURE TIME AS INDICES OF 77 RECREATIONAL SPORTS PARTICIPATION AMONG SELECTED MEMBERS OF IBADAN RECREATION CLUB, IBADAN, NIGERIA Idowu Iresanmi BALOGUN (Ph.D.) & Ezekiel Olusegun BABATUNDE (Ph.D.) CONDITIONING THE BODY FOR SAFE- DELIVERY: AN 84 ASSESSMENT OF PREGNANT WOMEN'S KNOWLEDGE ON THE BENEFIT OF EXERCISE DURING PREGNANCY IN IBADAN, OYO STATE. Dr Ruth Ochanya Adio-Moses INFLUENCE OF MUSIC AND DANCE ON DYSLEXIA 93 STUDENTS' LEARNING ABILITY DR. (MRS.) AZUBUIKE C.U & AMUZIE U. DANIEL PERCEIVED EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON THE HEALTH OF 99 THE AGED IN EPE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF LAGOS STATE. Akeredolu, O.A and Williams, Johnson &Adefuye, A.M PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING RESPONSES TO INCIDENTAL 105 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION Nabofa, Ochuko Eric, Ph.D. FLEXIBILITY OF KNEE AND ANKLE JOINTS AMONG 113 STUDENT-ATHLETES IN LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY, OJO Honawon Nunayon Philip, Tony Dansu [PhD], Bidemi Idowu [PhD] &Molayoto Abiola EXERCISE CHOICES AND PHYSICAL EFFECT AMONG 119 PREGNANT WOMEN IN PORT HARCOURT METROPOLIS, RIVERS STATE Prof. Iro, PC. E, & Adediji, A.O. (M.Ed) HEALTH AND MOTOR-RELATED FITNESS COMPONENTS OF 127 GHANAIAN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN AGED 6- 10 MOSES Monday Omoniyi and MINKAH Spencer APPRAISAL OF THE FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT AND FITNESS 137 INSTRUCTORS IN FITNESS CENTRES OF ILORIN METROPOLIS, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA 'Dominic. Olufunmilola L.. 'Adeoye. Sikiru A.. 'Kolawole, ‘Japheth A.. Ibrahim. Steven I. & 2Niyi-Odumosu. F. O. V/ UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: A QUINTESSENTIAL TO PHYSICAL FITNESS BY PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES OYENIYI Oladepo Patrick EXERCISE AS PROPHYLAXIS AND THERAPY IN DISEASE AND 148 ILLNESS ADEWUNMI, CEL IN A MOJISOLA (Ph.D) & SEMIDARA, JOHNSON ALETILE (Ph.D) RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES AS THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 157 FOR SPECIALLY CHALLENGED INDIVIDUALS DR. OKUNDARE, AYOBAMI ALADE & DR. OLAWUNMI, SEGUN ABIODUN & DR. ODEYEMI HAMMED J. PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS ENGENDERING AWARENESS AND 164 PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG BANK WORKERS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA Isaac Akinloye OYEWUMI (Ph.D) & AbimbolaOluwatosin OYEKUNLE & Mathew Sonayon SUNMONU DETERMINANTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BEHAVIOUR OF 169 MALE WORKERS IN CORPORATE ORGANIZATIONS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA Blavo, Jude Femi Ph.D. & Ayoade, T.O. Ph.D. & Oroleye, A.A. BOODY COMPOSITION CHANGES FOLLOWING A 12-WEEK 176 ROPE SKIPPING PROGRAMME AMONG MALE SECONDARY SCHOOL BASKETBALLERS IN BENIN METROPOLIS Unity ORIAKHI Joy Enogiomwan IGHILE & Agharese Efe-AIGBOVO, Ph.D PERCEIVED INFLUENCE OF PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL 183 ACTIVITY ON SELECTED INDICES OF HEALTHY LIVING AMONG SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS IN OSUN STATE O. E.DADA 183 EXERCISE AND GOOD NUTRITION: ROADMAPS TOWARD 192 AGING GRACEFULLY AMONG GROWING ADULTS IN NIGERIA Fasoranti, Afolabi Joseph' & Ajibola Gbenga Samson2 TTITUDE OF IN-SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS IN ADO-EKITI 200 LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA TO PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION Ogunsile Seyi E* (Ph.D). & Adeloye Emily O* (Ph.D). ASSESSMENT OF AEROBIC CAPACITY AND BODY 207 COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS OF SCHOOL AGED CHILDREN IN LAGOS Jane S. Akinyemi & Nkechi Agbaraji INFLUENCES OF DRUG ADHERENCE AMONG TUBERCULOSIS 214 PATIENTS IN GBAGADA GENERAL HOSPITAL, LAGOS Onwuama. M.A.C' and Fasoranti. A.J2 vii UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ATTITUDES OF SPORTS ADM INISTRATORS TO THE 222 UTILIZATION OF INFORM ATION AND COM M UNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN NIGERIA ARIBAM IKAN, C. G. PSYCHOSOCIAL VARIABLES LIMITING AGED PEOPLE’S 228 PARTICIPATION IN FITNESS EXERCISE Adewunmi, Celina M ojisola (Ph.D) D I F F E R E N T I A L E F F I C A C I E S O F T W O M O D E S O F A N 8 - W E E K 233 R O P E S K I P P I N G P R O G R A M M E O N A D O L E S C E N T S ’ P H Y S I C O - P H Y S I O L O G I C A L A D A P T A T I O N S . E L IA S O K E Y A G W U B I K E , Ph .D & A L O Y E M O M O H . M .S c & O S A R E N M W I N D A O S E K I , M. S c (Ed.) BODY COM POSITION CHANGES FOLLOW ING A 12-W EEK 244 ROPE SKIPPING PROGRAM M E AM ONG MALE SECONDARY SCHOOL BASKETBALLERS IN BENIN METROPOLIS Unity ORIAKHI Joy Enogiomwan IGHILE & Agharese Efe AIGBOVO, Ph.D RECREATION: A TOOL FOR PHYSICAL FITNESS AM ONG 251 NIGERIAN CHILDREN GONSI, MONDAY SIBE (M.Ed) & OGUNLEYE A. VICTOR (Ph.D) BODY COM POSITION STATUS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL 259 TEACHERS OF ADAVI LOCAL GOVERNM ENT AREA OF KOGI STATE ASSESSED THROUGH A FAT M ONITOR DEVICE Elias O. Agwubike, PhD. & Ezekiel O. Shaibu M.Sc (Ed) Raphael F. Ani M.Sc (Ed) EFFECT AND HEALTH BENEFITS OF EXERCISE ON 265 RHEUM ATOID ARTHRITIS IN OLDER ADULTS Oparaeke, M agdalene Ifeoma HUM AN KINETICS UNDERGRADUATES’ M ORPHO- 270 ANTHROPOM ETRIC PROFILE IN A NIGERIAN TERTIARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION Agharese Efe-Aigbovo, Ph. D. & Elias O. Agwubike, Ph. D. (Professor) Unity Oriakhi,M .Sc.& Joy E. Ighile, M.Sc. EFFECTS OF 12-W EEK PROGRESSIVE BRISK WALK ON 276 CARDIAC FUNCTION OF HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS IN SELECTED HOSPITALS IN KANO M ETROPOLIS Okeke Onyeka Timothy & Abdullahi Ibrahim Darki (PhD.) & Sadiq Ismaila (Phd.) PER SO N AL AND SO CIAL FACTORS AS PREDICTORS O F PH Y SIC A L 284 A C TIV ITY AM ONG STUDENTS W ITH HEARING IM PAIRM ENT IN IBADAN M E TR O PO L IS OF O YO STATE, NIG ERIA OLA, Taiwo Adebanke LATEEF, Kehinde Oladele ACTIVE LIFESTYLE AS ROUTE TO PHYSICAL FITNESS AND 293 W ELLNESS: AN ANTIDOTE TO MORTALITY OF THE AGED Udokanma, Echezona E. & Emeahara, Gideon O. (Ph.D) E X E R C ISE TH ER A PY IN N O N -SPEC IFIC CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN: 303 O U TC O M E OF A C LINICAL STUDY Ibidunni Alonge (MSc)*, Prof Arinola Sanya (PhD)*, Olumide Dada (PhD)* EFFECTS OF 10 W EEKS JO G G IN G EXERCISE ON CARDIO RESPIRATORY 307 PARAM ETERS, TOTAL BODY W EIG H T AND BODY M ASS INDEX OF O BESE SECO NDARY SCH O O L STUDENTS IN SO K O TO M ETRO PO LIS ADENIJI, Adenike M.Sc. & PROF. EMIOLA. Lasun Ph.D., fnassm. C A RD IO RESPIRATORY FITNESS AS A PREDICTO R OF RISK FACTORS AND 311 HEALTH O UTCO M ES Elvis I. AGBONLAHOR (Ph.D) & Diane Osaymvamen AGHEDO (M.Sc) VIII UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY PERCEIVED INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITYPARTICIPATION 319 ON PSYCHOSOCIAL WELLBEING OF ADOLESCENTS IN ETHIOPE WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE EMOGHENE OBODO BLESSING SPORTS AND PHYSICAL FITNESS FACILITIES' AVAILABILITY AND 324 MANAGEMENT FOR EXERCISE DELIVERY IN WARRI METROPOLIS Tayire, Favour OkagbareP/z.D. PROMOTING PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AMONG OLDER ADULTS AS A 329 WAY OF AMELIORATING THE HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE Mrs. Ujiro, IGBUDU (Ph.D) Chukwuma Sunday, LATOR (M.Sc.) & Igbinosa Norris ERHABOR (M.Sc) ix UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CONDITIONING THE BODY FOR SAFE- DELIVERY: AN ASSESSMENT OF PREGNANT WOMEN'S KNOWLEDGE ON THE BENEFIT OF EXERCISE DURING PREGNANCY IN IBADAN, OYO STATE. Dr Ruth Ochanya Adio-Moses Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education University of Ibadan 08077077906 Abstract Pregnancy is one o f the most awaited stages in a woman's life. It is also one o f the most delicate phases o f life, and that is why it is crucial to ensure fitness and wellbeing at this stage. It is very necessary for pregnant women to condition their bodies for safe delivery through light physical activities and exercises to provide a stress-less antenatal and healthy gestation phase. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess knowledge o f pregnant women attending the ante-natal clinic at Adeoyo State Hospital on the benefit o f exercise^Whe study adopted the descriptive survey research design. Purposive sampling technique was used to select two hundred (200) pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics at Adeoyo State Hospital, Ibadan. An interviewer- administered semi-structured questionnaire was usedfor data collection. Research questions one and two sought to know if respondents engaged in any form o f exercise while three other research questions were raised to assess their knowledge on the benefit ofexercise on physical fitness, sleep and depression during pregnancy. Data were presented in percentages. Overall, 77% o f the respondents revealed that they did engage in exercises but 58% in the form o f walking. The majority (71%) o f the participants agreed that exercise has a positive effect on sleep. 70% viewed exercise as beneficial in reducing depression. Also, 56% agreed that exercise could prevent weight gain and improve physical fitness in pregnancy. This study shows that the respondents know the benefits o f exercise during pregnancy and walking as a form o f exercise. It was recommended that the Department o f Human Kinetics and Health Education should focus on encouraging primary care physicians and other health care providers to include physical activity when designing treatment plans for pregnant women and referring their patients to credentialed Exercise and Health Fitness Professionals. Keywords: benefit, conditioning, exercise, knowledge, safe-delivery, pregnancy Introduction each year, the lives of eight million women are Pregnancy is one of the most awaited threatened, and more than two million are and delicate stages in a woman's life. It is a related to pregnancy and childbirth (WHO, period of carrying a developing embryo or 2001; Pennick & Young, 2007). During foetus in the female body. There can be multiple pregnancy, insufficient or excessive weight gestations as in the case of twins or triplets. The gain can compromise the health of the mother term of pregnancy is usually associated with and the foetus. It is therefore vital to ensure symptoms such as depression, back pain, fitness and wellbeing at this stage. morning sickness, fatigue, skin changes, Maintaining an optimal level of swelling, gestational diabetes, constipation, wellness is crucial to the health ot the pregnant sleep problem, joint and muscle complaints. woman; and this will guarantee safe delivery. These symptoms make pregnancy a delicate Wellness has been described as a mindset, a phase as studies have shown that worldwide predisposition to adopt a series of key UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY principles in varied life areas that lead showed that pregnant women who exercise on a to high levels of wellbeing and life satisfaction regular basis demonstrate a significantly higher (Adio-Moses, 2013). Indeed, everything a level of body image satisfaction because they pregnant woman does and every emotion she may respond in a favourable manner to changes feels,- relates to her well-being. The precise in their body in comparison to women who contributions of a sedentary lifestyle and remain sedentary. caloric intake to obesity in pregnancy are not The Royal College of Obstetrics and dearly understood. What is dear is that an Gynaecology (2006) also states that women increased level of daily physical activity can should be encouraged to exercise at a moderate impact significantly in ensuring a stress-less level to derive the associated health benefits and healthy gestation phase. Pregnant women including cardiovascular fitness, maintenance are therefore advised to carry on with light of healthy weight range and improvement in physical activities in the form of daily body posture. The study by Makinde, Adeyemo household works and light walking (Morris and and Ogundele (2014) revealed that there were Johnson, 2005). significant relationships between perceptions Modern cultures have embraced the of pregnant mothers and the various usefulness concept o f fitness in pregnancy as of prenatal exercise. The variables used as demonstrated by researchers (Yeo and Steele value or benefits of exercise are faster labour, 2000; Gleeson, 2007; Buman and King, 2010). preparation for labour endurance, reduction in Scientific literature supports the contention that weight gain, relief of fatigue, swelling and back regular exercise during pregnancy incurs little pain, increased blood circulation and risk and is beneficial regarding both mental and prevention of gestational diabetes, decreased physical health. Exercise during pregnancy use of labour medication, reduced preterm helps to alleviate many problems associated labour and promotion of sleep. with pregnancy by keeping the heart and lungs Moderate exercise is known to be working well and also strengthens the muscles beneficial for health and the benefits of regular and joints to make supporting the baby easier exercise far outweigh the risks during and comfortable (Leiferman and Evenson, pregnancy. The American College of Obstetrics 2003; Morris and Johnson, 2005; Royal and Gynaecology (2002) recommends 30 College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, minutes or more of moderate exercise a day for 2006). most, if not all, days of the week for pregnant They also stated that exercise improves women. It helps in the maintenance of circulation which prevents constipation, cardiovascular fitness, healthy weight range, prevents back pain by strengthening the and increase in both endurance and stamina. It muscles that support the back. Other also helps in better glucose utilisation by researchers (Praag, Kempermann and Gage, increasing insulin sensitivity (Hartman and 1999; Clapp and James 2002) reported that Bung, 1999; Goodwin, Astbury and Meekan, exercise allows for better sleep, improves 2000; Bungum, 2000; Marquez, Sterling, mood, reduces depression, reduces ankle swell, Penny, Halberstoin and Signonle, 2000; leg cramps and helps to prepare for childbirth. Dempsey, 2005). According to Devos, Singh, Ross and Stavrinos The benefits of exercise far outweigh (2005), the benefits of exercise to the mother the disadvantages. Indeed it is clear that include improved attitude and mood, relaxed exercise during the childbearing year is not and less complication during labour, quick harmful to either the mother or the foetus if the recovery and improve fitness. They explained pregnancy is normal and the mother healthy that besides these advantages to the mother, the (Brown, 2002). Therefore, it is imperative for placenta which brings nutrients and oxygen pregnant women to carry on with moderate through the umbilical cord to the foetus is larger physical activities and exercises to ensure a and more extensively developed in women that stress-less and healthy gestation phase. exercise during pregnancy. Research by Maintenance of good posture assists in Boscaglia, Skouteris and Wertheim (2003) decreasing common discomforts such as UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY backaches and fatigue. Pregnant 2. What type of exercise do pregnant women are however warned not to undertake women attending the ante-natal clinic at new vigorous activity or exercise which can Adeoyo State Hospital engage in? make them too warm, tired or breathless. 3. Do pregnant women attending the ante­ natal clinic at Adeoyo State Hospital Statement of the problem know the benefit of exercise on sleep In 2015, University of Warwick during pregnancy? researchers identified a link between 4. Do pregnant women attending the ante­ depression in pregnancy and extended periods natal clinic at Adeoyo State Hospital of sitting down. The study found that those know the benefits of exercise on suffering from symptoms of depression during depression during pregnancy? pregnancy are more likely to sit down for 5. Do pregnant women attending the ante­ extended periods of time in the second natal clinic at Adeoyo State Hospital trimester. The academics also found this puts know the benefit of exercise on physical them at risk of greater weight gain and fitness and prevention of weight gain contracting gestational diabetes. Gestational during pregnancy? diabetes can increase the possibility of birth complications for the mother and baby and so it Methodology is important to minimise this risk by reducing The study adopted the descriptive the time that pregnant women spend sitting survey research design. The population of the down. Other documented risks involved in study consists of all pregnant women attending sedentary pregnant women may include back the antenatal clinic in Adeoyo State Hospital in pain, sleeping problems, constant nausea, Ibadan. 200 pregnant women were sampled fatigue and constipation. using purposive and convenient sampling Records from the Adeoyo State techniques. The instrument for data collection Hospital, Ibadan showed an increase in was a self-developed questionnaire with reported cases of depression, sleeping sections A and B. Section A collected the problems, weight gain and some other demographic data of the respondents, while complications in pregnancy. Also reported are part B collected information on the variables of general body weakness, an increase in the study. The instrument was administered to caesarean birth and a host of other pregnancy- twenty (20) pregnant women in a private related health problems. Research has also Hospital in Ibadan. It was repeated two (2) shown that some of these health problems could weeks after. The data collected was used to be reduced and prevented by adopting abea\tby estimate tbe reliability coefficient of the lifestyle that includes exercise. Knowledge of instrument using Pearson product moment the benefits derivable from exercise is a key correlation which yielded a reliability factor in accepting exercise as medicine, and coefficient of 0.84. The questionnaire was self- pregnant women may not appreciate these administered with the help of three research benefits in their present condition. This study assistants. A total of 220 copies were was conducted to assess the knowledge of administered to the respondents. However, pregnant women attending the ante-natal clinic only 200 of the questionnaires were valid for at Adeoyo State Hospital on the risk of a analysis; 5 copies were not returned and the sedentary lifestyle and the benefits of exercise other 15 copies were wrongly filled. The data in conditioning their body for safe delivery. collected were analysed using descriptive statistics of frequency counts and percentages Research Questions at 0.05 level of significance. The following research questions were answered: 1. Do pregnant women engage themselves in exercise? UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Results Research Question 1: Do pregnant women engage themselves in exercise? Figure 1: Percentage of respondents' involvement in exercise. Involvement of the respondents in exercise as shown in figure 1 indicates that 77% of the participants involved themselves in at least one form of exercise while 23% did not. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2000) recommends that women with low-risk pregnancies participate in moderate- intensity exercise during their pregnancy. The 23% of pregnant women who did not engage in exercise is of course lower than 77% but significantly important regarding what could go wrong during pregnancy; especially with high reports of maternal mortality during this period. However, one potential reason they gave for not exercising is that exercise during pregnancy is perceived as risky. Research Question 2: What type of exercise do pregnant women attending the ante-natal clinic at Adeoyo State Hospital engage in the most? Figure 2: Percentage of type of exercise pregnant women engages in the most? UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The result in Figure two indicates that most of the women walked as a form of exercise and further probing revealed that they walked between 30 minutes to 2 hours almost every day or at least four times a week; others revealed 22% dance, 12% stretching, 5% light jogging and 3% aerobics. Other information gathered revealed that only those who took part in jogging, stretching and aerobics were involved in organised forms of exercise. The other types of exercises were work related. Makinde, Adeyemo and Benjamin Ogundele (2014) recommended light walking as a form of daily exercise during pregnancy. Research Question 3: Do women attending the ante-natal clinic at Adeoyo State Hospital know the benefit of exercise on sleep during pregnancy? Figure 3: Percentage of women who know the benefit of exercise on sleep during pregnancy Disagree Undecided The chart above shows that the majority (71%) of the respondents agreed that exercise would have a positive effect on their sleeping habit during pregnancy, while 14% disagreed and 15% were undecided with this statement. A 2010 review of published scientific research suggested that exercise improves sleep for most people and helps to reduce sleep disorder such as insomnia. Buman and King (2010) advised that the optimum time to exercise may be four to eight hours before bedtime; though exercise at any time of the day is beneficial with the possible exception of heavy exercise taken shortly before bedtime, which may disturb sleep. Research Question 4: Do women attending the ante-natal clinic at Adeoyo State Hospital know the benefit of exercise on depression during pregnancy? Figure 3: Percentage of pregnant women who know the benefit of exercise on depression in pregnancy UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 70% of the respondents perceived exercise to have a positive effect on depression during pregnancy, while 14% disagreed with this and 16% were undecided with this statement. Some factors may contribute to depression during pregnancy. They include a sudden gain in weight, stress and anxiety (Gleeson, 2007). Research has shown that endorphins act as a natural pain reliever and antidepressant in the body. Endorphins have long been regarded as responsible for what is known as "runner's high" (a euphoric feeling a person receives from some form of physical exertion). When a person exercises, levels of both circulating serotonin and endorphins are increased and they are known to stay elevated even several days after exercise is discontinued; possibly contributing to improvement in mood, increased self-esteem and weight management (Praag, Kempermann and Gage, 1999; Clapp and James, 2002). Indeed, exercise alone is a potential prevention method and treatment of mild forms of depression. Research Question 5: Do women attending the ante-natal clinic at Adeoyo State Hospital know the benefit of exercise on physical fitness and prevention of weight gain during pregnancy? Figure 4: Percentage of women who know the benefit of exercise in preventing weight gain in pregnancy UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Figure 4 shows that more than half following recommendations are made: (56%) of the respondents opined that exercise could prevent weight gain in pregnancy. a. More should be done to address However, 27% did not see any association physical activity and exercise in the between exercise and weight reduction, while healthcare setting; physical activity and 17% were undecided. Boscaglia, Skouteris and exercise should be incorporated as a Werthim (2003) showed that pregnant women key health indicator and standard of who exercised regularly demonstrated a medical care. significant decrease in body weight and a b. Certified exercise professionals should higher level of body image satisfaction. Morris serve as valuable resources for and Johnson (2005) revealed that babies bom to pregnant women and their healthcare mothers who exercised while pregnant have providers. been found to have a healthier heart than other c. The Department of Human Kinetics infants a full month after delivery. Regular and Health Education should focus on exercise was also associated with lower birth encouraging primary care physicians weight and reduced cord concentration of and other health care providers to growth related peptide, suggesting an influence include physical activity when of exercise on endocrine regulation of foetal designing treatment plans for pregnant growth (Marquez, Sterling, Penny, Halberstoin women and referring their patients to and Signonle, 2000). credentialed Exercise and Health Fitness Professionals. Conclusion d. Physical and Health Educators should The substantial health benefits (e.g. develop a safe, simple but effective, fewer common side effects of pregnancy such fun-filled exercise routine application as insomnia, anxiety, and depression) of that can be downloaded on a mobile exercise during pregnancy cannot be over device by gynaecologists and pregnant emphasised. This study showed that the women to encourage exercise on a knowledge of the benefit of exercise during regular. pregnancy among women attending Adeoyo e. All maternity centres and hospitals ante-natal clinic is surprisingly high. Their should have educational materials that reported involvement in at least one form of will educate and encourage the belief exercise during pregnancy is also relatively that physical activity is integral in the high. The result showed an encouraging prevention and treatments of diseases indication that women in this study are and should be regularly assessed and positively disposed to engage in exercise "treated" as part of healthcare. Exercise during pregnancy. Health practitioners should should be adopted as a way of life and therefore encourage exercise among healthy should be incorporated and intensified pregnant women by addressing the unique as a core part of a pre-natal schedule. barriers to exercise experienced by pregnant f. There should be extensive health women (e.g. nausea, fatigue, outdated advice education on mass and social media to that pregnant women should refrain from promote the recommended exercises . exercise). For many women, pregnancy is a for pregnant women such as walking, time for making safe and healthy changes that light jogging, yoga, aerobics and some will improve both their health and that of their floor exercise. unborn child. 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