Ajayi, P. A. and D. D. Ajayi (2013): Areal Differennation in Crime in Public Transit Terminals in Ibedan Metropolis. Journal of Trans~orSt ecuritv, Vol. 6. Issue 1, pp. 1-12. 'X$.S.A (60.0%) UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY real diferentiation in cri transit terminals in Ibada Adeyinka Peter Ajayi & Ajayi UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY J Ttansp Sena DO1 10.1007/~12198-0124099-2 Areal differentiation in crime in public transit terminals in Ibadan metrgpolis t Adeyinka Peter Ajayi Dickson 'Dare Ajayi Received: 4 October 2012 /Accepted: 17 Qctober 2012 8 Springer SciencetBusiness Media New York 2012 Abstract The unprecedented rate of u r b e o n i n the twentieth and twenty- first century in most less developed countries (LDC) is coming at a huge cost to cities in these countries chief among which are distorted morphologies, dysfunctional hfimhuctural S- and ever-increasing crime rate, In Ibadan metropolis one of the ~ t r u c t u rteha t has been subject of this systemic abuse are the-public transit terminals, this study analyses the incidences of crirne,the spatial pattern of their o c c m n c a~n d the nature of clime which are p~valenti n and around major road transit terminals, stabtical records of crime incidences and data on &e experiences of two hundred and fifty respondents were analyzed statistically and descrQtively, the findings revealed that crime rate, the nature and pattern of occurrence varied spatially within the metropolitan parks, recommendations on how best to safeguard the parks are subsequently made. Keywords Crime incidence. Spatial pattern- Transit terminals . Metropolis - Infkstructural decay *' ., Introduction Trips on public transport system in major cities across the world are daily becoming associated with fear and concern for passenger's safety (World Bank 2002; Newton 2004; Ajayi 2010). Rather than being an occasional occurrence urban crime has grown monstrously in contempomry times to assume world wide relational indices with urbanization (Pain 2000). Urban public transit facilities and inhstructures (buses, loading points, motor-parks) are becoming significant platforms for perpetu- ation of these ignoble acts. The socio-economic role that efficient, affordable and functional transport system plays is simply incomparable. In most developing k P. Ajayi 0 Redeemer's University, Mowe, Ogun, Nigeria email: lcmrni-ay&ahoo.com D. 'D. Ajayi University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Published online: 08 November 2012 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY A.P. Ajayi, D.D. Ajayi societies, cities like Ibadan are the major sources of the nation's development; their growth is highly incidental and impactfd on the national economic growth. It is a truism that inefficient, poorly designed and planned transport system inhibits the growth of cities and makes poverty reduction a herculean task (World Bank2002). Personal security on and off transport infrastnrctures is becoming a crisis in many developing countries, the risk to liF&and properties that are becoming regular features on transport routes and terminals in Ib'adan and this in conjunction with other transportation problems can lead to social exclusion especially among the poor and irnpede accessibilities to job, health, education, and social integration and bonding among the residents. In Ibadan, the locations of these parks are also part of the complex arrangement of the public transit system. In 1984 specific locations within the cities were delineated as bus stopslterminals (Filani 1994). These were Agodi-Gate, Dugbe, Beere, Molete and Challenge bus-stops. Their positioning were part of the measures to improve the flow of traffic and was meant to discourage the indiscriminate picking and dropping of cormuters both on intra-city and inter-city routes. It is observable that most of these parks and terminals which were initially sited at the city outskirts are now part of the built up areas. Filani (1994) observed that "it is difficultt o secure well defined areas for the construction of lay-bys to serve as stops for buses". In recent years developers have encroached into lands designated mostly as parks in Ibadan. The resultant effects axe seedier environment which are acting & a breeding ground for criminal activities both within and around such parks. Apart fiom the problem of space, most parks in Ibadan do not enjoy electricity supply in the evening and night. Studies have s h that crime rates are dispropor- tionately high on the public transit system at ev&ings when criminals hide under darkness to perpetuate their nefarious acts (Newton 2004; Pain 2000). Empirical research (Loukaitou-Sideris 1999) indicates that environmental attributes and site conditions at bus stops do have an impact on crime levels. Incidences of crime on road transport terminals and route networks are neglected topics in Nigeria literature. There is a general paucity of information and statistics on this social menace. Therefore, the need to have reliable information about the nature and extent of crime and disorder on public transit terminals in Ib* city cannot be over-emphasized The growing rate of crime in most cities in less developed countries have been fweled significantly by the quantum leap in population sizes of these countries, unprecedented rate of urbanization and poverty(Ajayi 2010; Fabiyi 2004; Agboola 1997) researches have however sshown that urbanization in Nigeria like most countries in sub-Saharan AiXca predates contacts with the western worldCEgunjobi 1999:Mabogunje 1968). Mabogunje (1968) observed that cities like Sokoto, Ibadan and Abeokuta were inhabited by human populations of over one hundred thousand (100,000) before the advent of colonisation. The development of these cities was tied mainly to the major functions they performed, which ranged from religious to defence, trading and administrative functions. Nigeria experienced unprecedented pace of urbanization in the post independence era. The post colonial administration employed the growth pole model of regional development which led to the concentration of public investments on the already urbanized and fast-growing regional and national capitals respectively (Ibadan, Kaduna, Enup, Benin City and Lagos). The resultant effect of this was the excessive migratory rural-urban population drift. Springer UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY heal differentiation in crime in transit terminals in Ibadan The growth of urban center has two dimensions: population growth and spatial expansion or territorial growth. Mabogunje (1968) notes that the engine of this growth arguably has been transportation. In Nigeria, of all the modes of transporta- tion, the most important in terms of inter-city and intra-city traffic movement is the mad transportation (O+u and Onokerhoraye 1995). The automobile has evolved over the years to bad-the ubiquitous transportation medium within cities. Daniels and Warnes (1980) observed that "Cities were not possible until transportation allowed the movement of people and goods. Cities function through complex net- work of transport system". The public transit system (Newton 2004), notes is a multifaceted arena with a complex interaction of settings (transit buses and taxicabs), facilities (motor parkdbus stops) and users (union of mad W p o r t workers, passengers and traders). Research in spatial tendencies of crime has revealed strong regional differentials over urbanised environment, the effects of contextual variable such as anomie, deprivation, unem- ployment and poverty on urban location are critical determinant of the level of c M t y of a location. (~oukaitou-Sideris1 999). Investment in motor parks by successive governments in Nigeria is debat- able. The design of this facility and the internal environment of most parks may influence the level of crime experienced within the urban public transit system. The environments in most motor parks in Nigeria are suitable breeding grounds for c r i m i i activities. The array of unemployed and -underemployed youths lazing around most motor parks are often than not, willing recruits into criminal groups which mostly use such parks 'either base or launching pads. The activities of illicit drug peddlers and alcohol %s ersI who openly display their wares in most parks often acts as catalyst to these criminal activities. The design of public transit terminalshus-stops i i ~N igeria is mainly as boarding and alighting points for travelers. Its design and functionality is geared towards the satisfaction of the attribute of the economy of time, in the technical characteristics of transport mode (Filani 1994). Rising wave of crime has not only altered the characterization of living conditions in most cities in Nigeria, the issue of insecurity has also influenced the morphology, accessibility and utility of public infrastructures. The advent of gated neighbourhoods in Ibadan metropolis (Fabiyi 2004) where urbanites secured access links roads to their neighbourhoods with manned gates is a reflection of this. Criminal activities are playing pivotal. role in both the accessibility and function- ality of public i&&ructure within the Nigeria urban's landscape. The functionality of road transport terminals are being undermined by the real and i m a m f ear of crime incidences within and around these parks. Agboola (1997) noted that the fear of crime has become a factor in the mhitectural designs of most buildings in Nigeria's cities. The huge cost dedicated to buildings fences in Nigeria around some private and public structares in various cities attests to this assertion. This study examined and analysed the spatial pattern in the incidence of crime in and around major motor parks/bu~s tops in Ibadan metropolis. The research specif- ically examined the nature of criminal &ivities prevalent in these parks, analyzed the spatial patteni of crime occurrence among the identified motor parks in Ibadan metropolis and made comparative' analyses between the incidences'and the nature of criminal activities in and around these parks. a Springer UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY A.P. Ajayi, D.D. Ajayi This paper is divided into five sections the first secfion is the introductory part: section two reviewed conceptual issues and relevant literature on the subject, section three examined the materials (the instruments used in conducting the research) and methodology employed, section four discussed the results of the findings and analyses, while in section five mo.r nmendations were made. C w Review of related literature Environmental criminology theories hold that convergences of a number of factors are important for the occurrence of crime. These are location, environ- ment, the potential opportunity to commit a crime, the absence of capable law enforcement agents, the presence of offenders and targets and right timing (Clarke and Eck 2003). There are three major theories of environmental criminol- ogy. These are routine activities theory (Cohen and Felson 1979) which states that for crime event to occur there must be convergence in space and time of three factors. These are: (a) The availability of a xnotivated offendeT; (b) The absence of a crime preventing of f ice t lguar~an d (c) The availability of suitable target ' In Ibadan metropolis motor parks and the environment'in which they are sited arguably satisfied these conditions. The second ry is the rational choice theory (Cornish and Clarke 1986). This theory sugge3 th at offenders will choose their targets and goals in a manner which is explainable. Crime is generally assumed to be purposive to the availability of information. The presence of teeming able-bodied loiters in motor pa& around the city who have no defined source of livelihood, and who of necessity are desirous of meeting life basic needs, (feeding, cl~things, helter etc.) surely have purposive needs which can lure them to commit criminal acts. Crime Pattem Theory (Barintinghm and Barintingham 1995), suggests that "crime is an event that occurs when an individual.w ith some criminal readiness level encounters a suitable target in a situation sufficient to activate that readiness potential". The environment in and around major motor parks in lbadan are conducive for criminal activities. Among other factors, the parks provide abodes for touts, urchin and unemployed youths. One of the early studies on the prevalence of crime in public transport study of the public transit system was carried out by Pearlstein and Wachs (1982). They found out through an intensive study of the public transit system in ' California that there is ahigh crime rate when buses stopped at terminah 1-ocated in areas of high crime rates. The study further revealed that crime occurred mostly when passengers volume were highest and usually during late-evening. Based on the foregoing they ass- that they are both spatial and temporal dimension to crime on public transit system . Block and Davis (19%) revealed that the distriiution of street crime in four districts of Chicago were incidental to areas designated as rapid transit bus stations. The locations of these d o n s acted as crime generators in the districts studied. hukaitou-Sideris (1999) studied the comektion between criminal activity at bns- stops and environmental factors which included the location of liquor stores, bars, Springer UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Areal diflkentiation in crime in transit t e ~ l l i d sin Ibadsn movie theatres, vacant lots/buildings etc. within 300 ft of bus-stops. They were found to have direct influence on the prevalence of crime rates in such locations. Liggert et al. (2001) discovered that by using a skies of regression models it is possible to predict the level of crimhdity of an area He identified that the putting of bus te-Jstops inkcations can lead to upsurge in the level of crime experienced in such areas. Hebekt b982) found that high crime rates in certain locations are attributable to the economic and social history of such places. In a related manner . Pain (1996) reported that crime rate prevalence are discovered to be incidental on social geographical processes at any given location. Pain (2000) identified that social structural problems like urban clustering, high rate of unemployment, drug abuse, poor housing, poor policing and surveillance have direct influence on the level of crime experienced at any laation., - Researches bi urbatl transport problem in Nigeria are inexhaustive, Tranpoconsults (1976) observed that forty-four percent of the designated parking lots/bus~~topins Lagos hinders free flow of traffic. And Ogunsanya (1983) have shown that these problems are of three broad types, these are empirical, theoretical and conceptual. These studies overtime identified the major road transportation problems in the contemporary Nigerian cities to include among others: traffic congestion, movement delay, dangerous and reckless driving, environmental pollution, on street trading, inordin& use of parking log, location and management of bus stops etc. Ogunsanya (1985) found that on-street parking aiid illegal 'bus stops' accounts for 30 % of hold- ' ups and traffic congestion in some~locationw ithin Lagos metropolis. The misuse or under utilization of mok deai 9ed bus-stopsltermiaals are partly responsible for the springing up of illegal t e r n s in most Nigeria cities. Most of these terminals are either abodes to touts or traders who deal in illicit drugs. T m i t policy makers and planners in Nigeria have not helped matters because it is debatable if any of the three urban transportation planning (UTP) models and location model were used in locating these parks, indeed Babalola (1993) opined that locations of public transits terminals &Nigeria have both been subjective and informed by human judgment. The hnctionality of cities is doubtlessly dependent on how efficient its trahsport network system is (Daniels aid Warnes 1980). Thus they are ~f h e view that a deficient transport system can lead to distortion of a city's morphology. (Filani 2000; Rae 1968) are of the view that 'modem metropolis, in both its good and bad features, is peculiarly a product of transportation technology' and to underscore the indispens- ability of efficient and safe urban tntnsport system within Nigerian cities, Ogunsanya (1993) concluded that'transport is considered as a catalyst that can lead to the development, growth or demise of these cities' The gradual emergence of the burgeoning problem of crime in~idencesi n and around road transport terminals in Nigeria's cities can in relati6n with other unresolved problemi increase the'damting mobility crisis being experienced by most of these cities. - Study method Data were collected h m b oth primary and secondary sources. Data h m t he primary source involved the use of questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to two a Springer UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY A.P. Ajayi. D.?). Ajayi hundred and fifty respondents (passengers, drivers and traders) fifty respondents were randomly selected fiom each of the five selected motor parks. The selected bus teaminus are those in Ojoo, Sango, Iwo Road, Challenge and Dugbe. The selected parks are sited at dBkmnt sections of the city, this was done to achieve a wide spread coverage. It mugt be stated that the selected parks are major interstate parks that are usually beehive af act?vEties. The questionnaire elicited information ciu the socio- economic characteristics bf the respondents; age, sex and &upationid status of the respondents. It equally elicited inf~~nation the crime experiences of the respond- ents, the name of crime they have both witnessed and fallen victim of, data on what the respondents believed is attributable for the high incidences of crime were also collected fiom the users of these parks. Secondary data collected were fiom crime statistics fiom 2003 to 2008411@ around the parks studied. These were collected h m t he Oyo State Headqui\rt$m of the Nigerian Police, Eleyele, Ibadan. . - Result and discussion In this section the result of the analyses are discussed. Analysis of crime incidence in and around the studied parks Based on available crime statistics there is a relatively high level of homogeneity in the nature af criminal acts prevalent across all the qarks even if there are comparative differences in the reported figures for each park, the analysi? revealed that particular crime types are common occurrences across all the parks in all the years under consideration (Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7; Fig. 1). There were noticeable differences in the rate of occurrence of each of this crime type although breach of public peace and possession and consumption of hard drugs recorded the highest incidences across the parks. Table 1 Cxime incidencesaxid their percentages across each of the studied parks Park Grievous Indecent Theft, pick Burglary and Gambling, Breach of woundmg/ assault, pocket and store obtaining by public peace Mugging sexual stealing breaking trick and possession assault, rape of hard drugs Challenge 69 18.1 56 14.44 95 26.46 192 32.32 138 27.6 288 24.16 Dugbe 82 21.40 72 20.86 92 25.62 94 15.82 92 18.40 128 ' 10.73 Sango 50 13.05 73 21.15 12 3.34 75 12.62 25 5.00 46 12.24 Iworoad 119 31.07 98 20.40 128 35.65 138 2323 110 22.10 482 0.43 Ojoo 63 14.44 52 15.01 32 8.19 95 15.99 135 27.00 148 12.41 Total 385 100 345 100 359 100 594 100 594 100 1192 1ofl Author's fieldwork 2009 a springer UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Areal d i h t i a t i o n m crime in &t taminals iri Ibadan Table 2 Total incidence of each crime type and their percentages Crime type Incidence rate % Grievous woundinghfugging Indecent assault and rap Theft, stealing and pick psoket ~ l n ~ l aarnyd store bn&& I Gambling/Obtainidg bYhicks:* . B e i i i n possession of hard drugs and Breach of public peace. Total - p p Author's fieldwork 2009 There were 1192(35.33 %) qorepoIted cases for the period considered and this was followed by the incidence rat.r eported for burglary and store breaking>a total of 594 (17.61 %) cases yas reported while the crime type with the lowest incidence rate reported was i n k t a ssault and rape it had a total of 345(10,24 %) cases for the period under consideration. . The application of multivariate statistics of analysis ofvariance to exec ifthere was a significant variation in the incidence of o~curenceo f these crimes among the parks for the period under consideration, show that in 2003 an F-statistics value of 2.890 was obtained at a significance level of 0.005, which thus revealed a significant Pble 3 Analysis of Variance (Anova) of aime bide- @ the sludicd parks for the the period reviewed @etwew 2003 and 2008) h Sum of squares df Mean square F Sig. 2003 BetwmGroup~ 738.183 11 67.10& 2.890 - .005 W~thinG roup3 1 114.400 48 23.217 Total 1852.583 59 2004 Between Oronps 1375.533 11 125.048 With Groups 1707.200 48 35.567 Total 3082.733 59 2095 BetweenGroaps 1212.200 11 110.200 2.446 .016 W-Gro* 2162.800 48 45.058 Total 3375.000 59 2006 Between Gmups 1228.733 11 111.703 1.798 .081 Within Groups 2982.000 48 62.125 Total 4210.733 59 2007 Between Groups 1354.333 11 lG.121 Within Gmups 2 176.400 48 45.342 Total 3530.733 59 2008 BetweenGroups 1745.250 . 11 158.659 W~thinG roqs 3498.400 48 72.883 Total 5243.650 59 - a Springer UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY A.P. Ajayi D.?). Ajayi Table 4 Sex of mpondents . Sex R=Wl=S Percentages Male ' 12k 49.4 &, Female 126 50.6 Total 250 1D O Author's field work 2009 ' 1 variation in the dependent variable(crime incidences) as explained by the independent variable (the different parks and the years under consideration). The test was repeated for the remaining years under consideration and similar results were obtained which incidentally is consistent with fmdings by crime spatid analysts tbat crime incidence over large urbanized landscape shows strong regional differentials (Newton 2004; Loukaitou-Sideris 1999), This findings show that crime incidences in and around the parks studied in the city do significantly for the period considered, two hundred and fifty ques- tionnaire were also randomly administered to respondents in around the park, Anal- yses carried out based on the responses elicited fiom the questionnaires are below: ~ o ~ ~ ~ehao+ctenristi?cs iof t~he r espondents . . Out of the two hundred and fiftv sampled population, 124 of them are male which represents 49.6 % while 126 (50.6 %) ofthe resppndents w=re female. The sexlatio of the sampled population reflect some degrees ok equiliirium between the two sex types, the implication of this fact is that the analysis done from the fkorn the questionnaires will likely be bias free when the sex of the respondents-are considered. The breakdown of the occupational status of the respondents revealed that 64 (25.6 %) of the respondents were students, while drivels and allied employees engaged in provision of public transit services were 50(20 %) out of the total number of respondents, 3 l(f2.4 %) of the respondents admitted that the are unemployed as at the time the survey was conducted this is a poitlter to &e general prevailing trend in the country, The Naqonal Bureau of Statistics (2006) revealed that the unemployment rate nationally for urban areas for 2006 was 61.3 % for the adult male and 38.7 % for the female @IBS fact book 2007), researches have shown that crime rates increases significantly whenever there is a rise in unemployment rate,(F'ain 2000). Table 5 Occupation of respondwts RUPO- F-cY Percentages Schooling 64 25.6 Driving 50 20.0 Trading 48 19.2 Civil servant 32 12.8 Artisans 14 , 5.6 Unemployed 3 1 12.4 Others 11 4.4 Author's fieIdwork 2009 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Anal difkentiation m crime in transit terminals m Ibadan Table 6 Crime expexience of the respondents across the studied parks Observation Responses Frequency Percentage Ever wiimssed any mime&. t his parM Have witnessed 161 64.4 i e Not witnessed 89 35.6 Total 250 100 Type of aime witnessed Fi&ting/Affiay/J3rreah of Public 80 49.68 peace. Smoking of Indian Hemp 19 11.80 Gambling 9 5.59 Sexual I-hasm~arassment 5 3.10 A . . L .- 'I ::% * Steali~gmeft 40 24.84 ,".zw ' ,:%P-.4 .: Police Battery 2 1.24. * - K ~ ~ P P & 6 3.72 Total t61 99.93 Ever a victim of criminal act? Yes No Total of crime of which you were a FightindAffiay/Mugging vktim? Smoking of Mtm Hemp Gambbg StealingiThefl ai@$obbery Sexual Harassment Kidnapping Total Tme of the day attacked? Morning Noon Evening Night Total Sex of the victim of uimihal act Male Female Total -- Author's fieldwork 2009 The table above depict the analysis of the crime experi&ces of the respondents across the five parks,l61 (64.4 %) of the respondents admitted that they have witnessed one crime or mother being committed, this implies that a larger proportion of the respondents a&W that they have witnessed occ-ce of cn'minal acts within and around the parks, 80 (49.68 %) of tbe respondents opined that tbey have witnessed fighting/affray and breach of public peace, this represented the largest proportion of all crime types witnessed, this figure is in sync with the crime statistics collected fiom the State Police Command which recorded that fightinglatliay and breach of public peace was the crime type with highest incident rate for the period Q Springer a in*' UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY A.P. Ajayi, D . 9 . Ajayi Table 7 Identified faetor responsible for crime prevalence in the studied parks Factors Frequency Percentage Unemployment/Poverty 101 40.4 Consumption of hard dn& 23 9.2 m hadequate security 20 8 Bad elements among the drivers and transpo~ters 30 12 Lack of perimeter fencing 11 4.4 Menace of a m b oydpoIihckation of unioe of load transport workera 5 2 Lack of lighting/electricity in the parks at night 12 4.8 n1ite"cy . - 8 3.2 Overpopulation .. 8 3.2 No -use 30 12 Total 250 100 Author's fildwork 2009. considered; 1192(35.22 %) cases were reported across the parks for the 5 years considered. A larger proportion of the respondents; 156 (62 %) admitted that they have never been victim of criminal attack in and around the parks while 95 (38 %) of f e respondents reported that they had been at thereceiving end of one criminal act or the other, when asked of the nature of the crimidl acts they have fallen victim of, 43 (45.26 %) of the respondents posited that they have been victim of mugging, affray and fighting m e th ecs ecopd highest .proportion 30(3 1.27) claim* that they have fallen victim of theft and rcibbery, when asked of the time of the day they were attacked M(35.7 %) of the respondents admitted that the were attacked in the night, this is consistent with the findings of Newton (2004) which posited that crime rates increase significantly in the night when criminals hide under the dark to perpetuate their nefatious activities. The findings revealed that female sex were the most vulnerable and susceptible as targets of the criminals in and around these parks, this is consistent with crime rational theory by Cohen a d F elson (1979) which states that 'criminals will choose 1400 --- ---- -- a-1 tW XA T8S B B S G W B T B P Fig. 1 Showing the statistics of crime incidence in ihe parks Q Springer UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Areal differentiation m crime in transit terminals in Ibadm their targets in a most reasonable and logical manner' it holds that the most vulnerable group among which are the female sex, aged and children, strangers, solitary figure, those who displays opulence etc. are more likely to be victim of criminal acts than the male sex, young and virile people who are in groups (Pain 2000). A total f i p o f la (40.4 %) of respondents believed that unemployment and poverty are the leading causes %high incidence of crime occurrence in the environment around motor parks in the city. 36(12 %) of the respondents believed that the high numbers of bad elements amow the members of road tramport workers is another strong factor that is causing high incidences of crime within and around the parks. 12 (4.8 %) and 11 (4.4 %) believed that the physical state of the parks (lack of perimeter fencing and electricity at night) are also leading causes of crime occurrence withm the identified parks. Twenty (9.2 %) of the responqents believed that lack of provision of adequate security measures in the identified parks is a factor in the high rate of crime within and around these parks. Conclusion and recommendations < . This study examined the spatial pattern of crime incidence in five selected motor parks in Ibadan. It revealed the areal dimensions in the pattern of occurrence of crime. The main aim has been to identify some distinctive spatial pattern of crime occur- rence in selected motor parks in Ibadan and to test whether there are significant variations in the nature of these crimes across the parks, pattern of their occurrence and socio-demographic factors associated with de' incidences of these crimes. The study showed that there is homogeneity in the nature of crime type prevalent across the parks while it is equally discovered that there is significant areal differen- tiation in the incidences of crime in these parks, the study also revealed that the risk of becoming a crime victim are heightened as a female, minor, aged and as a solitary figure, moreover it is found that the risks of attack are higher at night than at any other time this is consistent with findings from previous studies (Loukaitou-Sideris 1999; Barintingham and Barintingham 19 95). The findings of this study offer insight into problems associated with the location, maintenance and management of bus stops/motor parks in Ibadan, it also provide scientific analysis into the burgeoning problem of increasing wave of crime in and around these parks. There is a need to evolve the combination of 'home grown' and industry based best practices fiom other clime; [for example changing the design and construction of these parks to help in parks to in 'designing crime outl(Pain 2000)l in maintaining public transit infrastructure, Government should allow public/private/ participation (PPP) in the construction and management -of these facilities, it is equally important to improve security surveilIance in and around these parks while there is need to create enabling environment for business growth and job creation to reduce the unemployment figuie. Limitations As with any other research there are some limitations encountered during the study. First this study was based on information collected both from the State Nigeria Police a Springe: UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY A.P. Ajayi, D!D. Ajayi Command and through survey, crime statistics based on police records in Nigeria is difficult to access aqd sometime can prove unreliable. The data collected fiom the survey was hf ive selected parks, it may not prdvide the general picture of the situation in and aroitnd all the parks in the city. Nonetheless the &;dings gotten h m thii research will p q q u seful in further research in this field of study. References AgboolaT (1997) Architeclm of fear, urburban design and wmtmction response to urban violence in Lagos, - Nigeria Institut francsis de en Afrique Ajayi AP (2010) Spatio-temporal analysb of crime in public termin&, a study of transit terminals in Ibadan. 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Traffic Q 22:299-314 Tranpoconsults (1976) Lagos metropolitan area. Transportation study. Federal ministry of works, Lagos World Bank (2002) Cities on the move; a World Bank urban transport strategic review a Springer - , UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY