ournal of EnvironMENTAL ISSN: 1595-5125 & c t i c c u \ i> { e l t h e ' J ' u i u l c Vol. 6: January 2007 r For online access: African Journal Online (AJOL) http//www.ajol.info * UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Journal of Environmental Extension - Volume 6 January 2007 JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXTENSION - VOLUME 6: JANUARY 2007 CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME PAGES THE HEAVY METALS IN THE MUSCLE OF SOME IMPORTED FROZEN FISH IN < BA DAN NIGERIA Ajarn E K and Avoola S O l -4 FACTORS AFFECTING ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF AGROFORESTRY PRACTITIONERS IN ATISBO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE, NIGERIA Azeez. I O . S O Jimoh and T O Amusa t 5 - 9 Tr- ENERGY BASELINE FOR MONITORING VULNERABILITY OF THE ENERGY SECTOR TO THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: RWANDA CASE STUDY Nelson Lujara and Osmund Katinde IO- 16 PROMOTING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN NIGERIA THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION THE ROLE OF WOMEN Agbogidi. O M and Ofucku, A U 17 - 24 ACUTE POISONING IN CATTLE DUE TO INGESTION OF RATTLEBOX WEED IN NIGERIAN PASTURE Kalshingi, HA Yaroro, I I : Daya, S Y Saddiq M D Mohammed. A I. Kaikabo A A 25 - 2 7 ¥ CONTRIBUTIONS OF NON- TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS TO HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY AND INCOME AROUND ONIGAMBARI FOREST RESERVE, OYO STATE, NIGERIA Jimoh. S O and E, A Haruna y, 26 - 3 3 ? SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS AMONG RURAL RESIDENTS OF SHAKI AGRICULTURAL ZONE OF OYO STATE. NIGERIA Kuponlyi, F A 34 - 38 SUSTAINABILITY OF MARINE ARTISANAL FISHING AS A LIVELIHOOD AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN LAGOS STATE Fregene, B T. and A E Falaye 3 9 - 4 5 A STUDY OF MAGNETIC FIELD (Bz) AND IONOSPHERIC VARIATION DURING MAGNETIC ACTIVITIES AT LOW LATITUDE Adebesin, B O; Chukwuma V.U; Bakare N O and David, T W 4 6 - 5 0 VULNERABILITY OF THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS TO THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN RWANDA: COMMUNITY BASELINE Nelson Lujara and Osmund Kaunde 51 - 56 HOUSEHOLDS' WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR IMPROVED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN IBADAN NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE NIGERIA Yusuf, S A . Ojo. O T , and Salimonu K K 57 - 63 INFLUENCE OF TRADITIONAL FARMING PRACTICES ON SOIL PRODUCTIVE POTENTIALS IN AGO-IWOYE ENCLAVE, OGUN STATE. NIGERIA B A Senjobi; O A Adeokun; O A Dada and A O Ogunkunle 64 - 70 THE FORCES OF CHANGE DEFINING THE RELEVANCE OF SOIL TO THE ECOSYSTEM OF KAINJI LAKE NATIONAL PARK KAINJI KWARA Akinyemi, A F 71 ' l CROP FARMERS' USE OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN OGUN STATE A S Onasanya 7 5 - 78 RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH WOMEN'S INVOLVEMENT IN WASTE VANAGEMENT PRACTICE FOCUS ON ABIA STATE. NIGERIA G E Ifenkwe 70 - 85 r - - ,.,ERS PERCEPTION AND KNOWLEDGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS a — ECTING SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION IN EDO STATE M T Ajayi and T O A Banmeke 86 91 LEARN NG by d o in g AND SHARING PARTICIPATORY ENVIRONMENTAL i r so a i sal (A Case Study of Sarahgamish Village in Kurdistan Province of Iran) Pezv3~‘ar A andVaisyH. 92 - 99 MANAGEMENT ETHICS AND STRATEGIES TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE T r JR'SM DEVELOPMENT IN JOS WILDLIFE PARK, NIGERIA ' e-mah H M ‘ Alarape A A . and "Ogogo A U tOO • 106 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Joumnl of Environmental Extension - Volume 6 Jnnumy 2007 JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXTENSION - VOLUME 6: JANUARY 2007 CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME PAGES THE HEAVY METALS IN THE MUSCLE OF SOME IMPORTED FROZEN FISH IN IBADAN NIGERIA A|ani E K and Ayoola S O 1 -4 FACTORS AFFECTING ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF AGROFORESTRY PRACTITIONERS IN ATISBO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE, NIGERIA Azeez. I O . S O Jimoh and T O Amusa l 5 - 9 V ENERGY BASELINE FOR MONITORING VULNERABILITY OF THE ENERGY SECTOR TO THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: RWANDA CASE STUDY Nelson Lujara and Osmund Kaunde 10- 16 PROMOTING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN NIGERIA THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION THE ROLE OF WOMEN Agbogidi O M and Ofucku, A U 17- 24 ACUTE POISONING IN CATTLE DUE TO INGESTION OF RATTLEBOX WEED IN NIGERIAN PASTURE Kalshingi. HA Yaroro, I I , Daya. S Y Saddiq M D Mohammed. A I. Kaikabo A A 2 6 - 2 7 ¥ CONTRIBUTIONS OF NON- TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS TO HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY AND INCOME AROUND ONIGAMBARI FOREST RESERVE. OYO STATE. NIGERIA Jimoh. S O and E A Haruna v 26 - 33p< SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS AMONG RURAL RESIDENTS OF SHAKI AGRICULTURAL ZONE OF OYO STATE. NIGERIA Kuponiyi. F A 34 - 38 SUSTAINABILITY OF MARINE ARTISANAL FISHING AS A LIVELIHOOD AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN LAGOS STATE Fregene. B T. and A. E Falaye 3 9 - 4 5 A STUDY OF MAGNETIC FIELD (Bz) AND IONOSPHERIC VARIATION DURING MAGNETIC ACTIVITIES AT LOW LATITUDE Adebesin. B O; Chukwuma V.U; Bakare N O and David. T W 4 6 - 5 0 VULNERABILITY OF THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS TO THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN RWANDA COMMUNITY BASELINE Nelson Lujara and Osmund Kaunde 51 - 56 HOUSEHOLDS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR IMPROVED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN IBADAN NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE NIGERIA Yusuf. S A . Ojo O T . and Salimonu K K 57 - 63 INFLUENCE OF TRADITIONAL FARMING PRACTICES ON SOIL PRODUCTIVE POTENTIALS IN AGO-IWOYE ENCLAVE. OGUN STATE. NIGERIA B A Senjobi; O.A Adeokun; O A Dada and A O Ogunkunle 64 - 70 THE FORCES OF CHANGE DEFINING THE RELEVANCE OF SOIL TO THE ECOSYSTEM OF KAINJI LAKE NATIONAL PARK KAINJI KWARA Akinyemi, A F 71 M CROP FARMERS’ USE OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN OGUN STATE A S Onasanya 7 5 - 78 RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH WOMENS INVOLVEMENT IN WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE FOCUS ON ABIA STATE. NIGERIA G E Ifenkwe 70 - 85 - ARMERS’ PERCEPTION AND KNOWLEDGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AFFECTING SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION IN EDO STATE W T Ajayi and T O A Banmeke 86 91 .EARNING BY DOING AND SHARING PARTICIPATORY ENVIRONMENTAL • PPRAISAL (A Case Study of Sarahgamish Village in Kurdistan Province of Iran) Pezvanfar A and Vaisy H. 92 - 99 MANAGEMENT ETHICS AND STRATEGIES TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN JOS WILDLIFE PARK. NIGERIA 'heomah. H M , *Alarape A A , and **Ogogo A U WO ■ W6 NIVERSITY OF IBAD N LIBRARY CONTRIBUTIONS OF NON- TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS TO HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY CONTRIBUTIONS OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS TO HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY AND INCOME AROUND ONIGAMBARI FOREST RE8ERVE, OYO STATE, NIGERIA. Jimoh, S.O. and E. A. Haruna Department of Forest Resources Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, e-mail: jimohsaka@yahoo.com ABSTRACT The study evaluated the contributions of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to household income and food security in the adjoining villages of Gambarl forest reserve Nigeria. Stratified random sampling was used to select respondents among the community members 141 copies of questionnaires were administered among consumers and marketers of NTFPs. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics, t-test and rate of return on investment (RORI). Results Indicate that 61.7% of the marketers were involved in NTFPs marketing on full time basis and 63.12% of them were females. Ten Important NTFPs were found to contribute to food in -take and income in the area. Sixty one percent of the respondents obtained the products from the forest. Vegetables are consumed with 45.4% of their meals on a year round basis. The contributions of NTFPs to household Income amount to 68.1% of total monthly Income. The difference in monthly Income generated from NTFPs and other sources Is significant (p < 0.05). Fuel wood is used by 46.09 % of the respondents as a source of energy for cooking and preserving foods, it is recommended that important NTFPs be integrated into the traditional farming system so as to enhance sustainable supplies. The NTFPs should also be developed In terms of value addition in order to promote efficient resource utilization. Also, proper inventory of the forest should be carried out to assess the stocking level and determine potential yield to guard against over-exploitation. INTRODUCTION livestock and native flora and fauna. A forest is a natural ecosystem In which Unfortunately the potential economic value, trees are the dominant component. These either monetary or in terms of utilization (e.g. trees together with other plants, animals and wild foods, bush meat) Is often underrated or micro organisms make up a "web of life’ . ignored. For many households, gathering, There are many people living in close processing and trading in NTFPs provide a proximity to the forests and their livelihoods great source of supplementary income. are economically and ecologically Intertwined These activities are especially important at with these ecosystems. They eat forest Instances when agricultural tasks diminish or products; heal themselves with them build when the need for cash Is acute. For some houses and make marketable products out of households, NTFPs provide the source of them. They forage the forest as a source of livelihood, (FAO, 2000). the diverse necessities of everyday living ; NTFPs also support income-earning thus the forests contribute to national income activities indirectly by providing materials The money-based and urban biased statistics used in off-farm processing activities. The often fail to account for this, thereby returns from gathering and processing of obscuring the mainstay of many rural NTFPs vary immensely depending on the economies (Novlb, 1997). The products that product and gatherers' location. Forest foods provide most of these goods are usually not contribute significantly to the diet of many of timber origin and they are thus referred to rural households although mostly on as non-timber forest products (NTFPs). occasional basis. Many different fruits and Non-timber forest products can be seeds are eaten as snacks on the farm or In defined as goods of biological origin other the bush especially by children. Mushrooms, than wood as well as services derived from bush meat and fruits consumption are most forests and allied land uses (FAO, 1995). popular in villages. Gathered foods According to Chandrasekhram (1995), NTFPs complement the sauces that accompany can be defined as all tangible products other starch staples for flavouring, as medicines or than timbers, natural or processed derived tonics and as substitutes for staple foods from forest or any other land under similar during periods of food scarcity. Collectively, use. Non-timber forest products are an forest products such as fruits, seeds, integral part of the survival and development rhizomes and leafy vegetables add diversity strategy for the continued well-being of man, and flavour to diet as well as providing 28 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ^ ^ UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Journal of Environmental Extension - Volume 6: January 2007 protein, energy, vitamins and minerals. Irvingia garbonensis, Treculia africana. Forest foods are perhaps most Important to Chrysophylum albldum, Artocarpus atllus,, children especially during the "hungry season' Xylopla aethloplca and Terapleyra tetraptera (when most agricultural crops are off season) among others while the plantation forest Is a* snack food play a more significant role In made up of exotic species such as Gmellna their diets at this time This Is very Important arborea and Tectona grandls. Indigenous or because this is the time when they are most settler farmers from different parts of the vulnerable to nutritional problems such as Country live In several communities located anaemia (FAO 2000). around the forest reserve. Refusal to acknowledge the subsistence value of NTFPs by decision makers, Data Collection economists and urban elites as an Integral Six communities within thirty kilometres radius pan of forest conservation planning, had of the forest reserve were selected randomly, resulted in the under valuation of forests. Questionnaires were administered using Under valuation of NTFPs Is a major problem stratified random sampling design. The basis militating against sustainable management of for stratification was size of settlements. The the products (Wickens1991). six communities were thus stratified into two: In this study, a survey of the contributions urban and rural communities. The urban of NTFPs to peoples livelihood in the communities sampled include: Idl-Ayunre, adjoining villages of Gambari Forest Reserve Challenge and Bode while the rural Ibadan, Nigeria was conducted with a view to communities include Gambari, Mamu and evaluating their contributions to household Onlpe villages. A sampling intensity of 10% food security and Income, was adopted for the survey. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sampling Procedure Study Area: Two sets of questionnaires were Gambari Forest Reserve is located on administered. Each set was directed to latitude 7° 25’N and longitude 30°53E within Marketers and consumers of NTFPs. A total the low land semi-deciduous forest belt of of 141 copies of the questionnaires were Nigeria The reserve is divided into two: administered including 111 for consumers natural and plantation forests. The natural and 30 for marketers. Table 1 shows the forest is made up of indigenous species such distribution of households and respondents as Terminalia sp, Triplochiton scleroxylon, among the communities. Table 1-.Distribution of Households and Respondents In the Selected Communities. SN Communities Estimated number of 10%random sampling house holds 1 Onigambari 110 11 2 Mamu 210 21 3 Onipe 92 9 4 Bode 250 25 5 Idi-Ayunre 200 20 6 Challenge 550 55 TOTAL 1412 141 DATA ANALYSIS K a = Average Monthly income generated Descriptive and inferential statistics were from NTFPs used for analysis in this study. These include = Average Monthly income generated frequency distribution tables, percentages, from non-NTFPs and student's t-test. Profitability of Trade was S2d * Variance of the individual difference analysed using Rate of Return on Investment between A and B l.e standard (RORI). The statistical model for student's t- deviation. test used to compare the contributions of n = Number of Variables NTFPs and other forest based non-farm works to income of respondents is: Profitability of Trade in NTFPs X A - X B Rate of Return on Investment (RORI) was calculated as follows: RORI = f t x T, = Profit (TR - TC ) t = t -test Tc a Total Cost Tr a Total revenue 29 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CONTRIBUTIONS OF NON- TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS TO HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY RESULT8 AND DI8CU88ION Mean Annual Income Socio-economic Characteristic* of 12,000 -60,000 38 26 95 Respondents 72,000 -120,000 28 19.86 Non-timber forest products gathering In 132,000 -192,000 56 39.72 the forest reserve was found to be gender 204,000- 360,000 17 12.05 Independent. Male and female member* of > 360,000 2 1.42 the communities participate In the harvesting of one product or the other. 36.88% of the Socio-economic Analysis of NTFPs In respondents were males while 63.12% were Osmbarl Forest Communities. females (table 2). In these communities females are normally engaged In less Occurrence and Utilisation arduous tasks such as leaves, vegetable and Twenty eight non-timber forest products fire wood gathering while their male contribute to the social and economic welfare counterparts are Involved In land preparation of the forest community in the study area. planting and farm maintenance. Men who are Some of these include fruits such as white involved In NTFPs gathering are either straw apple-C.albldum, Bush mango. /, hunters who hunt for subsistence or market garbonensls, Arldan- Tetrapleura (etreptera, purposes or settlers faced with landlessness bush pepper •Xyloplaa aethloplca mango- and emergency cash needs either to pay artocarpus artllus and vegetables such as school fees or to procure food for the family. bitter \aa1-Vemonla amygdaellna , Vawa - Children are often found In the forest reserve Pipper umbelatum Oori-, Vitex donlana, hunting for fruits such as Irvlngla gabonensis, water leaf-, Tallnum triangulre and curry/scent Chrysophylum albldum, Mangifera Indlca and leaf Ocimum gratisslmum. Fire wood is of vital Snsephalus dulclflcum . Adults also engage in Importance as every household utilize It for fruit and firewood harvesting particularly cooking (Table 3). Bush meat and fish from during the 'hungry season between February rivers and streams within the forest reserve and May when most agricultural crop* are not serve as important sources of animal protein yet matured. This agrees with the views of to over 70% of the community members Okafor (1991) that non-timber forest products play important roles In household food Trade In NTFPs security particularly during emergency Trade In NTFPs in the study area periods. People Involved in NTFP* business includes sales of NTFPs either directly or in in the study area generally have low level of processed forms. 61.70% of the marketers education between first school and secondary trade in NTFPs full-time while 38.30% of the school certificates (Table2). This category of marketers trade in NTFPs part-time. The people has only very little alternative to farm Rate of return on Investment (RORI) for works since they are largely unskilled. They firewood a typical NTFP in the study area Is are usually farmers who gather and process 42.86%. the products to supplement their diets and Table 4 shows that 61.70% of the income. Women dominate marketing of sampled population are engaged In NTFPs NTFPs in the village and urban markets. marketing as a full-time business while 38.30% are occasionally involved. The NTFP Table:2 Soclo Economic Characteristics of business Is largely specialized and organized Respondents.fM»»f4f)_________________ Those who are full time traders Include Parameter Freq Percent medicinal plant sellers, bush meat and fuel Gender(Male/Female) - - wood sellers. These full time Male 52 36.68 traders/professionals have Associations, Female 89 63.12 which are recognized by the forest service as Age (years) important forest stakeholders. Some of these 16-20 29 20.57 Include Hunters' Association, Fuel wood 21-30 38 26.95 Marketers' Association, Farmers' Association 31-40 44 31.20 and Leaves Sellers' Association ,The > 40 30 21.28 Implication of this for sustainable forest Educational background - • • management is that there exists on the No formal education 53 37.59 ground organized structures which may be Primary 59 41.84 mobilized for active support and participation Secondary 22 15.60 in forest management. Tertiary 7 4.97 30 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Journal of Environmental Extension - Volume 6 ■ January 2007 Table 3: Some NTFPs prevalent In the Study Art* and their Uses. S I NTFPs SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL NAME Uses N category (Yor.) i V e g e ta b le s Piper umbelotum Yawe Food Supplement Ocimum gretissimum Elinrin-Oso Food 8uppiement/flavouring Crassocephalumcrepidoides Ebolo Food supplement Vitex doniana Oori Food supplement Vemonla amygdaelina Bitter leaf Food supplement/ medicine 7 P a c k a g in g Tentona grandis Teak Wrapping of traditional food items iSavea Vuso up Ogede Wrapping of traditional food items Tbomatococus danielli Eeran Wrapping of traditional food items 3 Fruits Crysophyllum albidum Agbalumo Snacks Syncephalumdulcificum Agbayun Snacks Artocarpus artilus Berefutu Snacks Irvingia gabonensis Ooro Snacks and soup ingredient 4 Medicinal Alstonia booneii Eepo ahun Traditional medicine plants Khaya Sp. Eepo Aganno Traditional medicine Anninckia clotantha Yaanl Traditional medicine 5 Bush Crycetomys gambianus Okete Animal protein supplement Meat/fish Tryonormys swindrrianus Oya Animal protein supplement Acatina acatina Igbin Animal protein supplement Tilapia Sp, Sawa Animal protein supplement . Claries gariepinus Aro Animal protein supplement 6 Resins & Rothmaniawhitfiedii. Buje-nla Weaving of jute bags Dyes Pterocarpus osun Osun Dye stuff/ local pomade 7 Chewing Massularia acuminate Pako Ijebu Tooth caring stick 8 Fuel wood Tectona grandis Teak Household energy 9 Spice Piper guineese lyere Pepper soup ingredient/medicine 1 Sponge Luffa luffa aegpytiaca, Kainkain-Ayaba, Washing/ bathing 0 Momordica angusticephalas Kain kain -Hausa Sources of Supply of NTFPs. Frequency of supply of NTFPs. Table 4 shows that 61% of respondents Table 4 shows that 54.61% of obtain their products from the forest reserve. respondents get their supply of NTFPs on a 10.63% and 28.37% of the respondents dally basis, 24.82% get their supply on a obtain their products from crop farms and weekly basis. 14.89% and 2.84% of fallow lands respectively. This indicates that respondents get their supplies on a monthly majority of the respondents still depend on and quarterly basis respectively while 2.13% wild stocks of these products. The implication gets their supplies on a yearly basis. Many of this Is that there Is little or no effort directed NTFPs are seasonal in their availability and at regenerating the species by Individuals. If hence the differences in the frequency of this trend continues the wild population may supply indicated by the marketers. This Is In soon diminish thereby exposing the genetic accordance with the flowering and fruiting resources of these species to the risk of local phenologies of the different species. Many of extinction. these species are available mainly during the dry season which coincides with the period of Table 4: Characteristics of NTFPs Trade food scarcity (hungry season) when in the Study Area;____________________ preparation for next seasons' crops are just CHARACTERISTIC FREQ. PERCENT beginning and the harvests for the last S season are virtually exhausted.. This is an Mode of Trade important characteristic in ensuring food Full-time 87 61.70 security, which has been described as access Part-time 54 38.30 to food to all people at all times. Frequency of supply Dally 77 54.61 Contributions of NTFPs to Household Weekly 35 24.82 Diets and Income in the Study Area Monthly 21 14.89 NTFPs in the house hold Diets. Quarterly 4 2.84 Table 5 show9 that 12.77% of the Yearly 4 2 84 respondents consume edible NTFPs as main Sources of Supply foods in their diet. 69.50% consume NTFPs Forest reserve 86 61 00 as complimentary foods and snacks, while Crop fam> 15 1063 17.73% of respondents consume NTFPs as Farm tallow 40 28.37 diets supplements, e g spices, condiments UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY CONTRIBUTIONS OF NON- TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS TO HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY and flavours. Eleven meals Including Ama/a, Table 5: Roles o f NTFPs In Household diet pounded yam, fufu, eba, boiled rice, cooked In the Study Area. beans, boiled yam, boiled plantain, com pap, DISTRIBUTION FREQ. PERCENT bread and yam porridge were listed by Main food 18 12.77 respondents, five of them are consumed with Supplementary 98 09.50 vegetables. These Include:' amate, fufu, eba, food and snacks pounded yam and corn pap. This Implies that Others 25 17.73 45.5% of their meals are consumed with TOTAL 141 100 vegetables many of which are sourced from the forest. This observation agrees with the Contribution of NTFPs to Household findings of Carney (1998) and (Bryon and Income. Arnold 1999) that rural people rely on NTFPs Income generation from NTFPs is very for sustainable livelihood and that majority of significant In the study area. Though for many households In developing countries and a of the respondents, NTFPs are not the sole proportion of urban households depend on source of Income, they generate between 59 plants and animal products for part of their and 84 percent of their average monthly nutritional, cooking and/or health needs. income from the business (table 6) Table 6: Contribution of NTFPs to Household Income Average Monthly Income Average Monthly Freq. Percentage of the of Respondents Income derived Average Monthly (N) from NTFPs Income Derived (N) from NTFPs. 5500 3,250 51 59.1 14500 9,000 42 62.1 20500 14,750 22 72.0 32000 20,500 17 64.1 46000 38,750 09 84.2 Overall 16,301 11,103 1 41 68.1 Table 7. t-test analysis o f the difference In monthly Income generation from NTFPs and other sources _____________________________ _ _ Income Source Mean Std.DeV. N t-cal t-tab d-f (S) ....... Ntfps 17250 13647.34 5 2.13 4 2.6184 Other sources 6450 4424.36 5 Non timber forest products constitute income so as to raise their standard of living. about 68.1% of the over all average monthly Thus there is no clear demarcation between income of the respondents. Further more, NTFPs harvested for household food and student t-test indicates significant difference those sold to generate income. While items between the Income generated from NTFPs such as fruits, nuts, vegetables, fish and bush and those from other sources (Table7). meat are consumed at the household level, This confirms a significant direct excess collections are sold to generate contribution of NTFPs. to household Income income. in the study area, which also implies Indirect Some of the NTFPs sold to generate contribution to food security as people spend Income Include Thaumatocoocus danlelll, part of their income, to buy food from the Chrysophylum albldum,, ariocarpus market for their family Hence NTFPs arfllus.Momordica agulstlcephalas Varnonla enhance both physical and economic access emygdaelina and various spades of fish and to food in the study area wild life. These are collected from the forest The foregoing agrees with (FAO 1997) and sold to middlemen or to the consumers that NTFPs have been a source of income to directly. large populations of rural dwellers, who are Most forest based Income generating usually poor, particularly women, who collect activities are seasonal; some products can NTFPs from the forest to satisfy their dally only be gathered i t certain time of the year. domestlo consumption demands but at times Income from forest products may contribute to they collect more than domestic needs and purchase of farm Inputs or food between sell them In local or urban markets to provide harvests, hire labour for cultivation of food 32 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Journal of Environmental Extension - Volume 6: January 2007 crops or generate working capital for trading Income. Sixty one percent of the respondents activities from which incomes are obtain their products from the forest reserve generated(Warner 2000). Implying very little effort at domestication and cultivation. Stakeholders Association exist in Firewood as a Source o f Cooking Energy the study area which could be mobilized and A large proportion of the sampled population encouraged to participate in the sustainable depends on the use of firewood from the off management of the forest cuts of teak as source of household cooking Deriving from the above, It Is energy. Table 8 shows that 46.1% of recommended that: NTFPs be Integrated into respondents utilize fuel wood as their source farming systems to ensure the continued of energy for cooking, 13.5% and 15.6% use availability of NTFPs and to ease the electricity and gas respectively, while 24.8% pressure on the natural forest; Development use kerosene for cooking. potentials of NTFPs in terms of value addition should be explored to ensure efficient utilisation of the products. Inventory of the DISTRIBUTION FREQ. PERCENT. forest reserve should be carried out to assess Fuel wood 65 46.1 stocking level and determine potential yield of Electricity 19 13.5 each species in order to guard against over Gas 22 15.6 exploitation while the existing forest Kerosene 35 24.8 stakeholders Associations should be To ta l 141 100 mobilized for participation in the management of the forest reserve. This is in agreement with the observation of Falconer (1990) that forest fuels are REFERENCES important for enhancing and ensuring food Byron N & Arnold J.E.M. (1999): What futures for security as they provide energy for processing the people of tropical forest ? World development. otherwise raw food and for preserving foods to forestall seasonal shortage. Some snacks Camay D. (1998): Implementing the Sustainable livelihood approach :ln D. Camay (ad.) Sustainable and food items such as roasted plantain, Rural Livelihood what contribution can we make? mutton/beef barbecue, corn and plum, are London Uk, Dep. For Int. Development Pp. 211- processed mainly by using firewood or 215 charcoal. Bush meat and fish are preserved to increase their shelf lives by smoking using Chandrasakhram.K. (1995): Terminology,definitions and classification of forest products firewood and charcoal. Villagers prefer the others than wood. In report of International Expert use of firewood/ charcoal for these food items Consultations on NWFP yogyakarta Indonesia as they believe that it does not impart FAO NWFPs Rome. Pp. 23-29. unsavoury odour on the food as would kerosene for instance and is cheaper and Falconer, J. (1990) The Major significance of more available and affordable than gas and Minor Forest Products In. The Local Use and Values for Forests In west African Humid Forest electricity. Zone. Community Forestry Note No. 6 FAO Rome.232 Pp. CONCLUSION NTFPs contribute both directly and FAO (1991): Non-wood forest Resources indirectly to food security in the study area. Management and Improvement. NWFPsJhe way ahead. FAO Forest Paper 97 FAO Rome. Twenty-eight species of NTFPs were being used for one purpose or the other. At least FAO/Food & Nutrition Division (1996): NWFPs 61.7 % of the population are Involved In In nutrition In NWFP for Sustainable Forest NTFPs trade. Sixty one percent of the Management. Yogyakarta Indonesia. NWFP(3) respondents obtained their products from the FAO Romet forest reserve. Though there is seasonality in FAO (2000): Bulletin on non-wood forest products supply, many of the species occur at the NWFP (7) FAO 2000 Rome.OSPp. period of food scarcity during the dry season. Okafor, J.C. (1991): Improving Edible Species of About 47% of the respondents depend on Forest Products. Unasylva Vol. 42:165 PP.17-23. firewood from the forest for their cooking energy Also 70% of respondents consume Warner K. (2000): Forest and sustainable NTFPs as food supplements while about 18% livelihood Unasylva 168 vol. 53 FAO 2000 Pp. 4-8 consume them as condiments, flavours and Wlckens Q.E. (1991): Management issue for spices. Income from NTFPs constitutes about development of NTFPs l/nasylva 185 vol. 1991 68 % of the households' average monthly FAO Pp. 23-31. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY