Available electronically!
I
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
An International Journal of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Vol. 7No.1
CRIMES INCIDENCE AND CONTROL IN AN
ACADEMIC LIBRARY: IMPLICATIONS FOR
MANAGEMENT AND POLICY
Beatrice Ayodeji Fabunmi*
*Beatrice Ayodele Fabunmi holds a B.Ed. (Hons) degree in Educational Management and Economics and M. Inf. Sc.
(Information Science) degrees from the University of Ibadan. She is currently a senior librarian in the cataloguing section of
Kenneth Dike Library, University of Ibadan. She is a Ph.D. student in Educational Management, University of Ibadan. She is a
chartered librarian of Nigeria (CLN). Her area of research interest includes: library management and information systems
analysis. E-mail: beatricefabumi@yahoo.com
Abstract
The study investigated the incidence and control of crimes in Kenneth Dike Library, University of
Ibadan, Nigeria. Observation and survey research techniques were used to obtain data for the study.
120 copies of the questionnaire developed were administered to the different categories of workers in
the library, because the responsibility for effective security is collective and not exclusive to any
particular individual or group within the library. Out of these, 102 were returned, while 100 were
validly completed, thus giving a response rate of 83.3 percent. The findings reveal that inadequate
staff, lack of proper supervision, non availability of photo-coping machines, amongst others, are the
reasons for prevalence of criminal activities in the library. The study has established the prevalence of
criminal activities and offers some suggestions on how to combat and reduce the incidence of crimes
in a library.
Key Words: Crime, incidence, control, security, measures, academic, library, management, policy.
Introduction the harassment of library staff and patrons.
The incidence and control of crimes in The New Encyclopedia Britannica (2005)
academic libraries is of concern to librarians defined crime as the intentional commission
worldwide. Educational institutions are not of an act usually deemed socially harmful or
always safe and secure places. Violence and dangerous and specifically defined, pro-
property crimes can and do occur. University hibited and punishable under the criminal law
libraries are no exception and they are subject within a broad spectrum of cultural and
to a wide variety of security concerns. These historical variations. Crimes are acts that are
include the theft and mutilation of library legally forbidden by a society. Murder, theft
materials, theft of personal property like and arson are some of the acts that are
handbags, purses, wallets, keys, money, considered criminal by modem societies.
calculators, laptops, handsets, etc as well as Austin (2008) defined crime as a violation of
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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Crimes Incidence and Control in an Academic Library: Implications for Management and Policy
a society's formally enacted criminal law. half of United States CItizens feel that they
Crime is an intentional act of human conduct can report crimes to the police, because they
that causes harm for which the actor is held have confidence in the police and the legal
responsible and for which there is a system.
prescribed punishment carried out by the A number of security measures are often
State. Sometimes, 'force', 'fraud' and put in place to control crimes. Security
'material gains' are added to the definition. measures refer to actions taken as precautions
A crime is any act that violates the law, against crimes like theft or espionage or
and for there to be a crime, there must be a sabotage. Staff training, devices, professional
defined punishment. If the law does not set services and practical changes are security
forth the particulars of the punishment fer the measures that help to provide a secure and
described act or omission, then it is not a safe workplace for employees. According to
crime. According to Rogerson (2004), crime Ifidon and Okoli, (2002), academic libraries
incidence refers to the number of criminal are libraries that are attached to educational
events that have occurred in a given area. institutions like universities, polytechnics and
Incidence is often expressed as the number of colleges of education. The main function of
events suffered per head of population. an academic library is to function as an
However, not all crimes are reported. auxiliary to parent institution in carrying out
Incidence can then be referred to as the its objectives mainly the education. Library
measure of typically reported in official is an important intellectual resource of the
statistics about the extent of crime. academic community and helps them for their
Crime has become as complex as human self-development to fulfill the curriculum
nature. Modem technological advancement requirements and to promote studies and
and tremendous progress in communication research. Most libraries seem to have been
have facilitated the occurrence of crimes. invaded by criminal minded users and staff.
Criminals often use sophisticated equipment Having defined crime, it is expedient to
in one place and then escape to another place. define criminals. Criminals are people who
The present day world faces the grim are prepared to take chances and the greater
problem of illicit drug trafficking, smuggling, the likelihood of their being apprehended as a
hijacking, kidnapping and terrorism. In spite result of criminal activity, the less likely it is
of vigorous and vehement national and that he or she will take that risk. Libraries are
international efforts towards combating such organizations which hold collections of
crime, it is quite disappointing to note that the publicly-owned property in buildings, usually
crimes are rapidly growing in various forms. open to all and sundry. The criminal in the
Crime has adversely affected the societies of library is unlikely to be of the hardened
both developed as well as developing society. The criminal is much more likely to
countries by impairing the quality of life, be a member of the organizations' staff, since
threatening human rights and fundamental the chances of an insider getting away with
freedom and posing a serious challenge to the substantial criminal activity are that much
community. No country has remained greater.
unaffected, although the level and intensity of A wide spectrum of potential criminal
the problem might vary from nation to nation. activity exists within the library. This ranges
Crime Statistics are often better indicators of from vagrancy and minor nuisance through
prevalence of law enforcement and petty vandalism and theft to burglary,
willingness to report crime than actual criminal damage and physical assault.
prevalence. Willingness to report crime and Although theft and damage to library
confidence in the police and the legal system property are the major concerns it is
influence the rate of reporting crimes. Over important to recognize that staff in libraries
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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
An International Journal of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Vol. 7 No. I
have fears concerning crime against the • Theft of equipment and
person and these fears can have 'a • Other theft which include theft of
demoralizing effect. Book mutilation often magazines, or personal property of
occurs in the library. It can be in the form of readers or members of staff.
key pages tom out of books or underlining or
making comments in the margin of reading According to him, research shows the
materials. Burrows and Cooper (1992) are number of books stolen from libraries to be
of the opinion that non-return of books is enormous. Lincoln and Lincoln (1987),
another crime that is being committed in the observe that 250,000 books were stolen from
library. Non-return of legitimately borrowed 100 libraries in America. Souter (1976)
library books is like their direct theft from the discovers that British academic libraries
library and this has been a long-standing losses 1.5% of their total collection annually.
problem for the library service. The failure to The second type of theft is that of reference
return material has the same consequences for materials which includes theft of rare books.
the library as deliberate theft. Other readers This often involves selected books targeted
are deprived of access to books; the library is by professional collectors. However, this
deprived of its assets; substantial costs can be type of crime is likely to increase as the value
incurred in recovery. Theft by staff and users of those books continues to rise. Other forms
contributes to the crime in the library. of reference materials that are equally stolen
Omotayo and Ajayi (2005/2006) observe that include atlases, guide books, encyclopedia
students always destroy the library security etc. The third category is the theft of
checkpoint, assault library porters on duty equipment which is. not rampant. The fourth
and go away with their personal effects category i.e. other theft is difficult to define
whenever there is power outage and stem and identify. It includes theft from staff,
security sanctions have not been introduced patrons and various forms of criminal damage
against this unruly behaviour. directed to the library premises.
Books may appear to be missing from a Nwosu (2000) mentions among others,
library for a number of reasons other than book theft, mutilation of books, defacement,
theft and non-return. Librarians regard mis- noise making, assault, seats reservation,
shelving to be the next most important factor vandalism, stealing of library resources and
likely to account for material regarded as personal belongings of staff and patrons as
missing. This encompasses accidental mis- crimes perpetrated in the library. According
shelving by library users and staff alike as to Shuman (1999), hiding of books, keeping
well as cases of deliberate mis-shelving by books for too long in the study carrels,
those wishing to have unique access to stealing of library books either by throwing
material at a later point. Libraries are also them outside through the windows or taking
targets for other forms of opportunist crime them out through the exit doors, non-payment
which carry a high risk factor, in particular of fines for overdue books, tearing of pages
the theft of personal property like handbags; needed because of the long queue at the
purses, wallets, money, calculators, handsets, photocopier unit or non functional machines
laptops, keys etc. The nature of library are the common library crimes and
service use encourages concentration and misdemeanors. Wilson (1972) is of the
users can get distracted easily. opinion that university libraries are the
Lincoln (1984), categorized theft in the keystone of teaching and learning. It has been
library into four which are: noted that a high quality education is
• Theft of books impossible without a high quality library.
• Theft of reference materials Aguolu (1983) is of the view that the
university library is an important organ in the
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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Crimes Incidence and Control in an Academic Libraryttlmplications for ·Management and Policy
institution. The academic health, intellectual be overlooked either. Security is expensive
vitality and effectiveness of any university but, in therlong run, it will prove to be a.cost-
depend largely ~pon the state of the .health effective iinvestment. If library management
and.excellence (rof.its 'library, Therefnre, 'the can be persuaded to take the question of
academic library lhas to build a strong security seriously, the battle against librasy
collection in the ferm (Ofphysical, electronic crime is already half-won. The simple ttruth
and digital to cater for the ~~~letlge about crime.is that it can be reduced, or.even
requirements of fhe .academic co unity. eliminated, if 1the opportunity to commit
.The library has It.0 jpreserve the pfu~"s.iGal wrongdoing.is not present.
collections for lililemse of its clients as \wrllLas According to Rajendran and
the future generations, hence the neefl 'to Rathinasaaapathy (2007), an academicllibrary
provide a safe and .security ffacility for ;lii!lmt~y should prexide .library facilities :and.serwices
staff, resources ;;;maequ~pment. as Wldl·Las necessary lIor success' of aIL .formal
library users. ,programmes (of instruction, open ]he rdoor to
The effect ofih1d1:dl:e«nmne in the lhilbmmw l the world (dflknowledge that lies beyond the
iis as great if not greater .than that of J:he lboundaries em own field of qualification and
.outside world. The \W.ay-.s~nwhich libraries 'bring books, .students and scholars together
are being run gives room for carrying ont .under conditions \Which encourage reading
criminal activities. These .include the ce.m.ttI;<ill [pleasure, se'l1,fdis.Iro.-veryp,ersonal growth and
.location of the library and the long hours of tthe sharpening ,01 intellectual curiosity.
operations which attradt so many people; 1lPhereis the rroo.difonthe academic lwmw to
there is no admission fee, and most services 'build a stro~ «iolleetion which can ibe in
arejprovided without cost; open-stack policies «lifferent forms 110 .cater for the knlDM"Jedge
which make it possible for peqple to go to 1l".e.guirement(())If tthe .acadcmic comemnity.
where they wish without challenge; and "iLherefore, the need uo preserve the hlirrary
above all, low budget which does not give oollections for fl!l'nlEeJgeneration is im;pmrttant.
room for academic libraries to have effective Library security iilnCIlides safety of staff,
security .plans. The crimes in the ilibrary can \lll's:.ersf,ire protection (of the library and .its
be grouped into two which are crime against cm'llections as w'e111.as disaster .planniag.
property .and crime against people. These Security is an impm1tant programme, which
may be in. form of stealing books, mutilating library and those who work there must take
books, and periodicals, misusing computers, seriously. There is dlre meed for the libraries
stealing of personal belongings of both staff to place high value in seaming and preserving
and patron-s, abusing staff verbally and their irreplaceable (contents of their
assaulting one another. There is the need for collediions, making the historical and cultural
libraries to have safety and security plans to artifacts of our civilization available for
ensure that staff is prepared to respond to future generation. /
large-scale threats to collections. It is The 'Various ways through which library
important to provide a safe and security materials are mutilated if; by tearing off
facility for library staff, library resources, useful pages for such materials i.e.
equipment and library users. mutilation, stealing of library materials by
Library Management, in facing up to the throwing them down through the windows,
unpleasant truth of crime in their carrying them under dresses, hiding them
organizations, must take the question of inside bags, files, removal of data due slips,
security planning seriously. There is no erasure of library's ownership and using fake
avoiding the fact that designing out crime can date due stamp. Shuman (1999) is of the view
throw a lot of inconvenient spanners into the that security of building equipment,
planning process, the cost implications cannot materials, electronic and personal are some
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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
An International Journal of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Vol. 7 No.1
security considerations that must be is the management, staff and users alike, a
addressed in an information management strategy is unlikely to work effectively, so the
environment. Ajegbomogun (2004) defines grounding of that strategy in the right ethos is
library' security as a strategically designed a pre-requisite in the process.
system to protect library collections which
include books and non-book against The Problem
unauthorized removal. The. protection The social decadence of the society has led to
involves, safety of users and: books against the prevalence of crime in most academic
fire; outbreak, insects, flood' and protection of libraries. However, this development is being
the-premises against intruders, addressed through. putting in place
The type of checkout introduced will appropriate security measures, particularly in
determine the type of crime committed. A advanced countries where all sorts of
sophi:stikated checkout system; will produce electronic security measures are used to
less theft, though likely to' increase the levels control the incidence of crime in libraries. In
of book mutilation, and: a less sophisticated developing nations like Nigeria, most
checkout produce more theft and less academic libraries do not have electronic
damage. Lending books offers the greatest gadgets that can be used to control crime in
opportunity for theft. This. could be seen in libraries. The management of most university
two forms. There is the systematic, carefully libraries employs physical measures to
considered pre planned type 0.[ theft, the other combat crimes. In view of this situation, this
less preplanned where borrowers no longer study, therefore, investigated the incidence'
want to be library members; they have books: and control of crimes in a Nigerian.
on loan, may even promise to return them, y€t University library.
somehow never db. The latter is more:
numerous and includes large numbers of Research Questions
otherwise respectable citizens. Many people The following research questions were
appear to have stolen books· in this way, formulated to guide this study:
mostly when they were students and (1) How often are the identified crimes
sometimes in later life. being perpetrated in the library?
According to Houlgate and Chaney (2) What are the probable causes of these
(1992) the responsibility of the library criminal acts?
management is to try to achieve a balance (3) What are the existing control mea-
between security and access, and this is not sures?
an easy objective to achieve. While the logic
of good security practice will be telling him Methodology
or her that all high-risk property in the The study is a survey research design aimed
organization should be in one place, the at eliciting information on the incidence and
library and information professional in control of crimes in the Kenneth Dike
himlher will be saying the opposite. Striking Library, University of Ibadan. All members
the right balance in security disciplines is the of staff in the library constituted the
ultimate aim. Any security strategy must aim population of this study .. A fifty one-item
first and foremost to reduce criminal questionnaire titled Crime Incidence and
opportunity, and if that is not possible, then it Control Questionnaire (CICQ) was designed
must at the very least deter the potential and distributed to all members of staff in the
criminal in other ways. Library and library. The questionnaire consisted of five
information managers must establish the right sections. Section A sought for background
atmosphere in their organization. Without information on the respondents. Section B
the right attitudes amongst all involved, that gathered information on security incidents.
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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Crimes Incidence and Control in an Academic Library: Implications for Management and Policy
Section C sought information on criminal Table I contains a list of the major crimes
activities perpetrated in the library. Section D that are perpetrated in the library. Majority of
sought for reasons for perpetrating criminal the respondents agree that virtually all of the
acts in the library. Section E sought for crimes identified are being perpetrated in the
information on prevention . of criminal library. However, the incidence of tipping
activities in the library. A total of one staff before rendering service is rated low,
hundred and twenty copies of the just 23 percent. Hiding of materials is most
questionnaire were distributed, out of which common crime with a rating of 85 percent;
one hundred and two copies were retrieved followed by theft of books and other
and 100 validly completed copies were materials, and noise making, with 80 percent
analysed using descriptive statistic of each. Non-return of overdue books and illegal
percentages. borrowing each had 79 percent.
Report of Findings Research Question Two: What are the
The findings of this study are presented under probable causesof these criminal acts?
the research questions which guided the
study. Table II: Causes of Criminal Activities in the
Library
Research Question One: How often are the
identified crimes being perpetrated in the Reasons for Yes (0/0) No (0/0) Non-Criminal Response
library? Acts (0/0)
Selfishness 6l.0 37.0 2.0
Table I: Library Crime Incidence Indiscipline 77.0 23.0 0.0
Inadequate 75.0 22.0 3.0
Crimes Often Rarely Non- Staff
(0/0) (0/0) response Availability of 72.0 26.0 2.0
(0/0) few copies
Impersonation 60.0 26.0 14.0 Poverty 78.0 20.0 2.0
Illegal 63.0 29.0 8.0 Materials are 77.0 20.0 3.0
borrowing Expensive
Non-return of 79.0 17.0 4.0 No Proper 74.0 22.0 4.0
overdue books Supervision
Theft of books 80.0 17.0 3.0
and other Table II contains with the probable causes
materials
Theft of patrons 24.0 2.0 of crimes in the library. All the identified74.0
and staff causes were rated high, with poverty having
belongings the highest percentage of 78, high cost of
Books 79.0 13.0 8.0 library resources had 77, and indiscipline also
mutilation had 77. Inadequate staff had 75, no proper
Hiding of 85.0 14.0 1.0 supervision had 74,and inadequate copies of
materials
Mis-shelving 79.0 17.0 4.0 library resources had 72 while selfishness had
Tipping staff 23.0 75.0 2.0 61. The presence and visibility of library staff
before is central to the protection of library
rendering collections. The survey revealed that many
services staff considered themselves to be inadequate
Noise making 80.0 19.0 1.0 to meet the demand. Most respondents
Reservation of 78.0 20.0 2.0
seats opined that lack of staff was the main factor
Assault of Staff 68.0 24.0 8.0 preventing them from tackling crimes in the
library, hence the need to employ more staff.
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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
An International Journal of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Vol. 7 No. I
Furthermore, direct access to the stacks, in the library constitute a problem in the
placement of high-risk materials such as rare libraries surveyed in Nigeria. It can therefore
and valuable books either in vulnerable be said that security of library collection is a
places or in low-visibility areas are equally major problem pervading Nigerian academic
responsible for criminal activities in the libraries, hence the need for a serious and
library. urgent attention to salvage the situation.
Harassment of library staff and patrons had
Research Question Three: What are the occurred at the majority of libraries. This
existing crime control measures? makes threats and harassment of individuals
the biggest security problem in the public
Table III: Existing Crime Control Measures libraries of Illinois likewise in Kenneth Dike
Library, where assault of staff was rated high
Measures Yes No No by the respondents.
(%) (%) Response
(%) Electronic .security systems are wide-
Regular orientation 87.0 11.0 2.0 spread and effective in deterring and catching
Programmes thieves, however, these systems are not
Security Checks at 97.0 2.0 1.0 available in Kenneth Dike Library. This
EntrancelExit finding corroborates Ajala and Oyeboade
General Security Patrol 13.0 85.0 2.0
1.0 (2008) who reported that electronic securityInstallation of 0.0 99.0
Surveillance devices were not available in any of the academic
CameralCCTV libraries studied.
Electronic Anti- 0.0 99.0 1.0
Theft/Burglary Alarm Implications for Management and Policy
This study has a number of implications on
Table III contains data on the existing library management and policy. In view of
crime control measures in the library. the importance of the library materials, there
Security Checks at EntrancelExit has the is the need to have a special vote for library
highest percentage of 97, followed by security in order to protect these monumental
orientation programmes, and general security materials. In all, the data gathered is
patrol has a low percentage of 13. Crime indicative of the fact that crime and security
prevention and detection electric devices like issues in the libraries need to be taken
surveillance CameralCCTV and Electronic seriously and that the Kenneth Dike Library
Anti-Theft/Burglary Alarm are not available is making efforts to reduce the criminal
at all in the library. Even though, these activities to the barest minimum.
devices have a higher degree of effectiveness Improvement is however needed in the
than the manual system being employed. following areas:
• Proper value orientation by an
Discussion of Findings individual is the best way since
This study has established the incidence and everyone knows what is right from
control of crimes in Kenneth Dike Library, wrong.
University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The result • Educating patrons on the negative
indicates that crime exist in the libraries. This effect of crime in the library.
corroborates the findings of Lorenzen (1997) • Installation of Electronic Security
which shows that majority of the Illinois Systems.
public libraries had problems with security.
The findings of Ajala and Oyeboade (2008) • Organizing seminars on crime for
equally reveal that theft and mutilations which both staff and patrons.
are part of the criminal activities perpetrated. • Training of staff on security issues inthe libraries.
71
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Crimes Incidence and Control ill all Academic Library: Implications for Management and Policy
• Employ more hands to man the library patrons, staff, equipment as well as the
and library collections. The actions taken by
• Formulate security policy that is libraries against the problems of theft and
accessible to all members of staff. mutilation will naturally reflect the
• Limit the entrance to the building that seriousness with which these problems are
is, having a single public entrance/exit viewed within the library service.
and have uniformed security guards There is the need for the libraries to be
around to keep their eyes on people able to ascertain whether the majority of their
entering the building. losses arise from the non-return of loans or
• Prosecute those caught committing from direct theft, and which of their
misdeeds. collections are most vulnerable, and a variety
of other characteristics of missing material.
There is the need for Management of the Written security policies are important;
library to formulate a written security policy because they help staffs identify and deal
which will serve as a guide in educating with security problems. Library staffs are not
library staff on the library rules. The users of educated as to what a security problem is and
a university library include scholars, teachers, how to deal with it. Library staffs do not
students, undergraduates, postgraduates, enforce library rules which may be due to the
researchers, teaching assistants, corporate fact that the staffs did not know what the
users, foreign students, foreign students, staff, rules are. Electronic security systems are
the public and individuals from other widespread and effective in deterring and
institutions. Therefore, an important message catching thieves. However, libraries are not
for users which should be embedded in actually having these systems. There is the
training is that individuals can ruin materials need to install electronic security systems in
and reduce access for others and the academic libraries. Victims should be
continuity accessibility of the collections is a encouraged to report crime, either directly to
group effort to which everyone should the police or by providing alternative
contribute. reporting opportunities. Above all, security
Encourage all staff and students to be problems will probably not disappear in the
vigilant in identifying suspicious behavior or future, and libraries will need to continue to
activity. The library management should be aware of what is occurring in the library
initiate an audit of the library's existing crime and generate new ideas in dealing with the
problem in order to know the nature and different security problems.
extent of the problems involved before taking
the appropriate measures to deal with them. References
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