THE SENSE AND THE NONSENSE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN AFRICA: THE ODYSSEY OF A HERBALIST'S GRANDSON IN NATURE'S LABORATORY An inaugural lecture delivered at the University of lbadan on Thursday, I July, 2010 By JONES OLANREW AJU MOODY Professor of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy University of Ibadan, • Ibadan, Nigeria. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Ibadan University Press Publishing House University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria. © University of Ibadan 2010 Ibadan, Nigeria First Published 2010 All right reserved ISBN: 978 - 978 - 8414 - 20 - 9 Printed by: Ibadan University Printery UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The Vice-Chancellor, Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Admini- stration), Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academic), Registrar, Librarian, Provost of the College of Medicine, Dean of Faculty of Pharmacy, Dean of the Postgraduate School, Deans of other Faculties and of students, Directors of Institutes, Distinguished ladies and Gentlemen. Introduction The title of this discourse is not a tribute to some esoteric field or magic discipline, but an introduction to an inaugural lecture from the discipline of Pharmacognosy, a core area in the pharmaceutical sciences concerned with the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs of natural origin. It is a field that is concerned with the search for, development and evaluation of drugs from natural sources. The term pharmacognosy, first used between 1811 and 1815 by Alexander Saydler, was derived from two Greek words, "pharmakon" (a drug) and "gignosco" (to acquire the knowledge of). Originally referred to as "De Materia Medica" by the Greek scholar, Pedanius Dioscorides as early as AD 78, the discipline has transformed from the mainly descriptive and microscopical applications to a multifaceted applied science concerned with the biologic, biochemical and economic features of natural drugs and their constituents. These natural sources include medicinal plants, animals, mineral substances, fungi, and bacteria. Since most of these natural sources constitute ingredients of herbal remedies and traditional medicines in all cultures, to talk about pharmacognosy is to follow the evolution of man's knowledge during the various civilizations across the world from the dawn of time to the present. Pharmacognosy is the oldest yet most modem of all pharmaceutical and medical sciences. Research problems in pharmacognosy today include studies in the area of phytochemistry, microbial chemistry, biosynthesis, biotechnology and biotransformation, chemo- taxonomy, ethnobotany, genetics, proteomics and genomics, cultivation of medicinal plants, standardization of traditional 1 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY medicines, tissue culture, zoopharmacognosy and other chemical and biological sciences (Ageta et al. 1998). Shakespeare alluded to the use of natural sources as medicines in his days when he wrote the following famous lines in Romeo and Juliet II: o mickle is the powerful grace that lies In herbs, plants, stones and their true qualities: For nought so vile that on earth doth live But to the earth some special good doth give, Within the infant rind of this weak flower Poison has residence and medicine power. (p iii) Even long before Shakespeare, the biblical story of the contest and rivalry between Rachel and Leah for the love of their husband Jacob using mandrake roots which was probably assumed to arouse sexual desire is well known (Genesis 30:14-16). So also was Isaiah's preparation of a poultice of figs which on application to King Hezekiah's boil led to his recovery. The earliest systematic study of herbal medicine was made by Emperor Shen Nung who probably lived around 2700 BC and generally regarded as the father of Chinese medicine. Over 365 herbs listed in his days include ephedra, castor oil (Ricinus cummunis) and opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L) which are today sources of clinically useful drugs (Foley 2006). Major contributors to the growth and development of the discipline of pharmacognosy include Hippocrates (460-370 BC), Theophrastus (371-286 BC), Galen (130-201 AD) and Claude Bernard (1813-1888). Alexander Tshirch (1856- .1939), a Professor of Pharmacognosy in Berne and who is arguably referred to as the father of modem Pharmacognosy, extended the concept of the discipline with his monumental work Handbuch der Pharmacognosie, and established the various branches of the science to include Pharmacoergasia, Pharmacoemporia, Pharmaco-botanics, Pharmaco-chemistry, among others (Pasquale 1984). 2 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The transformation of the discipline from a mainly descriptive botanical feature to one having more of a chemical focus in the last century was subsequently spear- headed by notable American, British and German pioneers including Arthur E. Schwarting (USA), Egil Ramstard (USA) (who incidentally was the Dean of Pharmacy at Ife in my first year), Norman Farnsworth (USA) of the NAPRALERT fame and Varro E Tyler (USA). Others are Jack Beal (USA), James Fairbain (UK), Edward J Shellard (UK), Francis Fish (UK) and Egon Stahl (Germany). The major pioneer contributors in Nigerian Pharmacognosy departments include Professor Osisiogu (UNN), Professor Abayomi Sofowora (Ife) , Mr Phillip Ishaku (ABU), Professor Maurice Iwu (UNN), Professor J D Kulkarni (Ife) and Professor Musa Shok (ABU), as well as other natural product chemists in non- pharmacy departments. The WHO defines traditional medi- cine as the sum total of all knowledge and practice, whether explicable or not, used in diagnosing, preventing, or eliminating a physical, mental or social disease and which may rely exclusively on past experience and observation handed down from generation to generation, either verbally or in writing (Sofowora 2008). From the brief sketch of the evolution of the subject matter of Pharmacognosy, it is quite obvious that there has been and continues to be a very strong linkage between the discipline and traditional medicine or traditional medical practices around the world. It is also very obvious that in every culture, traditional medicine has always combined the good and the ugly, the rational and the irrational, the useful and the seemingly useless, the helpful and the not so helpful, the righteous and the unrighteous, the sensible and the not-so- sensible, the straightforward and the occult. The burden on the shoulders of pharmacognosists in the arduous task of drug discovery and development is to make sense out of what may appear on face value to be nonsense in the indigenous knowledge that traditional medicine around the world some- times represents. 3 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Mr. Vice-Chancellor, by what I can only attribute to divine arrangement and providence, I have been paid salaries, offered national and international scholarships, fellowships and research grants throughout my academic career or odyssey as I would love to put it, to enable me make some scientific sense out of the concoctions, powders and several recipes I saw my grandfather and his fellow herbalists use with great success in the treatment of diseases and ailments in their different communities. It is therefore with great pleasure and with deep gratitude to Almighty God, the maker of heaven and earth that I stand here today to deliver this year's inaugural lecture on behalf of the Faculty of Pharmacy. This is the sixth inaugural lecture coming from the Faculty since its inception nearly 30 years ago but significantly the first from the Department of Pharmacognosy. Past inaugural lectures from the Faculty were incidentally also delivered by the past five Deans of Pharmacy (table 1). Table 1: Past Inaugural Lectures of the Faculty of Pharmacy SIN Name Year Title Department Pharmacy and drugs Pharmaceutical 1 Olaniyi AA 1984 in the conquest of Chemistry disease 2 Okpako DT 1987 Do drugs grow on Pharmacology mdtrees? Therapeutics 3 Jaiyeoba KT 1991 Drugs are either Pharmaceutics andmagic or technology Industrial Pharmacy 4 OdelolaHA 1995 Who is afraid of Pharmaceuticalmicrobes? Microbiology Drug formulation: Pharmaceutics and 5 ItiolaOA 2009 Between art, science Industrial Pharmacy and technology The healing power of plants has always fascinated me. My earliest recollections and observations as a child was that of my grandfather dealing with his array of clients including missionaries from the SIM Hospital, Egbe in present day Kogi State, bringing some cases they felt he could treat with his herbal remedies. I heard desperate mothers knocking on the door of our family house in the dead of the night with 4 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY convulsing children at the point of death. Yes, I watched granddad dexterously bringing out the right herbal remedies and solving many of the health problems in the community. I watched granddad attend to the low and the high in society, coming from far and near either to find solutions to their health problems or to seek first-hand indigenous information and knowledge about the medicinal uses of local plants. One of such visitors I remember as a young lad is the now retired Professor Kayode Adesogan, who used to visit grandpa for information on his many herbal formulas in the early 70's. By a twist of fate, Professor Adesogan was to become instrumental in my transfer of service as a Lecturer II from University of Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University) to the new School of Pharmacy in the premier University of Ibadan in 1983! . Grandfather was easily accessible to the community. He charged no fees. Patients appreciated him by bringing gifts at special occasions or on their own volition when healed. He was recognized by the community for the invaluable services although there were no advertisements on radio or television as is common practice today. His practice was culturally acceptable to the people. Despite the often quoted obvious demerits, these attributes are some of the merits of traditional medicine. Nature's Laboratories The works of the Lord are great, sought out by all those who have delight in them --Psalm 111.2 Humankind and the entire animal kingdom depend on the plant kingdom for their existence. The plant kingdom is like a giant industry or a huge and sophisticated chemical laboratory where arrays of chemical moieties are continuously been biosynthesized. The raw materials used by plants include carbon dioxide and oxygen from the atmosphere, water, inorganic salts, and nitrogenous compounds from the soil. These raw materials are utilized by plants, in the presence of 5 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY sunlight, to make major biomolecules of nature-carbo- hydrates, lipids and proteins, which are collectively known as primary metabolites as they are invariably found in all plants. Glucose, a simple sugar is, for example, synthesized by green plants (which contain chlorophyll), from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight-a process familiarly refer- red to as photosynthesis. From primary metabolites emerge secondary metabolites, which tend to be species-specific: they are formed through various biosynthetic pathways, cata- lysed and controlled by different enzymes and co-enzymes which are specific for each plant as defined by its genetic constitution and environmental dispositions. The products are different compounds like, flavonoids, coumarins, naphtho- quinones, anthraquinones, alkaloids, steroids, lignins, lignans, and many others. These compounds (secondary metabolites), made by plants most often to protect themselves from predators or serve as attractants, have the power to kill man and animals as poisons or heal diseases depending on the dosages administered. From these secondary metabolites come many of our modem drugs, drug templates or precursors. It is estimated that 63% of all our conventional small molecule drugs in the market between 1981 and 2006 are based on natural products models as depicted in table 2. Table 2: Origin (%) of 974 drugs in the Market Over the Period 1981- 2006 Origin of Drug Percentage (% ) Natural molecule 6 Natural derivative molecule (semi-synthetic) 28 Natural mimics (synthetic) 12 Synthetic using natural pharmacophore 5 Synthetic using natural mimics pharmacophore 12 Non-biologically originated synthesis 37 Total 100 Source: (Newman and Cragg 2007) 6 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Traditional Medicine as a Source of Modern Drugs One may be surprised to find the following lines in Shakespearean "Macbeth" speaking of charm making invol- ving the substances of natural origin including animal parts and medicinal plants that have become sources of clinically useful drugs in the 21st century. Double double toil and trouble Fire bum and cauldron bubble Scale of dragon, tooth of wolf Witches mummy mow and gulf Of the ravin'd salt-sea shark Root of hemlock digg'd in the dark Liver of blaspheming Jew Gall of goat and slips of yew Slivere'd in the moon's eclipse Nose of Turk and Tartar's lips Finger of birth -strangled babe Ditch delivered by a drab Make the gruel thick and slab Add thereto a tiger's chaudron For the ingredients of our Cauldron Double double toil and trouble Fire burn and cauldron bubble Cool it with a baboon's blood Then the charm is firm and good. (Macbeth IV, iii) The bark of the yew tree (Taxus brevifolia Nutt: Taxaceae) mentioned in the above lines became the source of taxol (paclitaxel), one of the most exciting new and clinically useful drugs in recent history. This chemically unmodified plant constituent which exhibits its action by blocking the depolarization of microtubules was approved for the treat- ment of ovarian and breast cancer by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the 1990's and became the biggest selling anticancer agent in the US with sales over $1 billion per year (Kingston 2000). 7 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY AcO o HSC6)lNH 0 o HSC6~O\\\'" - OH Paclitaxel Plants have offered and continue to offer the pharma- cognosist and other research scientists involved in the search for novel bioactive compounds the added advantage of ethnobotanical observations since many species are used in systems of traditional medicine especially in developing economies around the world (fig. 1). It has been estimated that nearly 75% of about 120 biologically active plant-derived drug substances used in the world are discovered by following tip on leads from their use in traditional medicine (Soejarto and Farnsworth 1989). Great concern however continues to be expressed about the prospects of indigenous knowledge of ethnomedicine and traditional medicine lasting far into this millennium. The Nigerian scene has for example in the last thirty years or so been bombarded with charlatans both from within and without who sell anything and everything to make money and encouraging our usual Nigerian "money answereth all things" syndrome. Apart from the fact that the forests are disappearing, thousands of years of accumulated human wisdom pertaining to the knowledge of the usage of the forest to benefit mankind and heal diseases, is also disappearing. As Plotkin (1993) puts it; T.hroughout the tropics, the plant species is disappearing and the knowledge to use these species is also disappearing at an even faster rate. Each time one of these medicine men (or women) 8 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY dies, it is as if a whole library (like Kenneth Dike library) has gone up in smoke. Fig. 1: Picture showing some postgraduate students and the lecturer on an ethnobotanical trip to an old woman "library" of indigenous know- ledge on Okun medicinal plants in Isanlu, Yagba East LGA, Kogi State (August, 2008) The doctrine of signature appeared to be a concept on what some ancient cultures based the use and applications of plants in the therapy of human ailments. Times without number, these cultural myths and beliefs may have turned out to be utter nonsense as rigorous and systematic scientific inquiries revealed. In the course of examining the "nonsense" however, landmark discoveries leading to enduring drugs had often emerged. These chanced findings known as SEREN- DIPITy in science as well as those validating the folkloric usages of plants .continue to provide the impetus for us in the discipline of pharmacognosy and drug discovery program- mes, to start from indigenous knowledge however weird and senseless the information might appear to be on the surface. 9 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Two quick examples may be cited here to illustrate this point of serendipity. Catharanthus roseus G. Don (Rose periwinkle) (fig. 2) is a Madagascar plant reputed in traditional medicine for the treatment .of diabetes. Scientific investigations into this folkloric claimby Eli-Lilly scientists showed that extracts of this plant rather, than lower blood sugar, in fact led to the death of the experimental animals. The extracts and fractions were found indeed to cause leucopenia or destruction of the white blood cells ill. raxs, an. obseIVation. that W~ to \ea _a?-wUYireE§to tke l!ii$eo~eR"yor twO'~~"Th. ~ ~~~'\.. ~ ~"R- ~ vincristine and vinblastine, depicting their abilities to destroy abnormal disease-causing white blood cells. These two complex, dimeric indole-indoline alkaloids are important therapies for the treatment of acute childhood leukaemia (vincristine), Hodgkin's disease (vinblastine) and metastatic testicular tumours (vinblastine), 'and continue to be manufactured today by mass cultivation and processing of the natural source (Clark 1996}. . , Fig. 2: CathG.ranthus roseus (Rose Periwinkle) growing luxu- riously in Abadina Quarters, University of Ibadan. 10 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Vinblastine R = CH3 Vincristine R = CHO The second example is the use of the snake-like root of Rauwolfia serpentina (Apocynaceae) in the treatment of sn:ake bites by Indian tribesmen. Rauwolfia and its consti- tuents such as reserpine (with its Nigerian equivalent R. vomitoria Afz. or Asofeyeje in Yoruba), have since found their way into modem medicine as ingredients in anti- hypertensive drug preparations but not for snake bites as the root was originally used in traditional medicine. 11 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY MeO o OMe o OMe OMe Reserpine Other examples of drugs emanating from traditional medicine include physostigmine and related drugs from Physostigma venenosum, cardioactive digoxin from Digitalis purpurea L, anti-cancer agent podophyllotoxin from Podo- phyllum peltatum and its semi-synthetic derivatives etoposide and teniposide among others (Evans 2009). o 'rnl -Nor~s.ei~ Fig. 7: In-vitro antisickling effect of Cissus populnea Linn root extracts and partially purified fractions Before our accepted paper in the UK-based Phytotherapy Research on this study could appear in print however, the 57- year old (sickle-cell) man passed on. He has however left a very important recipe to which we are committed, funds permitting, to making widely available to the clinics in the nearest future. Two Master degree and two on-going PhD degree students are looking at various aspects of this recipe and the corresponding plant components. Indeed, one of these plant components in the recipes we have examined so far is an ingredient in a herbal product being produced industrially in Nigeria and marketed around the world. Inflammation-based Diseases and Anti-inflammatory Agents from Nature . Many disease conditions such as malaria, sickle-cell disease, and various cancers are now known to have the inflammation 21 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY process as part of their components, hence the great demand for safe and effective anti-inflammatory agents. I was introduced to inflammation-based studies during my one-year Post-doctoral Fellowship in the 1990/91 session at Xenova Ltd, a state-of the-art drug discovery company located in Slough, United Kingdom. We were interested at the time in the isolation and characterization of potent small molecules with collaginase-inhibitory effect from ferment- ation cultures of fungi isolated from various soil samples taken from around the world. These compounds would in turn be developed to combat arthritis and related inflammation- based diseases. One of the major hits in the exercise was a novel triterpenoid sulphate XR0241 isolated from Fusarium colmorum by a combination of column chromatographic and reversed phase HPLC techniques, and characterized as 12a- acetoxy-4,4-dimethyl-24-methylene-5a-cholesta-8,14-diene- 3~,11~-diol-3-sulphate (Moody et al. 1993). OH I 0=8--0 II o XR0241 Though a subject of patent application in the UK, further developments over this compound became rather difficult for me to track since my return to Nigeria! The experience however propelled me on return to Nigeria to introduce my 22 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY very first postgraduate student and subsequently several others to a systematic bio-activity monitored evaluation and isolation of anti-inflammatory agents from plants reputed in Nigerian ethnomedicine, using simple bench-top animal models. One example of such plants is Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre (Yoruba: Akerejupon) (fig. 8). Fig. 8: Sphenocentrumjollyanum_showing characteristic orange fruits The yellow roots are used as chewing sticks as well as for the relief of constipation, body pains and rheumatism in Southwestern Nigeria. The roots are also mixed with black pepper for treatment of cough while the fruit is a powerful aphrodisiac to improve sexual performance especially among the elderly who are retired but obviously not tired! Examination of all the morphological parts of S. jollyanum led to the isolation and characterization of very potent anti- inflammatory furanoditerpenes identified as columbin, isocolumbin and fibleucin. Characterization of these com- pounds relied heavily on two-dimensional NMR and other spectroscopic techniques (Moody et al. 2006). Columbia gave a significant (p<0.05) sustained and dose- dependent anti-inflammatory activity with highest percentage 23 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY inhibition 'of 67.08% at 20 mg kg" dose level which was found to be in comparable range with the reference acetylsa- licylic acid (72.50% inhibition at 100 mg kg'). The results thus provide some justification for the use of this plant extract in the phytotherapy of inflammation-based diseases in traditional medical practice (fig. 9). Of some interest too is that this work provided evidence from a 2-D NMR study for an unambiguous assignment of the 13CNMR signals of the three furanoditerpene lactones isolated from this plant. a Fibleucin p o 0--=== Columbin 24 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY p o o~ Isocolumbin Effect of S. jollyanum on carageenan induced oedema c .2 -+- MeOH root 100 -:; 80 E mg/kg _____MeOH fruit 100 ; 60 ;: c mgikg ~ 40 c -; FRFraction 100 ~ 20 mgikg ..a :;:0 ,"*- Columbin 20 .s lime mg/kg (min) -+-f.SA 100 mgikg Fig. 9: Anti-inflammatory activity of S. jollyanum fruit extractives Anti-malarial and Anti-infective Agents from Plants Parasitic and other infectious communicable diseases such as malaria, trypanosomiasis, tuberculosis, HIV, among others, continue to constitute major health burdens on the African population. The number of reported cases of clinical malaria annually is in excess of 500 million worldwide out of which over 2 million deaths are recorded in sub-Saharan Africa (see 25 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY fig. to). Over 250,000 Nigerian children lose their lives annually as a result of malaria. Development of multi-drug resistant parasites as well as the ingenuity of the mosquito vector has not helped matters. As Professor Tonye Okorie of the Department of Zoology remarked in her 2006 inaugural lecture: The battle between lady mosquito and man never ceases to make me to wonder about the almightiness of God. Here is mosquito, a creature less than 1 em long and with a brain matter less than a millionth that of man, yet she can stand up to man, and beat him at his own game. Probably more significant is the dexterity with which the deadly Plasmodium falciparum parasite that the mosquito carries around can disarm the most powerful drugs developed by man and render it useless just in a matter of months of introduction into the market. • Malaria Regions yY' _ --Fig. 10: Map of the World showing malaria endemic regions This explains the need for combination therapy in malaria treatment today, a concept which of course has always been 26 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY recognized and utilized in traditional medical practice. The success of quinine from Cinchona succirubra Pavon bark, and artemisinine from the Chinese medicinal plant Artemisia annua L nearly 350 years later, continue to provide the rationale to attempt making sense out of the several medicinal plants employed in traditional medicine to treat malaria. Armed with a three-year Commonwealth scholarship, I took two very popular local Nigerian plants with me to the pharmacognosy laboratories of the King's College, University of London in 1986 for a Ph.D research under the supervision of Dr (now Professor) Peter J Hylands whom I had met earlier in Vienna, Austria, during my first outing for an international conference with Professor Sofowora in 1981. Collaborating with the London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, our task was to unravel any scientific sense from the folkloric usages of Morinda Lucida Benth (Rubiaceae) plant parts (which was suggested to me by Professor Adesogan) and Enantia chlorantha Oliv (Annonaceae), by isolating and characterizing the anti- plasmodial and other anti-infective principles (if any) from the plant samples. Enantia chlorantha Oliv (Yoruba: Awopa) (fig. 11) is reputed in traditional medicine for its anti- infective properties, particularly in the treatment of malaria and other bacterial and fungal infections. The stem bark is usually soaked in gin or seven-up soft drink and the yellow infusion drunk for malaria. 27 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Fig. 11: Open display of Enantia chlorantha bark in a Nigerian herbal market This work resulted in the isolation of two active protoberberine alkaloids, palmatine and jatrorrhizine. R, =R2 =OMe Palmatine RJ=OH, R2 = OMe Jatrorrhizine RJ=OCOMe, R2= OMe Jatrorrhizine monoacetate 28 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Derivatization of the isolated compounds was found to affect antiplasmodial activities. Tetrahydropalmatine for example exhibited a lower activity while acetylation of jatrorrhizine resulted in an enhanced activity. The bioactivities of fractions and isolates were monitored by in-vitro [[H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay method (Desjardins et al. 1979; Moody, Bloomfield & Hylands 1995). The compounds also show strong antifungal activities to warrant our current effort in collaboration with a colleague (Dr Kunle George) in the Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan to formulate and evaluate the alkaloidal fraction of Enantia chlorantha into an acceptable ointment for the treatment of vulvo-candidal infections in women (Moody et al. 1992; Nyong 2010). The toxicological profile of this alkaloidal fraction has also been evaluated in rats by us (Moody et al. 2007). These studies resulting in the isolation and characteriza- tion of bioactive molecules relied heavily on relevant bioassays, state-of- the-art chromatographic separations, 1-D and 2-D NMR and other spectroscopic techniques for the structural elucidation of isolated compounds. Some of these bioactive compounds generated sufficient interest in many multinational pharmaceutical/agro-chemical companies 29 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY around the world such as USA-based Dow-Elanco and Eli- Lilly, to warrant a request for a 5-year contract for the supply of the compounds. Morinda Lucida Benth (Rubiaceae) (fig. 12) is one of the eighty or more species of the genus occurring throughout the tropics. The bark, roots and leaves are bitter and astringent and are used to treat fever, malaria, yellow fever, gonorrhoea, jaundice, ulcers, piles, leprosy and dysentery in African ethno-medicine. Subjecting the root bark methanolic extract to droplet countercurrent chromatographic (DCCC) separa- tion (fig. 13) afforded a novel anthraquinone compound identified as 2-methyl-1,6,7-trihydroxy-9,1O-anthraquinone and six other known anthraquinone deriva-tives (Moody, Hylands & Bray 1994). At the time this work was carried out, DCCC was about the most elegant piece of equipment available to the phytochemist for separating very polar compounds and it gave me one of the most satisfactory isolation experiences in my career. Fig. 12: Morinda Lucida Leaves (Oruwo in Yoruba) 30 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY o OH HO Me HO 2-methyl-l ,6,7 -trihydroxy-9, lO-anthraquinone mlz - 270, C(5HIO05 I\IMR: chelated OH at 13.30 ppm., 2H singlet at 7.76 o OMe Damnacanthal : R( = CHO Damnacanthol: R( = CH20H Damnacanthol-methyl-ether: R( = CH20 Me Rubiadin -I-methyl-ether: RJ= CH3 31 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY R3 Morindone: R2 =R3 = R4 = OH, Rs =H Morindone triacetate: R2 =R3 = R4 OCOMe, RS =H Fig. 13: Droplet countercurrent chromatograph set-up showing (a) ascending mode and (b) descending mode The down side of the work however was that none of the isolated compounds showed any meaningful anti-plasmodial or anti-microbial activity in the bioassays used to monitor the fractionation! This illustrates the frustration at times that accompanies scientific enquiry in this field and the need also for some paradigm shifts in drug discovery and development 32 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY from medicinal plants, to take cognizance of the synergistic effects that compounds have when administered as a mixture in herbal remedies and phytomedicines. This is the new global thinking and reality as exemplified even in con- ventional therapies such as the anti-malarial ACTs. The concept of this synergism has of course always been known and practised in traditional medicine even though it may appear unusual to the pharmaceutical scientist that is more used to single "bullet" therapeutic agents (Phillipson 1999). It could also be a metabolite of these compounds that has anti- plasmodial activity. Quantification of some of· these constituents using analytical pharmacognosy techniques provided information as to the best time of the year for harvest of plant material in order to maximize output of active ingredients. Thus for example, total anthraquinone content of Morinda Lucida Benth was found to peak at specific months during the year as c.ulier mentioned. The potential economic and therapeutic benefits of such information in the industrial utilization of medicinal plants cannot be over-emphasized. In the continued search for anti-infective agents of plant origin, we were attracted by the observation that leaves of Alchornea Laxiflora (Benth) Pax ex Hoffman known in Yoruba as Pepe or Ijan find use traditionally in preserving kola nuts. A. Laxiflora is a shrub or forest understorey of about 6 m high and is widespread in Nigeria, Cameroon and in most parts of tropical Africa. The plant enters into a Yoruba incantation to make "bad medicine" rebound to sender (Burkill 1994). What sense is there to use the leaves of this plant to wrap kola nuts instead of more presentable packaging materials? My very first Ph.D student and indeed the first to be produced by our Department of Pharmacognosy in this University, Dr Oluwayemisi Oludipe (nee Ajayi-Obe), took up the challenge. In collaboration with the late Professor H A Odelola of the Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and colleagues at King's College, London, we were able to isolate and characterize six bioactive constituents from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of the methanolic 33 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY extract of the leaves using Sephadex LH-20 column and other chromatographic techniques (fig. 14). aFt T T T 6 5 ),1 4 Fig. 14: Fractionation and isolation procedure for A. laxiflora bioactive metabolites 34 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Compd 1 ,RJ= OSO,OH, R, = OH Quercetin -7.4'-disulphate Compd 3 RJ =OH, R, =OSO,OH Quercetin-3'.4'-disulphate ~-. - OH HO Ccmpd 4 ~= OCOCH3. Rj =OCOCH3 Quercetin -3,4'-diacctate Compd 5 ~ =OH. R5 eOeutlnose Rutin Compd 2 It. =OH, R5 = OH Quecetin 35 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY The compounds showed broad spectrum activity against pathogenic organisms. One of these compounds, quercetin-7, 4' -disulphate, was a novel flavonol sulphate described for the first time in chemical literature (Ogundipe et al. 2001a; Ogundipe et al. 2001b). Several of the compounds as well as extracts, chromatographic fractions and isolated compounds demonstrated antimicrobial, anti-oxidant and anti- inflammatory activities, and thus justifying the local use of this plant in food preservation and management of conditions such as gingivitis by traditional health practitioners (Ogundipe, Moody & Odelola 1999; Farombi et al. 2003). The sulphated flavonoid derivatives had preferred activity over the non-sulphated ones while also showing comparable activity with existing antimicrobials such as ampicillin and tioconazole. Occurrence of flavonol sulphates in the leaves of A. laxiflora was also of chemotaxonomic significance as there was no previous report of such compounds in the genus or other related genera in the family Euphorbiaceae. Mr. Vice-Chancellor, this particular example is one among many of our "mysterious plants" which when looked at more closely may just be the plant to have the apparatus to synthesize unusual compounds that may stand it out in the chemotherapy of diseases. I have already alluded to the ordeal plant Physostigmine venenosum which was once a terror in the Southeastern part of this country but which today is part of the armamentarium of clinical practice and healthcare delivery all over the world. Antidiabetic Agents from Plant Food Sources Diabetes mellitus currently affects more than 15.1 million people in North America, 6.6 million in the former USSR, 18.5 million in Europe, 12.6 million in Latin America, and 5.3 in Africa. Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) was responsible for 85-90% of all cases annually and 18-20 million people are diagnosed with this disease. Modem therapies for NIDDM involve a graduated treatment beginning with diet before progressing to oral hypoglycemic agents and then insulin. The use of existing therapies such as suphonylureas and biguanides is restricted by their pharmaco- kinetic properties, secondary failure rates and accompanying 36 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY side effects. Dietary and lifestyle modification remain a mainstay therapy of diabetes mellitus. Based on ethno- botanical data, examination of a number of local plant foods for hypoglycaemic activities led to findings that the methanolic extracts of the following plants significantly reduced the blood glucose level of alloxanized diabetic mice, though at different rates (table 3). The ranking of anti-diabetic activity was Hibiscus sabdariffa L (Yoruba: Sobo) »Anarcadium occidentalis L. (Yoruba: Kaju) > Solanum americanum L (Yoruba: Igba) > Vernonia amygdalina Del (Yoruba: Ewuro) > Gongronema latifolium Engl suggesting the beneficial effect of inclusion of these plant foods in the diet regimens of diabetics (Ogundipe et al. 2003). Table 3: The Effect of the Methanolic Plant Extracts of Selected Plant Foods on Blood Glucose Level in Diabetic Mice Extracts/standards Dose Fasting blood sugar (mrnoll; ) (mg kg") Pretreatment (hour) Post-treatment (hour) 0 1 2 3 BGO BGa H.sabdariffa 100 2.23 ±O.l2 2.75 ±0.25 1.25 + 0.14 0.66 ±0.05* V. amygdalina 100 2.75 ±0.08 3.55 ± 0.14 2.83 ±0.20 2.75 ±0.27 A. occidentalis 100 3.13 ±O.l4 3.75 ±0.24 1.17 ±O.l4 0.99 ±O.l6* G. latifolium. 100 2.75 ±O.l6 3.55 ± 0.16 3.36 ±0.21 2.75 ±0.14 S. americanum 100 3.02 + 0.21 3.25 + 0.14 2.35 ± 0.12 1.37 ±0.27* Chlorpropamide 5 2.00 ±0.06 3.00±0.21 1.00 ± 0.14 0.50 ± 0.14 Control 40% Tween 80 in normal saline 2.35 ±O.08 2.98 ± 0.13 3.12 ± 0.16 3.25 ± 0.14 Key BGO = Initial Fasting Blood Glucose level BGa = Fasting Blood glucose level of alloxinized mice * = significantly different from control samples Oyelola et al. (2007) also investigated the hypoglycaemic potential of Treculia africana Decne (Moraceae) which is popularly known as African breadfruit. This is a plant food that is native to tropical West and parts of East Africa. Ethno- medically, it is used as a vermifuge, febrifuge, galactogogue and laxative (Irvine 1961). This plant was introduced to me by an old herbalist for the treatment of rheumatism and sickle-cell disease while on an ethnobotanical survey to parts 37 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY '" ~,.. "'--- of OstifState some years ago. The plant is also an important component of some ancient anti-diabetic recipes used in the Western and Middle Belt of Nigeria as our survey among herbalists and a number of patients attending Diabetic Clinics in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, revealed. Our evaluation of the extracts and solvent-partitioned fractions on both normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats gave the first scientific basis for the folkloric use of this plant in the management of diabetes. In collaboration with some Japanese colleagues during my lO-month sojourn in the beautiful and frontline Hokkaido University in Sapporo as JSPS fellow, one of the compounds we isolated from the anti-diabetic fraction of this plant was a chalcone characterized as 3-prenyl-2' ,4,4'- trihydroxychalcone (Moody, Oyelola et al. 2006). 3-prenyl-2', 4, 4' - trihydroxychalcone The traditional medicinal soft soaps (known in Yoruba as abuwe or osedudu) occupy a prominent position in ethno- medicine especially among the Yorubas of the Southwestern Nigeria. The soft soaps are employed as formulation bases for many herbal recipes intended mainly for topical applications on lesions, ulcers and other skin infections. The soaps are prepared exclusively by rural women at work sites known as Ebu by a saponification process involving locally extracted vegetable oils (palm oil and palm kernel oil) from Elaies guineensis and alkaline lye leached from agro-waste wood 38 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ashes (such~o as cocoa pods ash and palm kernel shafts a.sh). We asked ourselves the question, "Do Aloe vera and Ageratum conyzoides enhance the anti-microbial activity of traditional medicinal soft soaps?" Laboratory-based evidence revealed that the source of the wood ashes had an effect on the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the soft soaps prepared. Incorporation' of Aloe vera gel did not however appear to enhance the anti-infective activity of the soaps (Moody, Adebiyi & Adeniyi 2004). Another major area of research focus is the application of phytochemistry to the chemosystematics of medicinal plants. Thus, specific and rare chemical markers relevant to the delineation of problematic taxa such as Cymbopogon, Artemisia, Stoebe and Leucas species, using their essential oil constituents and other secondary metabolites, have also engaged our attention over the years. (Moody et al. 1994, Moody, Hylands & Bray 1995, Moody, et aI., 1997, Moody, Gundidza & Wyllie 2006). Future Prospects of Traditional Medicine in Africa? The World Health Assembly in 1977 first drew attention to the potential of traditional medicine, especially its manpower reserve, in national healthcare systems, and urged member countries to utilize traditional medicines. This was followed by the World Health Organization's Alma Atta declaration of 1978 which recommended that all nations of the world should look inwards towards using the ideals of their various traditional medicines for the benefits of mankind. For more than three decades now, WHO has encouraged the use of traditional medicine especially in the developing countries by promoting the incorporation of its useful elements into national healthcare systems. The Economic Commission of West African States (ECOWAS) through its health agency, West African Health Organization (WAHO) where I have been privileged to serve on the Expert Committee on the development of traditional medicine in the sub-region, is also taking the bull by the horn as far as the development and regulation of traditional medicine is concerned. The 11th Ordinary Meeting of the 39 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY West African Health Ministers recently held 111 a-er·r'ia Leone rose with a strong resolution to push it to the front burner, and institutionalize traditional medicine in the sub-region. In the recent speech of The Chairman of WAHa and Minister of State for Health in Sierra Leone on the occasion he declared inter alia: .......... For many people in the region, traditional medicine was the only means to access health care as it was readily accessible, affordable and culturally acceptable. It is therefore imperative that the traditional medicine sector is supported to leave no room for charlatanism. Traditional medi- cine practitioners must be trained and regulated to enable them acquire the necessary skills and competencies to perform this ancient and cul- turally respected art of compassionate care and healing alongside the orthodox medical practice. These declarations no doubt took cognizance of the important role that traditional medicine in different cultures has played and still is able to playas a source of modem drugs and, when appropriately harnessed, as an important segment of health- care for the people. According to the Development Centre for Biotechnology, the global market value for herbal medicines is expected to surpass US $60 billion by the year 2011 compared to a total of US $19 billion in 2006. The world demand for natural products has in recent times been growing at the rate of 10- 15% per annum. The WHO projects that the global market of herbal- products would be worth US $5 trillion by the year 2050. The sad aspect of it all however is that despite the global upsurge, Africa's contribution is so low compared to Europe and America which accounts for 63% of the world market. China continues to be a major exporter of traditional medicinal products to the world market. On the African scene, while traditional medicine cannot be embraced uncriti- cally, it is quite clear that the claims should receive more rigorous sympathetic investigation by groups of collaborating 40 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY scientists and clinicians who most often have been most sceptical because of the lack of evidence of safety and efficacy. The country and indeed Africa neglects this important healthcare heritage to her own peril. There are of course many questions that will still remain unanswered as far as African traditional medicine is con- cerned and this inaugural lecture does not pretend to have all the answers either! How for example. does one explain or set about research on the phenomenon of magun, in Yorub aland which is still commonplace and which also claim to involve the use of aspects of traditional medicine? How does a ring worn by a sexually active African woman prevent con- ception? Obviously, these are challenging areas that affect society and which will at one time or the other require more rigorous empirical investigations by African scientists. Recommendations Mr. Vice-Chancellor, some recommendations are in order as I wind up this inaugural lecture: 1. There is an urgent need and challenge for the government to stop playing lip service to the issue of research and development necessary for the stan- dardization and utilization of traditional medicine with a view to integrating same into the national healthcare system. The Pharmaceutical and allied industries should be made to contribute by way of a special R and D tax to a Research and Development fund. Government should also provide platforms for the training of traditional healers in the use of modem methods to improve their practice. 2. In view of the world-wide upsurge in the interest and utilization of herbal medicines, courses on aspects of . Pharmacognosy and traditional medicine should be made compulsory for students and conventional health practitioners for proper awareness of the issues at stake. The continued neglect of the effect of inappro- priate use of traditional medicine on the health status of the society can only be to the peril of the nation. 41 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY 3. The University should set up and fund a Centre for Drug .Discovery and Production with a view to conducting translational drug research and develop- ment as well as providing outlets for a number of research findings and products from local sources that could improve the healthcare delivery in the nation. 4. After 30 years of entrance of the Faculty of Pharmacy into 'the University of Ibadan and with its contribution to the pharmaceutical sector manpower both nationally and internationally, the Faculty deserves a suitable and conducive learning environment befitting its status. The overall effect of the grossly inadequate and scattered facilities on the psyche of staff and students and consequently on the future quality of healthcare delivery to society at large is probably unquantifiable. Conclusion In the course of my career and odyssey in nature's laboratory, there has accrued sufficient evidence to provide some rationale for the use of a number of African medicinal plants to buttress the link that has always existed between modem drugs and traditional medicine. Historical development of drugs has demonstrated how a number of the substances used for poisons in murder cases, magic and folk medicine or herbal remedies, have been successfully transformed into clinically acceptable drugs. With over 80% of the population in Africa depending on healthcare provided by traditional medicine, it is quite clear that a more effective utilization of the wisdom and knowledge in this system is critical and necessary if healthcare in the region is to improve. I have tried to paint a picture of the pivotal role which pharmacognosy as the oldest and yet the most modem science has played and will continue to play in the development and quality assurance of both conventional drugs and the emerging phytomedicines from nature. Even with all the challenges .facing drug discovery and development from 42 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY medicinal plants, natural products obtained as leads from ethnomedicine can be predicted to remain an essential component in the search for new medicines in the future. We as Africans certainly cannot afford to throwaway the baby with the bath water. The good aspects of traditional medicine deserve to be salvaged through the provision of all necessary facilities for research and development right here on our soil. The proposed University Central Laboratory and the expected ETF zonal laboratory is heartwarming and a good step in the right direction which needs to be done quickly but should not be seen as a substitute for adequately funding the different science-based units if we must remain competitive in the global knowledge-driven economy. The limitations of scientific research in the third world is aptly summed up in a reference letter once written on my behalf some years ago by one of my teachers and co-supervisor at King's College, University of London-Emeritus Professor Peter Houghton, which reads as follows: I have kept in touch with Dr Moody ever since he was a Ph.D student in our department. We correspond regularly and I was a guest speaker at a conference which he organized in Ibadan in 1998 .I have great admiration for Lame who has persisted in keeping research going and publishing papers in spite of very difficult circumstances in his own institution and country. Many like him have taken the easy option and emigrate to more lucrative and scientifically rewarding positions in the First World but he has taught and trained a steady stream of young scientists, some of whom have worked in my lab for a time. I believe that his portfolio of papers and other scientific output would be much greater if he had not made the sacrifice to stay in Nigeria. The necessary constraints of not being familiar with modern techniques and instrumentation because of the economics and geographical distance of Nigeria 43 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY mean that he has had to be fairly self-reliant and independent but finding it difficult to keep up with literature -even the recent improvements of access to research made possible by the Internet are not so easy to apprehend in developing countries as many think! Dr Moody works very hard. I consider that he is an ideal candidate who would benefit immensely from the chance to receive a Fellowship. Prof. D T Okpako asked philosophically in his inaugural lecture in 1987, "Do drugs grow on trees?" The science, art, technology and economics involved in the discovery, formu- lation, production and analysis of drugs is enormous and cannot be otherwise if the important parameters of safety, efficacy and quality are to be ascertained and sustained at all times for the benefit of all and sundry. Acknowledgements First, I give all glory and honour to Almighty God, the strength of my life and by whose grace and special favour I am what I am today. I thank my late grandfather Pa Moody Olayemi, who unknowingly played a part in preparing me for my career as he took every opportunity, and deliberate field and plant collection trips, to show us his grandchildren the diverse medicinal. plants available in the locality with their YagbaJOkun names and usefulness. I thank my octogenarian father, Elder (Chief) Solomon Kayode Moody, the Afedetaiyese of Yorubaland, who also doubled as my Yoruba and Fine Art teacher in secondary school for his exemplary life and all the training he gave me. I thank my mother Mrs Grace Olufunke Moody for her sacrifice over the years. I remember with gratitude my late father-in-law and mother-in-law, Pa F Owo Adekoya (Baba Ebenezer) and Mrs Juliana Ayoola Adekoya for extra-ordinary wonderful support and companionship before they passed on to the great beyond some twelve years ago. I thank all members of my extended family: the Moody clan; the Oloruntobas, the Olonis, the Ajayis, the Olusiyis from Kogi State as well as my in-laws, 44 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY the Adekoyas, Ashafas and the Ajayis of Ijebuland. I appreciate my late uncle, Rev Dr D S Moody who while far away in the USA in 1968, desired that I would one day be addressed as Dr Jones Moody. His dreams were in fact surpassed when my 2005 professorship was announced about two years ago. I thank my primary and secondary school teachers who were most instrumental in moulding my life as they selflessly laboured in those formative years of mine. I thank all my teachers from primary and secondary school to pharmacy school at Ife, especially Professor Abayomi Sofowora who ensured my return to Ife for postgraduate studies with the immediate offer of a Demonstrator/Internee position in the Department of Pharma- cognosy on completion of the B.Pharm degree programme. I also acknowledge his mentorship over the years and appreciate his invaluable input into the preparation of this lecture. I also thank my teachers at King's College, University of London: Professors PJ Hylands and Bob Hider, late Professor Norman Bisset and Emeritus Professor Peter Houghton for not just being teachers but life-long friends. I thank all the past Deans of Pharmacy here in Ibadan, Professors A A Olaniyi, D T Okpako, K T Jaiyeoba, 0 A Itiola and late H A Odelola for the very solid foundation they have laid for the Faculty, albeit under the very difficult situations and circumstances they have had to operate since inception. It is often said that teachers make the pupil. In my own case it is both the teachers and the pupils that have made me. I am indebted in more ways than one to all my past and present graduate students for their immense contributions to all that have been presented in this lecture. I appreciate all members of staff and students of the Faculty of Pharmacy in general and the Department of Pharmacognosy in particular for providing an enabling environment to operate over the past 27 years of my sojourn in Ibadan. (particularly thank members of the Inaugural Lecture Committee headed by Dr Dele Odeniyi for all the technical support and assistance in making this lecture a reality. 45 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY I deeply appreciate members of the University of Ibadan Christian community and especiallythe Dan-Fodio Fellow- ship as well as members and ministers of the SIMIECWA Church worldwide for their support and prayers over the years. I thank Professor Adesogan for the fatherly role he has played over the years and also for his useful suggestions and input in the preparation of this lecture. . I thank all the various granting bodies for scholarships and grants over the years, notably, old Kwara State Government Scholarship Board, Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the UK, MacArthur Foundation, British Higher Education Fund, Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). I thank the University of Ibadan for generous study leave and several senate research grants, and all my research collaborators both nationally and interna- tionally over the years. Special mention must be made of Prof Satoshi Tahara and his colleagues at Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan for a blissful lO-month stay in their labora- tory. Ontoni, arigatou gozaimashitai Words are certainly inadequate on a day like this to publicly acknowledge and appreciate the prayerful support, the care, and the sacrificial love that Dr Ikeoluwapo Ore-Ofe Moody has given me as my soul mate over the past 29 years of marriage. (It was under a Terminalia tree late in 1979 that she said "Yes" to an earlier proposal to be my wifej.I also thank our four wonderful children-Timi, Tobi, Tola and Tolu-who have indeed been and continue to be God's special blessings to us and to their generation! It has been a long journey since I walked barefooted to primary school as a little boy with a wooden box on my head on those sandy and dusty roads of Kogi State in the early 1960's. I give all the glory, honour, and majesty to the King of Kings and Lord of Lords, the Lord Jesus Christ for the unsearchable riches of His grace and faithfulness over the years. Mr. Vice-Chancellor, distinguished ladies and gentlemen, I hope I have made some sense of this inaugural lecture! Thank you all for your attention. 46 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY References Adegoke GO, Gbadamosi R, Evwoerhurhoma F, Uzo-peters PI, Falade KO, Itiola 0, Moody 0, and Skura B (2002) Protection of maize (zea mays) and soybeans (Glycinemax) using Aframmomum danielli. Eur Food Res Technol214: 408 - 411. Adesogan EK (1979) Oruwacin, a new iridoid ferulate from Morinda lucida. Phytochemistry 18, 175. Adeyemi AA and Moody JO (1998) Seasonal variation in total anthraquinone content of Morinda lucida Benth extractive Nig. J. Pharmacy 29(2): 117 - 120. Ageta H, Armi N, Ebizuku Y, Fujita T, Honda G (1998) Towards Natural Medicines in the 21st Century. Excerpta Medica, International Congress series 1157, Elsevier, Armsterdam. Balunas MJ and Kinghorn AD (2005) Drug discovery from medicinal plants. Life Sciences 78 (5): 431-41. Burkill HM (1994) The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. 2nd Ed. Vo!. 2 Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. Clark AM (1996) Natural products as a resource for new drugs. Pharmaceutical Research 13(8): 1133-1141. Desjardins RE, Canfield CJ, Haynes JO and Chulay JD (1979), Quantitative assessment of antimalarial activity in vitro by a semi automated Microdilution technique. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 16(6): 710 -718. Egunyomi A, Moody JO, and Eletu OM (2009) Antisickling activities of two ethnomedical plant recipes used for the management of sickle cell anaemia in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr J of Biotechnology 8(1): 20-25. Evans, WC (2009) Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy. 16th edn. London: W.B. Saunders. -Farombi EO, Ogundipe 00, Uhunwangbo ES, Adeyanju MM and Moody JO (2003) Antioxidant properties of extracts from Alchornea laxiflora (Benth) Pax and Hoffman. Phytotherapy Research 17 (7): 713-716. Foley S (2006) Pharmacy in ancient China. College of Pharmacy, Washington State University USA. http://toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Shen+Nung; Irvine FR (1961) Woody plants of Ghana. Oxford University Press. Kingston DG 1(2000) Recent advances in the chemistry of taxo!. J Natural Product 63: 726-734. 47 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY .•.. Moody JO, Adeleye SA, Gundidza M and Wyllie G (1994) Analysis of essential oil of Artemisia afra. Die Pharmazie 49: 935-936. _____ . (1997) Constituents of the essential oil of Stocbe vulgaris L. Int. Journal of Pharmacognosy 33(10): 66 - 68. Moody JO, Wrigley S, Kalamara M and Hylands PJ (1993) Novel collaginase - inhibitors from Fusarium colmorum. UK Patent App No 9317732 -71. Moody JO, Segun F, Aderounmu A and Omotade 0 (2003) Anti- sickling activity of Terminalia catappa leaves harvested at different stages of growth. Nig. Journal of Natural Products and Medicine 7: 30-32. Moody JO and Sofowora A (1984) The leaf alkaloids of Zanthoxylum rubescens. Planta Medica 49: 101-103. Moody JO, Adeleye SA, Gundidza M, Wyllie G and Ajayi-Obe o (1995) Analysis of the essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus (L) Rendle growing in Zimbabwe. Die Pharmazie 50:74-75. Moody JO, Bloomfield SF and Hylands PJ (1992) In-vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of Enantia chlorantha OlivoAfr J Med Med Sci 24: 269-273. Moody JO, Ojo 00, Omotade 00, Adeyemo AA, Olumese PE and Ogundipe 00 (2003) Anti-sickling potential of a Nigerian Herbal Formula (Ajawaron HF) and the major plant component. Phytotherapy Research 17: 1173-1176. Moody JO, Gundidza M, and Wyllie C (2006) Essential oil composition of Leucas milanjiana Guerke. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 21: 869 - 871. Moody JO, Robert VA, Connolly JD and Houghton PJ (2006) Anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol extracts and an isolated furanoditerpene constituent of Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre (Menispermaceae). Journal of Ethno- pharmacology 104 : 87-91. Moody JO, Roberts VA and Adeniji JA (2002) Antiviral activities of selected medicinal plants I: Effect of Diospyros bateri, Diospyros mombutensis and Sphenocentrum jollyanum on Polio viruses. Nig Journal of Natural Products and Medicine 6: 1-4. Moody JO, Roberts VA and Hughes JA (2002) Antiviral activities of selected medicinal plants II: Effect of extractives of Diospyros bateri, Diospyros mombutensis and Sphenocentrum jollyanum on cowpea mosaic viruses. Pharmaceutical Biology 40(5): 342-345. 48 UNIVERSITY OF IB DAN LIBRARY Moody JO, Adebiyi OA and Adeniyi BA (2004) Do Aloe vera and Ageratum conyzoides enhance the anti-microbial activity of traditional medicinal soaps (osedudu) Journal of Ethno- pharmacology 92(1): 57-60. Moody JO, Hylands PJ and Bray DH (1994) Droplet countercurrent separation of bioactive constituents of Morinda lucida Benth root bark. Pharm Pharmacol. Leu. 4: 29-31. _____ . (1995) In-vitro evaluation of Enantia chlorantha constituents and derivatives for antiplasmodial and anticandidal activity. Pharm. Pharmacol Leu 5(2): 80-82. Moody JO, Ogundipe OD, Akang EUU and Agbedana EO (2007) Toxicological studies on the proto berberine alkaloidal fraction of Enantia chlorantha Oliv(Annonaceae). Afr J Med Sci 36(4):317-323. Moody JO, Oyelola 00, Fukushi Y, Tahara S, Hashidoko Y, Sakihama Y (2006) Secondary metabolites from the hy~oglycemic fraction of Treculia africana Decne (Moraceae). 54 Annual Congress of Medicinal Plant Research. Planta Medica, 2006, p72. Newman DJ and Cragg GM (2007) Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod 70: 461- 477. Nyong E (2010) Unpublished data. MSc. Dissertation, University of Ibadan. Ogundipe 00, Moody JO and Houghton PJ (2001) Occurrence of flavonol sulphates in Alchornea laxiflora (Benth) Pax and Hoffman. Pharmaceutical Biology 39: 421-423. Ogundipe 00, Moody JO and Odelola HA (1999) Biological activities of Alchornea laxiflora extractives. Proceedings of 1st International Workshop on Herbal Medicinal Products. Department of Pharmacognosy, Univ ofIbadan pp 201-208. Ogundipe 00, Moody JO, Akinyemi TO, and Raman A (2003) Hypoglycemic potentials of methanol extracts of selected plant foods in alloxanized mice. Plant Foods for Human Nutr. 58: 1- 7. Ogundipe 00, Moody JO, Houghton PJ and Odelola HA (2001) Bioactive chemical constituents from Alchornea laxiflora (Benth) Pax and Hoffman. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 74: 275-280. Olaniyi AA (1984) Pharmacy and drugs in the conquest of diseases. University of Ibadan Inaugural Lecture series. Ibadan University Press. 49 UNIVERSITY F IBADAN LIBRARY Oyelola 0, Moody JO, Odeniyi MA, and Fakeye TO (2007) Hypoglycemic of T.africana Decne root bark in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. African Journal of Traditional and Complimentary Alternative Medicine 4: 387-391. Pasquale DA 1984) Pharmacognosy: The oldest modem science. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 11: 1-16. Phillipson JD (1999) New drugs from nature-It could be yew. Phytotherapy Research 13:2-8. Plotkin MJ (1993) Tales of a Shamman's apprentice. New York: Viking. Soejarto DD and Farnsworth NR (1989) Tropical rain forests: Potential source of new drugs? Perspective Bioi Med. 32: 244- 256. Sofowora A (2008) Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 50 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY BIODATAOF PROFESSOR JONES OLANREW AJU MOODY Jones Olanrewaju Moody was born to the family of Elder (Chief) and Mrs S. K. Moody in Egbe, Yagba West Local Government of Kogi State on September 3, 1953. He started his Primary Education at the ECWA Primary School, Ejiba in 1959 before transferring to ECWA Primary School, Egbe in 1960 where he obtained his First School Leaving Certificate in 1965. He obtained his West African School Certificate in Grade One Division in 1970 at Titcombe College Egbe where he also obtained his Higher School Certificate in 1972. He was the Class Captain, Food Prefect and Kwara State Basketball Team Captain in his A' levels class at school. He taught briefly at Queen Elizabeth School, Ilorin before proceeding to the University of Ife (on sponsorship by the old Kwara State Government) where he obtained the Bachelor of Pharmacy (Honours) degree in June, 1977. After a brief period as intern pharmacist in Lokoja General Hospital, he returned to the Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University) in September 1977 as Demonstrator/Internee and with an opportunity to commence his postgraduate studies under the supervision of Professor Abayomi Sofowora. He completed the M.Phil degree programme in March 1981 after a year's break to serve the nation under the NYSC scheme at the General Hospital, Gboko, Benue State in the 1978/79 session. He was appointed Assistant Lecturer in Pharmacognosy in March 1981 at Ife and re-designated Lecturer II in October 1981. He joined the University of Ibadan in August 1983 as Lecturer II, as one of the pioneer staff of the newly established Faculty of Pharmacy. Between 1986 and 1990, Lanre Moody was at the King's College, University of London for his Ph.D degree programme on an Association of Commonwealth Universities Staff Scholarship under the supervision of Dr (now Professor) P J Hylands and Dr (now Emeritus Professor) P J Houghton where he worked on the isolation and characterization of 51 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY bioactive principles from Nigerian medicinal plants used in the treatment of fevers. After a one- year postdoctoral research fellowship at the Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Xenova Ltd, a state-of-the-art drug discovery company located in Slough, UK, Dr Moody returned to the University of Ibadan in 1991 at the inception of the postgraduate programme in the Faculty. He was re-designated Lecturer I in the Department of Pharmacognosy in 1991. He rose to become the first Professor of Pharmacognosy in the University of Ibadan on October 1, 2005. He has benefited greatly and broadened his academic and professional competence and expertise through highly competitive awards and fellowships such as British Council Higher Education Award (1994) in the UK and Regensburg, Germany, MacArthur Foundation Award (2003) and the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science Award (2005/2006) at Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. He has been a member, Expert Committee of the West African Health Organization (WAHO) for the development of Traditional Medicine and West African Herbal Pharma- copoaeia in the sub-region since 2009; Member, National Accreditation Board of Ghana Panel of Assessors for the Accreditation of Pharmacy Programmes in Public Univer- sities in Ghana (2006), Chairman, Nigerian Association of Pharmacists in Academia, Oyo State, a technical group of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (1995-2008); External Examiner in Pharmacognosy to seven Nigerian and Ghanaian Universities at both Undergraduate and Postgraduate levels (1997 - date); Member, National Expert Committee on Regulation and Registration Guidelines on Herbal Medicinal Products and Related Substances (1999); Consultant to UNICEF on the Evaluation of Primary Health Care (Bamako Initiative) in Nigeria (1996). He was Chairman, Local Organizing Committee of the 1st and 2nd International Workshops on Herbal Medicinal Products (1998 and 2008) organized by the Department of Pharmacognosy as well as Programme Coordinator, Pharmacists Council of Nigeria 52 UNIVERSITY F IBADAN LIBRARY Orientation Course for Foreign Trained Pharmacists (1986 and 2002). He is a past National Vice-President (2003-2006) and Ag President (2006-2007), Nigerian Society of Pharmacognosy as well as a member of the Society for Medicinal Plant Research (GA) and American Society of Pharmacognosy. Professor Moody has held many administrative positions in the University. He has been a member of Senate since 1997 and a former Sub-Dean (Undergraduate) in the Faculty of Pharmacy (1992-1996). He has served as Acting Head, Department of Pharmacognosy (1997-1999, 2001-2003) as well as the first substantive Head of Department (2007-2009). He is the current Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy since August 1, 2009. He has over 40 publications comprising journal articles, conference proceedings, and commissioned technical reports. A keen sportsman, Olanrewaju Moody was named Basketballer of the year at the University of Ife in 1976 when he was also a member of the Nigerian Universities All Stars team. He has been the Honorary Coach of the University of Ibadan Basketball Team since 2005 till date. An alumnus of the Haggai Institute Christian Leadership Seminar in Singapore, Professor Moody has been an Elder in the Evangelical Church Winning All (ECWA) since 1979. He is happily married to Dr (Mrs) IkeOluwapo Moody (nee Adekoya) and they are blessed with four children. . 53 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY