UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 'J-I UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN THIS THESIS SUBMflTED BY t\"DElXQIl:!1, wJWl,~"1 '" . WAS ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT' OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF ARTS OF THIS UNIVERSITY THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE AWARD IS ........1..3........................................................ ......1.1....2./..9.'.1......... DATE ..:.t.~ . POSTGRADUA T£ SCHOOL UNIVERSITY F IBADAN LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY I( LINKAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND DELIVERY OF .AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INFORMATION BY NIGERIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTES I . SAMSON FOLAWUNMi' ADEDOVIN J UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY LIN AGES IN THE DEVELOPM NT AND D u~ u ~ A CH IN ORMATION-IBVY RY NIGERIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTES BY SAMSON FOLAWUNMI ADEDOYIN B.Sc. CHons) Aoricultursl Education Nig ria M.Sc. Agricultural Ext nsion - Ibadan A THESIS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGE ARTS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN AUGUST, 1990 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 91-023<..1:7 \L-:O... • "'TIt. 5494-/5 'I ~1 A3x 191D" WI UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY A special cDmmunication system eHist~ in each of the eighteen (18) National Agricultural Research Institutes ~Ihich is r'espo)"teible f'o;-' linking the institutes and their researchers with public and private sector organisation farmers. Consequently, the researcher considered it nece,,;,sary to critically analyge these CCrtiimlH1ictaion linkages in the development and delivery of agricultural information between the Re earch Institutes and the various targE..t clamined. The n:'5L11 ts shc.wed that Natic.nal i UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Agricultural Research Institutes maintain functional relAtionship with some relevant public and private sector organisations, in addition to the extension service, in the processes of developing and delivering agricultural informatiDn. The results also showed that effective communication linkages with the target organizations are associated with variables such as type of research in$tltute, purpose of communication, frequency of contacts~ communication methods, specific prDblem areas, choice of target organizations and the need for linkages. It was found out from the study that the frequency of contacts with the various t~rget organizations is lower for problem formulation than it is for results dissemination. The study indicated thatl i) the target organization influences the purpose of communication; ii) communication methods used by research institutes are significantly related to the prupose of communication; iii) type of research institute influences the communication methods used in problem formulation but not in results dissemination; iv) communication methods used by research institutes depend, to a great extent, on the target organization; i i UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY v) with regards to problems formulation and I-esults disseminatiDn, there is an assDciation beh."ef:."m specific problem areas and the tal-get organisations; vi) there is a significant difference in the )-aiik ing eff comml.H.icaticH1 methods used by Agi- i c:u I tunal Research Institutes in contacting the Vc\i- i c.ue target organizations; and vii) Communication methods used by research institutes are determined by the specific problem areas. Findings ahowed that all the eighteen (18) National Agricultural Research Institutes affirmed the need for them cH~ganizati<..~ns and people, and to enhance the linkages between them and the extension services. iii UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY This thesis is dedicated: To the glory of BOD ALMIGHTY and the progress of marik i nd , Tel my 'fathel-, CHIEF JOHN OVEIrJUNHI PIDEDOV'IN, who has the wisdom to send me tD school and who set the standard I strive to reach. TD my loving mother, DEACONESS JULIANAH OLASUNMADE AD£DOYIN, who s.::!crif'ic.ed a lc:.t to sustain mv life ambitlon. .iv UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY e~§ My profound gratitude goes to Dr. F. A. Adesanoye my supervisor, without whose keen interest, dedication ':trld wealth of knowledge, this thesis would have foundered. I am also indebted to Dr. Tony Obi lade, A. Folarin~ Dr. Sybil James~ , Dr. A. Odejide and Dr. E. Soola, all of the Dep~rtment of Communication and Language Arts who~ during the initial phase of this study, gave constructive and useful advice. My gratitude goes to the management and employees of the various National Agricultural Research Institutes studied for their cooperation. In particular, I am grateful Assistant Directors (Research), Assistant DirectDrs/Heads (Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services) and all members of staff of the Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (AERL.S) the research institute:-s. My warmest regards go to my wife, Bolanle, Dotun and Dayo, for their love, understanding thanks. Grateful thanks a~-e i~lso due tCI fil')l paY"ents, bl-others and sister for their encDuragement. I also give my grateful \/ UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY thanks to Dapo Odulaja, Femi Oguntona and all others who have contributed in Dne way or the Dther tD the sticcessful completion Df this thesis. Particular thanks to Ogun State University for granting me study leave for the pet- i od , Above all, I thank GOD ALIMIGHTY who saw me through it all. vi UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY I certify that this study was carried out by Samson Folawunmi Adadoyin of the Dep~rtment of Communication and Language Art.~ University of Ibadan~ under my supervision. ~---------- -------------- F. A. Adesanoye, Pt.D (Ibadan)~ Senicoj- Le'ctui"'E",-, Department of Communicatlon and LangLli:7tge A,- t s University of Ibadan~ Ibadan, Nigf2l-ia • . ' " vj. i UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY lA-D-L-E--O-F-CONTENTS - Abst;-act-- i - iii-.. Dedication Hcknc'w ledgmf.'nt v - vi Certi.fication vii Table of Contents viii - ldi List c.·f Ti:\bles Hi i i -- x v Lis·t of Figures xv i INTRODUCTION 1 - 54 Background 2 Agriculture and NatiDnal DeY~lopffient 4 Research and its Contribution to Agricultural DevelDpment 5 InfctI-matic.n and its F:elevance to AgricLlltLll-al Development 11 ReseaH-ch and E;.(tensic.i'("Clc'fjiflH.t. nicatic.n) Pr'ocesses in Nigerian Agriculture 13 Research and Extension Responsibilities Df the National Agricultural Research Institutes 15 Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Sel"vices (AEF:LS) = Ft ..mct i one , PrcJblem~i .i:"Hid Pi"crspects 2t:.~ Comffiunic:at ion Methods/Channels f o r' Reach i iig AERLS Targets 22 viii UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 2_.".J: Statement of the Problem c....:• ..;.., Research Questions Significance of the study 37 Objectives of the Study Scope of the Study 42 Theoretical framework of the study 43 Conceptualization/Definition of Terms 510 LITERATURE REVIEW :'55 -- 112 Some Existing Linkages in Agricultural Research and Extension 56 An Overview of the Models of Dissemination and Utilization of Knowledge 64 In-format ion ( 0- n7 Development Communication 71 Channels for Communication of Agricultural Research InfDrmation in Nigeria 74 78 Communication Linkage Between Research and Policy Makers 82 Communication Linkage Between Research and the Public 86 Comi!~,unicaiotn L i n~~i:ilgt.?Bet\"een Resear-ch and Industrialists, Enterpreneurs~ Credit Institutions and the Opinion Leaders 87 1-.v-' UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CommuniCiil'tic.n Linka.ge Betweei""F1\"1'se.an:ti and e:ducatio\"'i.~l InstitutIons 90 Communication Linkage Between Research and the Medi~/ JDurnalists 91 Communication Linkage Between Research and EKtension Service/Government Service Agencies 95 Communication Linkage Between Research and Farmers 97 Communication Linkage Between Research and the National AERLS 98 Commt..lni.cad;iaonnd the "DiffusicQ1 --Adoption" p r'c...c•es5 99. Conditions for Communication Success 104 Advocacy Communication/Journalism 109 Persuasive Communication 110 CD-Publication 110 Summary 111 RESEAf:::CH DES I GN AND t1E:THODOLOGY 113-:1.22 The Study Population 113 Instrume.-.t 115 Data Collection Procedure 115 1.16 Methods of Data Analysi. V.:clidity 121 Reliability 122 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY DATA ,~NALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 123--164 The Results of the Data Analysis 123 Discussion of the Results 152 G,H.6,F.:.I~8.t].\~..S!. SUMMARV, CONCLUS IClNS AND RECOMMENDI-HIONS 165--184 Summar'y 165 Cone lusi (:.IllS 172 Rel:c.mmenda t i 0 rlS 174 Agricultural Communication Linkage Model 181 - 185--196 185 188 Ott.er- Pub I ished ResEe'( Determining Dependence of Target Organizations on PW-POs€" of CClfl,ffiLII-sicatic)n 262 xi UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Appendix IV ComputatiDn of the Chi-Square Value for Determining Relationshlp Between Communic~tion Methods and Target OrganisatiDns 264 Appendix V Computation of the Chi-Square Value for Determining the Relationship Between Specific Areas for Research and Target Organizations 267 AppendiM VI Computation of the Chi-Square Value for Determining Dependence of Communication Methods Used by Research Institutes on Purpose of Communication 270 Appendix VII Computation of the Chi-Square Value for Relat icm$hip Be'la-.leerl Spec i t'le Ai-sas of Research and Communication Methods used 271 Appe'(.",dix VI I I Computation of 'the Chi-Squi.:H"e Value 'fen- Determining Relationship Between Type of Research Institutes and CommunicatiDn Methods used 274 Appendix IX Kruskal-Wal1is Computation for PossibleDifference in the Ranking of CDmmunication Methods Used by Reseu\-ch Institutes 276 >:ii UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 1 The Tar'get Al.Id 1ence and Me-thods/Channel s of Communication in National Agricultural Research Institutes 24 2 Number and Distribution of National Agricultural Research Institutes in Nigeria 33 3 Information Need5 Df Farmers at Different Stages of Adoption Hl1 4 Research Institutes (In GrDups) 117 n'-.J' Organizations Contacted (In Groups) 119 6 CDmmunication Methods Used (In Groups) 120 8 RelatiDnship Between Target OrganisatiDns and Research Institutes in Problems Formulatic.fi 124 9 Relationship Between Target OrganizatiDns and Research Institutes in Results Dissemination 125 HI( a) ANOVA Summal-Y fc..t- the F,-equency of Contacts with Organizations by Research Institutes for PI-c.b lems FO'I-mlli a.tion 126 10ts,insect pests, diseases, weeds and e.ther rapidly changing c:e.nditions;;and c:) Help increase understanding between farmers Dr rural dwellers and city people. For" any mearlingful ag~-icLlltLn-aldevelopment pn:ogramme to succeed, the information flow or dialogue between the ch~nge agency personnel and the intended beneficiaries must be sustained. Ononiwu (1985»3), however, indicated that thi~ flow must contain information that is bDth moti va t r ona l and educatie.nal. ag1-icu itural development programmes fail as a result of lack of communication and coordination between the agencies and the units that are involved. These units inc:lude subject matter researchers, administrative support departments, institutil)ns, extension agencies, media houses and journalists, and extension workers. And as Onon~wu 11985=3) further validly noted. the business of communication in agricultural di-~velopmentaCHE'S not only s"tart and end with the end-f.1Sei~S, it has the task of enli5ting and convincing several layers of bureaucracy the prc jec:te;H?Cu'{;C'Ia-nSd p lan'nel-s, the field workers and the hori:ontal linkages in the bureaucracy. It is impe\-at i ve , thus, that for any development 12 ;- UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY p~ogramme to succeed adequate communication support must start with the people who ai-a te. carry out the programme and must (If nece~=.sitybe included in the total p Lann i nq process from the beginning. 1 • 1 .•5 8.l§ta~~C~1:.l~Q9. Ef.!~!.'t~u.§,!'Q.Qt~l.;~ir~r.!l.I~Q;lc;..~t~QE.LQQL.s.~§.?.~:~ !.D ~tq~L!.~~Uq~!.~~it~c~~ research and extension (communication) processes in the This tries to extend the frontiers wIth basic scientific knowledge. the type of research. This trles to apply basic scientific knowledge to existing or foreseen In the national research institutes are responSIble for this type of research, applying $cientific knowledge to solve farm problems. c) These try to get across to ultimate users. InN i 9E'i-i a ~ the e;; tensie.n arms of research institutes are expected to deliver 13 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY research results to Federal/State extension services whose responsibility, in turn, it is to disseminate such information directly tD farmers. Agricultural Extension and Research Liai~on Services (AERl.S) were Cti-iginal1yplanned tel cc'-c.!'-din.::.te results of research from the various institutes for effective transfer to Federal/State extension services which would continue the dis emination process. Only one ( i stenc.:e. d ) I,H:~_!.I!H!t~ \J.~I!C~: These are the end-usen~ (usua 11y f~rmers) of the information originating from research. The role of research is to make di$coveries, while that elf e>ttenlSion is tel commLmic:i~'t;ethe:'se dilClcoveries to potential users CTornbohm, 1971:61). Elliot (1973:1), while agreeing that the final output of a research station is information, nevertheless noted this caveat that "it is in the e~ficient dissemination of this information that most of the problem arises". This view Gtrengthens the need for further research in the area of communication of agricultural innovations. The focus the prese·n't study o n applied/developmental agricultural research institutions UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY whose outputs are expected to be applied to the production process for greater efficiency and incre~sed productivity. According to Aradeon and Aradeon (1983), the major drawback in academic (ba~ic) research is the pressure to develop a new and !Stimulating theoretical instead of compiling data about the reality of the situation being studied. This view coincides with the thoughts of this researcher in CC'l"\S ider ing applied agricultural research to be Df more direct relevance tD the practicc:d problems on the than basic gricultural research. 1.1.6 8.1§:§.1!!!!!:'I;.Q ~Q~ ~~t~Qg!.~D~~~p-~n~!.~!.!.LtQt.~f§. l1~t!'Q.n~I.1!Q.''':'!'~ \d.!.tt.:U':~ 1. 8.€t~~.~!:.<;.Q !.n~t!.tI,!t~~!. Aft&r detailed cDnsideration of the constraints to agricultural production in Nigeria, the report of the Research Institutes Review Panel by Okigbo at al (1981:1- 26) procceded to list the strategy and priorities in agricultural research as follows: a) Breeding of crops and animals for increased ~ield, resistance to diseases and pests; adaptation to environmental stresses and related needs Df consumers and prDcessors. 15 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY b} Development pf apprDpri~te technologies which are adapted to the sDcio-economic environment of the farmers and that are within the capability of the majority of them to own, hire, use, maintain and repail-. c) Development of integrated pest management svstem:s. d) nE~velopment elf le:'hl-cclst and low--energy input "technologies in crop and anlme! production. e) DevelcJpment elf e"f1"icierltfell"est and range management systems that increase and ~u5tain carrying capacity of man, animals and plants. f) Development of efficient post-harvest technologies that reduce waste with improved processing to meet the increasing demand for convenience foods resulting fro~ urbanizatlon, increased mobility and affluence. \ g) As, but for the shortage of water, large areas of the savanah are of high potential productivity, priority should be given to irrigation research to ensure efficiency of water use and prevention of salinity problems. h) Increased utilization of highly productive valley bottom (hydromorphlc or fadama) soils. Maintenance of soil fertility based on sound soil conservation and management principles that enhance high yields on a sustained basis. Each of the ~gricultural re$esrch institutes has an extension arm designated as Agricultural Extension and Research L.i 51i son Se;·rv ices' (AERLS) • The basic pn:.gn:ifilme function of an AERLS is to work with researchers in identifying }-elevant ,-esear-chpi-obleme;that will lead to evolution new and appropriate technologies in ag\-:i.culture,and at the same time be )-espon::lible fc.r- effective communication of such technologies to the di.sseminating Ltnits and/or adopting uru t s , Opeke (1978) described AERL9 as an institutionally created unit of an agricultural research institution which carries out its multiple extension functions of re$earch, extension and te';ilcnhgi.. more specifically, it could be described as the extramural educational agency of agricultural research institutes. The baSiC purpose and function of AERLS is thus to 17 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY with fanJ\er's, mini5tr-ies of agriculture and other agencies that may be involved in developing ~nd disseminating technDlogies that will meet the needs of farmers. 8enen~11y, AE:Rl.S, according to Anon <1985:8), has 'hhe responsibility to do the following, among other things: s) Assist in the tran$fer of new, improved and appropriate agricultural technology to the farmer~ through the Federal/State extension services; b) Ensure by "feedback" that research tarried out are relevant to farmers' needs; c) Provide necessary in-service training for extension workers and others on a regular basis on the improved agricultural technolDgy that is being passed to the farmers; and d) Provide advisory services and guidance in agricultural and rural development. There are eighteen (18) National Agricultural Research Institutes in Nigeria exercising the and extension responsibilities stated earlier. Each of the is either respDnsible f~r research and extension on a single/grDup of crops or livestock animals Dr other agricultural production and utilization, and eCDnDmic problems. The list of the re~e~rch institutes is as follows. 1. Cocoa Research In titute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan. 18 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 2. National Herticultur.l Heseau-ch Institute (HIHORT), Jbadan. 3. Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRHl> , lbad_n. 4. Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR-&T) , Obafemi AwC') lc•:•JO•. Uni vensi ty ~ Moor Plantation, Ibadan. 5. National Cereals Research Institute, (NCRI), Badeggi. b. In titute fDr Agricultural Re earch (ZAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria. 7. Nigerian Institute fOi- Aquatic ResDu;-ces Reseai-ch, New Bussa. 9. LCike Chad ResE-:archInstitute, Maidugw- i . 9. Nigerian Institute for Oil-Palm Research (NIFOR) , Benin-City. 10. Rubber' Resea,·ch Institute of Nigeria (RRIB), Iyanomc•• 11. National Agricultural EHtension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bellow University, Samar·u, ZcH- i a • 12. National Root Ci-OP Research Institute (NRCRI) , Llmudike. 13. Nigerian Stored P;-c;.duct Reseal-ch Institute (NSPRI), 110r1n. 14. Leathe;- Research Institute of Nigeria (LEF~IN) , Zaria. 15. National Ve·terina~-yResearch Inmtitute, vom , 16. Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR), VictDria Island, Lagos. 19 U IVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 17. Nigei"i The traditiDnal attitude of researchers and research in~titutes whereby they fail to aggressively pursue the dissemination of their research results vr, at least, properly set in motion the research re-ults dissemination process. The efforts of the AERLS and other extension agencies would be meaningless if newly developed improved 21 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY them but are not adopted (8alako~ 1983:110>. Adequate support and appropriate implementation of the AERLS concept will surely eliminate such problems. The prospects of truly functional AERLS include: a) The possibility of e~tension workers, farmers and other users of research results receiving such information through a wide variety of channels, media or disseminating units. Improvement in the effectiveness of the cc.mrIH.micaticH-) channels, media or'LIlli ts used wi 1.1 be achieved through regular evaluation exercise; b ) The pn'i~c;ticabilityof aclopti.ng the specific impr·oved pi-actices; c ) AdopticJi*'of relevant impnwed pi-ac:tices c•.,., fal-me',-g' 'farms and seCUi- i ng infc"imat ie.n on -ssociated problems for more critical evaluation by the research; d) The possibility of playing an advisory role in situations where farmers require mOl-e details on particular practices, especially where field extension workers are unavailable (Salako, 1983: 114 - 115). 1.1.9 ~~~n~Q~~~t~~tDlqtQ~~~L~Q~nn~fi~L~~~£htnq ~~8~§ I€t:c.9.l§:.t~!. communication methods are available fe.r agricultural exten$~on education ranging from individual media. ( 1978: 180) , however, nc.ted that Ita cc.jJlfAl.tnication method must nClt c'n1'1 be effective but must also be appropriate to the intended 22 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY itl.ldienc:e and specific'::llly stre:·ssed the need maintain communicatic.n links with several pec.ple or agencies through the use of a wide variety of media in the process c$f tec:;hnology develc,pment and dissemination. 23 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY TABLE 1~ Ib~ l~rg~! B~gl~D~~~ ~D9 ~Qmm~Dl~~!lQD ~~~bQg~!'~b~DD~Yl~§§9lD ~~!lgD~lB9rl~ul!Yr~1 B~~~~r~blD§~j~~!~~ -: Target Audience Comml.lnicat ion Charr.'1esl/Methods I A. State Extansion Services,1 Technical bulletins, Newsletters, Agricultur~l D&veloproent I Reports, Training CDurse for Projects, River Basin J field staff, participation in Authorities and other I seminars and workshops, input Extension Agencies. I services including foundatiDn I stc.cks. I B. National/Zonal AERLS or I All publ lca t ions and repo r ts, AERLS of other Research I confer"ences, seminars, w1:.rkshops. lnsti tut;es. I c. IProject Farmers(Selected I Person~l contact, farmers Large-scale Farmers i.e I bulleting, training, contact, Companies, Estates, J circular letters, technical Co-operatives etc.) I aSSistance, inputs supply inclu- and influence groups. I ding credit, consultancy service, I field days and demonstrations. I D. Training Institution" I Newsletter$, farmers bulletins, I technical bulletins, training, I seminara and workshops, and field I days. I E. General Public I Mass Media, Radio, Televi ion, I Newspaper, Magazines and Fi led I, days, Exhibitions etc. F. Policy Maker~, Adminis- I Reports and all publicatiDns, trators and Profe sional I mass media outlets. Assoc:;'a.t iclns. I - ISo-u-r-c-e-:---O-k-e-r-e-k-e-,----H-.-E---(-1-9-7-8-:-1-B-l->-:----A-gr-i-c-u-l-t-u-r-a-l-----R-e-s-e-a-r-c-h-- Insti tutes and Tl-ansfer of Technology to Farmers. lDl Ib~ Bgj§ Qf ~gBk§ jn lm~rQy~g 1~.!;bD9j9gy Ir:~DJ?f5r in .e.9r:.!.!;~ll!~lr:E~d~s: Opeke, R.O et a1. IART, Ibadan. 24 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 1.1.9 Ibg ~QD~l BDQ ~~!jgD~l BgBb~ ~QD~§e!?~ In view of the importance of extanslon in agricultural prDduction, the National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), the predecessDr of the Federal Ministry o f Science iiilnd Technolc.gy, e,;"ganizeda seminar at Ibadan in 1978 and recommended, inter alia, that, every national agricultural research institute should have an AERLS, and~ in addition~ three zonal AERLS should be established to cater for the distinct geographical zones as followSl :i ) A Nor thern Zona I AERLS to be based at Samcu"'u, Zaria to cover areas North of Rivers Niger and Benue, ii) A South-Western Zonal AERLS to be based at Ibadan, to cover the area South-West of River Niger. iii) A South-Ea$tern 2c.nal AERLS to be based at Umudike to cover areas South of River Benue and East of River Niger (NSTDA, 1979=11-28). The t"ecommendations were immediately implemel"'"Ited \-Jhich resulted in each research institute establishing its own AERLS. tDok off among the three zonal AERLS planned. I "j-, 1987, the zonal AERLS at Samaru was upgraded to a NatiDnal Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison SeY'vices 25 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY (NAERLS) • The national AERLS is, as in the case of natiDnal research institutes~ administratively responsible to the Federal Miniatry o~ Science and TechnolDgy. The main objective of the national AERLS is to prDvide effei:tive linkage between rese~rch institutes and university faculties of agriculture and the Federal/State extension services. Their other functions, which are similar to those of the institute-based AERLS, according to Anin, (1978 It 3), ~we~ i) To transfer agricultural results from the research institutions, universities and other sources to the e~tensiDn arms of the state ministries Df agriculture, rural development projects, industry, farmers and utilizers of farmers' products; il) To provide information from the extension per50nnel and other users of research innovations to the research pensonnel on the sui tiilb1ii ty or: otherwise of the innovations being transferred and the problems that require research attention; iii) To foster cO-Dperation with the various social institutic.tIS, input-!5Upply oi"gaiii~id;i(fr"s and other government agencies whose contribution tD the sociD-economic setting will facilitate the adDptiDn Df the research results by the clientele. It is, hDwever, impDrtant tD point out at this juncture that the responsibility Df disseminating infol-mation directly to farmers remains solely that Df the extension services of agriculture and 26 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY development projects. Although research institutes and zonal offices of the NAERLS do in actual pn~ctice contact farmei'·g d i r'ec::t 1y, th i s is not str r c t;1Y speak i ng supposed to be part of their programme schedule Dr responsibility. In SLllrllll«H-izing the background irrfortllatio'.., provided to this study it is impDrtant tD highlight that eighteen (18) agricultural research institutes exist under the aegis of the Federal Ministry of Science and Technology for deve 1c:.pme:·n'l; del iVIi!f!'"y elf .ag;-i cu l'hlr a 1 infc.rmation. Each of the institutes has an extension sub-system (AERLS) for communication with Federal/State e>ttensic.n service, zonal of'fices the NAERLS, educational institutions, other research institutions and researchel-s~ policy cr decision makers, influence groups, clientele organizations, ~armers as well as providing the feedback mechanism tD its research sub-system. A majoi" CDnstral.rrt which has b~en noted in the development and delivery of agric:ultt.u-al technolefgy is the poor or ineffective linkage between the research and sector-s~ For example, Aboyade (1987.47) observed that "Federal and State extension services are assumed tel ser\/e as linkS! between reseorch institutes and 27 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY farmers, but in actual f~ct ther~ is no eff~ctive link". Okereke (1981:81) even observed further that at the moment extension services mainly comprise administrative and input-supply services, and have little or no back-up from research institutes in terms of new technc.lelg i as.. Although Sf;Jme ifl'lpc;tI-t(aenHtei'1sion)steps have been taken to promote the links between agricultural research and productive $ectors~ Idowu (1998:230) still reported that: it has been difficult for the extension system to link the activities of the research and productive sectors adequ~tely to contribute substantially to the generation, dissemination and utllization of agricultural knowledge. The First National Development Plan (196E - 69) w·s also aimed at reducing the extension staff-farmer ratio from 1:5000 to 1=800, but at the end of the plan this was far from being achieved. The ratiD at the end of the plan periDd was about 1:3000. In spite of the recognition of extension services as the most important purveyors of information to rural gainful utilization by farmers has not been fOLlnd effective, and CDntinues to be a ma t te\~ e.f cCrilcen'1 28 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY (Oldgbo at aI, 1991>. The Agricultural Extension Clnd Research Liaison Services (AERLS) was~ indeed, introduced as the new institutional arrangement expected to correct poor communication of research findings to ultimate users. The major functions of the AERLS, according to Okigbo et al (1981:13) include the interpretation of research findings, field testing them under fal-mer's ccmditic.ns elnd training extension agents on how to use them. Exten~i(;ln agents will then be able, in turn, to train farmers to adopt the research findings. The fin~t zonal AERLS in the country is that at Samaru which has been reported (Aboyade, 1987:48) to be a success This led to the widely accepted proposal to establish six (6) zonal AERLS instead of the three earlier recommei",dedby NSTDA as fc.llclws: i) Ife for the South-West Area; Ii) Umudike for the south-East Area; i i 1) Zar i a 'for the NOl-th-West Area; iv) Maiduguri for the North-East Area; v) Kainji for the We~tern part Df the Middle Belt, ;and; vi) Makurdi fDr the Eastern part Df the Middle Belt. 29 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY It has, hc·weve;,.- , no t been pc.f.i,sible te. effectively correct the pr ob Lem of pc.c.r c ommun i c e t i o n of research findings to ultimate use.•s..thl"Oltgh the AERLS arrangement since it is e n Ly the AERLS at Samaru, Za~-r a that is in existence and functic.ning up tel date. This zorre I AERLS elt Samaru has been upgraded to a National Agricultural E~tension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS) with five zonal offices in different parts Df the country. The Nigerian Agricultural Landscape ha~ been described as a rather chaotic assembly of institutions working in parallels and with little Dr no co-ordination (Oputa, 1984179). The existIng situation whereby 11atroneI agencies are controlled Dr supervised by a separate mini !S'I;;~y (Fedenal Minisb-y of 8c ience and Technc.lc.gy)ft'om the user ministry (Ministry of Agriculture) which control supervise other aspects of agricultural nd rural develc.pmEmt including the exten5ion service cDmplica'tes the technology gener'ation .and dissemination proceU5ses. This is because the existing sitl..lati(;tI1 has created the problem of cD-ordin~ting the activities of the various agencies i nvo I ved across ministerial or departmental boundaries. 3!21 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY to note that Nigeria which used to be an exporter of ag~-icultural prc,duce became a net importer within the peH-iod. And judging by the number and distribution of research institutes (a shown in Table 2), the technical b-se of Nigeria agriculture cannot be s id to be weAk. The major area of problem has been that the conversion of research results to actual production activities has been inefficient if not totally lacking. The widespread concern in Nigeria that research results are not sufficiently incorporated into the agricultural production system (NSTDA, 1979:11-28) is a pointer to the gravity of the problem. The situation has not changed Significantly despite the fact that agricultural research spends 10K of Nigeria·s budget for agriculture and employs 33Yt of the ti-ained algric.:ultul"asltaff (Iyamabo, 1979:3). The existence of eighteen (18) agricultural research institutes in the country with extension sub-systems for disseminating agricultural research information across ministerial or departmental boundaries to the various extension (Agricultural Development Projects, NatiDnal Acee 1en~ted Food Production Programme, River Basin Development Authorities, Ministries of Agriculture, etc.) and lIse',- c.;-ganlzatiC"JI-,s has alec. not; changed the situation. 32 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY TABlE 2. Nu.lltr!l!! Distribution of National AgricuJturtl Rt5e~rch J"ltUutes in Nigeria: ----_._--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- luber of State Institutes location Hale of Institute 8-t-n-d-e-l-------------------~------------------N-i-g-e-r-i-a-n---I-n-s-ti-t-u-t-e---f-o-r---O.i-l---2 Benin-ti t,y -pal-.---R-e-s-e-a-r-c-h---- lyanoto Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria JIG lJiuahia Hational Root Cropi Research Institute Kadufta 5 Zaria Institute for Agricultural Research • tfatioliil Ani.al Production Research Institute • leatb,r Research Institute of Nigeria • Agricultural Extension and Research liaison Services (AERlS~ hdu"a Nigerian Institutf for Trvpanosoliasis ReseaTeh Klfara IlDrin Hi,eriip Stored PrDduct R~learcb Institute Hew 8uisa Nigerian Ir.stitute for Aquatia Resources Researcb lagl.\s lagos Nit!rian Institute for Oceanograpb and "arine Re5!irch Niger Bad~gi Hati~nil Cereals Research Institute ~/ 01'0 Ibadan COCDi Research Institute of Nigeria ICRIN)". • Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria • Nahonal Horticultural Research Institute • Jnstitute of Aqricultural Researcb and Training Plateau Viii National Veterinary Research Institute 80rno ltaiduguri lake Chad Research Institute. ----~--~----------------.-.-~-----~-------~~---.--.----------------------------------- SourCfH NSTDA1197'1h Higerigf, Research lllstHutes R!view f!!!tl~. Governllent Press, lagos. Nigeria. Aboyade <1987:46), while contributing to a d bate on why the rate at which improved farm practices are adopted on the farm lags far behind the rate of discoveries of such n w practices by rese rehers, observed th t: 33 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Although personal methods have been emphasized as important during the critical stages of trial and adoption of new p,-actices, especially in the mol'"e comple)( oper-tions, it ppears that th ir u e by extension workers is at present grossly llHadequate 0'" de fi c iant, because ex ten ion workere are so few in number and lack adequate training. Therefore, several other channels c.r sour"cas have to be uaed by the extension services and several other relevant organizations and agencies to get a lot of information across to farmers and the rural people. Equally e." concan .• is the fact that many c,lf the researches in agriculture are sometimes found to be of inadequate communication linkages with relevant organizations in the process of formulating research problems as well as lack of proper feedback to researchers .I These are serious problem which deserve close study bec~use, according to Warboys 1983:64): a major obstacle to development and transfer of appropriate technology ~s the attitude taken by institutions involved. Obviously new tec:hnolc.gy cannot be absorbed unti 1 there an~' swt:~eipi'9 changes in the structure and functic..ning of the relevant institutional "·,-amawork,or" some institutional arrangements to generate and to diffuse innovations c~pable of yields. The major purpose of this study, therefore, is to attempt to investigate the existing communication linkages 34 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY to come out with. model f'o r' the existing and fully realime potential linkages between research institutes and the various target groups. It is anticipated that this effort will ensure a more effective and del i ver·y c.·f a9r i cu 1tw- a1 resea;-ch information by Nige~ian Agricultural Research Institutes. The two key problems recogni!ed from the discussion so The inappropriateness of the disposal of research institutes on the mundane but fal-mers in rur aI commuri i ties. b) The ineffective communication of ;-esearch results from research to ultimate users. These problems have guided the researcher in deciding on the major problem of this study, which is namely, to examine the relationship between communication linkages, and the formulation of relevant research problems as well as the effective delivery of research results by Nation~l Agricultural Research Institutes in Nigeria. Specif·ically, the study has sought to answer the following research questions: 1. 1:::> there a siq·,"11.fic:ant n.-lationship between the 35 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY choice of target organization and the type of rese~rch institute in matters pertaining to (s) formulation of research problems confirmed this view by reporting that "very often we hea,- it alleged, eithel- r'ightlv C'i- wn:rngly, thiict OLU- agricultural research officers stay in their research ,/- UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY envIronments to decide and conduct research on what they think is best for farmers", The problem was properly put in focus by Agumagu (198~:33) when he observed that "it is not so much the form or level of agricultural technc. logy the functional relevance of technc,lc'gv type to f'anni"9 si tuatic,ns". Reseal~ch 1"esltl't;s c an only be fl.n.ctionally r'ele\/ant Cind acceptable to the ultim~te users if there is adequate communication between the researchers and the ultimate users as well as other concerned agencies, c''''-ganizations and individuals in de·ciding the research pr-oblems. Put differently~ agricultural research can only yield relevant or appropriate technology if information flow or dialogue betwe.n the researchers and the intended beneficiaries, policy and administratlve support ur-.its, extensic.1'i services~ influence groups~ the media~ other researchers, precedes the fcn-mulatic'j"j o f the ,-eseal-ch prc.blem (Singh, 1985) • The Dperational mode of transferring technDlogy is alsD important in knowing whether or not the technologlE!S r'eac:h and are utilized by the intended beneficiaries. Agumagu (1982: 100) lends support to this view by 38 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY and facilities felr its dissemination exist, the technology of passing it on . ndusti- i a1 pr:act ices. Thi s wi 11 n~SLll 'I: to increased production of food, raw materials for industries and iiflpn::,vement in the im:::ome level ",";IS well as the standa;-d of living of the people. 1•4 Q,ll,t~4;.t!.y.f£.!!' t;!.i tl1€. ~tLAQX!' The general objectiv~ Df the study is to critically analyse the communication linkages in the development and delive',-yof ag)-icultLlnd reseaj-ch infor"matio,·, by Nigerian Researc:h Institutes. This will provide information on the 40 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY functional relationship between research institutes and the various agencies linking with them in the processes of formulating research problems and disseminating research results. The specific objectives are: and the frequency of contacts between research institutes and such Drg~nization5 in the formulation of research problems and the dissemination of research I"eSL' 1ts. 2. To determine relationships between organizations contacted and the purposes of comffiunication~ comlUlmicat r on methods Lised; and research problem areas. 3. To determine relationships between communication methods used and the purposes of communication; research problem areas~ and research institutes. institutes in the formulation of research problems and and tCl analyse critically the d i ffen","<.:es the 41 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY rankings. 5. Tel evc.lve a metdel for strengthening exi!!!ting commLtnicatioi'l linkageSi and the full achievement of potelitial eommunic:atic.i") linkages for a more eff'eetive development and delivery of agricultural info'l-mation by Agl' leu 1tural Research Institutes. 1 • I.:.l'J The National Agricultural Research Institutes in Nigeria were selected as the unit Df analysis of this study. These organisations have the mandate to conduct applied/developmental research (i.e. conduct reseaEch into pr act i c e I pl-oblems of agl"lc:ultLll-al prodl.lctio\i, pr-otec t ro n , / eco)")omics/marketing, post-hal-vest {!:.tc:.r·age and processing) ~md utili~atiC. The institutes al$o have extension (AERLS) ~ub-systems which disseminate the innovations Dr research information through zonal AERLS, Federal/State UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Extension Services~ the mass media and other relevant or ac c r ed i "\:;ed 1i nk er ag(~nci es/groups to the intended b e rie f i c i ':H- i E·S. The ultimate users are then expected to utilize the new technology in their environment. emanating from the use of the technology or entirely new problems are re-introduced in"\:;tohe system to continually keep the cyclic process in mo t i o n , Basic Scif~ntist Applied Scientist Sub-f3ystE'/li Sub-'Syst(~m Generating Basic Utilizing the basic science knowledge knowledge or theories or- theol-i es. in solving practical p rob Lernss , / Users' Social System Extension/Linkers or Env i .-onment System Farmer-s putting I----~ Disseminating infctl-ma- knowledge to use in tion to end-users and their environment and transmitting feedback new problems emanating. to rese'::H-ch. Figun:? 1~~= A Cyclic F;:r~pn=·s(:?ntatiCtn o f" the "Theory-to- Pl-' actic t:: SE'que'nec". alternative systems because it either accommodates them effectively or has advantage over them. the UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY "theory-to-pr~ctice sequence" ffectively accommodates the "farmer-back-to-farmer" model of Rhoades and Broth (1982) which emphasizes the generation of acceptable agricultural technology by stressing that applied research must begin and end with the farmer (See Figure iD>. Farmers' pr:c.blems, s r tuati("Jns and circumstanc:es shc.uld fo\-m the basi of rese~rch activities of agric:ult\.l\-alresean:h institutes and the research r-esul'!;sshould also be effectively communicated to solve the problems. Williams (1980:22) supported this idea by indicating that "rese"reh f i Idi ngs must be collated, cc.mmunic:ated, Ltndet-stoc.d, accepted and appl led by the fal-mens". He gave the conditions under whieh this can be done by saying that this will be possible by ensuring that the improved practices that are recommended are culturally compatible with farmers farming system (i.e. not a sudden departure from the practice they have been used to for years), techn<:.lc,gically fe.sible (within the fa\f~mers means to understand, h r re , c'~'Jnand use) and econc'fTlic,;.lplryofitable (yield better financial returns than pr-evious fOI- the farmers to adopt. The pY"C:lc:-tice sequence" did not only accommodate all the po i nts emphasized in the "farmer-b3ck-to-farmer" model but also 47 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY fARMER-BACK-To-FARMER inlry R.aearch .bout FARMERS PROBLEM • • Appli&d Di,ciplinl' Y Solution !<',..u4rt:h Common Benor sbout FARMERS 01:11 inif io'",Pfl BUM Adopt~ of to Farmer. Famwa Probl m Probllm ·3. ~.. POTENTIAL-sOLUTION ro FA~Mt:~S pnOBlEM Figure IE : i·armcr~Back~lo-Farmer·· -a model generating acceptable technology. 47 (:tension) sub- e.ystem; and iii) The knowledge utilization (farmer) sub-system. The primary function of the model is one of moving useful knowledge from research, through extension to farmers, and in moving relevant knowledge the system. model ~s conceived by Idowu (1988:221), however, failed to recognise the differential roles of basic scientists Bub- sys'la~1li applied scientists sub'·'system i 1"'1 the ag.,..leu Itun:.l techno logy developme'11t-t,a-nsfer"-·ut i 1i ~c,tion process. The "theory-to-practlce sequence", therefore, has the advantage of recognising the differential roles of basic scientists sub-system and applied scientists sub- UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY system in tec:hl'1c.lc.gy development-transfer-utiliz~tion process ovel~ the "agricultural knowledge flow and use" 1•7 c;.~lJ.I!;..~t'::!.~!.!.~~t!.~D.LQ~f.!.D1.2!.ft. !'IQft.tD.1J1!2..t ~~t!'~Q~!. ~qC!,I!;..~!.t~t.~!.R~~~~C~Q lQ~t!.t~t~~: These are .:"'Applioerd de·velerpmental agi-ic:ultl.lr.:.\l I-eseen-c:h i net: i tutes establi~hed (Decree No .. 33 of 1973> Gove·rnment of Niger-iil Lmde)- the aegis of the Fade'i-al Ministry of Science and Technology to conduct research and ensuv-e delivery/application of i"esults (eNtension) within the limits of their mandate for the c,ve•'-.all development of Nigel"ia's agl-ic:ultl.wal industry. They maintain service-orientea extension system. lJ'Qt~~'C~tty_E'!£I:!!.t:Lt:ti!Q.f ~qc!.£I:t!.i~r:.~!. These an~ al-m:~ of academic: institutions (Llniver s i ties) essentially established for teaching 6nd research. Their nature of is mo~~tly pedagc.gic and ba5ic.:Jfundamental or They maintain research-oriented $ystem. These and funded agr i cu Itun~1 i nst i tut ic.ns E}(isting t-Ji thin Nige;-ia. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY It production process which us~e certain amount of inputs to produce quantities of new knowledge and i rmo ve t i o ns ( A j i) bo , 19'77 r 1 ) • Research can also be used to describe or refer to a system within which such effort is carried on. ~'E!.a!.!,;. 8.!ft§.§:.~r..£.•t.!.. [l1;rS ic 01 fundamenta 1 IE-search refers to iE'SE:~~i-ch ccmducted eSi:1Ie',1ti'::lflcl.'jy" scienti'fic ;ne.ti-ves (Elliot~ 197311-2). ~e.!.!.~;tQ,8.'E.~.E!aL£'b..! I~'PP1 iad or df:.~ve1,.pmen·t1a in the introduction of new innovations < Ell 1c. t , 1973 ~1-·,2) • useful information to people (commullication dimension) and then in assisting those people to acquire the necessary knO~il\~dge, skills and attitudem to utilize effectively this technc.} ogy ie,'cise in cc.mmltni.c<1ti,osninc:(~ b,1O I:)fthi? put-poses c.f CC',lI1T11.lnicat ion an:? te. i rrf o r m and te. ~ducate. mDre s~stems are connected by massages so as to form a 51 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY great£~r system. It c~n be defined as a regularized pattern of interaction between two or more systems which in i! rea 1. iJ.ensefOI-ms i\ bond betwi!?t!?n them. In this study, the conceptualization of linkage by Idowu (19881221) as form of an input-output relationship between the re$earch .slid other' or-g<1lnizationincluding the e?xtensic.n sub-systems is adopted. This term i$ specifically used in this study refer to systems, ~gencies, groups .and individuals such as policy makers, zDnal AERLS, farmer~, institutions, researche~5, entrepreneurs etc. that may be contacted in the prDcess of developing and/or delivering re~,eati-ch irrf~)'nnation by National Agric:ultLn-al Research Institutes in Nigeria. o-f- C-o-m-m-u-n-i-c-a-t-i-o-n-:- This is used to refer to the v ar Lo uss channels Cd- media that could be used communication process. The cultivation and production Df crops and use by man as f'ood , ra", materia15 f or industries and SDurce of employment, livelihood, income etc. 52 j UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The processes involved in the spread of new ideas, innovations, technologies, information, facts etc. f:)fI.QP.!J:.QDJ.The acceptaee 01- uptal-,e and LIse (ut i 1i zat r o n ) e,f i nfc.,-ma t r o n , ideils, ·fects, techno I og ies, etc N emana'!; i rig from a source as a result of effective cDmmunicatlon, dissc'mination or e>(teilsion sel--vices. The process of generating new ideas, tec:hne. lc.g ies, through research. 12E!!.!.'LI£C':t!. F'rocf:?i."ls of pac kag i ng arid b-ansfer ing innovations, technolc'gies, knowledge, idetils, facts or ilny sou'-ce < r-esearch centres) to disseminating units or ultimate adopting units. This refers to client extension I organIzations, agencies, or individuals responsible for direct contact/final dissemination or nearest to the adDption units in the information flow process/chart. The ultimate user Dr end-user of new ideas, innovations, fact$, knowledge, technologies or information, ate. 8.~t~:~f!I2~@.LI:lQ.et.,.. FARMEHS FEEDBf-KJ< Figure III: Flow of Technology to Farmer from Research Through Extension. It is obvious from this model that technology is the c::-~, .J I I 0<- UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY system while farmers are the users of the technology developed by research. Watts went further by showing the linkages supporting the farmer as indicated in Figure IV . ..••. ".- F\ESEAHCH - - - / , ../ ".- EXTENSlm-l ' " POLICY ~" PL?~hINING CI=<:EDIT , ------ F'i qur-e IV: Linkages Supporting the Farmer or Farm Family. This shows that is support ed linkages with research~ extension~ education~ policy and p Iarn-li;-,;g c.~gricultu;--~d creel i. t c:~nd fflar- kE~ting . Watts also emphasized the need for the organization of an effective communication linkages or pathways between could be involved in the process of development and delivery of new technology. He illustrated the linkages as in F:i.gur·eV. 58 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRES (IARC) PRI '.){HE ~JECTIJR NATIONAL RESEARCH RESEARCH INSTITUTES ,/ ,/ EXTENSION SERVICE Figure V: Primary Research Linkages. This model clearly shows the need for effective linkage between research institutes and university research; and International Research Centres should link with National Research Centres while / National Research Centres are e~pected to link with private sector research as well. Univer$ity Research and International Research Centres are not expected to have direct link with the extension system and farmers except through National Research Institutes, wtlile the latter are not expected to have direct link with farmers except on However~ Swanson at al (1984~89-107)in an attempt to explain the concept of technology development~ tl"'an!:~fel- and ut i Lr z et i o n during a cJi~~cLlssion e,n t.':.'}(tensiofl UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY fOI" -technology ut.ili:zation, simplified model which is illustrated in Figure VI. I IlTfcfj"-mation Solutions to -------,Farmers Problems 1 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ----.::'>~(f4GF: I CULTLJF~AL ) --..;•:-•:••T•E•C•H•N.OLOGY (Agr-"icultUl-alF:eseal-ch)_.~•-•-•-•• (EXTEI',JSIDN) _•.•.,•.•.•--•-- UTILIZATION t_ (Farmers)Information on Farmers' __I Problems Figure VI: A Simple Conception of a Technology Development, Transfer and Utilization System. This model simply indicates that agricultural is expected to develop technology based on information on problems received throuqh e>:tension; and transfers the new technology or information on solutions « !I. to farmers problems through extension to the farmers vJho are to utilize the technology. Idowl.l (1988:224), while commentinq on the i mpc..ra"ntce technology transfer strategies "-t O~"J':Ii"d' S a mprov a ng the Research-Extension linkage, listed three major strategies which have contributed significantly to the improvement of the links between research and extension in Nigeria in recent years. 1. The National Accelerated Food Produ~tion Programme (NAFPP) ; UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 2. The Farming Systems/On-Farm Adaptive ResecH-ch (FS!OFAR) Strategy; 3. The Agricultural Development Projects CADPe) and Training and Visit (T & V) Extension Approach. Idowu's idea can be conceptualized to be similar to the model of Swanson et al (1984:89-107) shown in Figure VI Oyolu (1983:69) proposed a reversible interaction between the researcher, the extension agent and the farmer as in Figure VII below. Figure VII: Pathways in Agricultural Technology Development and TroansofE·jO-. This model shows that the interaction between the researcher and the farmer is not expected to be as strong as that between the researcher and the extension agent. The n~lao~ive strength of any of all the the:;ro pathways determines the effectiveness of the technology developed and transferred. (1983:83), in an attempt to explain the critical role of the AERLS in technology development and transfer, proposed a model as 61. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY in Figure VIII below. I FP,F:I'/IEF\ I ! t , E:·t:ell!:o:.ni St?r-vi ce •.. {iqenc ie£~ ,. 1 1 ?)EHLS -- LJ~3i nc.~ S£::iT, inai-'S, Sy'T'P(:'~~i a f,;:~·tc \ - Pn)duct i o n Testing - On F <:i r rn Tl-i'a l s ~ - Gap Fillinq Hesec:H-ch - PE.tckaqing in Coop er: cl t i on ~'I,Iith Hf.?SE::t:ti-ch, Input {~qenc ies, Ac;p-o--Indu s t 1- i es et c , j, t 1 " I N~" 1; i ona 1. Hesf.?arch C~e-"."- t·_'t·_-.::>,-- 1I"./ Fiqure VIII: Technology Development and Transfer in P,gr i CLI 1t ure , This model can be 5ulTlmarised in the following steps (Okereke, 1983a:81): 1. Research Institutes produce research results based on general needs, problems and activities. 2. The AERLS, in cooperation with the Research. the Extension, Agro-industries, input supply agencies and the fai'-l1If2rsmo,dify cHid ':ldopt tl-',£:: ·I-r::·sei:irrecahu lts into recommendations on the basis of specific needs, specific problems and targeted farmers. The l-ecommendat ions ar(·? cc.mlllunciated to the extens ion services for transfer to the farmers. 3. The extension service disseminates the recommendations to farmers and also obtains feedback from the f~rmers ~or transfer to research. 62 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY LAS (1983:3) also developed a model for linking research with village groups as shown in Figures IX and X. Research Extension Village Institute Staff Group Figure IX: Information Flows in Research Linkage with Village Groups. Research Extension Village Individual Institute Staff Group Experiments Figure X= Information Flow with a Self-Experimenting Village Group. Models shown in Figure IX and Figure X proposed the involvement of village groups in the development of an extension programme aimed at linking research with farmers in Ghana. The models were based on the idea of encoura~ing the conduction of on-farm experiments by groups as well as individual farmers under the supervision of extension staff. Field days were later to be organized at the experimental farms where a number of innovations could be observed. Specifically, Figure IX shows the implementation of the method at the early stage when the link between the extension staff and the village group is expected to be strong. The extension staff is intensively involved in the execution of the 63 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY trials. Figure X shows the ultimate aim of the method which is to stimulate a process of self-experimentation in the village group and its members. At thlS stage, the involvement of the ewtension staff in the process of eXpel" imentat ion can be reduced to providing ideas, stimulating and gathering ot feedback. study alsc. develop more comprehensive and yet practical model for effective communication linkage in the proceas of technc.logy development and delivery in National Agl-icultural Research Inst i tl.d;e!il. The role of extension development communication system serving as the main information conduit is recognized but more opportunities for direct linkages have been introduced in the new model suggested in this thesis. 2.2 ~D QY~ryj~~ Qt !bg ~Qg~l~ Qf Ql§~g~lD§!lQD §Dg !='!111~§.tjQD .Qf t:.r)ft~l§.QgEJ. The major theoretical and empirical studles c:onveni ent 1')/ into these three categories: the tli(;.' /I Soc i.a 1 Intenaction" and (c) the "Pre.blem-Sc.}ver" pe,-spectives. The modelm~ as elucidated by Havelock at al pn.?sented belo\"J: UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY This model posits a user population which can be reached ef-fec'tively and influenced through a process of that ttus dissemination is preceded by an extensive and cDmplex process of research and development. Such processes LlsuUilly i nc Lude "basic n~sea'l-ch"~ "applie:·d resear"ch", "development"~ "proctuc t ion", and "packi:lignq " as the maIn featu'·es. There are many variations of thi:s model but they all seem to have the following fIve features i'...c•ommc,n~ i) a rational sequence of activities which mDves from research to development to packaging before dissemination takes place. ii) adequate planning and coordination in the evolutIon of any particular message to be disseminated. iii) a division of labour and a separation of roles and functions. iv) a clearly defined target audience I.e. a specified passive consumer~ who will accept the innovation if it ia delivered on the right channel, in the right way, and at the right time. v) a high initial development cost prior to any dissemination activity. It, however~ foresees an even hi.ghe·,- gain in the long rt.m. , in tei"iliS of efficiency, quality, and capacity to reach a mass al..H:I ienc:e • 65 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY This model seems to be a particularly popular and appropriate mDdel for dealing with dIssemination and utilization issues at the macrosystemic and policy levels because it subdIvides the knowledge flow system neatly intc. diffen:mt functional roles whic.h e,(ist wi th in d i -f-fen::nt Sl.lbcu1tures. These a\"e the r"esearch community, the product organizationB, the practitioners In criticism~ this model can be said to be over rational, over idealized, excessively research oriented, and inadequately user oriented. b) IIJ..~ socical interaction researchers assume the existence of a diffusible innovation as a precondition for any analysis of the diffusion process. If the innovation is a stable element which we can easily identify as a constant, the task of measuring its flow through a social system over time is made conSIderably easier. This measurement of the flow is the primary concern of the 8-1 theorists; they study the pattern of flow and the effects of s;(")(:: ial s true: t LI r"+? and social relationship~ and groupings on the fate of Innovations. Si~ major points can be derived from the theory and thE-s;ec,,-e:; 66 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY i) The importance of the Social Relation Network: The 9-1 theorists know bettel- that a comp lex and intricate set of human substructures -nd processes must be operative before diffusion will succeed. ii) The U$er'$ Position in the Network: The S-1 school recognises opinion leadership i.e. the fact that initial acceptance by a small majority of key influentials is the major factor in diffusion to the community as a whole. The prestige of these individuals, their status as examplars and norm- set tens, and the f~-equency of the i i- i )~rtenatcion with other members were the key factors in gaining acceptance from the great majority. i i i) lnf'ol-mal PeY"!sonal CoV'",tact:The opinion leader is an important factor in social diffusion because he has a lot of friendly personal contacts and depends largely on word-of-mouth communication with local people. iv) The Individuals Gn)up Identity and Gj"oup LClyalty: People tend to adopt and maintain attitudes and behavi~urs which they perceive as normative for their psychological reference group. A society which allows large numbeni e.f individuals tel maintain large numbers of diverse and overlapping reference group identifications will be a very innovative society. v) The Essential Irrelevance of the Size of Adopting Unit: The configurational theory of diffusion permits comparative analysis of patterns of flow and relationships regardless of size and other differentiating characteristics of the specific adc.pting uni ts studied. vi) Significar~e Df Stages of AdDption for 'Dissemination and Utilization' Strategies: This model has tuck tCI the fiv"a phase of "AlETA" = awareness, interest, evaluatic.n, tl-ial and adoption. Different types of influence strategy (mass media, demonstration, contact with experts, informal cDntact with peers, etc.) are most effective at different stages of the "AlETA" model. 67 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Criticisms cJ'f thilS mt:.delinclude (1) the fact that the processes to invention" and develc.pment of irwlc.vatic.nhsave nett been studied; the translation, on as they are diffusion through the system has been understudied; (iil) the processes of mi!~ ladopt ion ~ inadequate or inapprDpriate adoption and rejection have been given less than adequate coverage; and (i v ) psycholDgical processes inside the user-adopter. c) J!}!'! .E'r:f'!?l.§'.!li':-.§J'?l.Y~r !.1g9.§'1: Th is ffil)del n;!sts on the primary assumption that knowledge utilization is a part~ only a part, of a problem-solving process Inside the user which begins with a need, and ends with the satisfaction of that need. The stages invcdved r nc Lucre (1) need sensing and articulation, (2) diagnosis and formulation of the need as a problem tD be solved, (3) identification and search for resources relevant to the potf:'?inat11y feasible $olutions ~nd solution-pertinent ideas, (5) translation of this retrieved knowledge into specific solutions or solutiDn prototypes, and (6) behavioural try·-c.tu or application the need, II-Ji th effectiveness being made in terms of need reduction. 68 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Five solid points are stressed by the problem- solving theorists (1) the user is the starting place~ (2) diagnosis precedes solution identification, (3) the outside helping role is non+d r rec t rve (i .e. not: taken over by doing the problem-solving for the client), (4) the importance and effective utilization of internal resources, and (5) user-initiated change is the stl-c'l"lgest. This model basically represents a psychological Dr user-oriented approaCh to problems of dissemination and utilization. It has however been criticised putting eHcessive strain on the user, minimising the role of outside resources, and for not providing an effective model for mass diffusion and utilization. It is more widely used as a relevant model dissemination and utilization. 2. 3 !..'.lfQ_t:..IJl~i~Q.YJ.1 Information is very critical in strengthening the link and achieving the integration of variDus social grDups so that they can develop together as a cohesive and well organised community CAboyade, 1987:16}. Information cl~e.:d;esnegative en't;I"'c,PY, i.e. the energy to act in t.he .individual. It is this recognized capacity of information 69 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY to facilit te and bring bout Significant changes within an individual's group Dr a country that makes it so vital in the development process. In the opinion of Aboyade (1987: 16) , adequate .b.foi-mation will not only make for a bettei- Undei"stal1ding and appreciation of the relevance of new programmes to the every day living conditions of the people, but will also encourage a closer link between the initiators and beneficiaries of development Any system initiating and stimulating development has respDnsibility to provide and disseminate information about its activities to make the people knowledgeable about things happening around them, and also generate in them the right attitude- and encourage the adoption of desirable value system. Infc)nlic:d;ic.n dissemination is an impoi-t':'H1t e·lt:ment in the strategy for development (M~bogl.(n~je, 1980 J • It the ma=~;es participation 1n the ~BrioU5 development programmes. The int't"odLlctie"i; ':ind spi"ead of neltl ideas; th·•·.c.ugh « constant flow and exchange of information would be at the heart of any development effort. Rogers (1969), however, observed that the deslred UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY chanqe inhuman behavif..T-t.o. · cen be p~·oduced tt-H-Ctuqh the processes by which information - be it on agricultural i i"lnc.vat ions, health improvement methods, political news, new manufacturing techniques~ etc.- gets transferred from one source to another (i.e. communication). Rc.gers ( 1975b) particip~tory process of social change and advancement for the majority of the people through their gaining greater control over their environment". On the other hand~ Inayatullah (1967:101) defines it as "change towards patterns of society that allow better realization of human values, that allow a society greater power over its environment and over its own destiny, and that enables its individuals incnaased th€~mse1vas II • The two definitions stress the fact that deve!c.pment is a normative concept in that existing socio-economic advancement and, therefore~ should be HowE-ve)" , Moemeka (1989v4) said "develc.pment means one basic: thing to all people, a change for the better in both the human, cultural, sc: i c.-ec:onCtmi c 71 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY and politic.::d the individual O:'Ind. consequently, of the society". From the above it i9 posslble to see develDpment communication as the application elf the procese of communication tD development process. sense, development communication according to Moemeka ( 1989 t5) , II is the cnot and science of human commurr i caba on applied to the speedy transformation of a (economic grDwth, modernization, indu$trialization) end the mass of its psople (self-actualization, fulfilment of hume.n potetials, ("Jioeater sc.ci, commenting on the complementary roles of research institutions, noted that. a) the recognition of the fundamental role of research in the research in$titutes and the university is a pre- requisite to agricultural development; b) betweei"i individual Sc:ii£'iltists and bet~.-.JEenthe organizations in the country i~ at preBent unco- ordinated and in many areas non-existent; c) research communication even amDng the re5e~rch institutes under the aegis of NSTDA Ministry o~ Science ~nd TechnDlDgy) is far 90 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY satisfactory and there is at present no suitable forum which various researches in Faculties of Aqriculture and International Research Institlltic.ns bo t.h within Nigeria and ·the West African Regie.n are co+o rd r neted fc.~- effective tnll11sfei- te. and utilization by the farmers; cI) as a suggestion, an effective mechanism for effective co-ordination and communicatiDn should be worked out among the various institutions. In their contribution to the discussion, Aradeon and (1983:79) noted that researchers, of course, communicate individually or as groups with policy makers, with media specialists and with members of the public. But, In their opinion, the level of communication amDng such communicatiDn and also to avoid comml.lnicati I1g infc.i··mation. Ac·ti ve communication i nter'acti tin among Nould significantly enhance the effectiveness of pn.:.b 1em analYSIS and of scientific and policy recommendations. the Agl·icultural Research Institutes an~ re:5eO:i('ch institutions wor~ing on similar problems to the 81 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY one$ on their research schedule and align, where feasible, co-ordinate such research activities with their own. The present research believes that if research is to provide the opportunity for agriculture to meet the needs of national development now and in the future, adequate communication must exist among researchers, centres and within research institutes. a ..7 !;f'.mm1.\n.!.!;~..tl~.D.blDE~9,! .¥j~_t.!#~~!..1B§§jg'~rf;.b §D.9 P.2.1js;y .t1s!s9,r;l.! 1983:39). In line with this opinion, 1 amabD (1979) advised research institutes to maintain adequate communication interaction with policy makers. policy makers is a necessary step towards guiding the de~elopment of workable pDlicie~ and promoting the best inten~st of fanncu-s through resea\""chenl> I undenst'andlng of Russel (1981:40)~ Williams (1968) and still require information in the area of policy as well as iil the legal, commsr"clCll and social aspects elf agriculture. 82 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Onc.niwu ( 1995::3) uffirmed that; "the business of research communication should essentially include the task elf enlisting and CDllvil"lcing sevel-al l ••y•ei"s elf bure aucracv and policy making bodies". He IrJent fLil-therto state that. from the evidence of his research, some agrlcultural development programmes failed owing to the lack of communlcatiDn interaction between many agencies and units such as researchers, administrative ~upport units and It is thus advisable researchers regularly invite policy makers to In of"der to maximize their impact~ re-earchers should be presentIng package (1993) suggested that indirect communication with the policy makers via the public and media often proves to be the most productive form of communIcation. It is, hO~-Jev€w, impo)""tant tel note that thel-e an';:' tlt-Je. eparate bodies mainly concerned with fornulating policies that affect agriculture at national level in Nigeria. FMST (1985:6-7) listed the responsibillties 0f its I Department of Agricultural Sciences to r nc Lude ,othel-s: 83 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY i) Policy formulation in agricultural research: crops, livestock, forestry, fisherie, etc. ii) Identification and determination of prioritie$, objectives and targets for agricultural rase rch. iii) Promotion of agricultural research and technology for national development. av ) Direction, co-ordinatic.n, mc.nitoring and evaluation of agricultural research. v ) Liaising with inteniati'.H'lal c')'"g.!u1izaticH"lS concerned with agriCUltural research e.g. FAO, IITA, WARDA, CGIAT~ IUFRO, etc. vi) Supervision of National Agricultural Research In$tltutes. On the other hand, Adenola (1986:i-11) indicated that the Federal Mlnistry of Agriculture formulates aql-ic:ultw-al policies, set agl-lcultural priol-ities and gives direction to agricultural development through its National Council on Agriculture (NeA). It is assisted by the National Agricultural Development CNADC), which is responsible for drawing policy guidelines on the crop aub- sector of agriculture; the National Forestry Development Committee (NFDC), which is re ponsibl~ for dr~wing policy guidelines on the forestry and fisheries sub-sector Df UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY and the National Livestock Development Committee (NLDC) , roespo(lsible for drc:-twing policy The fc.rmL lating ag;-ieul tur a 1 p o Lr c ies ilnd setting pr-iorities is thus ••e..sted in °two separate ministries: agricultural research policies and priorities .re formulated/set by the Federal Ministry of Science and and its; ii\gencies; whi Le f or mul at ed , set ii\nd executed by Fedenlll/State Ministries of Agriculture and their agencies (including the Federal Agr ieul tun!\l Unit>. Cc.n:ocic.us aim€·d at mainto't.1nJ.ng c c••llmunicat ion linkages with policy makers is yet, according to NSlDA ( 1979a : 3f17) , researchers in Nigeria. This situation, brings to 1ight the various relevant policy making mini~tries and their relevance of findings~ and effoecti ve deli~ery/utilizatiDn of research results. 85 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The public should be aware of the avail6\ble in the various agrIcultural research .i nsi;:tiu.tes te. them to appreciate the role of research in national development. Aliyu (1986:2) supported this \/lew when he a,-gued that lilt is the task o f l·ese':\i~Ch institutes to keep the whole nation informed of sCIence and technology activitie~ or their research results which anvo lve s rei::iching a nLI/l,be, of categor-ie~;;.of the populal::e". Communication between research and the public is very important since public confidence will be lack i r g if ,ese6\rch results are unknown to the public. In the op i n i on elf' Okigbo et al (1981 :28-34) ~ one ~~C:ty of enSl.O-lng this confidence is by cc.mfilunic.;.d;ing thr'oLlgh the medl,a ,and through special releases from each research i nst i t:uts.> which ensure that the public is informed of development accurately and in simple language. expressed on the need for an effective communication linkelge betweel"\ l~esearche.,-s and the public by suggesting that thi_ could be in the form of special periodic features in the news medIa - television, magaz i 'ne, Sf;') UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY meeting the interest of the public and keeping it aw~re of existing problems and informed of the ~vailable solut~ons. Also, public p~rticipation in conferences organized by research institutes would increase the validity Df the conference/workshop information base and also have public relations value. This researcher agrees fully with the view$ expressed by the various authoritieu cited on this i sue. 2.9 t;l.:!.l!!ID.t:!.Y.l i.,=-s.tt12.Q I__n___d_________ 1.. ~i.Q~~q~ ~~t~~~n a~§~~~£t:l eUq ue tr""ia 1hd;. ~~~Q@t.tc;~~~U~~~1.. ~L~qi.tiUqttt~tt~Q~~U~ tt:lQ~Q.!Xlt~lJ. !'E.L~.t p,oivate sector" involv ment in agl-iculture will foe-quire increased involvement of national research centres in basic and applied research. ContinuDus adoption and use of results of such research may be achieved through continual commun icet r cn with and education of proospective user.,. (industrialists Dr entrepreneurs) (Igben, 1984:11-24). Ijen: (1984) aisci expr"essed the ep rrucn that science and technology (research) can have significant influence on by f urn i ah r nq new knowledge of various inputs agrer- Dr prolong the lives of the farm products. He concluded bf observing that technDlogical innovations are evident in 87 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Such innovations, according to him, could stimulate the use of improved in agro-industries through adequate communication interaction. Anunsiowu (1984:206) strewses the importance of cDmmunication linkage between research and private ~ector by saying that Uthe effective partiCipation of the private sector in Nigerian agricultural activities cannot be Dperationalised without supportive functiDns i nc Lud inq opel-at r o na l I y effective system and adequate cC'fHmLtnicaiton/extension services in qual i ty and quant i ty". Ajakaiye (1984:231-242) also noted that the task of revamping Nigeria's agriculture can be achieved through the combined effects of improved technology, availability, management and marketing expertise as well as the availability of capital cap~ble elf creat i ng economic opportunities for farmers. He specifically emphasized the fact that the formulation of appropriate lendinq po I icy investmE-?nt in agriculture will require adequate communication linkage between the credit institutions and agricultural re$earch Such link_ge will also enable research centres to came out with economically feasible and profit-oriented 88 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY research findings. NSTDA (1979:11-28) noted with concern that the commercial firms regard the research institutions with fear and suspicion and as obstacles to quick business (sometimes transactions, and so try to their products by these institutions. It thus recommended adeqLI<'~te cCrmmunicat ie.n intel-act r on between r'esean-ch a\·,c.i the commercial firms to ensure a common understanding of their i"c.les. It is obv rous that such intention II'Jould result in mutually beneficial relatiDnship wlth the result th~t a considerable portion of research could be financed by the pri~ate agro-allied enterprises as, is the case in the advanc.ed CI:.H ..!nt.i,e-s of the ItJc,j-Id.Opinion leaders, Aliyu (1986:5)~ normally influencing gO\/ei nmen-t actions, policy formulation, Crpei-at i ona I strategy of government and private agencies, adoption of -"ind individuals, and further dissemination of informatIon. He therefore ~::.Llgqestt-:::d e'ffecti ve 1i nkaage between ',-esean:h and the opiniol1 leaders and recommended regular press releases and e>~change I:.-f publ icatiCrl)S fer I" this pUi"PC'S(~'. The need for communlcetion linkage between research 8r? UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY and industrialists, entrepreneurs, credi t i nst i tution_ and the Dpinion leaders has thus been established in the comll\uni•c.t•ion interaction between private sector and research institutions will heap industrialists or entrepreneurs abreast of technolDgie~ ready for adoption at the various research centres and keep the research centres abrea5t of Expectations of the il"ldusti-ial sector-. This will surely enhar.ce the research, extension, consultancy and advisDry service roles of the research ~entres. 2.10 ~~q~~~~~~~tntt~£u~~t~~~~tQ~~q_~~t~~~QR~~~~~gQ~QQL~~ttt~ttQ~~! To ensure that the latest research result are utilized in the develDpment and training Df the various levels of manpower needed for Nigeria's agricultural development, Aliyu (1986:6) suggested that apart frDm the need for communication inter~ctiDn between research institutes and r-esean:::h cc:.mpc.nentsof' educational institutions, there is teaching components of educational institutions. Such existing priority in <3tJl" ieul tural infof"flt'iloan. Teachers and UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY students cDuld also use information from research centres to guide operations on research and teaching farms or school farms and the activities of their parent farmers, r e sp ec t i VIS' 1y. 2. 11 t;.Q.I.!liJ!I,!U!.~@.t..!.i2.Q '=.tQK@.Q§: ~~t~t'!~iJ. f3.~e.~.§l'C.~tl ~I!q tu§ t.:1§:Q.!.{!LJ..Q..I:!.L.iJ.~lJ:..?.t~t Folarin (1979) and Prosser (197B) agreed Dn the fact that the ·ideal f'or'mof commuvri cab ron in the non-a I setting is communication with its 5lubsets of 'dyadic', •t r· i ad i c: ' , . 'family', and small group cc.;r,muncia t 1on, and i~s focused intei'·actic. Poor c.ommunicatie.n linkage between j"'eSH?':'li"'cha'fld Federal/State extension services has thus been one of the major factors limiting agricultural production in Nigeria (Okigbo at al 1981). NSTDA (1979:2'::.) rec:ognised the 'fact that "agi'-b::uU;ural development would reach its highest effiCiency when there is an effective link~ge between research and agricultural extension and other ervices". It also gave one of the major factors responsible for the ~xisting gap between the acquisition of research results and their application as the failLtl-e to c:c:.--c.rdinatweoddng relationship between 95 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY reseai-c:h, £~Htensi "n and p r cvis Ion of inputs i nc 1ud il"lg far-m supplies, cr-edit facilitles, security of tenure and the creation of available and profitable market outlets. NSTDA alsc. recc.gnised the (leed 'for the improvement of the services provided by government agencies for effective tr~nsfer and utilization of research results. It cited the EKamples of the Directorate Df Food, Road and Rural Infrastructures (DFRRI) and the Federal/State Ministries D~ Works which are respDnsible for providing adequate road networks throughout the country. NSTDA concluded by that improved public utility services and educatior.al and health facilities comp Iementa,"y elements effec: t i v(~ agr"icultur~l the role of directly contacting the farmers is neither that of the research institutes nor of the zonal AERLS (now national AERLS) but specifically that of the Federal/State extension services, there should of necessity be an adequate and effective communication linkage between research and extension ser'vices. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY not only as the potential users of the research findings but alsl:. as p.=ti-ticipants in -the research pr'ocess. Fai"mef-S help to identity research problems and to test possible 1984: 12·-29) • Other po s s i b Le advantagss of effective communication Ilnkage between i) It enables the recognition of the value of the knowledge acquired through experience and annual 'e~perimentatiDn'. i.i) It deve 1op i ng lmproved systems ~.'hi Ie an-esting the compat ib Ie ItJi th theb- g<:.1as • 11. 1. ..'\ problems and reaching solutions. are open for communication and easy adoption of ( 198',.: 7) that all citi~en$~ especially the great majoritv who live in UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY rural communities, have access to knowledge that can help them lmprove their work and lives". Individual farmers and small groups of farmers ~uch as the co-operatives can be reached interparssonal communication supplemented with mass media. In his own contribution, Ijere (1993:169-193) recDgnised cO-Dperative societies as reliable vehicle for charmeling and tr~nsferring research results or agricultural technology. Nat~onal Council of (NCNF> and the Farmen-s with the research sector. Evidence provided from the 1i ter'a'tu...-e:· has thus shown that it is not out of place for research to maintain effec'1:;ive communication interaction with farmers ultimate Users either individually or ~s a group. (1. 1". l,;,Q.mlJ!I:r!Dt£~~~Q~.n!.nl.i.~qE!@: .1E.!'d€,,€:.D. f:i~!!flt characteristics of th innovation (b) situational factors regarding farmers themselv 5 and their farms. 101 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Important characteristics of farm practices influencing adoption include: i) Relative Advantage: This is the degree (LlsLlall v expressed in economic prDfitability) to which an innDvation is superior to the one it replaces. ii> Compatibility: This is the degree to which an in\"'Dvati£H1 is CC.ilsistent with exr st r nq values and past experiences of the adopters. i i i) ComphHI i ty: This is the degree tD which an innovation is consistent with e~isting values and past e>ipe r"iences o f adopter"s. iv) D1Visibility: This is the degree to which an innovation may be tried on a limited basis. v) Visibility or Communicability: This is the degree te. ~-.lhich the tl- 1al resul ts of .:in inm:avatiorl are consplcuosly better than the one it is replacing and can be diffused to others. Situational factors which can affect the adDptiDn of an i nnOV':i t i on i nc 1w:l!;: = i) Size of farm business: The larger the farm business and the more specialized the nature Df the "far"m business, the e':H-lie,· the farmer tends UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY cln? c3pplic:able tel his fa...-m er1teqn-ises and f.:arm e'i-gem}zat ion. ii) Personal characteristic5U Adoption of farm practices is generally related to the level of education, farmers background and attitude towC'u-ds the innovations (Alaa, 1989:5). iil) Sociological char.cteristicsB The higher the individual'S social status and prestige in the communi tv , the mC'i~e his i.nte',-ai(o:nt l-J:lth e.ther adopters and the earlier his adoption tends to be. iv) Social nsture of community and neighbourhood: Where the norms of the community are favourably disposed toward$ innovativeness, &doption is more likely to occur. inst i tut ieonal chan:rctF.wistics Cllec. affect 'the behaviou;- of individual fa·.-me,-s with respect tel techncclogical changes~ FC.i\- e>eample, sYis'cem of land c.wnenahip which confers greater permanency to the farmers tend tel le~d tel innovativeness. v) CDntact with extension service and availability of extensiDn officers: The presence of able and efficient Extension Officers at the local level 1£13 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY vi) Leadersh i p struc ture in the communi ty: The I .l success the approval of the formal and informal leaders. ..·.i. i } Crisis situation: Wars, ear" thquakes, excessive rainfall adoption of improved practices. It is nDW clear thrDugh exposure to the relevant literature that while communication may be necessary for the dissemination of information to somE adopting units, is equally necessary for the effective (diffUSIon) of such information to other adopting units. Oken .:.:ke ( 1983: 42-4'+) and Rogep· (1973) exp 1a i ned the cond rt ron for ccmmun r cat icn Sl1ccess as follows: the receiver~ of using codes and s:ymbc'ls fDrm he can process and understand. degree to which a source-receiver pair are similar in 104 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY certain attribute such as beliefs, education, socIal status, etc. Communication between homophilou5 individuals is generally ef·fec·tive. On the e,ther hand, heterophily is the degree to which a source- receiver pai.l~ ~i"'edi1'fe\-ei1t in cay-tain attribLltes. Commu •.ic.a.t• ion bet~Jeen hete'rophi lous se,ui-ce-recei VEH- pair~ is la~$ effective than between hOffiophilous pairs. It is however difficult to find a situatlo •...• when!? complete homophilyexists (i.e. ec-ur ce and recelve, similar in "II respects). I •.f..•act, orne amount of heterophily is alw.ys necessary effective communic tion. This will surely enhance the c"edibility of the source once it has a high degree of empathy with the receiver and attends to feedback from the receivers. ii> This is the degree to which a by the recei ·',..,el- • Berlo et al (1970:365-576) gave the title. dime;:·ns;J.ons of' c.··edibility 'competence' credibility and 'safety' credibility. A change agent 0," communicator is •competence , credibility when he is more knowledgeable about the innc.··•.a..tion$ he is h-,trc.duc:inq than his clients ,~hich 105 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY makes him to be regarded as an expert. A source is perceived as possessing 'safety' credibility if he is _sen by his clients as their peer. The normal practice is to consult competence c::n?thbi 1i ty sources (e.g. the or extension expert) at the knowledge stage in the communication process when the lndlvidusl is gaining 'safety' credibility (homophilous) channels .:rre consul ted at the persuasive communication stage when the i.ndividual already has lc:ess of i rrfo)-mation i i'1puh~ beyond what the receiver is able to process and utilize. xa ) E!£.£.~~!!!!'Q.!..i!..~,:~T!.h i s r"efens to r eadv aViiU 1cabi.l i ty of information to those who need it, whD want it and who can benefit from it. These factors are taken intel considei"atic.n in this study. 2. 17 .!;9.rflm1.I.D"t~ii!.t4.Q.Dgffy'£.'!i.!..! People communicate for the purpose i nf'ol-mi ng, entej" ta i ni ng CIne! ec:lw:at ing. CommLlnlca t ion can thus be described as a relatiDnship between source and receiver which h.:\s fow-' SlSP(~i:ts, namely; interaction, facts Dr contents, appeal and expression. Okereke ( 1983 I4f2l) , UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY noted that the actual communication effects (resulting from the various communication aspects) are the chanqes in receiver's behaviour that occur as a result of the message ,-eceived. Effective communication is ol1e which results in intended behavior of the receivel-. The three main types of communication effects, according to (1983), are Changes in receiver's knowledge. attitudes and behavior. Ultimately, all the articles, reports, books, etc. by C '(MILIni cat iCfn specialists are in a position to and the public. For example, Aiyepeku (1980) found that policy makers ranked schDlarly periodicals as the most frequently used documentary source of information for arriving at policy decisions. To significantly the attitude of both policy makers and the public, Aradeon researchers should make adequate research information Dr publicatiDns on key Issues affecting agriculture available to media practitior_rs to create a crew of informed editDrs~ journalists, script writers, programmers~ di;-ecton:::i, e;·tc. WhD must alwaY$'; seek out and repeatedly focus on all problems Dr benefits involved in the available or proposed policy. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Thev conclud~d that "by constantly highlighting these issues the media specialists can activate the public to bi" i nq i.lifcq-med p;-e!:>su;-e to beeH- on the pet! ic'y' makers" • Resean::h could C:CdllI1H.micate steadily \-/ith f'rlediaspeci~dists for this purpose. 2. 19 .E'.~!:E.~J~"~.!!:;.:Q{.§f!l.!J:I.!:PJ.!£.§.ti.Q.DJ. Persuasive communicatiDn can be described as elicit a desired response of his receiver(s>. Ander-soil (1971=45) e;.:pl.".int?d the pe\·suc"ll:.lve pn:,cess CIS one in which the communicator seeks to utilize, to marshal, to modify, to adjust~ to refocus, to redirect the motivational forCES impinging upon the receiver(s) so as to adjust and alter thei r beh"'IvicIl..n- or potential It is imperative that researchers should successfully adopt the theel,"V and pr-sc:tict::· of per·si.tciiSic.n in the p,·c.cess elf communicating their research results or new technDlogies. C~~bdii i 11 a 5ind Hai"gi"OVe !1985:279) de'fined co- publ i c a t i o n as an "i-\rran~iement whereby the original pub 1 i SI"H::H- elf a book or docl.unentgi"ant~~permission to a second agency to translate~ publish and to disseminate the UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY p'ub l ac e b r on iil ~itnijtt'H?f- language·... Sirli:e lanl.:}Ltageis a major barrier to the spread of knowledge, the spread of $cienc:e-ba5ed in'formatlc'\1 U51t_l.:tlly published in English alDne by National Agricultural Research Institutes has not been e'ffective oitffiong NigE.'ri.:lH"!s, especially ot-.iingto a ver"y high level of illiteracy. It may then be co+pub I i c ••t•lon permission to Federal/State extension services, farmers aSSOCiations, COLIne i 1 of Nigerian Farmers (NCF) etc. to translate thelr packaged re.oc:ommendations into U'le loc a I theit- Nat ional Agf' r cu ltur a 1 Rt?secu-ch Inst i tutes in Niger i i:{, as applied research centres~ were specifically established to develop and deliver" sc.ience--'based infc.nT •;•\tl.i::m f oi- integration into the practice of agriculture. It it:> and disseminating appl·opl'iate·Jn~levant technolc. .•gy requ i re that the resea)-c:h problems should be indigenous to the adDpting units (end Llse;'=:.) envi ronme"t. Relevant liten:ctl_lih"':e-Is beefl c r t ed in bhis Cheipte;" to 111 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY research and the various relevant Information sourceD WIll be nece6siiI'-y f o.: thE'! dt?velc.pment c.y' apP;-c'priate: techne.loqy which will eventlally be acceptable to the adopting unIts. Also, c:ominu"-'H:atic,'I"I iiitt::W.£. The .-t:?sult elf this t:e~st is p",-esented in Tables 8 erid 9. 123 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY TABLE 9: R!!t.!§JllQ.D§n.11? J§.I~!!J~!'~.DI~.r:9~.tQrg.§rl'!';.€t!l.Q.D.~ .f!ns1 B§'§§7.E.'Ll;.t! l.Dl?t.t:tyj:s§ 1.0 PrQ.!21s'1!.l§E.Qr.!J.iyl~.:t:1QD RESEARCH TARGET ORGAN 1;2:AT IONS CONTACTED ( GROUPS) INSTITUTES (GROUPS) 805 G06 TOTAL GF: 1 47 203 67 1556 GR 2 524 30 167 35 166 43 965 GR :3 687 54 353 35 173 88 18913 df _., 1m 2 X Value ~ "lei ..SQl0 Result = Significant at 0.01 level. 2 The result of the chi-square (X ) test presented in tablQ 8 shows a hlqhly significant rel~tionship between target Drganizations and the type of research institutes the target orqanizations in research problems formulation crop based j-esearch i net i tutes hL"iVe d i fferf.~nt taq::Jet in the prOCESS of 'formulat i ng research pn:.cblems. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY TABLE 9: B~l.?.t.i.QD.§hlg .~~~!:!~gD .I~rg~j'; Qrg.5.tD'!.;~j;'!.QD~.lD?.Q B~3Sr.e.r.r;.b j.DJ.>':!!jj;!J'!~J.> lD B~!?.vl!Ql.l?!l§>!!,jD~.t.!.QD RESEARCH TARGET OF:GANI ZAT I ous CONTACTED ( GROUPS) INSTITUTES (GROUPS) GI01 G133 8105 G06 TOTAL GR 1 .998 95 193 54 511 418 2269 GR a 576 60 147 46 263 279 1389 6R 3 Sb7 72 323 46 637 596 2541 df :0 1flj 2 X Va lu€::' = 97 .5f1.~6 Result = Significant at t~ .01 level On the question Df PDsslble relationship between target organizations and type of research institutes in the 2 dissemin;jtictn of research results, the X test was alesc, applied to the data. Table 9 above shows the result 2 the X test to be highly Significant. Therefol-e9 the target organizations in the dissemination Df research n?sults depe •i.d on tl"H'i' type c.f n:-?sea;-t::h institute. Since research institutes have been set up to wDrk on specifIC it is quite logical fDr each Df them to have a specific target group or audience. For direct its efforts more specifically at tree crDp farmers 125 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Dr related agencies than~ say, to arable crop farmers. saId valldly that organizations contacted by Nigerian InstItutes, both in pr ob lem formulation and in result dIssemination, depend on the Question Two: Is there a significant difference in the f'f?quenyc: of c:r.Hi-t;:u::t: 51 betlrJeen l'"('~s£~'n::h institutes and target organlzations dUi-ing pi'obl(~ms f'Cll"'/fIulatic:,n i:'>taqe and result disseminatiDn stage? TABLE HJP. = 6.tiQ'ie. e.1::~t!!.'!!.~C~D~'C. th~i:EC~q~:Q.£'Qi. .t r;_Q..Qt@t.~ '!:!!.t.t! Qcq~nl;.~t!.i2.u§' Q:~ l3.t£~'ft€tCi;;.I}, I.u~t!.t'=!t.~~ fQ.'C. ECQ.Q.!.~I!!.~t)~r:.I!l':.l,!.et.i.Q,D Sum of 1'1ean F Source df Sql.lan:-:s SqLtare Value Probab i 1 r bv Result (S8) Research In$titute 17 44391.233 2611.249 l~.62 s 252 250795.733 995.221 LSD (5Y. level) = 22~69 rABLE 11B: tl~.~n E~:..l£tql:!.~n£.·Qt..'[ c.~iJ.t~<;.ti!t!!.t.t~QCq~Qt;'.;lt!..'li}§ Q.Y.. flf£tii€:i!'Ci;.ll !.D.~tt·tl:!.t+!!i '[eLL B.4g~Id!.t~ Q!.~!i€:.m!..':l~tt~iJ '=.~y'g'=. 1js.I~H H~R 35. 41~1 IART 22.60 NCRI 28. elQl NIHORT, 14.40 nRCRI 33.0'7 CRIN 17.53 tHFOf:: 39.87 RRIN 18.93 NAPr-::I 2;2. fOci NVr-::I 12.2!.~ NJ.Tr-:: 1i+. 80 FRIN 16.87 LCRI 20.1!'S7 I shc.ws tha4t NAERLS is significantly dif'ferent from other' institutes KLRJ are also significantly different from others by institutes (15 out Df the total of eighteen) the table by their common grouping (B). 130 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY It can, therefore, be Raid that there is significant difference in frequency of contacts with organizations by research institutes for results dissemination. The variDus tests applied to the specific data to anS\..,el~ question t~;lC' thLh~ shc'~'Jthat ~JhiIe no signi'ficant differences exist in the frequency of contacts with formulation, significant dIfferences do eXlst in their frequency of contacts for l"e!SLllts disSlelf,ination. In order to compare the frequencies for problems formulation with those for results dissemination, the data were also subjected to the Duncan's Multiple Range ANOVA test. The result of the test is as shown in Table 13. TABLE 13: .!3~DJ.L~D.g91 B§?§'~r.:sb jD.?'!'!'!yJ~.§'§ .Q~.?§'g f.'D f.r.§,.Ql,;,I§Df:.!.§'1? Qf' .Gg!}j;§.If:.:tl? ~'!'!b Qr.9.e,[l.!.;§j;,!f'DE fftr fr:f.'Ql§'.ID.§ E2rm.l:.dEj;jg,D .eD9 B§§btl.:t§ QJ§§gm_~!l.§!.!.f~D HESEi::'fF' 8 :3 J1""~"') 3 30 G0 .3 8 ";/]. H!} 54 It 1 184 G~~i ,4 3 3 t';) 4 4 2£1 Gv.l ."."."'. 12..., 79 3 25 29 148810 6 r 16 9 12 4 48 1:';8 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY df ••• 20 2 X Value - 96.669 Result = Significant at 0.01 level. Table 17 show. a highly significant l-elat iOl'lsh ip between specific research areas and the organization contacted by institutes in the pr-oc:ess of fm-mulatii1g thier research problems. organizations contacted by a research institute on storage problems are roost likely to be different from those the institute will 2 contact on field production problems. The X test was edse. applied tel the datct on n?sults disseminati!.:on and the result is as presented in Table 18. S TADLE 18 J 8.~~'=!.!.t.. f!!.[ tt!.t!. ~ I~~t iQ. ll€tt~Li!!.i.iJ.E.t B~!.~t..!.Q.i:.!.§.t!.!.R ~~. i'1£.tt£U G.P~..c:.tf.tc;. e.c£.t€I.§, 8.£.t§.f£~):..;.:Jl ~n9.. Qc.g.€t.iJ.t~€!..:9U...12~. G.~:!.nt~c;.t~Q. 13.~.~l:-l!.Qt~.!.l!?!f!I.~h1€~t!.y._n SPECIFIC AREAS ORGANIZATIONS C-O-N-T-A-C-T-E-D---(-G-R-O-U-P-S-)-----P---1-----P--2-------------P--4-----F-' -c.J-' ---T-O-T-A-L GQI 1 1.8 1810 7 192 52 '+99 Gel 2 HI 22 4 19 8 63 Ofl 3 17 111.. 6j~ 20 2::'1 234 G0 4 12 25 8 6 4 C'C",-C"",J Gf!1 .I:.:s" 1.1 , 71 3 36 31 152G0· 0 24 156 68 28 88 364 df = 20 2 X Value = 316.67Q~ 139 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Result = Significant at 0.01 level. Table 18 also indicates that specific areas for research are significantly related to the organizationd contacted in the dissemination of research results. In other worda, the organizations contacted by re earch institutes in the process of disseminating their results depend significantly on the specific areas of research. Thus, in disseminating its research information, an insti tu'te will choose a different target for protection from one for crop utilization. tluErlstioFnour' (a): Is ther'e a significant relatic.nship bet\-Ieenmethods of commurrrcat ion and purpose of communication? In seeking answer to this question, the chi-square test was applied to the data. (Details are in Appendix VI). Table 19 presents the result Df this test. TABLE 19: ~~~~it~f [S I~~t~~~Q~t~~@tQLUqQ~~~Q~~U~~ Q.i ~Q!n.m,t,.!u.!..s..= Is there a significant relationship between communication methods and research problem areas? The chi-square test was appli~d to the data for the question. (Details Df the computations are presented in Appendix VII). The results are presented in Tables 20 and 21. 141 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY g TABLE 20c f3.€:!iy.!.t 9..! 8.€:!. ~ t i.Q. t.!l§:. ~ I+E.~t tQ. t2.~t+E.Dn.!.D.~lQ.i.:l~t.l ~~t~~~Q tf1~8.+E.~~~r:..~tt ~~~!.f!.~ ~C~~_ q'f.T!.UQ. :tJ.1tJ! e.c.Q.~~~~ ~~~~~ui£~t!'~tQl~tnqq~~~~~I2..f E~cm~iat!'Qq in.~~~~~L£n ~~q~l~ill~ --------------------------------------------------------------- CO SPECIFIC AREAS -GM---1----- M-M-U-N-I-C-AT-I-O-N----M-E-T-HO-D-S---(-G-R-O-U-P-S-)--- --------------------------------_._----8-M--2---------8-M---3-----T-O-T-A-L P 1 3 5 8 16 P 2 93 139 117 339 P 3 3 4 6 13 F' 4 19 104 213 P 5 53 -------._------------------------------_ _----_._-------------21•.... --0-5-- df = 8 X2 'JOflue = 38.421 Result = Significant at 0.01 level. Table 20 shows that there is a highly ignificant relationship between specific areas of research and the communIcation methDds used by the institutes in the process of formulating research problems. words, the cDmmunicatiDn methods used by the~e institute in formulating research problems depend significantly on specific Ofreas of agriculture under investigation. 142 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY TABLE 21: ~~~~lt ~f tu~ ~? I~~t L~~ Q~t~c~tuinq 8.~!.Clt!.~n~t:lUl~~tttfZ.t~n ~.~£!.f.lt;. '1Lt£~? Q.f R13~.§€t.§~'€~t~r(.:~.ti.s~.QhQ. ~~~'!l.~nt<;~,,~~~t~!.tlQ!.t~.ntttQ.Q.~ I.:!§,~Q.I;l'~V2~tlt~t~§.LQ.(. Q~~§,~@lU~t!.Q.D -------------------------------C-O-M-M-U-N-I-C-A-T-I-O-N---M-E-T-H-O-D-S---(-G-R-O-U-PS-)-- ----S-P-E-C-I-F-I-C--A-R-E-A -- --S------G -M------------------------------------------1-----------8-M--2---------8-M--3------T-0-1-A-L P 1 3 9 17 29 p a 61 249 274 584 P 3 10 32 126 P 4 19 121 181 1210 P 5 13 91 91 195 --------------------------------------------------------------- df == 8 2 X value = 45.140 Result = Significant at 0.01 level. FnHn Table 21, there is also evidence of a highly significant relationship between specifIc problem areas and the communication methods adopted by institutes in disseminating agricultural information. The inference is thus that some methDds are more suitable in dissseminating information on certain problem areas than on others. For eMample, while demostration methods may be mo t approriate fc.r disseminating infc.\f·tmiaon budding (production aspect), they may not be the most appropriate 143 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY for disseminating information on the economics of citrus produc:tion. Question Four (C:}l Is there any significant relationship between methods of communication and type of research institutes? The c:hi-square test was also applied to the data to find answer to this question. (Details are presented in Appendi)( VIII>. Result of this test are presented in tables 22 and 23. TABLE 22: R~~~lt ~f t~Q~~ ~Qt~~q~~L~ l~~t f~L Q~t~c@LnLUq8~ R~~~~L~Q iQ~t!.tl,!t~~ ~Qq~~tm~~t~tU~LQ~~~Qt~t~ni~~~ul~~ ~ftl~i~~q~ ~~~Q l2.:~ il:l~1!! tu ei.:..Q.Q.l~m E~t.tn.l,!t€!t!.~tl COMMUNICATION METHODS (GROUPS> F:ESEAF\CH INSTITUTES 8M 1 8M 2 GH :3 TOTAL (GROUPS) GR 1 814 573 507 1894 GR 2 255 '+74 291 1!l120 GR 3 325 645 415 1385 df = 4 2 X Value = 190.920 Reeult = Significant at 0.01 level. The result of X test presented above shows that there is a highly significant relationship between type of 144 UNI ERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY research institute and the cDmmunication methods uued by them for making contacts in the process of formulating research problems. The test was also applied to determine the relationship in the dissemination of results. Table 23 provides the results. g TABLE 23: B§§yjj; 9f !n~ ~ Test fQ£ Q~!~rmjDjDg B§jg~jQD~bj~g~!~§~DI~R§ Qi B~~g~r£b lD~31!Y]~~ ~D9~QmmYDj£~!j9~D~!b99§ !J~~9 P.YJ:,b!!.!!l 19£ Bs;o.~Y.t.l~ !!j!>!>~mj.D~!j.Q.D -------------------------C-OM-M-U-N-I-C-------------------------------- RESEARCH ---------- A-T-I-O-N---M-E-T-H-O-D-S---{-G-R-O-U-P-S)---------- INSTITUTES GM 1 Gt1 2 8M 3 TOTAL (GROUPS) OR 1 29B 877 1186 2396 OR 2 194 525 759 1478 OR 3 345 1026 1286 2657 df IC 4 2 x Value Result = Not significant CP - 0.337). Table 23 above indicates no significant relationship between the type of research institutes and the communication methods used by them in the proces$ of d i ssemi nat i 1"19 research re!5U1ts. In other words, the methods employed by institutes tD communicate research resLtl ts tc. the relevant target groups do not depend on the UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY type of institute. Th~ implication of these findings is that while reeearch institutes differ, to a great extent, on the communication methc.ds they adopt in the fOi"mulatic1n of their research problems, the situation is nDt the same for results dissemination. Question Five: Is there a significant difference between the ranking of communication methods used by research institutes? In Drder to investigate a pos5~ble difference 1n the ranking of communication methods used by institutes, a Kruskal-Wallis (one-way ANOVA) test was applied to the data.
i.n the -,o-ankingo f c;c.mmunication methods used in making contact by Agricultural Research Ins t i -tutes. In other word~, the frequency of use of the var iCtUS c:ommunicat ion methods var:i es 519ni ficant 1y from one institute to the other. Question SiM: Do the research institutes see any need to maintain CCtmIT't.01iC:Cltio\~,1inkages with othar organizations in addition to the extension services? All eighteen (18) National Agricultural Institutes involved in this investigation answered the abDve question in the affirmative. They see a need. This answer led to a further analY$is tD identify the reasons that research institutes no longer rely ~olely on the extensIon linkages in the 147 UNIVERSITY OF IBAD N LIBRARY development and dissemination of agricultural information. TABLE 25: Bg§~l~ 91 !bg e~r~~D!2g§ B.D~l.:t§j§ JZl f££ 1?.§.!E'r.ro.tDj.D9 .tI~jQr:B~2-i?s?D§ .bIb.:t B~~~§r~bl.D§'!j!~..tE'_ ~9.D..t.eb..t fc!b~r Qrg~.Dj.?~'!j.:s?DInE B.9.9.1!'!.QD !f' !.b.§ g~!~D?j9.D §~ryj~~~ -----------P-------S-I-N----------O-S-S-I-B-L-E --------------------------------------------- --R-E-A-S-O-N-S----------------------N-O-----------H-E-S-ULT Poor extension staff-farmers ratio... 18 1130 VI 2. Poor funding of extension activities ••• 7 38.9 F'l Lack of proper organisation of the extension system •••••••••••••••••••••• 11 61.1 I 4. Over concentration on administrative and inputs distribution to the neglect of the educational responsibilities of the extension system •••••••••••••.••••• 15 83.8 VI Poor staff motivation ••••••••••••••••• 5 27.8 FI b. Inadequacy of essential support sa)-vie es •••••••• ill ••••••••••••••••• II •• • • •• 17 94.4 VI 7. In~dequate technical knowledge in agriculture by the extension agents •••• 6 33.3 FI 8. Inadequate flow of informatiDn within extension organizations ••••••••• 17 VI 9. Lack of management training and e;'lperienceby the extensiccn c.ffi.cen;... :3 16.7 NI 10. Political interference •••••••••••••• ~•• 3 16.7 NI 11. Insufficient authority for field extension staff •••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 50.0 r 1cr-::, .. Lack of facilities for processing and disseminating information quickl~y ••••..•.••••• fI ••••••••••••••••••••• 17 VI 148 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 13. The i neffic lency cd' the t!·xteniton sy tern •••....• ,. •.......... II •••••••••••••••••• ,. •••• " •• 4 22.2 NI 14. Available i rmova t ic.ns at the ;-esearch institutes not effectively disseminated fCti-use especially cd; farme,-s• l£~vel••• 15 83_3 VI 15. The encoLtla-ng ing ,-e,",tusl achieved th,-ough linkage with other o;-gani Silt i o nss and grctups of people as a way to cCJmpli- ment the ef·fo,-tsor the ey.tensic.n se,"'vic:e. At •••• " II •• ,. •••• ",. •••••••••••••• "" ••• _" •• " •• 18 11210 VI --------------------------------------------------------------- <25 = Not= Important (NI): 25 ~. <50 == Fairly Important (FI)50 - (75 Important (I): ?3 100 Very Important (VI). According to Table 25, the most important prDblems of the extension system as identified by the institutes include: poor extension staff-farmers ratio (100K); encouraging results achieved as a result o~ direct linkage with other organisations Dr groups of people by reseci\-ch institutes (100%); i nadetp.lacy c.f essential support services C94.4K), inadequate flow of information within extension orgsnasations (94.4X); lack of facilities for processing and disseminating information quickly (94.4%); over concentration of efforts and resources on administrative and inputs d i s t r ibu t i on (83.3%); ineffective dissemination of available innovations at the institutes for use especially at the farmers' and 149 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY indust\-ialists' levels (83.3%). Qthel~ important pr'oblem-s includeD lack of proper organisation of the e~ten$ion system (61.1%) and insufficient authority for field ewtension staff (50.0%>. Other reasons or problems shown to have attracted less than 5~% score in T~ble 25 are deemed to be of littl~ Dr no importance because their scores ar'e low. From the findings, it is to be inferred that the decision by research institutes to contact other target organieations in addition to the extension service is a way to ensure adequate generation and dissemination of gricultural information, a practice which has prDbably come to stay. This practice ~/il1 both cC1mpiement the ef'f\::ty-ts of the e)(tension services and, at the same tlme, make the impact of the institutes more felt by the people. It thus deserves close study, the results of which shDuld be used tD enhance its usefulness and effect i verte~!a. Research institutes were aleo requested tD indicate how ~dequately they think the states' extension services have been perfDrming their educational functions within the local government areas in which the institutes are li:.cated. Table 26 pr'esents the data etnd the resul t. 150 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY TABLE E6. ~ Q.f ttJ.~E~~~C~~i~tL~~~fnt£h~~~af~~~~q~~C~~~Qtitn~~Qt~lltI~~t~~~Q~~£~L~t~Uq 9..t.~ttt§~~t~Q~t~u ~~c~t~~~ tn th~lC ~~Ll~~~ l:.Q.~~1 €~~~CQ~~Qt aC~~~~ SIN FUNCTIONS INADEOUATE ADEQUATE ---------------------------------------N-O-----%--------N-O----%----- 1. Dissemination of information to f armens and 0ther users •••• 13 72.2 5 27.8 2. Transmittion of farmers and other users problems to research •••••.•••••••••••••••• 15 93.3 16.7 3. Liai50n with relevant organi- sat ions, groups of people and local leaders ••••••••••••••••• 11 61.1 7 38.9 --------------------------------------------------------------- Table 26 shows that the research institutes belleve strongly that the states extension services are not adequately perfonr,ing their educational func tic." M especially at the local level. In Dther words, the institutes are dissatisfied with the performance of the $tates' extension services with regard to informat~Dn disseminatiDn to farmers and other users, feedback to research from farmers and other users, and effective linkage with relevant organizations and groups of people. This probably accounts for the reason, among others, the Research Institutes no longer rely solely on the 151 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY eHtension system for effective linkage with farmers and other beneficiaries of research results. The re ult is tha"t;evel-y ;-eseal-chinsti tute nc.w maintains a netwod:; of COfJlmtU'licatiolninkages for purpose of ensuring effective development and delivery of agricultural information. I I • .Pl§~!JE§l.Q~gf l!:fIi Bg§Ybl§l The answers provided to the research questions which emanated from the results of data analysis are further discussed below. This is intended to offel- additic.nal e){plcw••d•;ions on the findings of this resecu"ch and thei",· implicatiDns as well as to provide support from scholarly works in relevant fields. It is also hoped that the discussion will enable the drawing of eound conclusions for the study. Question 1 sought to determine whether target organizations contacted by National Agricultural Research lnstitutes in problems formulation and results disseminatic.\-, depend on the type or n:~searc.h institLtte. Our data suggest a clear relationship between target organizations, both in problems fDrmulation and result dissemination, and the type of research institute. The implicatiDn of this is that, 51nce research institutes 152 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY were ~et up either for specific crops, livestock or agricultural activities, it is expected of them to have target organizations or groups Df people. Suppor"ting the findi n9 is Okereke' s < 1978,1121121) observation that a communication method must not only be effective but must also be appropriate to the intended audience. Thus it behoves research institutes to establish effective link with the specific organizations they were e~tablished to serve, each institute catering to its specific target audience. For eHample, the target audience of a Tree Crop Research Institute is moet likely to be different from that of a Livestock or Veterinary Research Institute. Question 2 sought to find out if there is any significant difference between the frequency of contact for problems formulation -nd for results dissemination by different research institutes. The result of the relevant data indicates that while nee significant difference exists among research institute:'sin this ~-e!Spect fo~- p)-oblem formulation, significant variation exist among them for results dissemination. The implication is that research institutes act in a similar manner with regards to communication linkages for 153 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY problem formulation. One can infer from this that very low emphasis is placed by research institutes 0\"'1 communication linkage5 for problem formulation. On the other hand, research institutes vary ~ignificantly fr"om one to another in the level of emphasis they place on communication linkages for result dissemination. The variation in thin respect is most likely due to the differences in the level of development ••rrid the orientation of the extension service units of the various research institutes. In general, the extension serVlce units of most research institutes have been Driented to place greater emphasis on communication linkages for n'i'sults dissemination '~han fe'l- pl-oblems fC.rlnulation. This is probably responsible for Eleje's (1981:150) th~ extension service units of re-earch institutes to the effect thata "current problems on the farm are not adequately transmitted to researchers in most c·ses". This operational attitude, we have found in the investigation IS common tD all the eighteen rese~rch institutes in Nigeria. HDwever, while it csn be rightly said that r'eseal-ch institutes emphasize cc.mmt.lnication linkages for results dissemination more than for prDblems fcn-mu 1a·t;ion, it is sti"11 pertine'it tC) note that t;he level 154 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY institute to institutes. Question 3(a) sOllght to know whether the purpolSe e,'" communication determines the organi~ations contacted by research institutes. The data (see table 14 above) cIa rly indicate a highly ~ignificant relationship between the two factors, implying consequently, that organizations contacted by these insti tutes and the frequency elf such contacts vary according to the communication purpose. More specifically, the National Agricultural Research Institutes maintain more communication 1inkageli with org nizations and groups e.f fOl- '-esult dissemination than fcn- pn:Jblem fonnulation. Que ticn 3(b) was deSigned to find out whether the communication methods used by research institutes depend on e.rganizations contacted by them. Tables 15 and 16 show that there is a highly significant relationship between the communication methods used by the institutes and the organizations contacted by them, both for problem. formulation and results dissemination. organizations contacted determine the commun i cat i on methods employed in making the contacts. This i~ because one method of con~unication may not be equally effective 155 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY fo\- contacting twc.different O\-giluiizationso)~ groups of people-. I ~ Que tion 3(c) sought to determine whether the specific problem areas for research determine the organizations contacted by research institutes. Results of the analYSiS, as presented in Tables 17 and 18, show a highly significant relationship between the two factors, both for problems formulation and results dissemination. The result of an experiment on "Criteria for selection of extension methods" by Williams et al (1984:65) suggested that the nature of the subject matter and its complexity determine both the organizations to be contacted and the communication methods to use in maklng the contacts. This is in line with our own finding with respect to question 3 (c) • Ouesti<:.n4 cited earlier is again relevant here, namely that the nature of the subject matter and its complexity determines both the organizations to be contacted and the communication ~ethDds employed in making the contact. The imp ication is that some communication methods are more suitable for maJdng cc.'ntactson one specific: problem .re. tha·" the other. Question 4(c) is "Did the type of agricultural Research Institute determine communication methDds used by them"? The results, as presented in Tables 22 ~nd 23, indicate a highly significant relationship_ Thus, different types of research institutes may use different communication 15? UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY methods to accomplish their goals. For example, Food Crop Resei:u-chInsti tutes may ne.t find the communication methods used by Water Resources Research Institutes to be the most effective or appropriate for achieving their own goal. Question 5 is "Is there any dif·ference between the rank i lig of communication methods used by research institutes"? The result of the investigatic\n~ as pn~sented in Table 24, reveals such a signific.ant d if·ferenc:e. The in'ference tc:. be drawn iu that the institutes vary significantly from one another in their ''feigh't i n9 and use cd c:ommu\-,ication methods, corrf i rmi ng our earlier finding in this study that the type of research institute, to a gre~t eHtent, dictates the choic:e of communication methods. Question 6 sought to determine whether there is need for agricultural research institutes to maintain COITIIT/\..mica't;ico.-, linkages with othel- On;jiil",izcltiiH"I$ in addition to the extension services. All the National Agricultural Research Institutes confirmed the need. This ~inding was supported by Watts (1984) who, from the evidence of his research, empha5iz~d the need for the organization of an effective linkage between research im~t i tubes .tend othel- relevant orqani zat iO'jlS or g,·eoup5 of 158 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY people that could be involved in the proce!ises of developing and delivering new technology. Singh (1985> also support the finding by concluding -from hiu study or\ "Narrowing the E)(tenl$l.on Gapl! that. agricultural research could only yield relevant or appropriate teChnology if information flow or dialogue between the researchers and the intended benefiCiaries, policy ~nd administrative support unlt~, extension services, influence groups, the media and other j-eseiU'·chens precedes the fc:.rmulatic;.elrf) the research pi-obIEt"'_ Ononiwu (198513> also nDted that "agricultural research haa failed to make de$ired impact due to lack of communication interaction with many other agencies that could be i nvo Ived in informat ion d i$semi r.•a·1i;on" • The implication Df all this is that there are many other agencies and groups of people, apart from the that could be helpful institutes in the development and delivery Df agricultural inforilliitic,n.Comml.lnicatic.nlinkages ShDUld, the)-efo".-eb,e est~blished with such relevant agencies or groups Df people. This approach will most likely enhance the impact Df the research institutes especially on primary benef it: i i:\'. ies .. The research institute$ gave reasons fOI· their decisions to complement the effDrts of the extension UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Bel-vices in establishing dir-ect linkages with agencies or' groups. Their reasons, as p,-esented earliel-, have adequate support in the literature. For ex~mple, the issue of poor e~ten5ion staff-farmer ratio is supported by Eleje's (1981:156) study on "Extension and its Miill1poWei- Requirements in Nigerian Agriculture" which revealed that: the Philippines has a rc!atioof 1a100 e,r' 150, the U.K has 1.312, the Netherlands 1:191, Ne,n"ay 1 :286, Kenya 1 :200, India 1 :250 and Nigeria has a ratio of 1=2000 overall but much lower in some parts of the country. His stUdy also revealed that there are some local government areas in Nigeria with populations of more than one million but only three agriCUltural extensiDn staff. Williams (1979:82) also confirms the inadequ~cy of essential support services, and regards overconcentr tion of efforts and resources on administrative and inputs distribution to the '1eglect of the educational roles of the extension system as some of the problems faCing extension services in Nigeria. Further confirmation of the reaso,)S advancc-clby the reseal-ch insti tutes is fc,und in Okereke's <1978:176) cDnclusion from his study on States Extension Services that. The State ExtensiDn Service as oper~te have a number of serious they nc,w and operational weaknesse : struc:tl..W.iitI UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY a) thei r: P'i"Ctgrammes an,? too ge~.e.r.·•al, diffused,lack impact, difficult to evaluate and generally ineffective; b) they are too input-supply oriented) c) they have little educational values resulting in lack of self-sustaining impr-c1vementsin far"ming; and d) inadequate staffing resulting in very low extension staff-farmer ratio. The above evidence in 6L1ppor·t(;,·r our findings thus clearly indicates that the actions of the research institutes have been based on their determination to overcome the serious limitations imposed on them by the identified problems. The result of the investigatiDn on how adequately the extension service has been performing its educational functions at the local government level CTab 1e 26) TUI- thei" unclet-l ines the m~ed to comp lament the efforts of the extension services by establishing linkages wi th relevant agt:incies or groups c.t' people. As fa~- as the research institutes were concerned ~nd contrary to ppubllc expe~t.tion, the states extension services were not adequately per·(o,·min9 their educational functic.ns of: i) disseminating information tD farmers, i1) transmitting farmers' problems to rewearchf and i i 1) liaising with other relevant agencies fe.g. media industries, policy makers, educational ii/St i tut ions ~ 0'- 161 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY groups, etc.), farmers groups and local leaders. According to Eleje (1981:150): the role Df extension must be seen as a communication process in which the eHtension worker continuously interacts with the researcher, the farmer and other relevant agencies to ensure modernised agricultural produc ti em. In support of the findings of this study concerning the same matter, Williams (1980126) confil-med th t e>ftension has not m~de apprecIable impact in f.rming in NigerIa because it lacks the essential infrastructurel facilities tD enable it to perform effectively. And for as long as this situation perSists, the ineffectiveness of the system is likely to Therefore, the research Institutes' decision to contact supplement the efforts of the extension sYstem, is in th best interest of the cDuntry. The findings thus cCrnfir"m the establishment communication linkages by National Agricultural Research Institutes the develupment and delivery ~gricultur~l infDrmation. Responses 'from the i nter"views COirdUC ted i n this investigation have revealed that NatiDnal Agricultural Research Inst i tl.ftes contact 162 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY organizations and people including the extension service in their efforts to ensure that their impact is positively felt in the country. The intervlews also indicate that the re&earch clientele sy_tem comprises a wide range of organizations and people such as extension services, fat-mens, agl~c.-industrialits, profeseional association, media agencies, etc. Primarily, research institutes are exp cted to forge links with the extension ervices for problems formulation and/or results di~semination but they have lost confidence in the capability of the extension services alone to cope with these arduous tasks. Evidences from other cholarly works and this study have shown that the extension services, both at present and, even, in the foreseeable futu r"e, canno e prc.vide adequate linkage with farmers who constitute the primary target audience of the e>4tension system. Resear"ch institutes, therefDre, feel that if the extension system 1s thus remiss in this regard, it is not likely to be able to cope with the extra re&pc.nsibility of linking research with the other clienteles. Research in9titutes, accDrding to the results of this stUdY, have thus commi tted themselves to mai ntal nil"1g direct communication linkages with various other rele~ant 163 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY organizations and people, including, Df cDurse, the extension services. Furthermore, this study has thrown up several other pieces Df vital information that could be effectively used in the planning and implementation of an e'ff icient hiul t i -d i l-ect ic.)na 1 commurti cat ion 1 i nkage svstem for the development and delivery of agricultural information by Research Institutes in Nigeria. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CHAPTER FIVE StntARY, CONCUJSICIItS AND RECOIl Eta>ATIDNS The problem that is to be urgently addressed is why, after almost one century of Government support for agricultural research and extension, Nigerian agrlculture still remain~ traditional, having failed to manifest any significant scientific transformation. This is in spite of the f~ct, according to Idachaba (1988:44), that the number Df public institutions servicing agricultural resE'arch and f extension in Nigeria is more than adequate. for this seems to be the one identified by Cernea at al (1984:3) namely,the weak linkages between research and extention on the one hand and, on the other, the absence of linkages between research and eIther n:~levant Drganizations and people, both in the public and private sectors. This problem has been exacerbated, in the opinion o'f William!!> (1989>, by twc.'thing~:u l~ck of lnstitutional coneolidation, and improper administrative location of re ponsible agencies. In a report on re.earch management in Nigeria, the Federal Ministry of Science and Technology (1982:76) identified the main reason for the weak and/or nonexistent 165 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY linkages as "lack of or insufficient consultation Dr communication between research institutes and the various that a special system Exists, in each of the 18 National Agricultural Research Institutes, which is responsible for linking the institute and its researchers with the various public: and private sectol- cl"'gani:zation~.l/gr·ouplsiiCluding the states' eHtension services and farmers. The special system is the Agricultural ExtenBion and Research Liaison (AERLS) Llni t. This study, therefore, attempted to critically analyse the communicatiDn linkages in the development and delivery agr rc uItural in Institutes. The study was carried out through the use of the questic,ywlaire-intei-view technique. A questionnaire formed the major data inst.-ument. to investigate a possible relationship between variables relevant to the investigation. The statistical tests applied to the data from the entire 18 National Agricultural Research In$titutE~ in Nigeria are the Chi- 2 square (X ), the one •u.:r.,... Analysis elf Variance (ANOVA), the Duncan's Multiple Range ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis 166 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY tests. Question 6 could not be 6ubjected to any of these statistical tests because of the nature of the data but deSH:rip't;i ve statistics such as frequency and percentages wey'e used for all the variables in that question. The results of our investigation indicate clearly that the country's Agricultural Research Institutes maintain a certain level of functional communication links with several public and private sector o)-ganizations and groups in the development and delivery of agricultural information. Such organizations and people are grouped as exten5ion edw:atioflal i nr:ot i tut ions; i ndustr lal , finance and commerc ial Drg~ni~ations; policy making agencies or grDups; farmers and ~cloperative assoc iatiomq media or'ganl zaticcns, and other possible linker groups. Our analysis of the specific data on each of the research ql.leetiol·,hSas revealed the 'fc.llc.wing:: 1. Communication linkages with any of the target organiz~tions by research institutes is associated with the type c.cf insti tute. Fe.r an eHample, the target organizations fr,quently contacted by the Coco~ Research Institute of Nigeria, for problemB formulation and results dissemination will most likely be different 167 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY from those frequently contacted by Nationsl Veterinary Research Institute. 2. The frequency of research institutes' communIcation linkages with the various target organizations is lower for problem formulation and relatively higher, although varying significantly, for results dissemination. We m~y, therefDre, infer that the institutes place greater emphasis on communication linkages 'for r e su 1ts dissemination than for problems formulation. That the level of empha&,is on communicatic.n linkages fe'l results dissemination varies Significantly from one in_titute to other i • in our view, a reflection of the differences in the level of development of the Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services CAERLS) units of the institutes. 3. The purpose of cc.mmunicaticln is related to the target organizations contacted by research institutes. There is in other word.~ an association between target organizations contacted and purpose of communication. The study suggests that the orgciHlizatictl"iscontacted by research institutes in the process of formulating re earch problems are often different from those contacted in the dissemination of rl~c:ieQlf"Ych'esults. 169 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 4. Communication methods used by rese.rch institutes depend, to a great extent, on target organizations. The study suggests that rese&rch institutes tend to use different communication methods, in most of the cases, example, while a seminar may serve as an effective method of disseminating results of a pc::o-ticular n?sear-c:h the academic: cl)mtrlutnyi, demonstration may be the most appropriate method for disseminating the same reaults to members of a farmers' cooperative society. .....J. There is a significant relatiDnship between specific probl~n areas and target organizations for problems formulation and results dissemination. This implies that research institutes tend to contact different organizations for different problems. This is pn::.bably based on the i··elevance of each organiszation to the problem on hand. organizations contacted by research iriS t i tute:·s on economics of production may be different from those contacted on product utilization. 6. Communication method$ used by re earch institutes are influenced by the purpose of communication. n·,i!l 169 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY indicates thid; 'the commllnic:ati,ol1 med;hods adopted by a research institute is also influenced by the purpc·se of communication. 7. Communication methods used by research institutes are also influenced by the specific problem areas. This situation is true for both problem formulation and results dissemination. This t-inding suggests that st.me methods are more suitable for making contacts in respect of certain problem area$ than for others. Research institutes, therefore, tend to be guided by this assumption. 8. Type of research institute influences communication methods used in contacting target organi:;;:ations, especially fDr problems formulation. This :suggests that different types of research institute tend to use different cDmmunication methods or u~e the same methods but to varying degrees. 9. Then!:! is diffenem:e in the ri:\nking e.f comli'lunicatie'fI method. us~d by agricultural institutes in contacting the various target organizations. This result suggests that the relative impDrtance and frequency Df use of i I i: -the various CDtfllIlLInic01Ition methe.d$l val-y significantly from one institute to the other. 170 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 10. All the research institutes affirmed the need for them to maintain communication linkages with other relevant organizations or groups in addition to the extension services. They support the continued and contInuing linkages with the organlzation~ and groups. This 15 because the research institutes no longer feel able to rely solely on the states' extensIon services for linkage with farmers and other relevant public and private sector agencies. Our findings indicate a clear feeling among the institutes that these extension services are iiI-equipped to adequately di semlilate results of their researches to farmers as well as transmit farmers' problems to them. This inadequacy, in the eyes of the in$titutes~ is a result of the following factDrs: poor extension staff-farmer inadequate essential support services; and equally important, the encouraging results obtained through contacts with other relevant organizations and grDups in addition to the extension service~. Other inauspicious factors include: the inadequate flow Df information within extension organizations, lack of facilities for timely processing and disseminating of relevant information~ overconcel,tration of efforts and 171 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY resources on e.ldmini str at i ve duties and input distribution; failure of the extension services to disseminate avail.ble innovations at the institutes; lack of proper organizational ystem for and, t' i na 1 1v , i nsuf"ficient authority for field extension staff. t;.Q~~'=-IJ.§lQI::! From the findings of this study, one can draw several conclusions. According to the findings, e~fective communication linkages between the various relevant organization or groups and the research institutes is related to sever~l variables among which area type of research institute, purpose of communication, frequency of contacts, cDmmunicaticH1 methods, specific: pl~oblem iil-eiuii, choice of organizations for contact and the perceived need for linkages. Communication linkages, it has been revealed, are needed to ensure a functional relationship between research institutes and the various relevant organizations or groups. For effectiveness, ~uch communication linkages have to be adequ~tely planned ~nd equally empha~ized for both pl-ob lems fDrmulatic.n and r-esul ts dissemi natioi'. This 172 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY study, therefore, has unveiled the fact that research in$titutes no longer depend on the states' extension service as the only system that could efficiently and successfully link research institutes with their primary and secondary beneficiaries. It is also clear from the evidence of this study that research institutes have to strengthen their Agricultural E>;tension and Research Liaisol"lSer"vices (AERL.S) units to enable them tD cope with the tasks of maintaining direct linkages with several other public and private sector organi:<:ations in additicJn te. the e;'jtensic.nsyste:·m. In realisation of the fact that government may not be in a position, now or in the forseeable future, to be able to employ the a.dequate Tlumbe\-e.f eHtension workers requ t red direct personal contact with g't"eater prominence will continue to be accorded the use of mass commul"llcc:"tion methc.ds and diroel:t cc.ntacts with st?v&i'Oal other user/linker organizations or groups. The on-going rapid provision of infra$tructurem in the Nigerian Rural Sector will also facilitat~ this development. It is anticipated that the proper coordination of the Research-Extension-Farmers linkage may~ on the long run, become feasible when the Universities of Agriculture are 173 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY fully Dperational. But even then, the research institutes and the Universities of Agriculture will continue to be f~ced with the reality of having to maint~in direct communication linkages with Dther relevant organizations Dr groups for more effective generation, dissemination and utilization of appropriate agricultural information until the pn:.blems incapacitating 'thll'? e;;tenslon system are tc.tsll y se.lved. 8[G.Qt:!t.1~t:lt?I1I!.Qt::l.l2. After a thorough consideration of the findings of this study taken in conjunction with the field observation and the numerous interviews held with the Directors and the other personnel of the ~arious research institutes, Dne feels the need tD put forward some recommendation which, if implemented, should in ou;- view, lead te. much needed improvement in certain areas. The importance of cDmmunication to the agricultural re~earch process ~u a whole is quite evident in this study. Communication linkages, as has earlier been observed, are indispensable for the development and delivery of in in5titl..ltes~ There is, therefore, the need to provide effective operational guidelines for such linkages' in 171.. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY th~$e institutes. This will not only encourage research institutes to generate ~nd disseminate a.pprc.pira'te technologies, but will also encoura.ge ef~ectiveness of the disseminating (including the extension services) and user agencies as well as promote the application of research findings by farmers, agro-industrial entrepreneurs and either$>. It is, therefore, necessary for research institutes to build effective linkrs; media and o'l;her linker systems; l~esearch, education and training institutions; finance and cDmmercial organizations, in addition, of course, to the extension system. In other words, e~isting and potential linkages should be developed for greater achievements. The agencies tD link with may be either linker or user organization$ Dr both. Whlchevev' i5 the ca$e an effective linkage with each of them wi 11 ssur e I y facilitate the ultimate application of findings to farming and agro-industrlal production processes. 1•I'.~•••· / UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 4. Since the type of research institute, in mo t of the cases, determines the organizations contacted by them, it is important for each institute to take its target audience into consideration in deciding which organizations and/or groups of people to contact. For e xamp Ie, it may not be useful or rewarding for NutirJnal Ined;i tute arbitrarily choose to link with the same set of DrganizatiDns Dr people as the National Veterinary Research Institute. 5. In deciding on which target organizations to cc.ntact, research institutes should take into consideration the purpose of comnwnic~tion. This is in light of the fact that some organizations may be e>(cellent in the prob Lem fC)I"ITrt..tl.ation p)-OCe5S but may not be too useful in the process of disseminating agricultural information. 6. The choice of relevant communication methods she'I.« 1 d always be guided by the kno~-Jlti?dqe clf to be contacted.. In ((IOS t cases, different Drganizations have specific communication methods that can be most effectively used to contact them .. 178 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 7. Research institutes should always choose to contact organizations that are relevant to their specific problems. This will go a long way in ensuring correct, appropriate and timely dissemin tion of information. For example, it may be better to contact the Nigerian Agricultural and Cooperative Bank (NACS> on matters relating tD agricultural financing than the Broadcasting Corporation of Dyo State (BCDS). 8. The purpDse of communication shDuld also be an important determinant of the communication methods to use. Research institutes will surely find certain methods of communication to be more suitable for making contacts in the problems formulation process than in the results dissemination process. 9. It is important for research institutes tD always chao e commun icat i Cll•.• methods they consider to be most appr-oprlate fOl- the specific problems on theil- hands. This i$ because ome communication methods are obviously more suitable for maintaininQ linkages on aome specific problems either in problems formulation or results dissemination. 10. The type of research institute hould be an important indic-tDr of communication methDds that can 179 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY be most effectively used in contacting relevant target organizations, groups and people, especially for problem formulatiDn. For example, it may nDt be appropriate for the Nigerian Stored PrDducts Research h"lstitute to use the same c:c:.Inmunic:ation methc.ds as the National Animal Production Research Institute at all times. Thi' is because of the difference in the ubject matters they are expected to cover which may, in turn, require the use of different communication methc.ds for effective linkage with relevant e.r"ganzla t ions. 11. Choice of communication methe.ds should alwcrtys be based on the following factors: relevance tD the specific problems on hand, organi2ations to contact, purpose Df communication and type of institute. It is therefore~ that each institute should be encouraged to have access to as wide a variety of communication methods as possible for its use. The use of more than one communicatiDn method is apt to achieve better remults than concentrating on just a single communication strategy. 12. The AERLS units of research institutes should be fully devele.ped lntc. media n~$our'ce!5 and c:c.mmt.MU{!Ation 180 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY centres. 13. There is the need fe., fw-the)- research in the an~a of 'Coordinating the various Research-Extension-Farmer linkages in Nigeria'. Finally, it is evident that agricultural research has come of age in Nigeria. As expected in a cDuntry with 18 Agricultural Research Institutes located in different places~ it is natural to expect that information that can be used to transform Nigerian agriculture must abound in these institutes. However, the inability of the extension system .10ne to provide adequate linkage between research and farmers, agro-based industrial entrepreneurs, etc., must be recognised as a serious shortcoming which must be pCltential linki"!qE?s by the vai-ic.us Rese~':I\"chInstitutes, the much desired communication linkages for effective development and delivery of agricultural information may be in place in the cDuntry SODner than we dare to hope A review of eHisting c:cdTtiftcuanit ion models in agr·iculh.ll-al develc.pment and tn!nsfei- is presented in c,..,. Most of the models were shown to have been 181 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY designed to strengthen the existing Research - Extension linkage while totally ignoring the potential linkages ...- between research and other relev~nt organizations, groups and people. Following the outcome of this study, the importance of developing the existing and potential linkages for effective generation and dissemination of ag,-icultw-al infol-mation in res£iarch institutes becc.meli obv roua • The communication linkage model shown in Figure XI below can be used to aid the und~rstanding and guide the operation of communication linkages in the development and delivery of agricultural information in Nigeri n Agricultural Research Institutes. As the Figure shows, the model links the AERLS of research institutes directly with extension organizations; other research, education and training institutions; mad ia and other Ii nk(~·l··systems; indust}-iea1, financ lal and commertial organizations; policy-making organizations; and farmers/cooperative associations either in the information development or delivery processes. The extension organizations can still perform their traditional role of linking research with farmers and others under this arrangement. Media and other linker systems, industrial, 182 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY FIGURE XI: Gg_I.!~.In.!':!XI.tC:_c:.I.t.!.~.~.I~1'". ,:.~."C!t.~,:.~.g.(t~:.1~~.CJ.~!"t(.;.~.C.. l..t)g. P.~~~~~lc:.,p.lnt;;:.D.t St.D.i;t .p_§:.t~":{.€tr.Y. \;'.t El9Ej ..£;~-'-:!.!..tl::!.L~iL L'.lf.9J":"!.!.€!.ttI2D !)} 1:::1t. II €:. r.~..t<:'!. ;:1 • E • F\• L • S OF' I RESEARCH INSTITUTES I I I r- if- ft' -71' I I k INDUSTRIAL, F~EfJEAf~CH ~ EXTENSION tlEDIA POLICYFINANCIAL ~: EDUCATlm"J m~:G{:,N I ZA-" ~~ OTHEI~ t1A~, .G.QD.tj .D!;t1.t.ID 1.Q).: fJ.91:1E1.tl.t.!:.lr~1 .p..~.'.!.:E'.!gQ.[l~D.t _~ Rl.\ssell~ J. F. t.-J(tt-:ms:i. on. liJ. 6.q·cts~J.,tl"!r..:.~!. ~!itf£.iJ..~t.Q.O, I.:! Refe,"enc.:e Mi::~nual.Se·cond Editic.n. Rome. F-:A-:i5'~-i984-r;r;-:-20 .-. 39. Will i afOs, D. B. B.9£..!£h\..!.:Eblr:~J. g)..!.t..~D.€. if'DJ. .f.~r.!!i gl~.t~D~'!Q.D g.~Ey'j~.EE!> ..!,D .eY.?.!r.~..!...i..§....1.€'r.!.!.~.!D §D.Q blD.!~§g E£.§.J;gg 21 emgr.J.£;;~..!\ Gat'l tc.lt: Melbc.urne University Press. 1968. 187 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Wi 11 i Cims~ S. K • T , B .tt~DY§J .:tf.tr. e.9LtG.!::'L~1.tr.§!.! J. ell £l:!.!.§'D§j:f.t.!) .blgr:!:"~r~Fen l ey , M lD ~1.9§.L!~...! Uni versi ty .ams~ c. clf Ibadan. 1984Wi 11 i. E: p. 65. Role of Divisional EHtension Officers in the Westen ..S.•tB.te of Nigel-la. 9.~\~Lt~.[.lY J.f.t1'rf.i~1 gf !:\g.!!i~.DJ:d.!r~.!lgD 6 (1), 1971 pp. 29 - 42. Berlo~ D. I< Dimens10ns for Evaluating the Acceptability I2:.t.. t§!.~. of Mt:"ss':tge SCtUi-C~rS. e,=-~.9..u"£ QQ.!:Q.i.Q.r! Q.~.:!~ct~ctr.:. ~~1. 1970 pp. 365 - 576. Bc.gunjoko, .r , o. Sources of Information on Improved Fdrrn Practices: A Study of Farmers in Giwa DiE",tt"ict cd I§!~r~.b .t!I~!~.Q.r.t5l~11~.t.!.D..t\ H.Q..'! ~..'! 1988 p. 3. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Aqricul'l:ural Resein-c:h Institutes and Ti-ansfe\- o'f Techno 109Y to Far men!!.. e£.Q.£:~~.Q'!r.'.9~ Qf '!.b~ f.tr:~.t !;Is..!.!.QD~l .w.Q£.!s.!i?.D.QfPtD B.Qj§ Qt .egB.b.§ _tn .!m9r.QY!?,.9 1§£bD.Qj.Q9:t Ir!\.D§f~r lD !:!j.9§r:.!~..! Ibadan. I.A.R & T. 1979 pp. 167 - 184. E:~(ten:~i eH1 CC'Jmmunil:':ltit.n: The 1nterpe)-sona 1 Aspec t • E'r:ft,£;~~9.i.:.D.9'§ Qf '!b~ lr:i?-..!,D..!,!).9 !1Qrh.= §DQ9 Ql'".l Bhl£S.! egr.!£h1.!!y!:§l g1:!.!~.D.!'j£t.D..!Umudi ke , NRCRI. 1983 pp. 39 - 83. Technology Development and Transfer. The Role of AERLS. E'.r.Qf;§§.Q.1D9§ 9f Ji.!Jg Ir§!..!n..!nS:l h'£'r1,§b£B PoD Bh\r:~.! ,e.9!:j£.!::.llj;1.H:~l s!J.t~D~.!.Q.D..! Umudike. NRCRI. 1983 pp. 81 - 83. The Multiple Roles of AERLS in the Transfer of Techno 1.ogy in Agl- lCU l't;ul-e.. .E'r:.Q£,~~.Qj.D.9'! 2Qff ..!ib§ E.t!:.?.! tl§j;l.QD~.1 H.Q.r:!~?hf~fQtD j;b~ BQ.!§BsB.b§ ..!n 1mar:.QY§.Q J~~bD.Q.!Q9Y Ir:~DEf~r lD egr:j~~.1!~!~..! Ibadan. I.A.R~T .. 1978 pp. 185 - 193. i o , C • The Role of Agricultural Research inO)fC) Technology DevelDpment and Transfer with Spf'.!cial R~1·en~.'i1c:e to Nigeria. S:):Q.£.~~Q.tUq~ f~1 J;b§' Ir:~.1Dl,n.Q.kJ~!,r:!!=~t!.2p.9!J B.!Jr9..!f:\,9El.£:Y.!.:!;Y.:: r:~1 ~1:ij':.§.t.Dl?.1,P!J.U.!mudi ke. NRCRI.. 1983 pp , 69 - 78. F'atel~ A. U. Whitter AERLS of the National Institutes ofAgl- i cLiI hll- a 1 Research. Er.Q~~~Q.!r:.g?.Qf Ji.b.Ei E.!~:Ej; !:J.~.~l.QD.~.!~.Qr:h§.t'.QP'2.YJ .tbS? B.g.!g ftf ,8!;B.b§ _~.D 1.!!I.er:.QyS?Q JE£br:IQ.!Q.9Y !.r:.§.\.D.§t'§I: .in .e.gr.1~~.!_~.!:~r§~ Ibadan. r .A.R & T. 1978 pp. 48 - 51!1. E. The Re.le of AERLS in the ·rY"ansfm-of Agi'-iclll-Sa l'a k c:., A • tural TechnDlogy in the Northern states Df Nigel' i a • el.:.~£!§:.f§tQ.tr.tqq Q.f L:!Q.y.:~.~t.lQ.Q. Q.iJ. J3.I::tC«ll, B.9..Y''':'!..£ld.ttld.'C€!.!. l.i.~t~D.~~Q.lJ.!...Umudi ke. NRCR I. 1983 pp. 110 - 117. 191 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 8i ngh, Danl cd;. ~.JC')ddngPaper on Demc.nstratioi"l and t1ass Media in. Nari-c,wing EHtei ..s.•lc.n Gap.. p.r.Qf.:.€f§'.Q1D.9~ gf .Itjb.~ad!.alfn·.D~lH1g9.8r~5§.tJ£tP'.QD B9Elc-u-l--t-w---a-l -E-~-·(-t-e-n-si-o-n-. Taylor, T. A. Pn~·f",Ice. e.c.Q.c;,.§:~Q.i.D.q~Q.f tl:t~ Ei.t.~t t.:!~.U. .i2...IJ.i!l. ~Q.r.:.t§.b.~ on the F:ole o f AERLS in il!lllcQ.Y.€'. .11. 1~.~tH1Q.!.Q.ql!: IL~Q~f~r.:-.tD:-&gEi..£~!:t,:!Ef.S:- Ibadan. I.A.R & T. 1979 p. i. Williams, S.K.T. Role of Extension in Agricultural Development I r'r I e.r.:.Q.~.@.~qtU9.~~'f. ttliit t:!iqt!;:'!.(temsicm Sey"vices in Univel-sities e.f Agriculture. eCQ.~~~q!'UqQ~.! t~€: ~~ti.Q.n~l §.~'!li.ni.'C.. Q.D IJI.:!.tY.:f!!'C..~!..ti.€:~qf. Iiqr.:.i.c;.y.ltlJ.r.:.~!. Lagos. National Universitie~ CDmmisSion. 1988 pp. 59 - 68. Adedoyin, S. F. A Study of Research Activities of NIHORTand the Effectiveness of its Information/ Technology Dissemination Process in lbadan Division of Oyo State. M.Sc. Thesis. Department of Agricultural Extension Services. University of Ibadan. 1984 pp ..12 - 29. Adedoyin, S. F. Agricultural Technology Diffusion ProceSSJHIHORT'S App\~oach.. Applied Cc.mmunication Seminar Series, Department of Communication and l_anguage Arts, Uni versi ty ef Ibadan. 1987. p , 18. Adesanoye, F.A. On Mass communication and MassIncommunlcation in Nigeria. Seminar Paper at the Department of Communication and language Arts, University of Ibadan. Tuesday, June 2i"'td, 1987 .. UNIVER ITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Aqumagu, c. A. ~he I?eve~c.pmei1t .and Tl-.ansferof Technc.logy In NigerIan Agriculture: The Case of Maize Rice and Cassava. M.Sc. Thesis. Departmen~ of Agl- ieul tural E>:tensiecn Services. University of Ibadan. 1982 pp. 2 - 100 •. Ai yepe~(LI,W.O. The Perception and Utilization of Information by Policy Makers in Nigeria. A Report to the Director, National Library of Nigeria, Lagos. 1990. Ajobo, O. Failure of Research in Nigerian Agriculture: An Economic Viewpoint. CRIN Seminar Series. 1977 p , 1 .• Aliyu, A. Working Document on StrEttegy fc)r F'ublicising BeiE~nce and Tec:hnology Act ivi t iee.. Lagos, HIOMR, Victoria Island, 1996 pp. 1 - 8. AIf,on, B. O. F. Opening Address. First National Seminar on Fruits and Vegetables. Ibadan. 1975. Balce·t,; J .. C. Adoption of Farm Technology in the Northern ADPs. Paper at the First National Seminar on Agr ieultu,-a1 Development Projects, lbadan. 1992 p , 1L er's-at ing a Netwe:,rk ft:., Comnu.m. icat ion to Stimulate Agricultt..u-al Revolutic1n in Nigel-la. A Proposal for Development Comffiunic~tion. Boston University, 1979. Idakwoji, I. P. The Use of Communication Media for ExtensionWork in Agricultures A Case Study of Ayangba ADP. B. A. Communication ~nd Language Arts Project Report. University of Ibadan. 1983. I dowl.\ , I.. A. Inutitutionali~atiDn of knowledge Flowsc AnAnalysis elf the Links Between Agricultural Research and Extension in Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis. Berlin, Technical University. 1988 pp. 221 - 230. 193 r UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Igbeka, J. C. Role of Re»earch Institutions in Relation to Nigerian Ag)-iculture: A Rese r ch Agricultural Engineer's Viewpoint. Paper at the National Seminar on Agricultural Productivity. llorin, ARMTI. 1985 p. 1. Funding, Philosophy and Expectations of Agi"icul tw-al Resec'li-ch: The 8c~vernment View. Invited P~per at a Symposium on Resource and Result-Oriented Research in Nigerian Agricultw-al Institutes and Faculties. Ibadan~ I.A.R & T. 1979 pp. 1 - 18. Oken~+:e, H. E. Major Constraints 1n Adoption of New Technology by the Nigerian Farmers. Paper at the Institute for Policy and Strategic: Studies, Kuru, Nigeria. MimeD. July~ 1981. Ono n iwu, 'G. D• Communication Support fDr Agricultural Development. Papel- at the National WDrk- ShDP Dn Agricultural Extension. Ibadan~ FP,CU• 1985 p , 3. Oyaide, O. F. Agricultural Production and Prospects for Agro-lndustries in Nigeria. F'apel'- at 1982, Lagos Specialised Trade Fai l-. 3rd December, 1982. t.Ji 11i ams , S .K •T • Agricultural Extension/Research Linkage: AnEBsent~al Ingredient for Increased Agriultural PrDduction in Nigeria. Second Open Lecture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Ogun State University. 9th February, 1990. p.25. Science and Journalism= Need to Forge Viable Partnership. ,p.§.1:.!Y §h§'.!-f.b ~Jeekend Focus, Saturday, 13th Octobel-, 1984 p. 7. 194 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Ele.je ~ I. EHtension and i ·ts Manpower Requirement in Nigerian AgricultUt-e. 1,11 The .!;r:.QjJ.§- .§y.!2= §Pgl~§!DQJrj~~~Dl=!ng Eg~r~b ~~~jgn~l p~yglQBm~D!l~~~l~ FDA 1981 pp. 150 - 185. Federal Ministry .e.h=_t!'!yJ~'!~.!E2?f Ef?.Q~!:~l tt.!D..!~~r)! Qf ~.9.r:..!f:yJ= eff Agr lculture ~.\.l.r~ §! ~ §l.e.D,!;g~ Lagc'1!5, F. M. A. , I kov i • (FMA)• April, 1981 pp. 9 - 62 Federal Ministry ~EIfi--otc~hu~n~-o€n~S~c~iLan~cei-atndl[Ifof Educatic.n, ~n'Ei.~at!.UtQ~.!~.i;.~qQ·~.~P..~t.~1!!.1;'tf!1i~q~ tt~QL~~L~Q£~ Science liind ~lJ.q I~£tn.1Q.!.Q.q·lC~*''' Document Specially P\-epa\-ed Techno1 for the Science and Technology Briefing,Cti;}y (FMEST). NIIA, Lagos. 1985 pp. 1 - 28. Fedenil Ministi-Y ~C~~~~~ ~U E~~~c~i~tU~~t~~~f ~~t~IJ.~Q~~ of Sc:ience liind If:tIi.t.1D..Q.l.~q·~~ Sc ience and Techno logy Technology Briefing, NIIA, L~gos. 22nd February, 1985 (FMST) • pp , 6 -- 7. Federliil Ministry ~~~~t.t~f H~~~~~~ ~Q ~~~~~L~~ tl~Q~q~~~Qi~ Cof Science iind Lagos. July, 1982 p. 76. Technology xi) Farmer •5 Cooperat ives Cli·,d other Farmers Associations xii> Zonal Agricultural EKten- sion and Research Liaison Services (AERLS> xiii) Urban People and Opinion Leaders xiv) Practising Farmers and Rural People xv) Professional Agricultural Assoc: i at ic.ns xvi) National Farming System Resea;-ch Netwc.rk --------------------------------------------------------- 198 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 6. How often did your Institute use the following communication methods in making cCll1tacts (generally) in the process of research problems formulation? No of Times per Vear -------C-oa- mm )- u-n-i-c-a-t-i-o-n-s---M-e-t-h-o-d-s---------1-9--8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9-8-6---1-987 i) TraDing Courses b) COi"}f'el-ences c ) WCIl- ~(shc,ps d) Seminars ii> On-Farm Adaptive Research i i i> Method and Result Demo 115 t,'a t ion iv) Publications v) vi> Television vi i) Newspapel" S ..., viii> Mobile Audio-Visual Operation'.S x) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Science and Technology B'"iefi ngs b) Trade Fairs c) Agricultural Shows d) Exhibitiona }i i ) Group Mee'ti; ngB Hii) Individual Contact Methods (Specify> --------------------------------------------------------- 199 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 7. How oft~n did your Institute t.I!'Se the comn~nication methods in contacting H!lJ;l.Q.D~l 'fcillowi ngf\g.r. .t.~1:'.!,!:,9r~J. §B9 B§,j.eJ;§'.Q .I3§~§,.Etr£;.b _~.D!?Jj!y..t§.§ formulating research problems? in the process of --------------------------------------------------------- No of Times per Year -------C-om-m-u-n-i-c~a-t-i-o-n---M-e-t-ho-ds --J-9--------------------- i) ~) TrainIng Courses ------------ 8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9-8-~6--1-9--8-7 b) CCI1".ferences c) WC'I-kshclps d) S€~mina'("s il) On-Farm Adaptive Research iil) Method and Result DeR'.ostration!:! r v ) Pub} icatii:)f)s v ) Radle. /' vi) Television vii) Newspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Yisual Operations ix) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Science and Technology 'kief'ings b) T)-ade Fairs c) Aql- i cu 1tUl- a} Shows d) Exhibitions xi) Group Meetings xii} Individual Contact Methods (Spec i 'fy) --------------------------------------------------------- UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 8. How often did your Institute use the following communication methods in contacting ln~~rD~!lQDElB9Llf~1= ~~r~l B~§~~r~b£~n~r.~§in the process of formul~ting Research Problems? --------------------------------------N-o---o-f--T-i-m-e-s--------per Year _._---- ...._--------------- ---- Coi->--- m-m-uT- n-i-carai- t-i-onnin-~-C--- M-et-hodourses--- s------------1-9-8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9-8--6---1987 a) b} Confen::mces c ) Workshc.ps cD Seminars il> On-Farm Adaptive Research iil> Method and Result Demonstrations iv) Publications v) Radio vi) Television vii) Newspapers vii.i) Mobile Audio-Visual Operations ix) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Science and Technology Briefings b) Tl-ade Fairs c) Agricultural Shows d) E)«hibitlo'O!5 ~------------------------------------------ 201 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 9. How often did your Institute use the fDllowing communication methods in contacting !:I.DlY~rJ!?_t·t!g§~n.9 .2'!b~r ~§§j~B~§g~r~h§n.9 I~~~bjD9lD~~j!~!i9Di3n the process of research problems fDrmulation? --------------------------------------N-o---o-f--T-i-m-e-s--p-e-r--Y-e-a-r Communication Methods 1984 1985 1986 1987 i) a) Training CDurses b) CDnf EH" enc f?SS c) Workshops d} Sem.:rnans ii> On-Farm Ad~ptive Research iil) Method and Result Demc'l"lstraitons 1V) Publications v) Radio vi) TelevisiDn vii) Newspapers viii) MDbile Audio-Visual Operations ix) Field/AChievement D,':\ys x) a) Sciences and Technology £h-19f10g5 b) Trade Fairs c) Agricultural Shows d> Exhibitions xi> GrDup Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods (SpeCify> ---------------------------------------------------------- 202 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 10. How often did your Institute use the following communication method in contacth-.g P.Qlj~'y tfi\15.inQ J}.QfH!'~ in the process of research problems formulation? ---------------------------------------------------------- No of Tim~s per Year -----C-o-mmunic ------------------------ i) ---T-r-a- at-i-o-n----M-e-t-ho-d-s-------------1-9ining Courses -8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9--8-6---1-987a) b) Confer-enc:es c) Workshops d) Seminars i1) On-Farm Adaptive Research iii) Methcld and Resu 1t Demo ns t.-a t ion lV) Publications v) Radio vi> Television vii) Newspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Operations ix) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Sciences and Technology Briefings b) Tnlde Fairs c) Agricultur~l Shows d) Exhibitions ~ii) Individual Contact Methods -------(-S-p-e-c-i-f-y-)------------------------------- _ 203 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 11. How often did your Institute use the following communicatic.n methc.ds in contacting .E'rl.Y~..t§ §i§£..tgrL ,!;f!!!I.!!l§!:£l.a] Q£'9£l!)j~~~tXf.D.? in the p;-c.cess of problems formulation? research ---------------------------------------N-o---o-f--T-i-m-e-s--p-e-r--Y-e-ar Communication Methods 1984 1995 1986 1987 ---.----- ..--.---- ..~.-....-----.--------.---- ..--.-----------------_._----- i) a) Training Courses b) ConfeY"ences c) Workshc.ps d) Seminans ii) On-Far'm lidilllptive Research iii) Method and Result Demorllstrat i on iv) PublicatiCtns v) Radio vil Television ",1i r ) Newspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Operations ix) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Sciences and Technology Driefings b) Trade Fairs c) Agricultural Shows d) Exhibitions xi) Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods -------(-S-p-e-c-i-f-y-)------------------------------------------- UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 12. How often did your Institute use the following c:ommunic::ation methods in c:c.nta.c:ti 09 ~'!'.D!5~ ~Dg Q..tb§! E..!.D.§!lf:§ lD~.tj,.tlJ.t..!£·.D.l!it, the pl-oc:ess of l-eseal-c:h prob lems formulation? No of Times per Year Communication Methods 1994 1985 1986 1987 i) a) T\-ainiI19Ct:.urses b) Conf'ef"i:?nces c) Workshops d) Semi ners ii) On-Farm Adaptive Research n i) t1ethod cl~,d Resl-ll t Demonstrat ic,ns iv ) Pub I ic a t ions v) Rildio vi) Television vii) Newspapers , viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Problams iw) Field/Achievement Days N) a) Science and Technology ih- iefings b) Trade Fairs c) Agricultural Shows d) Exhibitions xi) Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods (Specify> UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 13. How often did your Institute u e the following communication methc.ds in contacting I.b,g- .§§,Ll.!'.t_l E.bIB11!: in the process of research prOblems formulation? ---------------------------------------------------------- ---N-o--o-f--T-i-m-e-s--p-e-r---Y-e-ar- ----i)---a-)--T-r-ai-n-i-n-g---C-o-u-r---e--------------1-9-8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9--9-6---1997 b) Cc.nfel-el"lces c) Wod{shops d) Seminars ii) On-Farm Adaptive Research iii) Method and Result Demons tl-ations iv} Publications v ) Radic. vi) Television vi i) Newspapen~ viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Operations ix) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Science and Technc.logy Brie'fings b) Trade F=airs c) Agricultural Shows d) EHhibit;.or.$ xi) Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods -------(-S-p-e-c-i-f-y-)------------------------------- _ UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 14. How often did your Institute use the following communication methods in contacting t1gg .t.~ .Qrg2.Di~~j;'!.Q!.i.~ ~ng .J·.e~rD!\li:§~.1ii" the Pi-OCESS of re!5eli'rc:hproblems formulation? ---------------------------------------N-o------------------------o-f--T-i-m-e-s--p-e-r--Y-e-a-r- ----C-o-m-m--u-n-ic-a-ti-o-n----Me-t-h-o-d-s--------------1-9-9-4---1-9-8--5--1-g--e-~---1-96 -7 i) a) Training Courses b) Cc.nferences c) Work1lShc.ps d> Seminans ii) On-Farm Adaptive Research iil) Methods and Result Demonstrations v) Radio vi) Televi!!5ic.n vii) Newspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Operations ix) Field/Achievement Days xl a) Sciences and Technolc.gy Ew ie'fings b) Trade Fairs c} Agl· i cu 1tUY' a 1 Show$. d) E)(hibitions xi) Ekoup Meet i nqs xii> Individual Contact Methods Method and Result Demons tr a t i oms 1V) publications v) Radio vi} Television vii) Newspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Operations i x ) Field/Achievement Daym x ) a) Science and "fechnology BI-ie·fings b) Trade Fairs c) Agricultural ShOW5 d) Exhibitic.ns xi> Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods -------(-S-p-e-c-i-f-y-)------------------------------------------- 209 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 17. HDw often did your Institute use the following communicat ron methDds in cont On-Farm Ad~ptive Research iil) Method and Result Demonstrations iv) Publications v) Radio vi i > Newspapel-s viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Operations ix) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Science and Techology Br ief ings b) Trade Fain; c) Agricultur~l Shows d) Exhibiticms xi) Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods -------<-S-p-e-c-if-y-)--------------------------------- _ UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Hc.w c:,ften di.d yow- Institute use the fc.llc.wing communicatiDn methc,ds in c ont ac t r nq .E'r.§.£.t!.§jn9 E.§E!!.l.!Er.§ .§.'.D,Q Bhtr~l f!Ff.'p.l.ft in the proces$ of research problems f Ctr IOU Iat i o n? ---------------------------------------------------------- ---N-o--o-f--Times Per Year ------C-o-m-m-u-n-i-c-a-ti-o-n----M-e-t-h-od-s------------1-9-8-4---1-9 -8-------------- a) Training Courses --- 5--1--9-8-6---1-987 i) b) CC';-lfere:·.,.,ces c) Wo;-kshc,ps d) Semi nai":; ii) On-Farm Adaptlve Research iil) Method and Result Demonstr-at ions r v ) Publicatic.ns v) Radio vi r ) Newspapen~ viil) Mobile Audio-Visual Opel-at ions iN) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Science and Technology Bl-ie-finge b) Tl-ade Fains c) Agricultural Shows d) Exhibitions ~i) Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods -------(-S-p-e-c-i-f-y-)------------------------------- _ .213 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 21. How o~ten did your Institute use the fe.llowing communication methc.ds in contacting .E'r:.Qf~~.!>J.Q.D~l f\g!:l£Yl= !.!Jr.~1 .e..!!!H2.fj~_t!.Q.D.!? i n the pl-ocess etf l-esearch results formulation? No of Times per Year ------C-o-m-m-u-n-i-c-at-i-o-n----M-ethodsi> a) Training Cour-s-e-s------------- 1-9-8-4---1-9-9-5---1-9--8-6---1-987 b> Conferences c) Workshops d) Semi nars 1i) On-Farm Adaptive Research iil) Method and Result Demctn5t rat i ,.ns iv) Publications v) Radio vi) Television vii) Newspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Operations i j.£) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Science and Technology Briefings b> Trade Fairs c) Agricultural Shows d ) Exhibi t ic.ns ~i) Group Meetings xii> (ISnpdeicviifdyu>al Contact Methods-------------------------------------------- _ 214 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 2'c;:'. How often did your Institute use the follDwing cc.mmunicC\tie.o methods in contact i ng the ~~.t'!.QD~l EE!:!!I.!.Dg E.l:·!? .t.~!!I~ B~~~~r.&:.b§.rf'YQ in the pl-ocess of research l-esults formulations? No of Times per Year --------C-o-m-m-u-n-i-c-a-t-i-o-n----M-e-t-h-o-d-s---------1-9--8-4---1-9-8-5---1--9-8-6---1987 1) a) Training Courses b) C(;.nfe\-ences c) ~JCrrkshops d> Seminal-s i1) On-Farm Adaptive Research iil) Method and Result Demonstl-atirJns i v ) Pt..tb 1icat ions v) Radio vi) Television vii) Newspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Operations ix) Field/Achievement Day~ x) a) Sc:ie-e"mce and TechnologyBI''' i i ~igS b) Trade Fa.irs c) Agl- ieu 1t\,.\f" a 1 Shoe-,s d) EHh ibit i c.ns xi) GrDup Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods (SpeCify> 215 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 23. How often did your Institute contact the various Di-ganizations specifically on Pr:.Q.9bl£..t.H. 'D .E'!:Q!21§ftI.? in the procE'\ssof 'formulating resec;H-ch prc.blems? ---------------------------------------------------------- No of Times per Year ------O-r-g-an-i-z-a-t-i-on-s-/-G-r-o-u-ps ------------------------ ----------------1-9-8-4---1-9-8--5--1--9-8-6---1-987 il Other National Agricultural and Related Research Institute::!' ii) International Agricultural Re~earch Centres iii) Univei-siti..::-~sHid c:,the;-B.~sic Research and TeaChing Ilist i tu t i .:.ns iv) Policy Making Bodies v) Private SectDr/Commercial Organi zat ic.ns vi) Banks and other Finance Institutions vii} The General PublIC viii) Media Organiz tlons and Je.urnal ists 1x) States Extension Services and Related Agencies x) Federal Extension System and Related Agencies (ADP, River Basins, NAFPP etc.) xi) Farmer's Co-operatives and ether Farmer's Associations 21b UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY >Ii i} 2cl\"'Iat I Agl- icu Itura 1 EHtensic,n and Research Liaison Services (AERLS) r- xiii) Urban People and Opinic.n Leader xiv) Practising Farmers and Rural Pec.ple xv) Professional Agricultural Assc.ci at ietns xv i ) Natic.nal Farming Systfo'RI -------R-e-s-e-a-r-c-h--N--e-h-~-o-l--'-~---------------------------------- 24. How often did your Institute contact the various organi:z,~tic.ns specifically on r,;.C~.!Q.LaD.;lm~r:!:.CQ.t~~tj.~n E'r.Q.Ql§.ID!' in the pr-ocess of f'orml.\lating r"esearch pre:.blems'i' No of Times per Year Organizations/Groups 1984 1985 1986 1987 i) Other National Agricultural and Related Research Institutes ii) International Agricultural Research Centres iil) Universities and other Basic Research and Teaching Inst i ·tuti 0 rlS iv) Policy Making Bodies v) Private Sector/Commercial Or9a\"'Iizat lons vi) Banks and other Finance lr.~titution$ 217 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY v r r ) The Gel,er0\ 1 Pub 1ic viii) Media Organizations and Jc.w-nalists iM) State Extension Service and Related Agencies H) Federal ENtangion System and Related Agencies (ADP, River Basins, NAFPP etc.) x r ) Farmer' s Co-c.perativs O\nd other Farmer's Associations xii) Zonal Agricultural £>1ten',i:o;n and RessiH-c:h Liaison Services (AERLS) Hiii) Urban People and Opinion Leaders xiv) Practising Farmer and Rural People xv) Professional Agricultural Associations xvi) National Farming System Research NehJork 25. How often did YDur Institute contact the various organiZ!ations specifically on 1i«;t;!I1Q.I!!,!,i;;,£.tl~r:!!..~ti.nq e.r:Q.Q.lf!l!t!! in the proc:ese of 1'c.rmulating )-esearch problems? No of Times per Year Organizations/Groups 1994 1985 1996 1997 i) Other National Agricultural and Related Research Institutions E18 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ii) International Agricultural Research Centres iii) Universities and other Baeic Research and Tecching Inffl>t:iutic'ns iv) Policy Making Bodies v) Priv~te Sector/Commercial 01- gi:"m:i. z a t iCons vi) Banks and other Finance Insti tUtiCHIS vii) The General Public viii) Media Organizations and Jou;-nal ists ix} States Extension Service and Related Agencies ~) Federal Extension System and Related Agencies (ADP, River Ba5in~, NAFPP etc.) xi) Farmers's CO-Dperatives and other Farmer's AssociatiDns xii) Zonal Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (AERLS) !: i i i) Ul-ban PeL,,)p1e and Op i n r o n Leader's xiv) Practising F~rmers and Rural PeDple xv ) Pn:;o'fessional P,gl"lcLlltl.ll"al Assc.ci at ions xvi Nationa! Farming System -------R-e-s-e-au---c-h--N-e-t-w-o-,---k----------------------------------- 219 UNIVERSITY OF IB DAN LIBRARY 26. HDW Dften did your Institute cDntact the variDus ctl-ganizations specifically on .E'f'E.!=.::-.!:.i~r.Y~~.i=..!1?.i=f'.!:!,g,g..s E'rf'£S'~"~j.D.9 ~"t~.d.. problem in the process of formulating re5earch problems? --------------------------------------N-o---o-f--I-t-e-m-s--p-e-r--Y-e-a-r ------O-r-g-a-n-i-z-a-ti-o-n-s-/-G-r-o-u-p-s--------------1-9-8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9--8-6---1-987 i) Other NatiDnal Agricultural and Related Research Institutes ii) International Agricultural Research Centres ill) Universities and other Basic Research and Teaching Institutions iv) Policy Making Bodies v) Private Sector/Commercial Oy"ganizations vi) Banks and c,the:r Finance Institutions viii) Media Organizations and .Jc)urna11sts iM) states Extension Service and Related Agencies x) Federal Extension Sy tem and Related Agencies (ADP, River Ba ins, NAFPP etc.) xi) Farmer'a Co-operatives and other Farmer's Associations UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY xii) Zonal Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (AERLS) xiii) Urban People and Opinion Leaders x i v ) p)-act i s iog Far mel- I s .and Rural People xv) Professional Agricultural A!5sociations xvi) National Farming System Research Netwol-k ---------------------------------------------------------- 27. How often did your Institute contact the various organi:za't;ic.r'lsspecifically on ~c.QQ.Le.uil.D.~!. ~:'t..Q.Q.I,!~t?. !J!.!l'!..;~!j.QD P.r:.Q.Ql!'.!!l§in the process of formulat ing research problems? No of Items per Year ------O-r-g-a-n-i-zai) Other -N- ti-o-n-s-/-G-r-o-u-p-s--------------1-9-8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9--86 1987ational Agricultural ----- and Related Research Institutes ii) International Agricultural Research Centres i i r ) Ul..,i versi ties and other Basic Research and Teaching Institutions i v ) PoIicy Ma~dng Bodies v) Private Sector/Commercial Organi:zationss vi) Banks and other Finance Institutions 221 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY vii) The General Public viii) Media Organizations and Journalists ix) states Extension Se~vice and Related Agencies x ) Fede)-"tl Extension System and Related AgEH1cies (ADP, Rive)- Basi'i1s, NAF'PF'etc.) xi} Farmet-'s eet-operatives ;and other Farmer's Associations xii) 20na1 Agricultural t)ttensic.n .nd Re ecu·ch Liaison Services (AERLS) xiii) Urban People and Opinion Leaders xiv) Practising Farmer's and Rw- a 1 Peop I e xv) Professional Agricultural Associations xvi) National Farming System Research Net\"mrk 28. How often did your institute use the follDwing commuri ics t; ion methods i it corrt ac t i i1g these ol-gai'llzat ions espec i ally on S;;r:.Q~~L.~!t~m~l grQ.Qbl5;~_!Ql.l aspec:ts in the process of formulating research problems? Communication Methods 1984 1985 1986 1987 i) a) Training Courses b) CCtl'1ferences c) l..JorkshDps d) Seminars 22a UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ii) On-Farm Ad~ptive Research iii) Method and Result .- Demos t)-at ions iv) Publications v ) Radie. vi) Television vii) Newspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Ope;- i'~t i o ns ix) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Science and Technology Briefings b) TI-ade Fa 1\.-s c) Agricultural Shows d) Exhibitions xl) Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods (Specify> 29. How often did your institute use the following communication methods in contacting those organizations especially on ~r9Q!.~DlmglRr.~]§£!lQn eEQ~£!§ in the process of fDrmulating research problems? No of Times per Year Communication Methods 1984 1995 1986 1987 1) a) Training Courses b) CCtnferences c) WCtr~ShDps d) Semi rlars 228 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ii) On-Farm Adaptive Research iii) Method and Result Demos t r"a t i e.n. iv) Publications v} R.:.dio vi) Televisior, vii) Newspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Operations iM) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Science and Tet:hnology Briefings b) Trade F&irs 1:) Agricultural Shows d) Exhibitions xi) Group Meetings xii) Individua~ Contact Methods (Specify) 30. How often did your institute use the following communication methods in contacting those organizations espec i a 11y on §S;.Q.DQ.!R!£.1!JL.!!.l~r"l5~..t.!.D~.g!R§£~!i> in the process of formulating research problema? No of Times per Year Communic tion Methods 1984 1985 1996 1997 i> a) Training Courses b) Co.-• .ferences c) Workshops d) Seminans 224 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY i1) On-Farm Adaptive Research iil) Method and Result DelUostratie-ns iv) Publications v) Radio vi) TelevisicH1 v r r ) Newspaper·s viii> Mobile Audio-Visual Operations ix) Field/Achievement Days ~) a) Science and Teehl101c.gy Briefings b} Trade Fains c) Agr ieul tur'al Shows en F.:Hhibi'l;ion,.~ Hi> GrDup Meetings xii) Individual Contact MethDds (Specify) 31. How often did your institute use the following communication methods in cont~cting those organizations especially on RQ~!=b~ry§~j~Eeg~1? in the process Df formulating research problems? No of Times per Year Communication Method. 1994 1985 1986 1987 i) a) Training Courses b) Cc.nfE:~·i'ences c) He.; kshc.ps d) Semi nai~S 225 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY il) On-Farm Ad~ptive Research iil> Method and Result Demos tra·t;i ,.ns iv) Publications vi} Televisic.n viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Ope,-.at ic.ns ix) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Sci~nce and Technology Bl-iefings b) T,-crldFe,d;-s c) Agricultural Shows d) E}:hib U; ions xi) Group Meeting xii) Individual Contact Methods (Specify) 32•. How often did your institute use the "'01lowing communication methods in CIHltacting those Drganizations especially on ~~j113~!~QD~?B§~!~ in the process of formulating research problems? No of Times per Year Communi cat i on I"1ethc.ds 1984 1985 1986 1987 i) a) Training Courses b) Cc.nferences c) Wc.d(shops d) Seminars UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Ii) On-Farm Adaptive Research iii) Method and Re ult Demc.st)-ations iv ) Pub 1icat iems v ) Radi(. vi) Television vii) Newspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Operations ix) FieldlAchievement Days ,)() a) Science and Technology Briefings b) Trade F="airs c) Agricultural d) ShowsExhibitions xr) Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods -------(-S-p-e-C-i-f-y->------------------------------------------- 33. Do you think your institute has the capaCity to directly contact all its tiu-get fanner'S thl-oughout the countt-y to know their farming problems? . 'Ie INot • - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 • • • _ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 34. Do you agree that there are other organizations or groups whose roles can be compliment ry to that Df the Statel Federal Extension Service in providing your institute with adequate information on farmer's problem, situations and circumstances? Yes/Net: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • _ • • N • • • • • • • • • • • 227 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 35. Do you agree that adequate understanding of farmer's problems, situatIons and circumstances will ensure the formulation of appropriate research problems by your i11 tltute? Yes/No I • • • • • • • ~ • ~ • • • • • • 4 • • • _ • • ~ • ~ • • • • 4 • • • • " • • .,• • • • • • • • • - B. COMMUNICATION LINKAGES IN RESEARCH RESULTS DISSEMINATION 36. Do vc.u have an Agi'-i(:ultuT-aleNtE'l'1sictn and Resea.-eh Liaison Services (AERLS> unit or ExtensiDn Sub-system in addition to the re eareh SUb-sY5tam in your institute? Yes/No: - ......................• .- .....- ........~......... 37. If answer to question 38 is NO, which machinery is available in your institute for dissemination of research Y' e st..ll t s :: •...•...... If •••• If • " • •• • • •••• ., •• •• •• • • •••••• " •••••••••••• II •• " ••• • • • _ M _ • • • • • • _ _ • • _ _ • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • •• • - •• " " • • • _ •• •• • • • • • • •• • • • • •• •• • •• • • •• " • • w • • •• •• • •• • •• •• •• ~ • • •• •• - •• • • •• • • • • •• • •• •• • • •• •• 38. An~ ExtenSlecn Specialists or: pen?lc.rmel included in the Membership of research prDgr~mme5 of your institute? Yes/Ne,r .... .. .. ... ..... .. .. ... ......... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. 39. I·f..an.s.w.e.r .t.D q-ue.s.t.ion...4.0 .is No, explain the reason:·. .. ... .. .... .. .... .. .. . .... .... ...... ... .. ..... ........... ..... ........ .. ... . .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ..... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ... .." .... .. .. " .. .. .. ............ ..... .. .. .. ......... .. ..... ... .... ..... .... . 40. How often did your Institute CDntact the following organizations or groups in the past four years in the pn;c&sSl or disseminating r'eseGAi"'chresul't;s'? --------------------------------------N-o--o-f--T-i-m-e-s------------------p -e-r--Y--------e-a-r-- -----Or-g-a-n-iOthe- z r- a-t-i-oN- n-s-/Groupati-o-n-a-l-- s A-g-r-i-c-u-l-t-u-r-a-l--- 1-9-8-4----19-9-5----1-9-8-6---1-9-87 i) and Related Research 1l'1st i t\.d;es ii) International Agricultural Research Centres UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii) Universities and other Basic Resear"ch and Teaching Inst i tutic.f)s iv) Policy Making Bodies v) Private Sector/Commercial 0)- gem i z a t ions vi) Bank_ ~nd other Finance Institutions vii) The General Public viii) Media Organiz" tiona and JouJ"I"lal ists ix) States Extension Service and Related Agencies x) Federal Extension System and Related Agencies (ADP, River Basins, NAFPPetc.) xi) Farmers ec.-operatives and other Farmer's Associations xii) Zonal Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Sen-v ices (AERLS) xiii) Urban People and Opinic.\'l Leaders xiv) Practising Farmers and Rural People xv) Professional Agricultural Associations xvi) National Farming System Reseiu-ch Network ---------------------------------------------------------- 229 UNIVERSITY OF IBA AN LIBRARY 41. How often did your research Institute use the communication methods tel contact Q!.b§7£ "011 c.wi ng egrj£Yl£Yr~l~D9 B§l~!~g B§~~~rhb1D§!j!y!~~N~~i2.D~1 process Df diaseminating research results? in the ---------------------------------------------------------- -----C-o-m-m-u-n-i-c-at-i-o-n----M-et-h-o-d-s---------------1--9--8--4------1--9--8--5------1---9--8---6------1--9-8-7 i) a) Training b) COUl-Cc)nfer-ences es c) Workshe·ps d) Sem i na i-eo ii > On-Farm Adaptive Reseal-ch .i i i) Method and Result Demolist;-ations iv) Pub Iication& v) Radio vi) Television vii) Newspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Ope're~itons IX) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Science and Technology BI-ieflngs b) Trade Fair c) AgI-icuI tural Shows d) Exhibition xi> Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods (Specify) _ ---------_ .._---------------------------------_. 230 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 42. How often did your research Institute use the following communication methods to contact In-tgr!,'§!,!,!.QD.@.! t..\gr.is;yl!!:t!:'.§!l B~!>~~rs;.b .G~D!r~~ in the pre.ces5 of disseminating research results? -------------------.-----'\--;;.~-:::;...•..•.-- .•.-.-------------------------- --No of Times per Year --------------------------------------1 -9-8-4-------------------------1-9-9-5---1-9--8-6---1-987 i) a) Training CDurses b> Conferences e) Workshe:.ps d> Seminar e i i) On-Fsu~m Adaptive Reseal-eh iil) Method and Result Demc.nst rat iOI"lS 1v) Publications v) Radio vi) Televi sic.n viii> Mobile Audio-Visual Operations ix) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Science and TechnDlogy Eh~it?f ings b) Trade Fairs c) Agricultural Shows d) EHhibi't;ic.ns Hi) Group Meetings Kii) Individual Contact MethDds -------(-S-p-ec-i-fy-)--------------------------------------------- 231 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 43. How often did your Institute use the following communi ca t i on methods to corre ac t .!J.Di.Y§tr.?l]l~~ .eD.Q .Q!b~r i~'!>.!'!;B!#~g~r~.b .eD.Q l.§'..!.f.D,!J)g lD.~.1!l..t!;\Jij.2D~ in the process of disseminating research results? No of Times per Ve r CQmmunication Methods 1984 1985 1986 1987 i) a) Training Courses b) Cc'nfer"ences c) Workshops d> Sf?minarss ii) On-Farm Adaptive Research iil) Mf?thod and Result Demonstrations iv) Pub I iC:c"it ions v) Radio vi) Television vii) Newspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Opel-atiO\'5 iH) Field/AchievGment Days >I) a) Science and Technology B¥" iaf i ngs b) T,-ade Fairs c) Ag,~r cu I turci\l Shows d) E>lhibitions .x i) Gn:.up Mee'l;i ng$ xii) Individual Contact Methods (Specify) UNIVER ITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 44. How often did your Instltute use the following communication methods to contact Pgl~~Y~§~~Dg ~gg~§~ in in the process of disseminating research results? --------------------------------------N-o---o-f--T-i-m-e-s--p-e-r--Y-e-a-r Communication Methods 1984 1985 1986 1987 i) a) Training Courses b) CCH,f'en.:::nces c) Workshc.ps d) SemiMal"!5 1i) On-Farm Adaptive Research iii) Method and Result Demonstrations iv ) Pub I i cat i o rus v) Radio vi) Tele\1i sion vi i) Newspapel-s viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Oper'at ions ix) Field/Achievement Days xl a) Science and Technology B;- iefi ngs b) Trade Fairs c) Agricultural Shows d) E>!hibitioru; xi) Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods (Specify) 233 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 45. How often did your institute ume the following communication methods to cc.ntact E'r:.!.Y~!§ ~§,f;.tQrL~.Q.ro!!'~!.~f:j~l Q.r.9'§D.!~.@.t.ion§ in the process of dis5eminating research )-e51..11 ts? ------------------------------------------o-f-----------------1- N 9- o 9-4--- Time per Year ------C-o-m-m-u-n-i-ca-t-i-o-n----M-et-h-o-d-s------------------1 -9-8--5--1---------9 -------- --8-6--1--987 i) a) Training Courses b) Cc.nfej'-ences c) WOI-kshops d) Sem i na.r s i1) On-Farm Ad~ptive Research iil) Method and Reuult Demonstl-ations iv) Publications v) Radio vi) Television vii) Newspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Operations ix) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Science and Technology EIri.ef i ngs b) Tn-tde Fairs c) Agricultural Show. d) EHhibitions xi) Group Meetings I ii) Individual Contact Methods -------(-S-p-e-c-i-j'-y>-------------------------------------------- 234 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 46. How often did your Institute use the following cc.mmunicatic.rl methc.ds to ccmtact £t~.D.!5? Pong £'.!.b!?J: E.!.DED~.E' .1r.l§.!_t~Y!.if.t.DJi in the process c.f disseminating \-esear'ch .-esLllts? ---------------------------------------------------------- ---N-o--D-f--T-imes per Year -----C-o-m-m--l.-.\-}"-li-c-at-io-n---1'-1-e-th-c-.-d-s----------!--9-8-4---1-9-8 -5---------------1-9-9-6---1--9 -8-7 i) a) Training Courses b) Cc.nfererices c) WOI-kshops d) Seminars ii) On-Farm Adaptive Research iil) Method and Result Demc.nstrat ions iv) publications v) Radio vi) TeJ.evi SiOI"l vii> Newspapers , viii> Mobile Audio-Visual Operations ix) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Science and l'echnology Bl- iefings b) Trade Fairs c) Agl'-icultural Shows d) Exhibitions Hi) Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods -------(-S-p-e-ci-fy-)--------------------------------------------- 235 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 47. How often did your Institute use the following comfllunication methods te.CCtl1tactTOE' §~.D~r:§.! .E'bt.Q1Js; in the process of disseminating research results? --------------------------------------N-o---o-f--T-i-m-e-$--p-e-r-------------------------Y-ea-r-- ------C-o-m-m-u-n-i-ca-t-i-o-n-----M-et-h-D-d-s-----------1-9-8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9-8--6--1--987 i) a) Training Courses b) Conferences c) Wc.rllhibitic.ns xi) Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods -------(-S-p-e-c-i-t"-y-)------------------------------------------- 236 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 49. How o~ten did your Inatitute U6e the following communication methods to contact .tIggol~Qrg~nj.;_..tj~.!Ll!.D.9 J~YrD§lj§!§ in the proce9s of disseminating research re ults? --------------------------------------N-o---o-f--T-i-m-e-----------------------s--p-e-r---Y-e-a-r- ------C-o-m-m-u-n-i-c-a-ti-o-n----M-ethods 1a) Training Cour-s-e-s-------------- 9-8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9--8-6---1-987 i) b) Cc.nfey"ences c) Wc.rkshop!5 d) Semi naiO-S ii} On-Farm Adaptive Research iii) Method and Result Demonstrat aons iv) Pub I icatic.ns v ) Radie. vi) Televisic.n vii) Newspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Ope~-ations a x) Field/Achievement Days x) a} Science and TechnolDgy B}- iafings b) Trade Fairs c} Agricultur~l Shows d) Exhibit ic.ns xi) Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods -------(-S-p-ec-:-i-f-or-')------------------------------------------- 237 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 49. Hc.w often did your Institute use the following communicat ie.n method~ to contact 9!~!~g~!~D!j2D~ §~£Ylfg ~D9 Bgl~£.§'g §.Q,Yg!D.ID§.!.D~!9~D£1.~1'? in the pi-oces!> of disseminating research results? ---------------------------------------------------------- ---N-D Df Times per Year ------C-o-m-m-u-n-i-ca-t-i-o-n----Me-t-h-o-d-s------------1-9-8 -4---1-9-8--5---1--------------------9-8--6--1--987 i) a) Training Cc.\..trses b ) Cc.nferoenc:es c ) t.-JO)- k shop s d) Sf?min~lIrs il) On-Farm Adaptive Research iii) Method and Result Demonstrations v} Radio vi) Television v r r ) Newspapens viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Opel-ationa ix) Field/Ac:hievement Days x) s) Scienc:e and Technology Elr ief i 0,'19 IS b) TnHie FC'llrS c) Agricultural Shows d) E>lhibitiolis xi) Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods -------(-S-p-ec-:-i-°-fy-)------------------------------------------- 238 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 50. How often did your Institute use the follDwing cc·mmu\"'jicatiCtmle"tlhode to contact E.~g~.!:.£\.!g:~.!:.~.Dj?i_Q.D.§~.!:Y..!.f~ .!.D9 B~1l!_t§,9 .e.9~.D&;jg.! in the process of dissemina.ting research results? --------------------------------------N-o---of---T-i-m-e~---p-e-r--Y-e-a-r -------C-o-m-m-u-n_ic._ati_on Met.. .•.._ ..__ .._-_.h_o--d-s---_._ ..__ ._.__ 1984 1985 1996 1987...._-----_ ..__ .....----_ ..--_._--- i) a) Training Courses b) Confer-enc:e:a c) WOl-l On-Farm Adaptive Research iii) Method and Result Demonstrations iv) Publications y) Radio vi) Television vii) Newspapers viii) MDbile AudiD-Visual Operations ix) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Science and Technology Brie-rings b) Trade Fairs c) Agricultural Shows d) ExhibiticH'IS xi) Group Meetings xii) (ISnpdeicviifdyu)al Contact Methods _ ------------------------------------------ 239 / UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 51. Hew often did your Institute use the following communica g!b§r. fti~orn~§mre~t~hods to contact f~rmEr~~~gQR~r~!j~~~ng~~~~~j~1!2D~ in the process of dis~eminating rese~rch results? --------------------------------------N-o-------------------------o-f--T-i-m-e-s--p-e-r--Y-e-a-r-- ------C-o-m-m-u-n-i-ca-t-i-o-n----M-et-h-o-d-------------1-9-8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9--8-6--1--987 i) a) Training Courses b) Confen?nces c) l-Jo;-kshops d) Seminan'll ii} On-Farm Adaptive Research iii) Method and Result Demonst)-at ions iv) Publications v) Radio vi) Television v r r ) Ne~lspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Operations iM} Field/Achievement Days N) a) Science and Technology B)- i E;;-,f i ngs b ) Tr"ade Fairs c) Agricultural Shows d) E>thibitic.ns xi) Group Meetings ~ii) Individual Contact Methods -------(-S-p-ec--i-f-\-' )------------------------------------------- 240 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 52. How often dld your Institute use the following communication methesds te. contac t !j§5..t.'!ftDB.! B.9L!f:y'!J:.!::.lr~.! .§:.a.tS?.D!?'!9n ~.Dg B§.!?§'~.r:f;t! h'!!t.tll?ft.D p'g!:'y,!~.!§'~_~~B,§:.8h.9jin the process of disseminating research results? --------------------------------------N-o---o-f--T-i-m-e-s--p-e-r--Y-e-a-r ------C-o-m-n-~-n-i-ca-t-i-o-n----M-e-th-o-d-s------------1-9-8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9-8--6--1-9-87 i) a> Tr~ining Courses b) COiyfel-ences c) l-Jor kShCtp$ d) Semi ii':;"j·S ii) On-Farm Adaptive Research iii) MethDd and Result Demonstl-at ions iv ) Pub 1 icat r onss v ) Radie. vi) Televislo'n viii) MDbile Audio-Visual Oper' at ions iN) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Science and Technology Bi- ief' i rigs b) Tn~de Fairs c) Agricultural Shows d) E>:hibitic.ns xi} Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods -------(-S-p-e-c-i-f-y->------------------------------------------- 241 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 53. How often did 'lour Ins'l:itLlt~· LIse the following communication methc.ds to corrt act .!)r.Q,~.D .E'~f.'.Ql,~"~.D.Q 9Ql.D1P.D k~.!gf1r~ in the process of disseminating research results? --------------------------------------N-D---o-f--T-i-m-e-s------Y-e-----------------p-e-r ar ------C-o-m-m--un-i-c-a-t--io-n---t1-e-th-c-·d-s------------1-9-8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9-8 -6---1---------987 i) a) Training Course. b) Cc.'nf'sn-encelS c) Workshops d) Sam i nen" s ii> On-Farm Adaptive Research iii) Method a~d Re$ult Demr...nstratiDns 1'1) Publ icatic.ns v) Radio vi) Television V}.l) Newspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Operatic.ns iM) Field/Achievement Days x> a) Science and Technology Briefings b) Trade Fain! c) Agr"icul tUl-~l Shc.ws d) Exhibitions xi) Group Meetings xrr) Individual Cc,ntact Methods -------(-S-p-e-c-i-f-y-)------------------------------------------- 242 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Hc,~'\1 often did your Institute use the following communi cat i on methods to contact E'r:§.f..:!:.i§lD9 t§r.ITlE.'.!.:§ -'~.DP. B!:t.!.:§l E'E.'pgl.~ in the process of disseminating research r es u I ts? -----------------------------------------o-f--T-i-m-e-s---p-e-r--Y-e-No a-r ------C-o-m-m-u-n-ic-a-t-i-o-n---M-e-t-h-o-d-s------------------1-98-5----1-9-8-':-")--1-9-87 i) a) Training Courses b) Conf'el-ences c) I-k Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods -------(-S-p-e-:-'-c-i-f-y-)----------------------------------------- 243 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 55. How often communication did your Institute u e the followingmethods to contact Er:P:f~~§j2D§1 .egr:j~.ht.!.t.!::lr:~l a~~.2~j§.tj.QD'§ resulte? in the proceS$ of dis eminating research -------------------------------_._---------c-."------------------N-o-----T-i-m-e-s---p-e-r--Y-e-a-i-- ------C-o-m-m--u-n-ic-a-ti-c--J-n---M-e-th-o-d-s------------1-9-8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9-8--6---1-987 i> a) Training Courses b) Confen;.nces c) Workshops d> Seminars ii) On-Farm Adaptive Research i i r ) Method and Restot 1t Demonstrations iv) Publications v) Ra.dio vi) Television vi i> NeW!5papel-s viii) Mobi le Audic,-Visu 1 Operations 1x) Field/Achievement Days ~) a) Science and Technology Briefi)")gs b) Trade Fairs c) Agricultural Shows d ) Exhibitic·os xi) Group Meetings xii) Individual Coot ct Methods -------(-S-p-e-c-i-f-y-)------------------------------------------- UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 56. How often did ye,ur InstitLtte use thE- fc.llowing commum c t ion methe·ds tel cont ac t H~.t.l:g.D§l Egr.,!It-~.D.9 '§Y?.!i§'i'!.l B~J!g~r.kb 9,rQ'!:"P'? in i;:he p)-OCeS5 of d i sSE'rni nat i ng f'E:searc:h resulta? --------------------------------------N-o------T-i-m-e-s------of per Y-e-a-r ------C-o-m-m--u-ni-c-at-io-n-----M-e-th-o-d-s------------1-9-8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9--8-6---1-987 i) a) Training CDurses b) Confe'f'f?'-iCE$ c) Wodr.shops d) Seminans i U On-Farm Adapt i ve Research iil> MethDd and Result Demclil6 tl- at ions iv) Publications v) Radio vi) Televisicln vii) New6papers \I i i i) Mc.bi Ie Aud lo-Vi l,iiUCit 1 Operations ix) Field/Achievement Days x) a) Science and Technology lk ief i \-.g b) Trade Fairs c} Agricultural Shows d ) Exhibitit: in the process of disseminatii-,g rese-arch l~esulta? -------------------------------------------------------~--- No o~ Times per Year ------C-om-m-u-n-i-c-a-t-i-o-n---M-e-t-h-o-d-s-----------1--9-8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9-8-6---1-9-87 i) a) Training Courses b) Conferences c) WC.dH5hops d) Seminars ii) On-Fa)-m Adaptive Research iil) Method and Result Demonstrations iv> Publications v) Radio vi) Televisic.n vi i) Newspapenr. viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Operaticms Ix) Field/Achievement Days x) it) Science a.nd T(.~chnloogy Briefings b) Trade Fairs c) Agricultural She.we d> EHhibi t itH..,S xi> Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Method$ -------(-S-p-e-C-i-f-y-)------------------------------------------- 246 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 58. How often did your Institute contact the various o)-ganizations speci'fical1y on J;[.QPEL.f\DltPe.! !:r99Yfj:j,£'.D .f\§12§!;.t~ in the process of disseminating n:?search results? _ •.--_.---_._-----_ .._-----------_ ..•.._-----------------------_ ..__ ._- ---N-D--o-f--T-i-m-e-s--p-e-r---Y-e-a-r- -----O-r-g-a-n-i-za-t-i-o-n-s-/-G-r-Dupsi) Other Nationa-l---A-g-r-i-c-u-l-tu-r-a-l---- 1-9-8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9-8--6---1-987 and Related Research Institutes 11) International Agricultural Research Centres iil> Univer$itie5 and other Basic Research and Teaching 1oed; i tut ions iv) Policy Making Bodies v) Private sector/Commercial Organizations vi) Banhs laTII::! other Fin.i\nce Institution!5 vii) The General PubliC viii) Media Organizations and Journalists ix) States Extension Service and Related Agencies x> Federal ExtensiDn System and Related Agencies (ADP, River Basins, NAFPP etc~) xi) Farmers CO-Dperatives and other Farmer's Associations xii) Zonal Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Sel~vices (AERLS) 247 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY xiii) Urban People and Opinion Le de)-s xiv) Practising Farmers and Rural People xv) Professional Agricultural Associations xvi) National Farming System Research Network ---------------------------------------------------------- 59. HDw often did your Institute contact the various c'rI;;)ani1%at ions spec if iCia 11y on I;.c~!!.LaiJ.i.I!l~l Er..Q..t4!c;.t!.Q.U I;ltitl!!~t..l!h'\ the pn::.cess of di !!lseminat ing relSeiar'ch i~esu1ts? --------------------------------------N-o---of---T-----------------------i-m-e-s--p-e-r--Y-e-a-r-- -----O-r-g-a-n-i-z-a-t-i-o-n-s-/-G-r-o-u-p-s----_ ..__ 1984 1985 1996 1997.__ .._------_ .._------_ ..- ..-------- i) Other National Agricultural and Related Research Institutes 1i) International Agricultural Reeearch Centres ili) Universities and other Basic Research and Teaching lnst i tutionta iv) Policy Making Bodies y) Private Sector/Commercial Organizations vi> Ban.'5 cH1d other Finance Institutions vii) The Gene,·a 1 Pub 1ic 248 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY viii) Media Organizations and Journalists r x) states E>ttensic,n Service and Related Agencies x) Federal Extension System and Related Agencies (ADP, River Basins, NAFPP etc.) . xl) Farmers Co-operatives and other Farmer's Associations xii) Zonal Agricultural Extension and Re~earc:h Liaison Services (AERLS) Miii) Urban People and Opinic.n Leaders xiv> Practising Farmer= and Rural People xv) Professional Agricultural Associations xvi) National Farming Syutem Research Network ---------------------------------------------------------- How often did your Institute contact the varlC'US' orgcH"'Ii:l:ations specifically on €.Ii.QJ.lQ.'lli.f;;.!.O.1~~k~ttnqa~l!!f;;.tf! in the process of disseminating research re5ults? --------------------------------------N----------------------1-9- o--o-f--T-i-m-e-s--p-er Year Organizations/Groups 84 1985 19 -8-6---1-9-8-7 ---------------------------------------------------------- i) Other National Agricultural and Rei ted Research Institute ii} International Agricultur-l Research Centr $ 249 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii) Universities and other Basic Research and Teaching Institutic.ns iv) Policy Making Bodies v) Private Sector/Commercial Or'gCiliii z s t ~,C.\'IS vi) Banks and other Finance I '''''1$;, '~i tu t ione vii) The General Public viii) Media Organizations and Jounial i!s.ts ix) States EHtension Service and Related Agencies x) FE-de',.'al £.I'l tens r on System and Related Agencies (ADP, River Basins, NAFPP etc.) xi) Farmers CD-operatives and other Farmer's Associations Mii) Zonal Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (AERLS) xiii) Urban People and Opil"llCH1 Leader-s Hiv) Practising Farmers and Rural Pec.ple ~v) Professional Agricultural Ase.e.e:iations xvi) National Farming System Research Netwcn-l{ ---------------------------------------------------------- 250 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 61. How o~ten did your Institute contact the \tOe\)- iOU5 on;,anizatic.n!l~sp£e~c~if1ically on E'.£t~£=~~r.Y~§£ J.l?.!gr.@g~..• erQ£g§§lng~ aspects in the process of' disseminating research ,-esults? ---------------------------------------------T-i--No of me-s--p-e-r-----Yeal- -----O-r-g-a-n-i-za-t-i-o-n-s-/-G-r-D-u-p-s---------------1-9-8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9-8--6---1-987 i) Other National Agricultural and Related Research Institutes ii> International Agricultural Research Centres iii) Universities and other Basic Research and Teaching lost i tutic.ns iv) Policy Making Bodies v) Priv.ate sector/Commercial Organizations vi) Banks and other Finance .j Institutions vi i) The Genal-al Publ ic viii) Media Organizations and Journalists ix} States Extension Service Bnd Related Agencie~ H) Federal ENtansion System and Related Agencies (ADP, River Basins, NAFPP etc.) Hi) Farmers Co-operatives and other Farmer's Associations 251 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY xii) Zonal Agricultural Extension and Re5earch Liai~on Services (AERLS) xiii) Urban People and Opinion Leadel-$ xiv) Practising Farmers and Rural Pec.ple xv) Professional Agricultural Associi1tions xvi} National Farming System Research Netwc·,k ---------------------------------------------------------- 62. How often did your Institute contact the various organizations specifically on f;.t,qR¥!L6.ni.I!!i!!. er:..Q.qY.~t§. l:!ti.l.i.~~ti.Q.1J. 6.~e.~~t~in the prOCEifiS o f dissemi "liati ng research results? ------_ .._-_._----_ .._--_._-----_._._ .... - ..._-----------------------_.- No of Times per Vear ------------------------- 1994 1985 1986 1987 .•._---O-r--g-a-n-i-z-a_t.i_on-s--/-G-r_ou._p6------------------------------------- r ) Dthl;!l- National AgricultLll-al and Related Research Institutes il) International Agricultur&l Rese~rch Centre5 iik) Univer ities and other Baaic Res arch and Teaching Institutions iv) Policy Making Bodies v) Private sector/Commercial Organizations vi) Banks and Dth£:!)- Finance Institutions 252 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY vii) The General Public • viii) Media Organizations and Journalists ix) states Extension Service and Related Agencies x) Federal Extension System and Related Agencies (ADP, Ri vel- BcH:,nis, NAFPP etc:.) xi) Farmers CD-operatives and other Farmer's Associations xii) Zonal Agricultural Extension and Resean::h L i a ison Bel-v i c.as (AE:F:LS) x i i r ) Ur"ban F'l~C'JP 1e and Opinion Leadel-s xiv) Practising Farmers and Rural Pec.ple xv) Professional Agricultural AS$clc i at i (:.1'15 xvi) National Farming System ---------R-e-s-e-a-l---e-h-N--t?-tw-o-'-di-, --------------------------------- 63. HeM often did your Institute use the following communi cat ion methods to contact those ol-g<:'ti'1 i zat ions specifically on !;r:.Q'p',g>.L.6Dl.ID~l Er9,9,!:H;!1.QD B?l?§'!;,~,§ in the disseminating research results? ---------------------------------------------------------- ---N-o--o-f--T-i-m-e-s--p-e-r---Y-ea-r-- ------C-o-m-m-u-ni-c-a-t-i-o-n---M-e-t-h-o-d-s------------1-9-8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9-8--6--1--987 i) a) Training Courses b) Cc.nferenc:es c:) Workshops d ) Sem i '•",.S l- S 253 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ii) On-Farm Adapt~ve Research iii} Method and Result Demc.nstrat ions iv ) Pub 1ieat i "ilS v} Radio vi) Television vii) Newspapers viii> Mobile Audio-Visual Opei~at ions ix) Field/Achievement Days !{) a> Science and Technology Briefings b> Trade Fail-S c:) Agricultural Shows d) Exhibitions xi) Group Meetings :- xii) Individual Contact Methods -------(-S-p-e-c-i-f-y-)------------------------------------------- 64. How often did your Institute ltl.••e the following c:oiiununicai'otn; method$ to contact those organizations specifically on r;!~Q§L.a!.'!ID,t.l frQ!!t£lj~!) .81!!J2§s.:tl.§i,n th d i ssemi ~-,at i"9 research results? _ •..._ .•..._---_ ...•_-_ ....•------------_ .._--------------------_.---------- . ---N-o--o~1984--- T 1- i-m-e-s---p-e-r--Y-e-ar ------C-o--m-m--u-n-ic-a-t-ic-.-Y-'\-t-'1-e-t-h-e-.-d-s------------------~-8--5--1--9-8-6-- 1 -9-87 i) a) Training Courses b) Con'fens·ncee. c) WOl-kshc.ps d> Seminanr. 254 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY il) On-Farm Adaptive Research ill) Method and Result Demonsti-at iO)"'I5 lv) Publications v) F:adio vi i) Newgopapen;;. viii) Mobile AudiD-Visual Operat iClns ix) Field/Achievement Days N) a) Science and Technology Briefings b) TI-ade F€ll\-!S c) Agl- lcul tLlral Shows d) E:'lhibi tiDns xi> Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods -------(-S-p-e-c-i-f-y-)------------------------------------------- b5. How' often did your Institute use the following communication methode to contact those organizatiDns speci'fically on .s:S,"DQIDlf:J!.l.t1!lr:J5§'.l1!.l9 ~~Q§s;.:L in the disseminating research results? --------------------------------------N-o---o-f--T-i-m-e----------------s--p -e-r----------Y-ear Communication Methods 1984 1985 1986 1 -9-8-7 --------_ •.•..._-----------_ .._-------_._--------------_ .._--------- i) a) Training Courses b) Conf·erenee!! c) l-Jc.d::shops d) Sem i n£:tr"s 255 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY i i) On-Far'm Aclaptive Research kii> Method and Result Demonstrations iv) Publications v ) Radie· vi> Television v r r ) t.Jewspape~- s viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Opei-at i one iN) Field/Achievement Days x) a) 5c ienc(~ and TechnC'Jlogy Briefkngs b> Trade Fal'r's c) Agricultural Sholtis d) E>thibi t ic·ns xi) Group Meetings xii> Individual Contact Methods -------<-S--p-e-c-if-y-)------------------------------------------- 66. How often did your Institute use the following communication methods to contact those Drganizations specifically on EQ~!=H~rY~~Slft~Qr~g~f~r~~~§~lDg~p.!~~l .e~e~.f,l!in the process of disseminating I-esearch results? --------------------------------------N-o---o-f--T-i--------------1-9-8-4---1-9-8- m 5- e-s--p-e198- r 6-- Y--ea1- r-- ------Comm 987 ----t-mi-c-a-t-i-o-n----Me-t-h-o-d-s-------------------------------- i) a) Training Courses b) Cc.·i)'ference9 c) Workshops d ) Semi nCi\¥·s 256 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY - ii) On-F.rm Adaptive Research ill) Method and Result Demons t 1" c lndividl.liicl Contact Methods -------(-S-p-e-c-i-f-y->------------------------------------------- 67. Hc.w o.,ten did your Institute use the following communica·tion methDd$ to contact those or9anization~ specifically on ~£~Q~L.eD~mgjfr~gy£~~ Y!1j1~~!1Qn .e.!?9§.fl§ in the process of disseminating research results? --..•------------------------------------N-o---o-f--T-i-m-e-s--p-~-r-------------------------Ye-a-r-- ------C-o-m-m-u-n-i-ca-t-i-o-n----Me-t-h-o-d-s-----------1--9-8-4---1-9-8-5---1-9-8--6--1--987 i) a) Training Courses b) ConfEn-ences c) Workshops d) Semi \iQ)-S 257 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ii) On-Farm Adaptive Research iii) Method and Result Demconst,.at ions rv ) Publicatic.ns v) Radio vi) Televi55ion vii) Newspapers viii) Mobile Audio-Visual Openll t if.' Ti- ac:iE? Fain; c) Agl- ieul tural Shows d> E!·:hiibt ions xi) Group Meetings xii) Individual Contact Methods (Specify) 69. Do you think yc.ur Institute has the capacity to effectively reach all her target farmers in Nigeria alone (on her own)? Ye55/Nol ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 69. Do you agreed that there are other organizations/groups "'/1"mseroles can be compl imentary to that of the States E)(tensicn Sei-vice in effectively disseminating your research results to farmers, etc.? Yes/No I •••••••• 70. State the major reasons why your Institute contact other o.r.g.a.n.i.z.a.t.i.ons....i.n- -ad.d.i.t.i.o.n...tD..........~....... .............. th.e..S.t.a.t.e.s..E.x.t. ............ e.n.s.i.o.n..S- e.r.v.i.ce................ f ~ ~ . 258 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 71. SCDre (tick) the performance of these educational tasks by States Extension Service in the Local Government Area within which your Institute is located? -------------------------Ex-c-e------V-e-r-y----------------------- -------T-a-s-k-s--------------l-l-e-n-t---G-o-o-d----------------------- a) DisseminatiDn of reseaj-ch resul ts to farmers and Dthe',- usel- $ b) Transmission of f:'.'-OH!'i-S and other users prDblems to rese •H..'c:n. c) Liaison with rele- vant organizations, grDups of people --------a-n-d--l-o-c-a-l---l-e-ad-e-r-s-.------------------------------------- 859 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ~l! II ~ATI~ g: DE CHI::fgJARE VAI..lIi Em DEr§M!!N1NG 11£ REl.AT!ONSHIP J!ETWorE:EN QRGANJZI}TIQ!§ TARGET --__ _T_HE: ~ . _ mLSEARCH INSTI1lIT-'g-- (a) P-R-O-B-L-E-M- F-O-R-M-U-L-A-T-I-O-N-,- --------------------------o--R--G--A---N--------------------------------- INSTITUTES, -------------------- I---Z--A--T--I-O--N----S----------- FREQIJENCY, EXPECTED, GO 1 GO 2 GO :3 GO 4 GO !'3 GO I;, TOTAL PERCENT, ROW PCI, COL PCl, GR 1 944 47 246 49 203 67 1556 24.14 1.213 6.2.9 1.25 5.19 1.71 39.79 60.67 3.02 15.S1 3.15 13.05 4.31 -------------------4-3-.-8-1----3-5-.-8-8-----3-2-.-1-1----4-1-.-1-8------3-7--.-4•-5---3-3-.-9-'-+- GR 2 524 30 167 35 166 43 965 13.40 0.77 4.27 0.89 4.24 1.10 24.67 54.30 3 .•11 17.31 3.63 17.20 4.46 22.90 21.80 29 .4.1 30.63 21.72 -------------------_.2_4.--3-2----------_. __ ._-------------_._--_._------------- GR 3 697 54 353 35 173 sa 1390 17..57 1.39 9.03 0 •.89 4.'.2 2.25 35 .5.4 49.42 3.88 25.40 2.52 12•4•5 6.33 -------------------8-1-.-3-8----'-+-1-.-2-2----t-t-6.-m.76- a 6---- 2-.-9-.-4-1-----3-1-.:- 9 5- 2 4-2--- 4-4-.1- 4.-4-- TOTAL: 2155 131 119 98 3911100.00 -------------------5-5-.-1-J-3-1---3-.-:-35-----1-9-.-5-9------3-.-0-4----~-1-3-.-8-6----5-.-0-6-- 260 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY (b) RESULTS DISSEMINATION: ------------------------------------_ .._-----_._-----_ .._ ...._-- .._------------- ---------o---R--G--A--N---I--Z--A--T--I-O--N----S----------- INSTITUTES: FREQUENCY, EXPECTED, GO 1 GO 2 GO 3 GO tt GO Z GO 6 TOTAL PERCENT, ROW PCl, -C-O-L--P-C-l-, -------------------------------------------_.---------------- GR 1 998 95 193 54 511 418 226 16.10 1.53 3.11 0.8'7 8.24 6.74 36.60 43.98 It.19 8.51 2.38 22.52 18.tl2 -------------------4-1-~-}8-.8-----4-1.-.-9-5-----2-9-.-1-1-----3-b-.-9-9----3-6-.--2-2---3-1-.-8-8-- GR 2 c~r", }i.JiQ blt~ 14'7 46 263 2!?7 1389 9.29 0.97 2.37 0.7•4 4.24 4.79 22.41 41.47 c•• 32 10.58 3.31 18.93 21.38 23 22.65----------------------.-6-0----2-6-.--4-3----2-2-.-1-7-----3-1-.-5-1-----1-8-.-6-4--------- GR 3 867 72 323 46 637 596 - 13.99 1.16 5.21 0.74 U).28 9.61,. --. 34.12 2~83 12_71 1.81 25.Q17 23.4645.46 -------------------3-<~=-. -r--:.:Je'-':>.----3-1-.-7-2-----4-8.-'-7-2----3--1-.5-1-----t-+-5-.114- 5 11----------TOTAL~ 24'+1 bb3 146 -------------------3-9-.-3-8---- ------ 1-0-.--7-0-----2-.-3-6-----2-2-.-7-6------------ 261 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ~JX ill CCl'FUTATJ~ !IE TI£ QlI~ YALlE F(J6 DETERtlININB ~ R£l..ATION'SHIP ~ TMGE! ORGANI?I,\TIONS AND f!.R'OSE OF ~ICATJ~ -----------------------------P-U-R----P--0---S--E---------------------ORGANIZATIONS FREQUENCY, ----------------------------- EXPECTED, PU 1 PU 2 TOTAL PERCENT!, ROW peT, e-O-L---P-C-T-.------------------------------------------------------- GO 1 1540 2f.Jel4 35441355 .3. 21.88.7 14.98 19.50 34.48 43.45 56.55 -------------------------3-9-.-1--8-------------3-1-.5-7----------------- GO 2 716 1206 1922 735.0 1187.0 6.97 11.73 18.70 37.2~ 62.75 -------------------------1-8-_-2--1-------------1-9-.-0-0----------------_ GO :3 647 725 1372 524.7 847.3 29 7.05 13.35 4b17 . 6..4166 5121..4824 _ ------------------------------------------------- 1332 GO 4 3B6 946509.4 822.6 3.76 9.20 12.96 28.98 71.02 --------------------------9-.-~Q-~~--------------1-4-.-9--0-------------- - 262 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY GO 5 280 59.19 789 3Qf1. 7 487.3 2.72 4.95 7.69 35.49 64.51 --------------------------7-.1-2---------------8-.--0-2---------------- GO 6 362 958 1320 50l.j·.8 815.8 3.52 9.32 12.8it 27.42 72.5.8 --------------------------9-.-2-1--------------15-.--Q-S9---------------- TOTAL = 3931 6348 1!2S2791(.:lf~l.<211.9 -------------------------3-8-.-2-4--------------6-1-. -'7-6---------------- 263 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY APPBIDIX !y g:»FtJTATIUt! PF !IE Q!!~ ~lE fOR ~-H!M!l@ THE .., REJ...ATIONSHtf: 1lETUE£.N ~ICATION IETHQDS ~ BY RFSEeRCH INSTITIJ!ES etm TMGfIT ORGAN I ?AT lOllS ORGANIZATIONS: MET HOD S FREQUENCY, EXPECTED, Gt1 1 GM 2 GM 3 TOTAL PERCENT, ROW PCT, _ COL peT..._-----_ .._--_._._---_ .._ .....--...•._-----------_._------_ .._-----------_ .._----- GM 1 655 935 486 2076 546.5 931.10 598.4 16.87 24.09 12.52 53_49 31.55 45.104 23.4.1 ------------------------6-4-.-0-9------5-3-.-7-0-----4-3-.-4-3---------------- '" GM 2 35 26 41 102 26.9 45.7 29.4 0.90 0.67 1-06 2.6.3 34.31 25.'+9 40.2'" -------------------------3-.-4.-2-------1-.--4-9-----3-.-6-6---------------- GM 3 147 391 355 693235.1 4~0.5 257.4 3.79 10.07 9.14 23.1.210 16.46 48.7.8 39.75 ------------------------1-4-.--3-9-----2-8--.-4-6----3-1-.-7--8--------------- GM 4 1S 73 50 13936.8 61.9 39.8 0.39 1.88 1.29 3.•55 10.87 52.90 36.23 -------------------------1-.-4--7------4--.-1-9-----4-.-4-7---------------- 264 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Gt1 -C"' 123 255 12QI 4·98131.1 223.3 143.6 3.1.7 6.57 3.09 12.83 . J., 24.712.1 51.20 24.10 ------------------------1-2-.0-4-------1-4-.-6-5-----1-!li-.7-2----------------- Gr"1 6 47 61 67 . 1~;>'.C.J' 46.1 78.5 50.4 1.21 1.57 1.73 4.51 26.86 34.8b 38.29 -------------------------it-.6--0-------3-.-5-0-----5--.-9-9---------------- TOTAL HJ22 1741 111.9 3882 ------------------------2-6-.-3-3------4-4-.-8-5-----2-8-.-8-3-----------1-0-0-..-01-0 -------------------------------M-E-T-----H-O-D-----S-------------------ORGANIZATIONS: FREQUENCY, ------------------------G-M--3-----8M 2 TOTALEXPECTED, Gt1 1 PERCENT, ROW F'CT~ ---CO-L---P-C-T-.----------------------------------------------------- 318 961 112173 2352GM 1 28!!1 _ 1 913.5 1158.lt 5.(.11 15.14 16.90 37.05 13.52 40.86 45.62 ------------------------4-·2-. -Q-l6------3-8-.-9-7-----3-/.•-.•-3-1---------------- GM 2 54· 49 155 258 310.7 11lH!1.2 12.7.1 0.85 e ,77 2.44 4.06 21l!.93 18.99 6e~.08 -------------------------7-.1-4--------1-.-9-9------4-.-9-6---------------- 265 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 8M 3 88 3810 333 801 95 •.4 311.1 394.5 1.39 5.99 5.24 12.62 10.99 47.44 41.57 ------------------------1-1-.6-4--------1-5-.-4-1-----1-13-.-6-5---------------- Gt1 4 19 94 42 155 18.5 60.2 76.3 0.3i!1 1.£.8 0.66 2.'+4 12.26 61Z!.65 27.10 -------------------------2-.~-'-H-------3-.-8-1------1-.-3'-+---------------- GM 5 1!!16 549 763 1418 168.0 550.8 698.4 1.67 8 ItCIhc.J:- 1.2. (£12 22.33 7.48 38.72 53.81 ------------------------1-4-.-!l1-2------2-2-.-2-6----2-4-.-'-+-0---------------- 171 433 761 1365Gt·1 b 162.5 58121.2 672.3 2.69 6.82 11.99 21.50 12.53 31.72 55.75 ------------------------22-.-6-2-------1-7-.-5-6----2-'-+-.-3-4---------------- TOTAL 756 2ltb6 ::1127 6349100. fl0 ------------------------1-1-.-9-1------3-8-.-8-4-----4-9-.-25----------------- 266 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ~IX ~ g:}t'FUTATl~ lE ]HE pU:::§gYARE 'l6bYi ~ gn§f:mINIf§ !~ - RELATICHSHIP IlEl~ SPECIFIC PR1J!IEft ~ Em RESEARCH/ AND ~T ~!~TIONS --------------------------S-P-E-C-I-F-I-C--P-R-O-B-L-E-M---A-R-E-A-S---------------ORGANIZATIONS: FREQUENCY, --------------------------------------- EXPECTED, P 1 P 2 P 3 P 4 P 5 TOTAL PERCENT, ROW peT, ---C-O-L--P-C-T-.----------------------------------------------------- GO 1 12 145 4 64 51 276 17..6 125.9 13.7 67.2 51.6 1.710 210.54 0.57 9.07 7.22 39.09 4.35 52 .c.i4 1.45 23.19 18.48 --------------------2-6-.-6-7-----4-5-.-12-1_3._---1-1--.-4-3---3-7-.-2--1---3--8-.-6.-4---- GO 2 3 8 3 13 3 30 1.9 .• 13.7 1.5 7.3 5.6 0.42 1.13 0.4.2 1.84 11' ••42 4.2.5 ..,..,- 10.1210 20.67 10.013 43.33 10.0'1 ---------------------6-.-6.-7-----2-.-4-8------8-.-5-7-----7-.-5-6-----2-.-2-7------ /~ 184GO 3 B 71 1121 54 4111.7 83.9 9.1 44.8 34.4 1.13 10.06 1.42 7.65 5 ..81 26.06 4.35 38.59 5.43 29.35 22.2831.106 --------------------1-7-.-7-8----2-2-.-0-5-----2-S-.-5-7----3-1-.-4-0-------------- GO 4 3 3 644 20 1.3 9.1 1.0 4.9 3.7 0.42 0.42 10.85 121.57 0.57 2 .•83 15..el0 15..00 30 •0~i1 20 •1210 20 .l2IaI ---------------------6-.-6-7-----0-.-9--3-----1-7-.-1-4----2-.-3-3-----3-.--0-3----- 267 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY GO 5 12 79 :3 25 29 148 9.4 65.5 7.3 36.1 27.7 1 .71ZS 11.19 !l).42 3.54 4.11 20.96 s,." 8.11 53.38 2.03 16.89 19.59 -------------------2-6-.-6-7-----;-'1-4-.-5-3-----8-.-5-7-----1-4.-5-3----2-1-.-9-7------ GO 6 7 16 9 12 4 48 3.1 21..9 2.4 11.7 9.0 QI.99 2.27 1.27 1.70 fl.l5.7 6.B!u 14.58 33.38 18.75 25.00 8.33 -------------------1-5-.-5-6------4-.9-'"-J-----2-5-.-7-1------6-.-9-8----3-.-•(l-13------ TOTAL: 45 322 172 132 706 ---------------------6-.8-'-7----4-5-.-6-1--------------2-4-.-3-6---1-8-.-7-0----1-0-0.00 --------------------------S-P-E-CI-F-I-C---P-ORGANIZATIONS: R-O-B-L-E-M---A-RE-A-S---------------- FREQUENCY, --------------------------------------- EXPECTED, P 1 p a P 3 P 4 P 5 TOTAL PERCENT, ~:Ol·PJCT, -.-COl.• --.-.--p-eT •.•-------------- --..----- .•.----'- ..---- .•--~------------_._. __ .._---- GO 1 18 180 7 192 52 449 31.3 193.4 51.1 1!~3.1 70.1 1.36 13.65 0.53 14.56 3.94 34.04 4. {2J1 4!Z5.09 1.56 42.71:.1 1.58 --------------------1-9.-5-7-----3-1-.-6-9------«--,«--:---6-3-.3-7-----2-5-.-2-4------ GO 2 1(4 22 4 19 8 63 4.4 27.1 7.2 l't.5 9.8 0.76 1.67 0.3lZi 1 •4ft I!) _61 4.78 15.87 34.92 6.35 8uS.16 12.70 --------------------1-0-.-8-7-----8-.-8-7-------1-.6-7-----b-.-2-7-----3-.-8-8------ 268 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY GO 3 17 114 60 20 23 234 16.3 101~.8 426.6 53.8 36.51.29 8.64 .,c.:J-;=J: 1••52 1.7/+ 17.74 7 .2.6 48.72 25.64 B.55 9.83 L· -------------------1-8--.-4-8----20-.!-t:-;--7-----4-1-l1-.0-0----6-.-6-~---S---1-1-.-1-7------ GO 4 12 25 8 6 4 55 3..8 23.7 6 .3. 12.6 8.6 10.91 1 .9f21 0.61 0.45 0.30 4.17 21.82 45.45 14.55 10.90 7.27 13.04 4.40 5.33 1.98 1.94 ----------------------------------------------_._-----._----------- GO 5 11 71 :3 38 31 15/+. 10.7 66.3 17.5 35.4 24.1 liS.83 5.38 f2I 23 2.138 2.35 11.b8M 7.14 46.1.0 1.95 24.68 20.13 _. __ ._------------_._--_1.1_.9--6 12.5f2} 2.00 12.5'+ 15.05 ------------_ .••..•_------------------------ SO 6 24 156 68 28 88 364 25.4 156.7 41.4 83.0 56.8 1.82 11.83 5.16 2 .•12 6.67 27.60 6 ..59 42.80 18.6.8 7.69 24.18 --------------------2-6-.-1-3-9---2-7-.-4-6------4-~-•-•3-3------9-.-2-4---4-2-.-7-2----- TOTAL. 92 56B 150 3103 206 1319 ---------------------6-.-97-----4-3-.-0-6------1-1-.3-7-----2-2-.-9-7---1-5-.-6-2----1-0-0.00 269 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ~l! ~l COI'1PIJTATIOII {J.E !tI§; CHI-~ y~ FOR DETERtIUfltE DEPE.NDENCE IF c::otKJNICATION ttETHDDS ~ @Y ~SEMCH INSTITUTES ~ ~ OF gJt'UllCATI~ ---------------------------P-U-R----P--0--S---E-----------------------METHODS: FREQUENCY, EXPECTED, PU 1 PU 2 TOTAL PERCENT, ROW peT, e-O-L---p-e-T-.------------------------------------------------------- 8M 1. 1354 839 2193 857.6 1335.4 12~46 7.72 21l!.17 61.74 38"26 ------------------------3-1-.-8-5-----------1-2-.6-8--------------------- 1685 2525 421Y.i8M 2 16Ltb.4 2563.6 15.50 28.23 38.73 40. f4S2 59.98 ------------------------3-9-.-6-4-----------38-.-1-5--------------------- Gt1 3 1212 3255 4467 174~1.9 2720.1 11.1.:.;1 29.94 41.£19 27.13 72.87 ------------------------2-8-~-1-3----------4-9-.-1-8--------------------- TOTAL: 6619 1Q187Q! -----------------------3--9-.1-1-----------b-e-l.-8-9---------------1-!2-)0-•-!-2l-!~~ 27(1 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ~IX ~!l CHI-SQUARE g;gyrAlIm B!! m;TERttllj!t§ .~ REllp\TIONSHIP BflWEEN SPECIFIC ~ Ega ~ ~ QJtftJNICATI~ ~~ ~ BY !1£ INSII1UTE~ (a) efiQ~k~t.1§t..QJit.1Y.l::.e.I!.q~t ----------------------------M-E-T----H-O-D---------------------------PROBLEt1S: S FREQUENCY, ---.-------.-.------.- .•-•..-..,.--.--.---.--~-.•.---- EXPECTED, PERCENT, 8M 1 GM 2 GM 3 TOTAL ROW PCT, C-O-L-.--p-e-T-.------------------------------------------------------- P 1 :3 5 8 16 3.2 5.9 6.9 0 ••38 0.64 1.02 2.04 18.75 31.25 50.00 -------------------------1-.9-0-------1-.-7-2--------2-.-3-7--------------- P 2 83 139 117 339 68.1 125.5 145.3 10.56 17.68 14.89 43.13 24.48 41.00 3'+.51 ------------------------5-2-.-5-3------4-7-.-7-7-------3-4-.7-2--------------- P 3 3 4 6 13 2.6 4.9 5.6 0.3.9 0.51 0.76 1.65 23.f.!18 30.77 46.15 ----------------------------------1-.-3-7--------1-.7-6---------------- P 4 19 90 104 213 42.8 78.9 9L3 2.42 11.45 13.23 27.10 8.ge 42.25 48.8.3 ------------------------1-2-.-0-3-----3-0-.-9-3-------3-0-.-8-6--------------- 271 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY P 5 50 53 102 41.2 75.9 20587.9 6.36 6.7". 12.98 e~,.08 ••• 24.39 25.85 49.76 ------------------------:3-1-.-6-5-----1-8-.-2-1-------3m-.-2-?---------------- TOTAL. 158 291 337 78b -----------------_._----2--0-.1-0------3-7-.-0-2-------4-2-.-9-8------------1-0-@-.00 P-R-O-B-L-E-M-S-:--------------------M-E-T----H-O-D-----S---------------------- FREQUENCY, EXPECTED, ------------------------------------ PERCENT, 8M 1 8M 2 8M 3 TOTAL ROW peT, eOL PCT. P 1 3 9 11 29 2.4 12.9 13.8 0.24 0.72 1.36 2.31 ,----- iIlJ.34 31.03 58.0.2 -------------------------2-.-8-6------1-.-6-2--------2-.-8-6--------------- P 2 61 249 274 584 48.9 25S. III 277.1 4.86 19.86 21.95 46.57 HI.45 42.64 46.92 ------------------------5-8-.-1-0-----4-4-.-9-5-------4-6-,-.-0-5-------------- P :3 1121 84 32 126 10.6 L 55.7 59.8 0.80 6.70 2.55 1.f.i.f.... 05" 7.94 66.67 25.40 -------------------------9-.-5-2-----1-5--.1-6--------5-.-3.-8--------------- UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY P 4 18 1ai 181 320 26~8 141.4 151.8 1.4ft 9.6!"S 1i•.4.3 25.52 5.63 37.81 56.56 -------------------------1-7-.1-4------2-1--.-8-4------3-(-~-}-.4-2-------------- P 5 13 91 91 195 16.3 86.1 92.5 1 • !!S4 '"? ,.... f~ .1.":.0 7.2.6 15.55 6.67 46.67 46.67 12.38 16.43 15 ••£=19 TOTAL: 554 595 125£.· -----------------------------------4-4-.-1-8-------4-7-.-4-5------------1-0st}. !:;10 273 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY COI'F'UTATI~ (F H§ au~ VAtY§ FtJR nt£J§G'IIHlt§ ~ RELATIONSHIP BEnEEN TYPES QE RE5EBRCH !__TITUTES gJI••.•.• lCATION PE!~ ~ -I-N-S-T-I-T-UT-E-S-:--------------------M-E-T----H-O-D-----S-------------------- FREQUENCY, EXPECTED, 8M 1 8M 2 8M 3 TOTAL PERCENT, ROW peT, C-O-L---P-C-T.-------------------------------------------------------- GR 1 814 573 507 189i+ 18.93 13.33 11.7.9 44.06 42.98 30.25 26.77 -------------_._-----5-8-.-3-9---------3-3--.-8-7--------4-1--.-8-0------------ GR 2 255 474 291 1020 5.93 11.03 6.77 23.73 25.00 46.47 2S.53 ---------------------1-9-.-2.-9--------2-8-.-0-1---------2-3-.-9-9------------- GR 3 825 645 415 1395 7.56 15.0fj 9.6.5 32.22 23.47 46.57 29.96 -T-O-T-A-L-:-------------- 2-31- .-339- 1 4--------- 3-8-.-1-2- 34.2116192---------1-2-1-3----------4-2--99 --------------------3-2-.--4-3--------3--9-.3-.-6--------2-9-.-2-2---------1-0-0-.-00 274 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY INSTITUTES: MET HOD S FREQUENCY~ EXPECT£D~ Gt·1 1 GN 2 GM 3 TOTAL PERCENT, ROt.J PCT , -C-O-L--P-C-1-. ------------------------------------------------------- GR 1 298 877 1186 2361 4.59 13.Sul 18.26 36. 3~5 12. b,~ 37.1.5 510.23 --------------------3-5-.6-£-2-) --------3-6-.1-2---------3--6-.7-1-------------- GR 2 19'+ 525 ?59 1.478 2.99 8.1~18 11.68 22.75 1:3.13 35.52 51.35 ---------------------2-3-.-1-8--------2-1-.-6-2---------2-3-.-4-9------------- GR 3 345 11026 1268 2657 5.31 15.79 19. Sf"! l~l2l.9f~ 12.98 38.61 48.40 --------------------4-1-.-2-2---------4-2-.2-,0,242-8--------- 39-.-8-u-l---------- TOTAL: 837 3231 6 -4-9-6 --------------------1-2-.-8-8---------3-7-.-3-8---------4-9-.7-l-..---------10-0-.-0-0 275 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY KRt.ISKAL. -IW..I~ £OIFUTATION FOR POSSIm...§ DlFE£REtEES IN !!:AiRANKING IE COntJlCATIDN t£THDDS t..JSED BY . H£SEARCH !t!SIIlY.!§ ----------.--~--.-------~----------------.---.-------..-----------_ .."...-- SUM OF EXPECTED STD.DEV. MEAN -L-E-V-E-L--------N-O-------S-C-O-R-E-S------UN-D-E~R~--H-O------U-N-D-E-R---HO-- SCORE---------- IAR 18 315{o.5(!J 2925.00 385. 7r~ 195 .0.3 IART 19 3407.5!21 2925 •0.0 385.79 189 .•31 NCRI 18 3513. eSlil C!92S.0QI 395.79 195.17 NIHORT 19 2793.013 2925.010 395.79 155.17 NRCRI 18 3598.50 2925.0QS 385.79 199.42 CRIN 18 2905.50 2925.00 385.79 161.42 NIFOR 18 3185.50 2925.00 385.79 176.97 PRIN 18 2825.00 2925.00 385.79 156.94 NAPF-:! 18 3389.e10 2925.f2l0 385.79 188.25 NVRI 18 2427.50 2925.@f21 385.79 134.86 NITR 18 2521 .5.12$ 2925 .0.@ 385.79 140.08 FRIN 18 2084.50 2925.00 385.79 115.91 LCRI 18 2905.00 2925.0(lS 385.79 161.39 KLRI 18 2146 .5.0 2925.0121 385.79 119.25 NIOMR 18 2451. fZS0 E925.a~0 385.79 136.17 NSPRI 18 3007.00 2925.1210 385.79 167.06 LERIN 18 (:H63.~0 E925.00 385.79 120.17 AERLS 18 3825.50 2925.00 385.79 212 .5.3 276 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY