FROM THE SURFACE WATER TO THE DEEP SEA BED: FISH, THE REAL MASTERS OF THE AQUAWORLD AN INAUGURAL LECTURE, 201512016 OBIH ALEX UGWUMBA UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY FROM THE SURFACE WATER TO THE DEEP SEA BED: FISH, THE REAL MASTERS OF THE AQUA WORLD An inaugural lecture delivered at the University of Ibadan on Thursday, 25 August, 2016 By OBIH ALEX UGWUMBA Professor of Zoology Faculty of Science University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN UNIVERSITY F IBADAN LIBRARY Ibadan University Press Publishing House University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria. © University of lbadan, 2016 Ibadan, Nigeria First Published 2016 All Rights Reserved ISBN: 978 - 978 - 54346 - 5 - 1 Printed by: Ibadan University Printery UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The Vice-Chancellor, Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Admini- stration), Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academic), Registrar, Librarian, Provost of the College of Medicine, Dean of the Faculty of Science, Dean of the Postgraduate School, Deans of other Faculties and of Students, Directors of Institutes, Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen. Preamble It is with great honour and humility that Istand before you to deliver the eighteenth of the 2015/2016 inaugural lectures of this Great University on behalf of the Faculty of Science. This is a land mark presentation, for I represent the first grandson of our teachers' teachers and son of our teachers to present an inaugural lecture in the Department of Zoology of the nation's Premier University. Other inaugural lectures from the Department include: . F.M.A Ukoli: Order Among Parasites 1975 S.A. Toye: Biological Success 1980 M. Nwagwu: The Third Face of The Coin 1991 S.O. Fagade: In the Belly of our Waters 1998 T.G. Okorie: Lady Mosquito: A Tribute to a Great General 2006 . AT. Hassan: Environmental Biology - An Adaptive Course in Zoology, University of Ibadan Experience 2009 My inaugural lecture coming after seventeen years on the Professorial Chair suggests that inaugural lectures from the Department of Zoology do not come too soon like others. Either by the letter ''Z'' which comes after others or increased number of Professors in the Faculty of Science. Things have changed so much that more slots are now allocated to the Faculty of Science. I thank the Dean of Science Professor AA Onilude who used seniority to slot me in this year over other younger vibrant and eager colleagues.· To my other colleagues, my prayer is that yours will come at the anointed time soon in the name of God Almighty: "THE PERFECT TIMER". 1 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The lecture will cover: Biology of representative fish species in the marine, estuarine and fresh water environment Limnology of inland waters as it relates to aquatic health, fisheries and aquatic pollution The practical application of fish biology in the culture : of fish species for production of fish for mankind The quality of the inland aquatic ecosystem through toxicological studies My contribution to knowledge through books, manuals and monographs The biodiversity and evaluation of our resources through abundance, conservation as well as pollution to prevent elimination of vital resources and ensure sustenance for future generation Zoology Zoology is the study of animal life with topics ranging in size from the molecules studied in the laboratories to the animal societies and ecological studies by field observers. It also ranges in time to physiological and reproductive processes taking less than a second to evolutionary histories extending over many millions of years. Zoology is a science close to human concern as humans are animals. The closeness often poses a problem for Zoologists who must carefully avoid the temptation of too closely linking animal behaviour to human behaviour: the fallacy of anthropomorphization, they say. Contemporary Zoology is to a great extent the sum total of those works done by biologists pursuing research with animal materials. All History of Biology started with Aristotle's Zoology, one of the earliest studies of the natural world, a true defining moment in scientific history. Aristotle's . methods and theories seem a little primitive to modem humanity with its genome codes; however his work was a quantum leap in the building of human knowledge. Every modem biologist is advised to study Aristotle's Zoology as a perfect example of how to build up a store of knowledge based upon careful observation. It is this brilliant mind behind 2 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Aristotle's Zoology that cemented his place as 'The Father of Zoology'. Aristotle the pupil of Plato took great interest in the natural world including many aspects of meteorology and geography but his greatest contribution to science was in the field of natural history and biology. Aristotle used empirical methods and techniques in protoscientific method. - a meticulous approach that handed out the template for future researchers in the field. Others like the following just to mention a few submitted landmark concepts and findings: - Carolus Linnaeus 1758 submitted the Systemanaturae involving Taxonomic Principles of Animals and Plants. - Jean Baptiste de Lamarch 1809 submitted Philoso- phezoologique: Environment as a factor in evolution. - Georges Cuvier 1817 submitted Classification and com-parative study of animal structure. - Charles Darwin 1839- Concept of organic evolution. - William Harvey 1628- Essay on the motion of heart and blood. Although the study of animal life is ancient, its scientific incarnation is relatively modem. Mirrors of transition from natural history to biology was at the start of the 19th Century since Hunter and Cuvier amongst a host of others shaped areas of modem Zoology into: anatomy, physiology, histology, embryology, teratology and ethology. Modem Zoology first arose in German and British universities. Zoology and the future changed with the growing knowledge of genetics and DNA. The greatest challenge to modem Zoology is the extinction of animal species and habitats under the banner of BIODIVERSITY with a timeline starting from 340BC to 1992AD when Edward O. Wilson published the plea for biodiversity: ''The Diversity of life". Zoology has become a career, vocation and way of life for different people. 3 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Post Graduate Training and Job In 1980, The University of Lagos offered me and a phycologist, Professor Dike Nwankwo admission and pioneer graduate students in the planned Department of Marine Science, a Research Assistantship in the then ongoing Funiwa5 oil blow-out investigation and an opportunity to earn an EPA certificate of the Department of Environment, Washington DC. From my NYSC base in Akure, I passed Ibadan to Axoka.. Lagos to pursue postgraduate work. Five years later, I moved back to Ibadan as Dr. Alex Ugwumba at 8.0Opm on April 14th 1985 to resume duty the next day April 15th in the Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Earlier on the 14th night, I met my teacher Professor M. Nwagwu, thHead of Department who actually came to Lagoson the 13 of April to serve me the third and lastlfinalletter of Appointment. I saw Professor Nwagwu in the Office at 8.0Opm since I knew their: routine. He took me in his green Volvo to the Staff Club where I met Professor F.M.A Ukoli of Blessed memory and Professor AO. Anya who was from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. When I was introduced, Professor Anya's comment was 'ooh the best brains are best preserved in alcohol'. This meant many things, but then to me it was a preservation method in the course, BIO 214 "Biological techniques". Then a phone call from Professor S.A Toye to ask if I had arrived. It was then I knew the Professors all planned to bring me back.to Ibadan.. Research: Journey, Thrust and Focus My Ph.D research on the Biology of the Ten-pounder Elops larceta (Val.) in three aquatic habitats: Lekki Lagoon (fresh water), Lagos Lagoon (brackish water) and the coastal waters off Lagos Coast (marine) showed a link between the three habitats with the fish species in the three ecosystems. The juveniles of the species were found in the freshwater and brackish water only while the adults were encountered only in the marine habitat. The study thus provided me with the unique opportunity and experience to master the three major aquatic habitats in nature and thus predisposed and initiated my' future research in fisheries, no matter the habitat. My training in 1983 and acquisition of a Certificate in Waste Management by Environmental Protection Agency of 4 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY the Department of Environment, Washington DC equipped my research in environmental management and pollution studies. Thus in most of my studies, I have preached and maintained environmental friendliness. Hence for over two decades, I have been involved as a specialist/resource person in various Environmental Impact Assessment studies which had yielded amongst others, some of the best manuscripts in reputable journals, keynote speaker in scientific meetings, chapters in books amongst others I may not be able to mention here. Contributions to the Biology of Fish The terms fish, fishing and fisheries need a brief mention here. Fish to some, refers to the most dominant aquatic vertebrates in the aquatic faunal assemblages. The term how- ever not only refers to fin fish but also other aquatic animals such as gastropods, bivalves, shrimp/prawns and crabs·known as shell fish. . . Fishing is one of man's most ancient food gathering endeavours using appropriate tools aimed at catching fish. This involves the use of definite gears, crafts and catching methods with some regularity. This is often based on the type of water as well as fishing or selectively exploiting particular species. Fisheries is in fact the economic terminology encompassing the state of commercially important aquatic resources, their exploitation, utilisation, conservation and management to avoid wastages of potential food stocks and loss of opportunity to create wealth and enhance welfare. . The manuscript: Ugwumba (1989) on the distribution and growth of the ten pounder ELops Lacerta (Val) in the aquatic environment in Lagos, Nigeria revealed the spatial distribution and growth patterns of the species. The ten- pounder spends at least a year in the lagoons and those in the third. year of life occurred mainly in the coastal marine waters. The ecological separation of adults in the marine and juveniles in the lagoons was established to pave. way for an efficient ten-pounder fishery management and exploitation (tables 1 and 2). 5 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 1: Monthly Percentage Occurrence of different Sizes in Sample of E. lacerta caught in Lekki Lagoon, Lagos Lagoon and off the Lagos Coast . Lekki Ligos Lagooll Off ,h. L.;os Coast Small MMium L.~. Small M~dium LI~' Small MediumMouth L.~e (S-lkm) (14-Z4cm) 05..35cm) (5-l3cm) (14.24ell1) (25..3Scm) (5-13e.m) (14.240m) (2S..35cm) N=688 N=71S N=Q N=684 N=399 N=Q N=Q N:Z46 N=384 J.h<:.•mbn I~~O 4).U )).U U ::':.1 44._ u U J~J.j ()!I.' J411UMy19S1 37.8 61.2 0 69.2 30.8 0 0 30.0 60.0 Fibruary 38.9 61.1 0 48.2 51.8 0 0 20.8 79.2 Much 40.0 60.0 0 51.1 49.9 0 0 25.0 75.0 April 58.5 41.6 0 61.5 38.5 0 0 40.) 59.5 May 58.7 41.3 0 71.4 28.6 0 0 44.5 55.5 June S3.5 16.5 0 SO.S 19.2 0 0 66.7 31.3 July 65.5 35.5 0 64.7 35.3 0 0 68.8 31.2 Augu~t 375 62.5 0 8S.5 n.s 0 0 31.0 69.0 S!pt~mbtr 45.6 54.4 0 85.7 14.3 0 - - October 37.6 61.4 0 83.3 16.7 Novemba- 48.3 51.7 0 80.6 19.4 .. 0 - - -0 0 36.4 63.6 D~mbH 36.8 63.2 0 57.1 49 ..9 0 0 38.1 61.9 January 1982 34.1 65.9 0 68.8 3l.2 0 - - February 38.7 61.3 0 44.1 55.9 0 0 31.0 69.0 March 43.9 56.1 0 35.5 64.5 0 0 25.0 75.0 April )LU 4-:;.U U 4).) )'1.) u U 4L! )~.j May 52.4 47.6 0 64.0 36.0 0 0 6003 39.7 Jun. 69.4 30.6 0 "J''7•• .<, 22.5 0 0 70.1 29.9 July 73.5 26.5 0 70.6 29.4 0 0 40.2 59.8 AUl!Ust 29.0 71.0 0 72.7 27.3 0 O. 40.2 59.8 September 17.5 12.5 0 80.0 20.0 0 0 22.2 77.8 Octobn 42.0 58.0 0 50.3 49.7 0 0 31.8 69.2 Nonmba- 47.4 51.6 0 41.2 58.8 0 0 20.9 79.1 December 47.6 51.4 0 20.3 79,: 0 0 40 60 N =Sample size 6 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 2: Growth Rates with Time in E. lacerta Age and Mean Size Location O-lyr lyr 1-2yr 2yr 2-3 3yr LekkiLagoon 5.8-15.3cm 15.3cm 15.4-24.4cm - - Lagos Lagoon 6.2-15.1cm 15.2cm 15.3-24.2cm - -- - Off Lagos Coast - - 16.6-25.5cm 25.6cm 26.6-34.lcm 35.1cm Location Standard length range (cm) Total weight range (g) Lekki Lagoon 5.8-24.4 3.8-177.8 Lagos Lagoon 6.2-23.3 4.0-161.6 Off Lagos Coast 16.6-34.1 59.9-451.5 7 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY In Ugwumba (1991) on the food and the feeding habit of the ten-pounder Elops lacerta (Val) in the fresh, brackish and marine waters in Lagos, the species was documented as a purely predatory fish which preyed on fish, crustaceans and insects. The food items consumed reflect the most available in the different habitats. A very successful predator was established feeding on the most available food and switching to another when not available thus reducing competition (tables 3 - 5). The reproductive biology of the ten-pounder published in Ugwumba and Ikusemiju (1992) confirmed the occurrence of different size groupsllife history stages in the three respective environments. In the twenty five months study duration, adults were only recorded in the marine environment off Lagos coast. Ripe individuals were captured all year round off. Lagos coast. Sexually immature specimens were only encountered in the lagoons. It was evident that the species spawned in the marine environment off Lagos coast and juveniles migrate and abound in the lagoon systems prior to another seasonal spawning migration. Figures 1 to 3 describe the gonad maturation cycle of the species. The Croaker species arguable the most popular single commercial group of species in the Nigerian coastal waters was inundated with taxonomic/racial/differential specula- tions. My first Ph.D student, Dr. Augustina O..Anyanwu, then a Principal Research Officer in Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR), Lagos and later retired as Director and Head of Fisheries Resources, clarified the problems in three publications (Anyanwu and Ugwumba 2002a&b, 2003). The studies employed morphometric, meristic and electrophoresis techniques to separate and confirm the different Croaker (Pseudotolithusi species in the Nigerian coastal waters and paved way for effective sustainable exploitation and management of the resources. 8 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 3: Summary of the Food Items of E. Lacerta from Lekki Lagoon Food item .i."·U.IIUJel L~_ P. t¢e/uisi 1,720 .38.S 461 33.0 262.4 44.3 Ec lacerta 400 9.0 151 10.8 80.6 13.6 E.lJittata 89 2.0 50 3.6 30.6 5.2 TgllinuJIs 53 1.2 15 1.1 6.0 1.0 C.surega.kns Is 6 0.1 4 OJ OJ 0.1 Unidentified .fish 326 7.4 162 11.6 45.S 7.7 Fish parts 663 15.0 440 31.5 44.8 7.6 Fish larvae 17 0.4 5 0.4 0.72 0.1 CRUSTACEA J,!acrobrachfum sp 81 LS 4 OJ 9.00 1.5 J¥lssp. 35 1.3 1.5 Diaptomus sp 12 0 0..85 18 OJIS 1.3 1.5 OJ Daphniasp .3 OJ I 0.1 0.03 OJ}! Crustacean parts 123 l.S 48 3.4 4.& 0.8 INSECTA Abtcmecra .p 101 22.35 55 3.9 3.9 0.7 Trichoptersn larvae 112 34 2.4 3.9 0.7 Chironomid larvae 290 6.5 45 3.2 -'i.."•. 0.9 Chaoborid larv ae 180 4.1 19 1.4 2.7 OJ Ceratopogonid larvae 9 02 8 0.6 0.9 0.2 Anisopteran nymph II 0.2 9 0.6 0.9 0.2 Insect parts !7S 4.0 68 OJ 4.9 6.8 1.1 Nematode WOfDl 13 8 0.6 0.2 0.03 Unidentified mas 3 - .• 1395 98.5 81.2 13.7 9 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 4: Summary of the Food Items of E. lacerta caught in Lagos Lagoon Food items Numerical.Method Frequenn' ~iethod Volumetric J\r 0/0 Volumt>(cc) 0/0 PISCES Ei firnbriata 701 17.1 149 14.7 131.5 20A E. lacerta 335 8.2 125 12.3 61.9 9.6 E. vittata 93 2.3 54 5.3 38.7 9.6 P. regani 70 1.7 22 2.2 8.1 6.0 Tilepturus 17 0.4 8 0.8 2.0 0.3 C. hippos 4 0.4 2 0.2 4.4 0.7 C. senegalensis 31 0.8 9 0.9 3.2 0.5 Unidentified fish 274 6.7 83 8.2 31.3 4.9 Fish parts 414 10.1 149 14.7 27.3 4.2 Fish larvae I 0.02 I 0.1 0.2 0.02 CRUSTACEA Penaeus sp. 773 18.9 233 23.0 129.8 20.2 Macrobrachim sp: 172 4.2 34 3.4 17.0 2.6 Pi.hastatus 11 1.0 16 1.6 4.0 0.6 }.::6>sisSp, 108 2.6 27 2.7 5.3 0.8 Diaptomus sp. 2 0.05 2 0.2 0.007 0.01 Calanus sp. 407 10.0 26 2.6 2.6 OA C. latimanus 9 0.2 4 0.4 0.9 0.1 GAS'IROPOD N. glabrata 0 1 0 P. aurita 0.02 1 0.31 . .1 lO0A.06 I. 00..011 Shrimp part It4 13.5 IL2 16.0 30.2 4.7 INSECTA Insect parts 19 0.5 8 0.8 3.1 0.5 N ematode wenn 48 1.2 26 2.6 1.1 0.2 Plant material 11 0.3 5 0.5 0.4 0.1 Unidentified Mass - - 1,013 93.5 140.2 21.8 10 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Food Item') PISCES I. africana 51.0 1.7 19.0 3.1 24.4 3.6 E. Lacerta 41.0 1.4 8.0 1.3 11.2 1.6 B. auritus 7.0 0.2 4.0 0.7 6.8 1.0 P. senegalensis 1.0 0.03 1.0 0.2 1.3 0.2 Fish scales 75.0 2.5 18.0 2.9 Ll 0.2 Unidentified 18.0 0.6 13.0 2-1 5.5 0.8 CRUSTACEA P. atlantica 271.0 9.1 94.0 15.4 147.3 21.5 Piduorarum 52.0 1.7 38.0 6.2 75~8 ILl P. hastatus 946.0 31.7 149.0 24.4 254.0 37.1 Mysis sp. 60.0 2.0 1.0 0.2 1.0 0,1 Cyclop sp. 3.0 0.1 2.0 0.3 0.1 0.01 Shrimp parts 353.0 11.8 72.0 11.8 21.5 3.1 11 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY VI ....-. Kt)-Stage: IV - IIIV ~ .....,.... III......•• IV c0>o B Ill; •••••• v- ._--- - ee VI c 0 -,C .~2 .c::: II ~ ~~~~ .. or F},!'-AH jTASOH dTfHAH1j---r·-S-O-·_;;--n 19ro 1961 1982 Fig. 1: Seasonal maturation cycle in female E. lacert~ shown by percentage in monthly sample of fish at each maturation stage. Source: Ugwumba and Kusemiju (1992) 12 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY VI. • ••• Ke)· ••••••••• ~ - Stage: Iv ~ .~ II F IV ...•... v. oc ."2 III :a .-. III ~ TV ~'" II .•.•..-•._....• - vVJ •••••• I 198C 1!m F /oj A H T T. A SOH o T F 1-1 A M - r AS iJ H o,QG2 Fig. 2: Seasonal maturation cycle in male E.lacerta shown by percentages in the monthly samples offish at each maturation stage. . Source: Ugwumba and Kusemiju (1992) 13 UNIVERSITY F IBADAN LIBRARY Granulosa Zona radjo~a Theca Squomous ---t~ 9t al'lulpso Yolk Qlobule Yol Ie drople~ .....,..--~~~~~~ ~§g.SECONDARY VlTELLOGENlC()()C!~ "TE IV ~ ThHO :rolk mos~ ~_~§~~~'7-squamours Qranulosa VI Fig. 3: Egg development stages in E. Larceta .. Source: Ugwumba and Kusemiju (1992) My second Ph.D student, aCamerounean, Professor Pius Oben now at the Yaounde University, Cameroon repositioned the use of hard parts in the ageing of tropical fish from Lekki Lagoon, Nigeria. Our findings, an offshoot from our erudite 14 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY and retired Professor S.O. Fagade (THE GRAND MASTER) was reported in several scientific sessions across the globe. Three key manuscripts=-Oben, Ugwumba and Fagade (1998, 1999), Oben and Ugwumba (1999) reported the use of otoliths and opercular bones to age fish, through observed lunar rings (annual rings) in the mormyrids: Hyperopisus bebe, (Lacepede: Mormyridae), Mormyrus rume (Cuvier and Valenciennes: Mormyridae) and Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier: Osteoglosidae) in Lekki Lagoon and inland tropical fresh water ecosystem lakes in IITA Ibadan Nigeria. Further fresh water fish biology contributions include Ugwumba O:A. and Ugwumba A.A.A. (1993) which reported for the first time the biology of the erstwhile brackish water black jaw tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron (Ruppel) in the fresh water lake - Awba Reservoir, University of Ibadan. Along same line, the report recorded reproduction. of the tilapia species in Awba Reservoir in affirmation of a successful adaptation and breeding in a completely fresh water ecosystem. Contributions to Limnology Professor L.C. Beadle, Honorary Senior Research Fellow in University of Newcastle, Tyne and Professor of Zoology, Makerere University, Uganda in 1949 - 1964 gave my most favoured description of Limnology: "The study of inland waters-lakes, rivers and swamps concerned with not only discovering what these water bodies are composed of, but more especially the understanding of the complex inter- relationships between the physical, chemical and biological events which maintained them and linked them with the outside world which moulded them in the past". The subject limnology has its main practical applications in fisheries, water pollution and public health. My contributions on limnological studies covered the South west (lbadan and Iwo), South east (mid Cross River ecosystem) and the South south Nigeria (Okpoka Creek, Port Harcourt), Niger Delta. In the south western Nigeria, Dr. Tosin Atobatale, then my Ph.D Student focused on the 15 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY aquatic environment in the River Ogunpa, Ibadan, Oyo State and Aiba Reservoir, Iwo, Osun State. In Ogunpa River, pollution/stress signals were that most benthic invertebrates recorded were pollution tolerant species; high species richness of blue green algae with 92% abundance of all phytoplankton, mostly the colonial/filamentous forms confirm influence of organic pollution (Atobatale, Morenikeji and Ugwumba 2005 & 2007). However, in Aiba Reservoir - a tropical sub-urban reservoir in Iwo, studies revealed reservoir water of suitable potential aquaculture features in pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen all within acceptable limits for fish growth. Condition index of two congeneric catfishes Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus and C. auratus (Suliformes: Clarotidae) showed similarity in diets which varied with sex. However, feeding behaviour suggests strategies to reduce intra-and inter-specific competition (Atobatale and Ugwumba 2008; Atobatale and Ugwumba 2010; Atobatale and Ugwumba 2011). Contributions from Okpoka Creek, Niger Delta; my then PhD Student, Dr. Bubu Davies targeted the resultant input of anthropogenic effluents from Trans-Amadi Layout and the surrounding water-front communities on the creek. The studies investigated species composition,. diversity, distribution of plankton, epiphyton and fin fish assemblages. Further studies recorded total coliform bacteria pollution and the Ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) technology, a promising solution to shrimp viral diseases. Physico-chemical parameters within acceptable values included - water turbidity, transparency and temperature all of which favoured algae growth in the creek. However, total dissolved solids, total organic carbon and total organic matter levels signified organic water pollution from anthropogenic inputs. Other chemical parameters not within the acceptable levels included Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium and water hardness. Nutrients especially phosphate and ammonia exceeded FEPA and USEPA acceptable levels for natural water bodies. Pollution indicator phytoplankton/epiphyton species - Navicula, Nitzschia, Synedra, Cladophora, 16 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Euglena, Anabaena and Ceratium were abundanfin the creek. Fin fishes (eleven species) were dominated by Sardinella maderensis and their abundance correlated positively with abundance of phytoplankton and epiphyton, their major food (Davies, Abolude and Ugwumba 2008a&b; Davies and Ugwumba 2013a&b). The studies positively asserted that Okpoka Creek was . under stress due to organic pollutants from anthropogenic sources from water front dwellers, and industries releasing raw sewage, dredged materials, animal dung from abattoir and cleaning agents from industries. Concerted environmental management strategies to conserve the abiotic and biotic integrity of the creek must be adopted for the future (Davies, Ugwumba and Ugwumba 2008a&b; Davies and Ugwumba 2013a, b&c). Dr. Oke Okogwu during his PhD studies under my supervision evaluated the water quality and ecology of the mid Cross River flood plain ecosystem comprising of Cross River, Asu River, Ebonyi River, Eloma Lake and Iyeke Lake. A rich faunal diversity in the mid Cross River Flood plain was symbolised by one hundred and one (101) phytoplankton species, seventy seven (77) zooplankton species and sixty nine (69) fish species (Okogwu, Nwani and Ugwumba 2009; Okogwu and Ugwumba 2009,2010). Of important reference was the zooplankton, Daphnia oblisa, a new African record and ten species of, rotifers, Keratella volga, K. trciresis, K. cocklearius var lispida, K. cochlearis var robusta, K. liemali, Brachionus dimidiates, B. zahuiseri, Dicranophorus haverianus combari, Lecane candida and L hyphera were recorded in Nigeria for the first time. Amongst the finfishes - three marine intrusive species were recorded in the mid Cross River (Decapterus rhinchus, Trachinotus tersia and Caranx hippos) which confirm the migratory behaviour of these fish species. Hence mid Cross River ecosystem appears unique but also complementary to the lower and upper Cross River as it contains a number of endemic species and also serves as breeding site for migratory and estuarine fish species of the lower Cross River (Okogwu and Ugwumba 2012, 2013). A very rich fish trade . 17 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY abound in the region with over 40% of the fish families being monospecific and endemic (Okogwu and Ugwumba 2010, 2013). In a just concluded PhD studies in Ibuya River, Old Oyo National Park Sepeteri, another PhD Student of mine reported abundant pollution tolerant biota: blue green algae (Microcystis, Merismopedia and Oscilatoria), the copepod (Mescyclops) arid the gastropods (Melanoides and Indoplanobis). When combined with the high metal and nutrient concentrations that were above acceptable limits, the river was classified eutrophic and under pollution stress. Akponine and Ugwumba (2015) thus concluded that the water quality is deteriorating and may become unsuitable for some aquatic organisms and unsafe for humans. This shows that the so called reserved areas are not safe, hence the need for urgent management measures to protect the resources. Aquaculture The deliberate culture (growing/rearing) in natural water or artificial enclosure containing water of economically important fin fishes, shell fishes, aquatic plants or other organisms for food, recreational, ornamental and scientific/ educational purposes. History An exact date on the ongm of fish culture is a mere guesswork. The general belief is that aquaculture seems to have originated in China, and numerous Chinese proverbs made reference to culture of fish. Prominent amongst them are: (i) "Give a man fish you have given him food for the day, teach him to grow fish you have given him food for the rest of his life". (ii) Where there is water there must be fish. Brown (1877) reported that in Honan Province China,Wen Fang the founder of the Chou Dynasty had built several ponds and filled them with fish which recorded the first reference of 18 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY fish behaviour and growth. In 460 BC, Fan Li wrote his fish outline classic from experiments based on carp culture for pleasure, which later turned into rearing for food. Culture of fish expanded in China, India, Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia. Huet (1970) reported fish culture in occidental Europe which developed along with the monatries and was limited to production of food. By the 19th century, modifications, modernisation of rearing methods, introduction and general use of fertilisers and the growing use of artificial feed took off. . Considerable development was involved in North America and by the end of the second World War, fish farming practices were forced to spread to other countries in Latin America and Africa by three major factors: (a) Facilities offered by modern forms of transportation of fish (b) The constant expansion of artificial reproduction of farmed fish and (c) The development and the use of formulated feeds In Nigeria, certain records show that fish farming commenced in 1951 or sometime earlier with government demonstration fish farm in Panyam, Plateau State. This has been challenged with the fish ponds by the colonial masters in Ikoyi and Calabar. Fish Production through Aquaculture FAO (1983) documented the contributions of aquaculture by several countries towards fish production. In the 70s and 80s, in the United States of America values of up to 11% of the overall fish production came from aquaculture, China, 50% and Israel, 25%. By 2013, China also had the highest finfish production of 60% through aquaculture (FAO 2016a). Federal Department of Fisheries (FDF) (2008) reported Nigeria aquaculture production of 85,087 tonnes in 2007. However, FAO (2016b) put our aquaculture production at 200,000 tonnes in 2010. 19 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Vice-Chancellor, Sir, in the early nineties we had hinted about the new and profitable frontiers in aquaculture. Fagade, Adebisi and Ugwumba (1993) on conservation of aquatic resources through aquaculture advocated the culture of marine and fresh water prawns, Machrobrachium spp. for export, culture of our local crocs - Crocodilus niloticus (Nile Crocodile) and the long nose species Crocodilus cataphractus for sales to the zoological gardens and other markets under appropriate licence from National Resources Conservation Council. This also will serve as supportive action towards conservation efforts. The Vice-Chancellor, Sir, the problem that has remained the bane of tropical aquaculture has been that of inadequate fish seed and fish food. Solutions to fish seed production are found in adapting technologies for indoor production of fish seed. The success from such technologies is strongly hinged on a thorough understanding of teleost reproductive endocrinology as well as the underlying theories of/and the techniques of induced spawning in fish. Teleost Reproductive Endocrinology The nervous and endocrine systems of teleost fishes as in other vertebrates act in concert to coordinate reproductive events. The reception of environmental stimuli as day length (photoperiod), temperature and the amount of rain fall is mediated by the nervous system and it involves the passage of information from sensory receptors to the brain. The neural information on reaching the hypothalamus determines the activities of the pituitary gland by way of chemical messengers termed gonadotropin releasing hormones. These in turn stimulate the pituitary to release into the general circulation a hormone whose target organ is the gonad. The hormone is termed GONADOTROPIN. Its effect is to stimulate the production of the sex steroids in the gonads. These are responsible for the maturation of the gametes. The transmission from neural information to hormonal control takes place at the inter phase between the hypothalamus and the pituitary and this is where the detail consideration of the endocrinology of fish reproduction begins. It is evident that 20 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY the pituitary gland regulates certain aspects of reproduction in all vertebrates. It is equally true that this control is sometimes less precise and embraces fewer elements of reproduction among fishes and furthermore, that there may be marked variations among different groups of fishes, hence the need for several approaches and "OPTIONS" towards induction. Techniques in Induced Spawning There are two approaches to induction of spawning in fish- Hormonal and Environmental Approach (fig. 4). After treat- ment, the fish in each approach may be stripped for artificial fertilization or left for natural spawning and fertilization. The fertilized eggs are then iricubated and the hatched larvae raised to fry or fingerling stage in the hatchery which may be indoor or outdoor. INDUCTION OF SPA \VNING I HORMO'A[PLROACH /"RON'[NTAL APPRDACH STRIPPI?\G OF GA\:TES Ai"D / NATURAL SPA \\"NING Ai'lD ARTIFICLU FERTILIZATION FERTILIZATION / INCUBATIO)1 OF EG1G.S A)1D HATCHING LARVAL REARI)1G 1 FRY PRODUCTION 1 FINGERLING PRODUCTION Fig. 4: Hormonal and environmental approaches to induction of spawning in fish (Modified after Hoar and Randall 1969). 21 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Induced Spawning by Hormonal Approach This approach is based on an understanding of the neuroendocrine control of oocyte maturation, ovulation and spawning behaviour in females and of spermiation and seminal hydration in males (fig. 5). ~S~'==================;-------I 1 HYPOTH1'J.AMvs Gn.'til 1 Pln.1TARY 1-,-----, PIp \ xns I \ Iii <, SPAW),l:(' ! l, .. m_. - ... ,~ ~J.? " "'1' ' .(..:'.2.",:~ -./\.~I$j) ~~~rl~_ --r':.;j... ;".~..,...'.•.. '~.,,.,. Clarias gariepinus Lases 11 i ioticus Oreochromis ntloticus Elops lacona "'--i.~.."'" \ .-"'.__.J~=:·=::::J..''''7 . ~'"'.""~ \''''' .'-', .• - .:.1) ')~ri~._."~.--"-"':-_;l'-' ...,...- <5~~:__.j:)~~_.;l Parachanna obsc urn Heterobranchus btdorsaiis Heterotis niloticu: Gymnarchus niloticuz t;;:,'liA ~uC(( ~~'<1-("r /~~~. 1. ;.>-/.;.> •....... '.I;{'~3::]1:1;'-::;-;;7' ;:;r. ('..\/ 1v--,({-. ",\. .....••.1,,-) .../...•.,....,~ . ...".) .-..Ij {:~T:l~f.~~fi/~:;i~)'.:<1 .. J ""-, Liza falcipinis Lutjanus go reensis Pap:FrOCUDlU5 afer Pomodasys jubelin! ~';;:.~ '~~=~~::~L~~§:; Xenom:rztus nigri Malapterurus electricus Fig. 7: Some potential candidate cultivable species. Source: Ugwumba and Ugwurnba (2003) 30 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Limpe Option The synthetic mammalian luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and its superlative analogue and a combination of dopamine and LHRH analogues have been found promising in the' continuous search for better and effective artificial breeding techniques; This is unavoidable since it is imperative that the replacement of pituitary material may assist in coping with the lack of uniformity in gonadotropin potency of pituitary homogenates and extracts. Mammalian steroids and gonadotropin are readily available and can be calculated exactly for potency and dosage and avoid the need to sacrifice mature fish for pituitary materials. The Limpe technique of inducing ovulation and spawning' in fish with a combination of GnRH analogue (LHRH or GnRH- A) and dopamine antagonist (Pimozide or domperidome) has resulted in high rate of complete ovulation in short predictable time with resultant viable eggs. This combination known as Ovaprim is the most viable option to avoid production of low number of fertile eggs from pituitary extract. Ugwumba, Ugwurnba, 'Sowunmi, Bubu and Ofuani (1998) studied Ovaprim efficiency in artificial spawning of Clarias gariepinus with survival and early growth of hatchlings.. The report showed that a single knock-out dose of Ovaprim (0.4 - 0.45ml for fish weighing 280 - 1,800g) administered intramuscularly during peak breeding period (June/July) of the species was. very effective in inducing ovulation and spawning. Maximum latency period was 16 hours, incubation period ranged between 24 - 36 hrs.under temperature .and pH of 25°C - 27.2°C and 7 - 8 respectively (tables 8 - 10. fig. 8)~ 31 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 8: Percentage Larval Production and Survival in Ovaprlm Induced C. gariepinus No. of 1\0. of No. of Percentage No. of No. of Percentage Percenta.ge Spawning Tank No. Stripped Fertilized Hatched Larval Defonned Normal Larval Larval [us [$flU tus Production Larvae Larvae Sunil'at Mortality 1 1,290 13300 9310 70 2810 6500 69,8 30.2 I. ,....., . - . - - - - 3 61180 53200 36620 6S.8 11303 25317 69.1 32.5 TOTAl 78470 66500 49630 69.1 14113 31S17 69.3 30.7 4 '618S0 4,600 346 ••0 72.1' H332 22988 66,9 33.1 2 *5 - ., . . . - - - 6 69160 53200 36240 68.l 11607 246:'3 67,9 32.0 TOTAL 13104(l 1OOS(l 70560 70,0 22937 47621 67.5 32.5 S 65520 50400 34280 68.0 13470 21810 63.6 36.5 3 9.4- 2912() 22400 111)40 46.1 64~S 10582 62.1 37.1 9B 32760 25200 18640 74.0 6235 12405 66.6 33.4 11 47)30 36400 26600 73.1 8392 1820S 6S.5 .,1.5 TOTAL 17493(l 134400 96-'60 71.8 3355) 63005 65.2 34.8 * Unripe eggs Source: Ugwumba, Ugwumba, Sowunmi, Bubu and Ofuani (1998) 32 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN IBRARY Table 9: Growth Performance of Induced C. gariepinus (First 14 days after Yolk sac Absorption) Initial Final Specific Weight Weight Food Average Average Percentage Growth Food Spawning Gain/14 Gain/Day Conversion Body Weight Body Weight Gain (%) Rate (SGR) Intake Days (mg) (mg) Ration (mg) (mg) (%) 1 1.88 2.53 0.67 0.05 35.6 0.9 0.217 4.34 2 1.80 2.66 0.96 0.006 47.8 1.2 0.223 3.72 3 1.85 3.26 1.39 0.10 75.1 1.8 0.232 2.32 Source: Ugwumba, Ugwurnba, Sowunmi, Bubu and Ofuani (1998) 33 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 10: Dosage of Ovaprim Administered, Latency Period, Fecundity and Pseudogonadsomatic , Index in C. gariepinus Dosa!~ Pueantage, Tank Body,,"~ht O,.-sprim We,ightoC L,ate,nC)' Fuundity Pseudo. GSI % (g) mLbBW eggs (1:) "",,igh1oCegg 10 bod}' ,,"mht !?'o pe,riod FIRST SPAWNING FnH.LE .1 320 o.re 80 2:>.0 .I)h:~8mill HOW 33 ..)3 }; 6iSV 'I.I.i4 - - 16h - •. j 44tl V.D )1) I !.j .I)h.:>.>mill. ·lM.!W .I~.~":: ABLE ! 6/0 V.34 - - Hh.lVmill. - - SECOI'ID SPAWNL""G FEMALE 4,. 4MJ \J.~) 1S\J i'Cl.j I()h.)~m.in )()VW 11.1.004VV V.lV - - l~h.)Vmin - .. II 4VV V.1II lSV .lO.1I Dh.:>.>min )6VW 1).00 MALE HI U.4) .. - Dh.:>4m.in - - lHIRD SPAWNING FDHLE \5 1:)0 O.N lS~1 1:S.) l~h_nm.in )OVW 4V.tl(} 91\ 280 0.14 4\1 I.L.l I)h"'~min l:SUW 16.66~tl J):O 1.1.16 .•W {, Dh.Jlll:in .lSWO 6.66 it 6W O.jtl 4U e.e Uh.4:lmin jj/j/W .'.t4 MALE U 14\,1(/ V ..D . - 14h.~m.in .. - Source: Ugwumba, Ugwumba, Sowunrni, Bubu and Ofuani (1998) 34 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Conclusions from the findings: • When timed to peak breeding period, a single knockout dose of Ovaprim was enough to induce ovulation • Maximum latency period of 16hrs was Ovaprim dependent • Very high number of fertilised and hatchable eggs as well as high larval production can be obtained with the use of Ovaprim • High larval production indicates overall good egg quality and effectiveness of Ovaprim in inducing ovulation and spawning in African mud catfish (table 8) ___ 1st Spawning , 1~.- - E"l' E " • • -r::::: -+- 2nd Spawning- ,I -...:ass • &:5.i .- -+- 3~r~d~Spawningg> .j ~.'--- -.- ill ,) ..J .! a ,, _uj ~~ ,j, ••__ -1.~•-4~a~~--a"--.-4=F=-1--I1: IS; ~ IJ ~ OJ! ,,'-,----- Time (days) Fig. 8: Early growth of C gariepinus. Source: Ugwumba, Ugwumba, Sowunmi, Bubu and Ofuani (1998) This is a further confirmation that manipulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary gonadal axis with the aid of synthetic hormones and non-hormonal agents can produce all year round eggs for fish seeds in farms. Advantages of Limpe option include effectiveness of labour, reduced stress of brood-stock as fish is handled once to give a single knockout injection. Thus, it is not difficult to apply. Furthermore, Ovaprim is stable with precise dosage and it is not immuno- genic (Ajuzie and Fagade 1992). However, it should be noted that Ovaprim is imported to Nigeria and it is therefore 35 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY expensive. Despite this, it is in high demand because of its effectiveness which makes its use very profitable. In addition, this method showed that fish farmers could provide simple workable experimental sites where fish seeds can be produced in the farm to reduce stress due to transportation as well as avoid being supplied with "trash fish" by dishonest fry vendors. Hypophysation along this line despite its apparent sophistication remain a method of choice for the rural fish farmer since it may be carried out in the absence of such amenities as centrifuge, electrical balance and refrigeration. Vice-Chancellor, Sir, our other studies examined best options for food/feed of fishes in captivity to a level that it won a National Award of the NUC for Best Doctoral Thesis in Biological Sciences within the Nigerian University System in 2007 (from the same Fisheries Unit in the Department of Zoology). This story will be told appropriately and by the right person in due time. Environmental Research (Aquatic Toxicology) Joint research on aquatic toxicology has been ongoing in Ecology and Environmental Biology Research Unit of our Department. This unit has been a melting point where staff from the research units join others to conduct research thus bringing in all aspect of Zoology to bear on Ecology. After all Sir, we are all ecologists seeing the animals and their world from different perspectives. These are my few humble contributions to aquatic toxicity and health in our Ecology and Environmental Biology Research Unit: Okorie, Ugwumba and Okon (1992); Okorie, Ugwumba and Obafemi (1993) conducted static bioassays on the effects of Piper guitieense on fingerlings of Oreochromis niloticus (Linn) and Sarotherodon galilaeus (Linn) using three preparations - oven dried powder, hot-water extract and ethanolic extract of P. guineense. The study showed that the ethanolic extract had piscicidal potential and advocated the 36 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY possible use of P. guineense to selectively eliminate unwanted trash species of fish in aquaculture. Esenowo and Ugwumba (2010) reported the growth response of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to water soluble fractions of detergent and diesel oil (pollutants of our aquatic environment). The study established that growth of C. gariepinus was adversely affected by water soluble fractions of diesel oil and detergent. Both induced various adverse behavioural responses depending on toxicant concentration and duration of exposure. Generally, detergents negatively affected the growth and survival of catfish fingerlings more than crude oil. Nkpondion, Ugwumba and Esenowo (2016) reported toxic effects of detergent on enzymatic and protein activities of African mud catfish (Clarias gariepinusj. The study showed that juvenile mud catfish exposed to even sub lethal concentrations of detergent induced toxic effects in the form of enzymatic degradation and organ damage which can make the organism vulnerable to diseases and eventually lead to death. Hence, we noted that environmental monitoring on regular basis will detect abnormal changes in organism's physiology for appropriate action to be taken before outbreak of epidemic. Olarimoye, Bakare and Ugwumba (2015) on pharma- ceuticals as environmental contaminants of concern in Nigeria. Against the background that very little information exist about the presence of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds (PHACs) in faunal and floral matrices, very little information from the African regional group and virtually none from Nigeria, our ongoing research currently employed recent advances in analytical protocols to detect and quantify several PHACs. A targeted snapshot reconnaissance investi- gation on surface water and benthic samples from six locations in Lagos Nigeria covered a range of different pharmaceuticals including antibiotics, estrogens, non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and lipid lowering drugs. Screening showed that, the thirty seven 37 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY detected had concentration of up to 8.84p,g/L and four were found at levels exceeding allowable concentrations. The PHAC's presence established by this investigation especially in the very available and misused pharmaceutical families: antibiotics and the NSAIDs raise concern about the probable . effects of unregulated use, their disposal and sewage impaction on water bodies, aquatic flora and fauna. The study. suggests the need for Nigeria not just to acknowledge 'such issues as environmental concern but a priority for quick action as in the developed world. In further studies along same line with the German Environmental Protection Agency (Umweltbundesamt) partners, we reported in Olarimoye, Bakare, Ugwumba and Hein (2016) that in industrial, domestic and hospital sewage sludge from Lagos Nigeria, nine different pharmaceutical substances were detected with the NSAID, dichlofenac present in all samples at concentrations of up to 11000 p,g/kg dry weight, exceeding the highest measured concentration of 560 p,g/kg reported in sludge samples worldwide. The study suggests comprehensive water monitoring campaigns especially in high density area with- dilution of treated and untreated waste water in receiving streams. A need to include investigations of ground water, tap water/drinking water, manure, soil and sediments as.additional matrices of concern will generate holistic pictures of the spatial environmental presence and concentration ofPHACs. Adeogun, Onibonje, Ibor, Omiwole, Chukwuka, Ugwumba O.A., Ugwumba A.A.A. and Arukwe(20Hi) reported endocrine-disruptor molecular responses, occurrence of. intersex and gonado-histhopathological changes in tilapia species from Awba Reservoir in University of Ibadan, Nigeria from studies with our counterp-art laboratory partner in Norway. The studies revealed how anthropogenic introduction of endocrine disruption chemicals into. the environment correlated with sediment contamination burden in Awba Reservoir. Observed endocrine disruptive responses associated with contaminant concentration included intersex 38 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY and elevated expression of vitellogenin and zona radiata protein, all negative sensitive early warning signals of disruption in reproductive processes. These suggest that the contaminants elicited severe endocrine disruptive effects in Awba Reservoir biota, an important source of water supply and fish for the University of Ibadan community (see figs. 9, 10& 11). Mr. Vice-Chancellor, Sir, the health ·consequences is probably the biggest issue of concern regarding the contamination burden in Awba Reservoir. The study con- tributes immensely towards the establishment of biomarker responses or monitoring protocols for feral fish species and human health in Nigerian rivers and streams providing useful information for sustainable management of environmental and potential human health issues. Fig. 9: Gross morphological examination of fish gonads at Awba Reservoir showing - (A) intersex Sarotherodon melanotheron with ovaries (ov) and testis (Tt); (B) Normal male Sarotherodon melanotheron with a normal testis (Tt); and (C) Normal female Sarotherodon melanotheron with ovaries (ov). Source: Adeogun et al. (20 t 6) 39 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Fig. 10: Histological sections of tilapia gonad showing - (A) female intersex Sarotherodon melanotheron with testicular tissues (Tt) developing alongside previtellogenic oocytes (Pro); (B) Male intersex Tilapia guineensis with primary oocytes developing alongside testicular tissues (Tt); (C)Normal female Sarotherodon melanotheron with vitellogenic oocytes (vo) and previtellogenic oocytes (Pro); and (D) Normal male Tilapia guineensis with active spermatocyes (Asp). Source: Adeogun et al. (2016) Fig. 11: Alteration in gonadal development of Tilapia species sampled at Awba Reservoir showing - (A) Male Tilapia guineensis with active spermatocytes (Asp) and degeneration in the seminiferous tubules (DST); (B) Male Sarotherodon melanotheron with empty seminiferous tubules (EST) and degeneration in the seminiferous tubules (DST); and (C) Male Sarotherodon melanotheron with empty seminiferous tubules (EST) and degeneration of the seminiferous tubules (DST). Source: Adeogun et al. (2016) 40 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Contribution through Books/Chapters in BookslReports/ Manuals Mr. Vice-Chancellor, Sir, over the years Ihave been involved in teaching and research as well as book writing, manuals and reports for the industry, research, non tertiary and tertiary institutions. Motivation to write a secondary school textbook came from experience from the years I served as examiner for the Senior Secondary School and West African Examination Boards. The marks obtained in Biology were comparatively low in the· eighties. To me and my colleagues in the Department, one of the problems was how students answer biology questions. Also, students scored low in questions on conservation and biodiversity as well as wildlife and ecology at the 0' level Examinations. In Odaibo and Ugwumba (2003): Mastering Series in Biology - Macmillan Press PIc, we included model questions and answers in all chapters of the book with a good coverage of the biology syllabus at O'level Secondary School Certificate Examinations. The book received commendation even from our undergraduate students that found it still relevant and appropriate at the university level for general biology courses. In a follow-up book which I was invited to join secondary school biology teachers to write, we adopted the same pattern in Adebayo-Begun, Ugwumba, Sallam and Sarumi (2005): Integrated Science for JSCE: Examination Focus Series ill Biology. University Press PIc. Along our research area, I joined to co-author a fisheries research .text book: Ugwumba and Ugwumba (2007) Food and Feeding Ecology of Fishes ill Nigeria. Research results presentations of our findings along with other colleagues in the chosen field for undergraduate and postgraduate students of Fisheries Science in Nigerian Universities and also for fisheries researchers were fully documented. As Director of the Zoological Garden (1990-1995), when we embarked on the Secondary School/Children Zoo project, Ijoined in writing the following: 41 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY - Okwilagwe and Ugwumba (1992) Andy and Sally Zoo Series. University Zoo in Pictures. - Ugwumba (1995a) The Zoological Garden, University of Ibadan. Reminiscences and future survival. - Ugwumba (1995b) Apes in the Zoological Garden, University of Ibadan, For the international audience, I joined in writing the following: - Fagade, Ugwumba and Ezenwa (1992) Introduction to Aquaculture: Aquaculture Development in Africa. Training and Reference Manual for Aquaculture Extension in the Commonwealth. - Fagade and Ugwumba (1992) Species selection and identification. Training and Reference manual for Aquaculture Extensionist in the Commonwealth. For the Nigerian Association of Aquatic Sciences, I joined to edit: - Ezeri, Otubusin, Ugwumba and Ugwumba (1998) Sustainable Utilization of Aquatic/Wetland Resources. For the Book builders Education-Africa we wrote a chapter: - Ugwumba and Ugwumba (2012) Poverty Alleviation through Aquaculture. In Poverty Alleviation from Biodiversity Management. For the industry/NGOs/stakeholders, the following are my humble contributions: - Ugwumba (1993a) Environmental pollution in the oil industry and its effects on Human and Aquatic lives. Safety, Health and Environmental Campaign - PPM (NNPC),Ibadan. 42 UNIVERSITY OF IB DAN LIBRARY - Ugwumba (1993b) Aquatic pollution and control measures with emphasis on freshwater fishponds. Oyo State MRTMIADP. - Ugwumba (1997) Hydrobiology of Agbada I & II Field development projects. In N.N.P.C. Eastern Division E.I.A. Studies. - Ugwumba (1998) Hydrobiology and fisheries of the site for Gas-to-Liquid Project in Excravos. In Chevron Nigeria Limited E.I.A. Studies. - Ugwumba (1999a) Animal faunal studies for site OML 53 Exploratory Drilling Programme. In Chevron Nigeria Limited EIA Studies. - Ugwumba (1999b) Biodiversity (Animal fauna! wildlife) in Owerrinta, Natural Gas Pipeline Project. In Shell Nigeria Gas, EIA Studies. - Ugwumba (1999c) Hydrobiology and fisheries of lmo River in Owerrinta Natural Gas Pipeline Project. In Shell Nigeria Gas, EIA Studies. - Ugwumba (2001) Environmental Baseline Studies, Agbami Field Development. In Chevron Nigeria Limited. EIA Studies. - Ugwumba (2009a) Marine Resources of the Nigeria Coast: Need for conservation. Invited Lead Paper: National Stakeholders Workshop on Marine Environment Monitoring. Initiative of Nigeria Atomic Energy Commission (NAEC) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - Use of Nuclear Technology in the Assessment of Contamination in the Marine Environment. - Ugwumba (2009b) Current status of Environ- mental Pollution in Nigeria: Water Pollution. Genetic and Molecular Biology Approaches t-oDisease control and Environmental Pollution Management in Nigeria. - Scientific and Environmental ROV Partnership using Existing Industrial Technology, Total Nigeria! University of Southampton - Country Expert, Oil Field of Bonny & Biodiversity Studies, DEEP SEA - USAN BIODIVERSITY SURVEY REPORT (2010). 43 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY In all these, I was called a hydrobiologist, Fisheries Scientist, Animal Scientist (Animal fauna/wildlife Ecologist), Biodiversity Consultant, Pollution Expert/Consultant, Con- servationist, Marine Biologist and Limnologist. However to me, I am simply a Zoologist seeking/studying/conducting research in new areas to impact on my students and the Society. Biodiversity and Pollution in Nigeria Coastal Zone The Vice-Chancellor, my second research activities in the marine environment was that of an environmental evangelist. In doing so, I will described an environment as comprised of every animate and inanimate influence which bears on man, his life, health and livelihood. During earlier research activities, I used fish in the study of fisheries of lagoons and coastal waters of Nigeria. Hence, quite many of them were sacrificed for the just cause-to improve, maintain, sustain, conserve and perpetuate the resource. Earlier studies in this zone were quite many but I frequently refer to the book of Late Prof. Emmanuel Obot of the Nigerian Conservation Foundation (may his soul rest in peace) titled: "Oil Rivers of the ARMPIT OF AFRICA" where he described the tapped and untapped resources that abound in our coastal waters and described the Niger Delta zone like other biodiversity experts as a "Biological hotspot" with locally and globally endangered species. The Delta is also a repository of fish biodiversity with a minimum of 314 species from 158. genera and 64 families. Professor Martin Ogbe submitted in "Wetland, water and poverty eradication in a water-short world" the problems in our wetlands along the coast and wetland services we take for granted. In my own submissions - Ugwumba 2009 and 2011 on ''The current status of Environmental Pollution in Nigeria" and "Marine Resources of Nigeria - some yet unknown: need for conservation", I listed the problems of the coastal zones and the way forward in pollution studies and abatement. 44 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Wetland services we take for granted: • Water storage and purification • Flood water control • Ground water replenishment • Nurseriesfor fresh water and marine fishes • Shoreline stabilization and protection against storm • Nutrient and sediment retention • Carbon storage • Support for biological diversity • Climate change mitigation • Place for recreation and tourism • Transport However, major wetland values/products easily identified include finfishes, shellfishes, fruits; fodder, fuel wood, medicinal plants, timber and other building materials such as reeds and palms. In Ugwumba (2009), I listed the problems ot coastal zones of Nigeria to include: Over population Environmental pollution Gas Flaring Oil spills Sewage Solid wastes Climate change: sea level rise Fish stock depletion and habitat degradation Construction activities e.g. land reclamation Coastal erosion and flooding (See Plates 1 to 12). 45 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY U~J\J - Plate 1: Swamp in the Niger Delta (before pollution) Plate 2: A Typical rain forest in Niger (before pollution) 46 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Plate 3: Oil exploration Plate 4: Impact of oil exploration 47 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Plate 5: Accident with oil tanker Plate 6: Gas flaring 48 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Plate 7: Oil spill fire Plate 8: An outburst of an oil pipe 49 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Plate 9: The face of poverty . Plate 10: A cornmon source of supply of drinking water 50 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Plate U: Malnourished babies as a result of poor harvest and low yield Plate 12: Associate congenital malformation as a result of gas flaring Living Resources of the Nigerian coastalzone include: Marine and Brackish water finfishes (table 11 ) Commercially important shell fishes (table 12) Marine mammals (table 13) 51 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 11: Important Marine and Brackish Water Fishes of Nigeria Familv Cemmon Name Scientific Name Cartilaginous Fishes Alopidae Big eye thresher Alopias supercilliosus (Lorme 1939) , Thresher shark A. vulpinus (Bonnaterre 1788) Carcharinidae Bull shark Carcharinus leucas (Valenciennes and Henle 1839) Black tip shark C. limatus (Valenciennes in Muller 'and Henle 1839) :/ Milk shark Rhizoprionodon aeutus .'. (Ruppell, 1837) (= Scoliodon .' ferranol'ae)'(Richarnson 1836) Hexanchidae -i ' Six gill shark Hexanchus griseus Lamnidae Great white shark Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus 1758) Odontaspididae Sand tiger shark Eugomphodus taurus Peudocarchari idae Crocodile sharks Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Sphyrinidae Smooth hammer Sphyma zygnaena (Linnaeus head 1758) White fin hammer Shyrna couardi (Cadenat 1950) head Scalloped hammer S. lewini (Griffith and Smith head 1834) (=S ..1iplana Springer 1941) Triakidae Tope shark Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus 1758) , Tope shark Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus 1758) Pristidae Large tooth Sawfish Pristis microdon (Lath man 1794) (= pristis peronei Muller and Henle 1841) Small tooth P. pecfinata,(Latham 1794) Common sawfish P. presJis'(Linnaeus 1758) Dasyatidae Rough tail Sling ray , Dasyatis cenroura (Mitchill 1851) Daisy sting ray D. margarita (Gunther 1,870) Common sting ray D~pastinaca (Linnaeus (758) (= Trygon pastinaca) (Linnaeus 1758) Round sting ray Taeniura grabata (E. Greoffory Saint Hilaire 1817) 52 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Tab/e 11contd. Mobulidae Giant Atlantic Manta birostris (Donnderff Mantu 1758) Mobu/a rochebrunei (Vaillant 1879) Myliobatidae Common eagle ray Myliobatis Aquila (Linnaeus 1758) (= M. cervus Smith 1934) Bull ray Pterontylaeus bovines (E. Greoffory St. Hilaire 1817) Bony Fishes Acanthuridae Monrovia doctorfish Acathurus monroviae (Steindachner 1876) Albulidae Bonefish A/bu/a vulpes (Linnaeus 1758) Long fin bonefish Pterothrissus bel/oei (Cadenat 1937) Ariidae Rough head sea Artus latiscutatus (Gunther catfish 1864) (= A. gambiensis Cadenat 1950) Giant sea catfish A. gigas (Boulenger 1911) Smooth mouth sea A. heudeloti (Valenciennes catfish 1840) Ariommatidae Silver-rag drift fish Ariomma bondi (Fowler 1930) (=Paracubiceps multisquamis Marchal 1961) Brown drift fish A. melanum (Ginsburg 1954) (=Paracubiceps multisquamis Marchal 1961) Balistidae Grey trigger fish Balistes capriscus (Gmelin 1788) Blue spotted trigger B. punctatus (Gmelin 1788) fish Batrachoididae Hairy toadfish Batrachoides liberiensis (Steindachner 1867) Bothidae Cape scald fish . Arnog lossuscapensis (Boulenger 1898) Imperial scaldfish A. imperialis (Rafinesque 1810) Wide-eyed flounder Bothus podas africanus (Nielsen 1961) Channel flounder Sycium micrurum (Ranzani 1840) (= S. guineensis Bleeker 1853) 53 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table II contd. Carangidae . Alexadria pompano Alectis alexandrines (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817) (= Syris alexandrines) (=Hynnis goreenisis Cuvier 1833) Blue runner Caranx CI)'SOS (Mitchill 1815) Crevalle jack C. hippos (Linnaeus 1766) C. senegal/us Cuvier 1833 (= c. african us. Steindachner 1833) Atlantic bumber Chloroscombrus chrysurus (Linnaeus 1776) Round scad Decapterus punctatus (Cuvier 1829) Rainbow runner Elegatis bipinnulata (Quoy and Gaimard 1825) Two-colour jack Hemicaranx bicolor (Gunther 1860) African moon fish Selene dorsalis (Gill, 1863) (= Vomer gibbiceps Gilchrist and Thompson 1914) Greater amberjack Seriola dumerili (Risso 1810) Longfin pompano Trachinotus goreensis (Cuvier 1832) Citharidae Spotted flounder Citharius einguatula (Linnaeus 1758) Clupeidae Bonga shad Ethmalosa fimbriate (Bowdich 1825) (= £. dorsalis (Valenciennes 1847) West African ilisha Ilisha africana (Bloch 1795) " Round sardinella Sardinella aurita (Valenciennes 1847) Madeiran sardinella S. maderensis (Lowe 1839) Coryphaenidae Pompano Coryphaena equiselis (Linnaeus dolphinfish 1758) Cynoglosidae Nigerian tonguesole Cynoglossus browni (Chabanaud 1949) Ghanaian C. cadenati (Chabanaud 1947) tonguesole .Canary tonguesole C. canariendis (Steindachner 1882) Guinean tonguesole C. monody (Chabanaud 1947) 54 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 11 contd. Senegalese C. senegalensis (Karnp 1858) tonguesole Elongate tonguesole Symphurus ligula/us (Cocco 1844) Dactylopteridae Flying gurnard Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus 1758) Drepanidae African sicklefish Drepane Africana (Osorio 1892) West African Elops lacerta (Valenciennes ladyfish 1846) European anchovy Engraulis enrasicolus (Linnaeus 1758) African spade fish Chaetodipterus goreensis (Cuvier 1831) West African spage C. lippie (Steindachner 1895) fish Blue spotted Fistularia tabacaria (Linnaeus cornetfish 1758) Flagfin mojarra Eucinostomus melanopterus (Bleeker 1863) Guinean stripped Gerres nigri (Gunther 1859) Mojarra Greater soapfish Rypticus saponaceus (Bloch and Schneider 1801) Haemulidae Bigeye grunt Brchydeuterus auritus (=Pomadasyidae) (Valenciennes 1831) Sompat grunt Pomadasys jubelini (Cuvier 1830) Pigsnout grunt P. rogerii (Cuvier 1830) (= P'suillus) (Valenciennes 1833) Hemiraphidae Ballyhoo halfbeak Hemramphus brasiliensis (Linnaeus 1758) Lutjanidae African red snapper Lutjanus agennes (Bleeker 1863) African brown L. dentatus (Dumeril 1860) snapper Gorean snapper L. goreensis (Valenciennes 1830) Megalopidae Atlantic tarpon Tarpon atlanticus (Valenciennes 1846) (=megalops atlanticus Valenciennes 1846) 55 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table 11contd. Mugilidae Sicklefin mullet Liza facipinnis (Valenciennes 1836) Largescaled mullet L. grandisquamis (Valenciennes 1836) Flat head grey Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus 1758) mullet Mullidae West African Pseudopeneus prayensis (Cuvier zoatfish 1829) Ophidiidae Bearded brotula Brotula barbara (Bloch in Bloch and Chneider 180 I) Platycephalidae Guinea flathead Grammoplites gruveli (Pellegrin 1905) (=Plarycep!zalus gruveli Pellegrin 1905) Polynemidae Lesser African Galoides decadactylus (Bloch threadfin 1758) Royal threadfin Pentanemus quiquarius (Linnaeus 1758) Giant African Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cu vier threadfin 1829) Priacanthidae Atlantic big eye Priacanthus arenatus (Cuvier 1829) Psetttodidae Spottail spiny turbot Psettodes belcheri (Bennett 1831) Rach ycentridae Cobia Racliycent ron cannadum (Linnaeus 1766) Sciaenidae Blackmouth croaker Pentheroscion mbizi (Poll 1950) Law croaker Pseudotolithus brachygnathus (Bleeker 1863) Bobo croaker P. elongatus Boodich 1825 (= Corvina nierita Cuvier 1830) Guinea croaker P. eoioercus (Bleeker 1863) Cassava croaker P. senegalensis (Valenciennes 1833) Lonzneck croaker P. tyPIIS (Bleeker 1863) Scombridae Frigate tuna Auxis thazard (Lacepede 1800) Little tunny E/IIhYl1l1luS alletteratus (Rafinesque 1810) Skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus 1758) Atlantic bonito Sarda sarda (Bloch 1973) Abacocre Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre 1788) Yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacores (Bonnaterre 1788) Bigevetuna Thunnus obesus (Lowe 1839) 56 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Table JJ contd. Serranidae White grouper Epinephelus aenues (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1809) Dungat grouper E. goreensis (Valenciennes 1830) Dusky grouper E. guaza (Linnaeus 1758) (= E. gigas Brunnich 1968) Esonue grouper E. itajara (Lichtenstein 1822) (= Promicrops ditobo Roux and Colli snon 1954) Ghanian comber Serranus acctaenis (Norman, 1931) (= Neanthias accreansisi Norman 1931) (= Novanthius accreansis Norman 1931) Soleidae Four-eyed sole Microchirus ocellatus (Linnaeus 1758) Sparidae Bogue Boops boops (Linnaeus 1758) Angola dentex Dentex angolensis (Poll and Maul 1953) Canary dentex D. canariensis (Steindachner 1881) Congo dentex D. coneoensis