~!,ad~~no!!r,!aldthe
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Contents
Liquidity Premium Theory: an Empirical Support. From Sukuk (Islamic Bonds)
Yields and Profits Curves
Adesina-Ilthman Ganiyat A.
Gender and Agricultural Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in the Savanna
Eco-Climatic Belts of Nigeria
Godwin O. Atedhor
Migratory Trajectory of Transnational Street Beggars in South Western Nigeria
UsmanAdekunle Ojedokun and AdeyinkaAbideenAderinto
Effect ofWork Systems and Workplace Hazards on Employee's Behaviour
Solaja, Mayowa Oludele andAkeemAyofeAkinwale
External Debt Accumulation and Economic Growth: Evidence from West African
Akanni O. Lawanson
Comparison of Perception of HIV/AIDS Risk and Sexual Risk Behaviours Among
Youths with and without Disabilities in Oyo State, Nigeria
Umoren, Anietie M. and Adejumo, Adebayo A.
Alcohol During Pregnancy and Lactation: Bridging Discordant and Equidistant
Views on Maternal and Child Outcomes
Thoro F.A. Ottu and Iniobong Thoro Ottu
Prices and Output Response to Monetary Policy Variation in Nigeria
Samuel Orekoya
The Nature and Consequences of Physical Development under Overhead
Electricity Power Lines (EPLs) in Ibadan
Bolanle Wahab andAlabaAdediji
Observed Automobile Drivers' Mobile Phone Use Rates in Ibadan Metropolis,
Nigeria
Olusiyi Ipingbemi and Olumami Oyemami
VOLUME 13/ NUMBER 1 / MARCH 2015
FACULTY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
ISSN 15975207
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Ibadan Journal gltlw
Social Sciences
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O.B.C. Nwolise (Political Science)
Advisory Board
Ogoh Alul.o, Universi.;: ofJoslNational Institute for Policy & Strategic Studies (NIPSS), Nigeria
1.M. Baba, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
Michael Bratton, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
Clara Fayorsey, University of Ghana, Legon Ghana
Marjor Hoek Hoek-Smith, Whaton School, University of Pennsylvania, USA
L. Adele Jinadu, Centre for Advanced Social Sciences (CASS), Port-Harcourt, Nigeria.
Per Lindskog, University of Link oping, Sweden . .
Patrick Low, World Trade Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Israel Taiwo Ojo, University ofIlorin, Nigeria
Sola Olowu, ObafemiAwolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
bad.a.n Jou,r. nal ollie
13 esenee
Contents
Liquidity Premium Theory: an Empirical Support From Sukuk (Islamic Bonds) Yields and
Profits Curves
Adesina-Uthman Ganiyat A 1
Gender and Agricultural Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in the Savanna
Eco-Climatic Belts of Nigeria
Godwin 0. Atedhor . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... 13
Migratory Trajectory of Transnational Street Beggars in South Western Nigeria
Usman Adekunle Ojedokun and Adeyinka Abideen Aderinto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
Effect of Work Systems and Workplace Hazards on Eniployee's Behaviour
Solaja, Mayowa Oludele and Akeem Ayofe Akinwale . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 45
External Debt Accumulation and Economic Growth: Evidence from West African
Akanni 0. Lawanson. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . 59
Comparison of Perception of HIV /AIDS Risk and Sexual Risk Behaviours Among Youths
with and without Disabilities in Oyo State, Nigeria .
Umoren, Anietie M and Adejumo, Adebayo A , 83
Alcohol During Pregnancy and Lactation: Bridging Discordant and Equidistant Views on
Maternal and Child Outcomes'
Iboro F.A. Ottu and Iniobong !boro Ottu. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Prices and Output Response to Monetary Policy Variation in Nigeria
Samuel Orekoya ;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 113
The Nature and Consequences of Physical Development under Overhead Electricity Power
Lines (EPLs) in Ibadan
Bolanle Wahab and Alaba Adediji : . . . . . . . . . . . .. 133
Observed Automobile Drivers' Mobile Phone Use Rates in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria
Olusiyi Ipingbemi and Olumami Oyemami 153
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© Ibadan Journal of the Social Sciences
Volume 13, Number 1, March 2015
The Nature and Consequences of Physical Development under
Overhead Electricity Power Lines (EPLs) in Ibadan
Bolanle Wahab and Alaba Adediji
Department of Urban and Regi~nal Planning, University of Ibadan, Ibadan
Infringement by the public through various physical development activities on lands
under overhead electricity power lines (EPLs) has become a widespread practice
in Nigerian cities in recent years. This study investigated the scenario along four
feeders in Akinyele local government area (LGA) of Ib adan, Oyo State.
Investigations revealed the causes of indiscriminate physical development and
habitation of right-of-way of EPLs as: weak enforcement of development control
regulations along transmission lines, lack of strong political will, shortage of
manpower, inadequate operational funds, lack of cooperation between planning
agency and electricity provider, and ignorance/lackadaisical attitude of the public
to the effects of living under EPLs. Further analysis indicated significant difference
in the distribution of ailments (such as high blood pressure, arthritis and skin
cancer) between permanent and temporary structures under overhead EPLs in the
study area (x2 = 9.19 (df = 4), P < 0.05). The paper advocates for a strong political
will and strengthening of local planning authorities for effective control of physical
developments among other mitigation measures.
Keywords.Land, physical development, electricity power lines, development control
In trod uction
Urbanization, which is a process by which a settlement increased from 13% in 1900 to 49% in 2005, which
becomes urban, results in increased spatial scale, translates to an increase from 220 million people in
density and activities of settlements. Literature 1900 to 3.2 billion in 2005 (United Nations, 2014)Jhis
discussions on the rate of urbani sat ion and its attendant population of urban residents is estimated to rise to
effects abound (Li and Yeh, 2000; Sui and Zeng, 2000; five billion by 2050 representing 66 percent of the
Heikkala et aI., 2003 Xie et aI., 2005; Xie and Batty, world's population (United Nations, 2014). In the
2006). The rapid pace of urbanization is a global studies that focus on mega-cities and on medium and
phenomenon in most of the developing countries (Amin small sized urban places (UNDP, 2000;van den Berg
and Fazal, 2012). The population of urban residents et aI., 2003; Jenkins, 2003), there is a consensus of
133
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
~ Ibadan Journal of the Social Sciences
opinion -in the literature concerning urbanization under electricity power lines (EPLs) and their right-
processes and the associated consequences. For of-ways (ROWs). The negativities associated with
example, it has been noted that although there are rapid urbanization, particularly the environmental
relatively few mega cities in Africa (i.e. cities with 10 consequences in cities and peri-urban areas, are among
million inhabitants or more), the urbanization process, the most documented issues in urban environmental
unlike inAsia and Europe, is taking place in the absence research (World Bank, 1997).
of significant industrial expansion (Kwasi, 2004). In both developed and developing countries,
Furthermore, the process is manifested primarily by electrical devices and technology have become widely
an outward expansion of built-up areas and the accepted as the most reliable form of energy (Rubins,
conversion of prime agricultural lands for residential 1993 cited in Bolton, 1993). Rapid urbanisation is
and industrial purposes (Kwasi, 2004) and, as recently increasing the demand for electricity such that its
noted, conversion of lands under EPLs into diverse generation is unable to cope with demand, especially
usages such as residential, commercial, and in the developing countries like Nigeria.
educational, among others. There is no doubt about the fact that
In Nigeria, the urbanization process is similar negativities associated with urbanisation have effects
to what obtains in several other developing countries on availability oflands in Nigerian cities, particularly
as the growth and complexity of human settlements under EPLs. Lands under EPLs and towers (generally
and, in particular, the rate of urbanization has been referred to as transmission facilities) are either owned
phenomenal (Ujoh et aI., 2010). Considering Nigeria's by private landowners or public utility company (such
2006 population figure of over 140 million people - the as the former National Electric Power Authority and
highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (FRN, 2007); available the Power Holding Company of Nigeria), while the
data, however, shows that the country has been government agencies maintain specific rights governing
growing at the rate of 5.5 percent annually from 1980 their use. These lands are called rights-of-ways
to 1993, and its growth has further increased to the (ROWs). The ROWs agreements restrict owners'
rate of 5.8 percent, which has resulted in a total urban rights to activities that do not cause a safety hazard,
population of 62.66 million people (or, 43 percent of impact public safety, interfere with the operation of
the national population). By projection, this proportion the lines, or interfere with the rights granted. At the
is expected to increase to more than 60 percent by same time, the agreements allow the concerned
2025 (UN, 2007). Consequently, Nigeria has one of government agencies to construct, expand, maintain
the highest urban growth rates, having cities, such as and replace existing facilities, while reserving space
Lagos, ranked among the fastest growing in the world. for future facilities. However, in many urban
However, some challenges associated with this communities in Nigeria, the set-backs or ROWs to the
urbanization include urban growth and development EPLs are built on with impunity such that buildings
which do not match the rate of urban planning and the (temporary and permanent) of varying heights and uses
provision of urban infrastructure, rate of housing are found and occupied. These are illegal and informal
construction below housing demand, inadequate developments, which abound, owing to many facters.
transportation, and rapid growth of informal settlements Lands under EPLs appear cheaper in price and easy
characterised by inadequate sanitation services and to acquire because the occupants do not acquire such
water supply. Agbola (2005) estimated that 65% of lands legally. Such lands also require less formalities
the urban population in Nigeria live in these informal and negotiations because both the seller and the buyer
settlements. Many of the informal settlers live on lands
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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
The Nature and Consequences of Physical Development under Overhead Electricity Power Lines (EPLs) in fbadan
know that the land belongs to the government or a on the cities' environment as well as the overall
public agency. wellbeing of the people (Jiboye, 2011). Against this
Data retrieved from Oyo State Urban and backdrop, the paper assesses the nature and
Regional Planning Board (OYSURPB) (2010) on consequences of physical development under EPLs in
inventory of illegal developments under overhead EPLs Ibadan.
in nineteen (19) out of the thirty three (33) local
government areas (LGAs) of the State indicated a total Conceptual Framework and Literature Review
of 2,084 structures made up of 955 permanent and The conceptual framework is anchored on the concept
1,126 temporary structures both directly under EPLs of governance and development control.The causes
and on their statutory ROWs. By this, the essence of and effects of physical developments under overhead
the statutory ROWs, which is to protect the public EPLs were conceptualized as being dependent on the
against likely detrimental effects emanating from EPLs, following factors: land encroachment by temporary and
is ignored at the risk to the lives of especially the permanent structures; weak enforcement of
occupants of the structures and users of the spaces development control regulations; corruption on the part
and, occasionally, innocent passersby. of Town Planning Officials, presentation of deceitful
Therefore, a major developmental challenge building plans and financial inducement by the public,
facing the nations, particularly those within, the and precarious health suffering and residents' safety
developing world, is how to cope with the increasing (Figure 1).
urbanization and minimize its adverse consequences
Independent Variable
Nature Encroachment of Temporary &
Permanent Structures/Land uses
C
a ,,-- Weak enforcement of
u development control regulations
Dependent Variable s
e Corruption on the part of Town
Incidence of Physical s Planning Officials
Developments under
overhead EPLs
Presentation of deceitful building
Plans and financial inducement by
"- the Public
Effect
Precarious health sufferings and
residents' safety
Figure 1: Conceptualization of cause and effect of developments under EPLs
Source: The Authors (2015)
135
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
~ Ibadan Journal of the Social Sciences
The. concept of 'Governance' has been any mis-use or abuse of use and non-conforming uses
variously defined. Governance is the manner in which (Wahab, 1999). It is the control of any building, mining,
power is exercised in the management of a country's engineering or other operations in, on, over or under
economic and social resources for development (World any land, or the making of any environmentally
Bank, 2009). It is also the exercise of political, significant change in the use of any land (FRN, 1992).
economic and administrative authority to manage a The major objective of DC is to regulate the growth of
nation's or community's affairs (UNDP, 1997). In its any rural or urban settlement in a planned and
application to urban planning, FAO (2007) defined sustainable manner.
governance as the process by which decisions are made Chapin (1965) identified health, safety,
regarding the access to and use ofland, the method of economy, convenience and amenity as five elements
implementing those decisions and the manner in which of public interest which prompts the use of control in
conflicting interests in land are protected. Good land development. Land use control is also employed
governance is an asset for city development (Aluko, by planning agencies to achieve five purposes in the
20 I0) and a mechanism that can be used to address interest of the public namely (Abrams, 1955:34): i) guide
the issue of illegal developments on statutory setbacks the use of land to promote the advantageous
and ROWs to public infrastructures like electricity development of the community; ii) curb the mis-use of
powerlines through the provision of appropriate urban land; iii) regulate the non-use or dis-use of land; iv)
planning machinery and logistics that ensure adequate guide the re-use of land for more appropriate purposes,
monitoring and prompt removal of illegal and and v) prevent the abuse of land. Several literature
unwholesome developments. Governance can be poor exist on the subject of DC (Chapin, 1965; Vagale, 1969;
if government is corruptible, tyrannical, undemocratic, Dorby, 1975; Moore, 1977; Adeniji, 1986; Wahab,
incompetent and ineffective (FAa, 2007). Weak 1991a, 1991b, 1999; Kadiri, 1995; Ogundele, 2010).
governance is often associated with "administrative The Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning
corruption" (Agbola and Henshaw, 2011). Weak (NURP) Decree No. 88 of 1992 (now NURP Law
governance in the management of the lands under CAP No. l38 of2004) provides in Section 27 (l) that
EPLs means that such lands are neither protected nor a Planning Commission at the federal-, a Board at the
properly managed in the overall best interest of the State, and a Planning Authority at the local level shall
society by both the Ministry of Physical Planning and respectively establish a Department to be known as a
Urban Development and the Electricity Generation and Development Control Department. Sub section (2)
Transmission Company. Rather, the EPLs right-of- provides that the control department created by
ways are allowed to be abused and misappropriated subsection (1) shall be a multi-disciplinary department
due to inadequate and ineffective monitoring by charged with the responsibility for matters relating to
development control officials ofrelevant local planning development control and implementation of physical
authority. This results in negative health effects on the development plans. The Control Department,
occupiers and unbudgeted expenditure by municipal according to Sections 28 and 29, is given power and
government in form of relief materials and monetary function to give approval for or reject any land
compensations to victims ofEPLs disasters. development before it is carried out by any developer
Development control (DC) is the system by or government agency (FRN, 1992). The two main
which the use of land and buildings on the land is instruments used in the DC process are Enforcement
regulated through density control, building bye-laws, Notice and Stop Work Notice. An Enforcement Notice
zoning ordinances and subdivision regulations to prevent is served on any breach of Town Planning Law relating
136
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
The Nature and Consequences of Physical Development under Overhead Electricity Power Lines (EPLs) in Ibadan
to carrying _out of development without planning problem, unhealthy use of money and position by the
permission (approval) and may result in the demolition public to induce or intimidate planning officials, demand
of an illegal building or the restoration of an altered for developable sites greater than supply, over-
building, to its previous condition pursuant to Section politicization of planning, faulty survey plans, illiteracy,
47(1) of Urban and Regional Planning Law, 1992. high land and rental values, and threats to lives of DC
Section 53 ofthe URP Law provides that a Stop Work officials (Wahab, 1999). However, the public also had
Notice could be issued where it appears to the control certain reservations for planning agencies in Lagos in
department that; (a) an unauthorized development is the conduct of their development or land use control
being carried out or (b) where a development deviates assignment which include (in order of rank):
from a development permit issued by the Control cumbersome approval process, corrupt officials, non-
Department. Sections 28 and 29 of the URP law further involvement of citizens in planning programmes,
mandate al1land developers and government agencies inadequate publicity, officials' poor human relations,
to seek approval from the Control Department before high planning standards, and unreliable draughtsmen
any development is carried out. However, private and (Wahab, 1999). Illegal developments under electricity
public developers in Nigeria are found to violate the transmission lines have become a very common and
provisions of the law which explains why people build "normal" sight in Nigerian urban and peri-urban
and live in structures under the EPLs. The literature settlements as in the city of Ibadan. It is therefore,
has established a number of impediments to effective necessary to study the impediments to effective
DC practices in Nigeria to include: inadequate development control on the lands under EPLs with a
manpower, finance, corruption, political interference, view to discouraging the trend.
socio-cultural attitude of the city's inhabitants (Wahab,
1991a;Kadiri, 1995; Oyesiku, 1998) and the inadequacy Literature Review
oflegal sanctions for defaulters of planning law (Aluko, In Nigeria, as it is in most of the developing nations
2000). In 2009 there were 56 personnel in the ravaged by poverty and experiencing poor governance,
OYSURPB whereas the approved staff strength in a large proportion of urban and rural settlements are
the 2009 budget was 310. The picture was worse in of informal types that hardly meet the prevailing
the 11 LPAs in Ibadan region where there were only planning and building standards. Housing units are built
65 professional planners and 97 technical staff giving in environments that are deemed substandard,
an average of 6 and 9 professional planners and hazardous (such as under EPLs), unfit to Iive by humans
technical staff respectively per LGA to perform the and, therefore, declared illegal by housing and
entire planning functions, including DC, under the governmental authorities. Yet, this is where between
Urban and Regional Planning law (Wahab, 2011). 50% and 80% ofresidents in many developing nations'
Compounding DC constraints is the inadequate funding cities live (Agbola, 2001).
of planning agencies which has remained a long- A considerable body ofiiterature has examined
standing issue (Oyesiku, 1998). Other DC problems illegal and informal housing in the developing nations
are: lack of basic equipment, lack of base maps and (Aldrich and Sandhu, 1995; Kumar, 1996; Varley, 1998;
development plans, weak and outdated planning laws, Fernandes and Varley, 1998; Tipple, 2000; Smart, 2001,
public's ignorance of physical planning benefits, and 2006a, 2006b; Davis, 2006; UN-Habitat, 2009;
draughtsmen's dishonesty through faulty site plans Tanasescu, Wing-tak and Smart, 2010 and Arnbaye,
prepared (Wahab, 1991a). In a survey of DC problems 20 11).They all contended that illegal dwellers generally
in Lagos in 1995, Wahab identified land acquisition live in unsafe, hazardous (such as under ETLs) and
137
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
~ Ibadan Journal of the Social Sciences
precarious environments, in informal settlements which Experts have confirmed that life is not safe
lack basic facilities, suffer from absence of tenure under EPLs (Momoh, 20 lOa). In a study of 29,081
security and have no legal claim in case of eviction. children with cancer, including 9700 with leukemia, aged
Illegal and informal housing include those which have 0-14, born in England and Wales, (1962-95) Draper
been built on land intended or designated for another et al., (2005) found that children who lived within 200m
use, such as the ROWs or set-backs to EPLs, or built from a power line at birth had a relative risk of
on land not owned by the occupier and without leukaemia of 1.69 (95% confidence interval of 1.13 to
permission of the owner (Tipple, 2000). Adelowokan 2.53 range) while those between 200 and 600m had a
(20 II) reported a total of 2,486 illegal developments relative risk of 1.23. They concluded that there is an
(contravention cases) in the eleven LGAs in Ibadan association between childhood leukemia and proximity
between 2008 and 2010. The contravening structures of home to high voltage power lines. Scientific evidence
included residential houses, shops, banks, eateries, car- in United States also suggests that invisible
wash, auto-repair, block-making, furniture making, and electromagnetic fields (EMFs) created by high-voltage
road-side kiosks constructed or sited either without power lines are linked to series of cancers and other
planning approval or against approved plans. Some of serious health problems in children and adults (Davis
these structures were established on lands which were et al., 2002; London et al., 2003; Schoenfeld et al.,
predisposed to human-induced disasters such as 2003). Air insulation may cause electrical charging of
snapping ofhigh-voltage EPLs. The risks arising from reinforcement in buildings when it passes through a
building and living under EPLs include: risks to the natural course and results in electric shock and/or loss
health, safety and well-being of persons and property, of life. A continuous flow of water from transmission
risks to the operation of the transmission network, and cables to iron roofs or any iron object can also result
risks to amenity (Bolton, 1993). Structures on such in electrical shocks and untimely death. Rain water,
lands when demolished do not attract any compensation which many homes in Nigeria depend on as a source
as they are regarded as contraventions. of domestic water, is an electric current link between
high tension lines and iron objects which shocks, if
Effects of Overhead Electricity Power Lines touched, and may result in death (Momoh, 2010b).
(EPLs) on Residents' Health Furthermore, EMFs can disturb the production of the
hormone melatonin, which is linked with sleep patterns
Studies have linked living, working and recreating (Swanson and Jeffers, 2000). Litvak and Foster (2002)
under high tension power lines to health problems, found that power lines attract particles of radon - a
economic loss and environmental degradation. colorless and odorless gas linked with cancer. A
Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) generated by EPLs Norwegian study found a brain tumor risk for exposure
and their potential effects on public health and safety to magnetic fields in the home (Kliukiene et aI., 2004),
have been reported in the media. Nigeria's local and a study in African-American women found that
television news programmes and Newspapers such exposure to magnetic fields from power lines may
as the Vanguard, Punch, and Tribune, have, at different increase breast cancer risk (Zhu et al., 2003).
times between 1987 and 2013 reported ten incidences Dib and Mordjaoui (2014) reported some
of electrical transmission line snapping in Lagos, Ibadan health outcomes linked with EMF exposure as: a
and Port-Harcourt with attendant loss of lives as variety of cancers, leukaemia, tumour growth, skin
indicated in Table 1. damage, abnormal cell activity, sleep and daily rhythm
disturbances, perception and memory changes, genetic
138
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
The Nature and Consequences of Physical Development under Overhead Electricity Power Lines (EPLs) in Ibadan
defects and impairment of hormone regulation and in her work on the health effects of extremely low
production; also gland deficiencies, mental and frequency electromagnetic fields in communities of
behavioural problems, immune system deficiencies, East and West St. Paul reported that there was a
nervous system disorders, fetal development problems, statistical association between exposures to relatively
miscarriages, birth defects, and blood and circulatory strong magnetic fields (greater than 0.4 I-lT), and an
problems. Also, Shorabi et aI. (2010) carried out a case- increased likelihood of having childhood leukaemia in
control study on 300 children aged 1-18 years in Tehran, epidemiological studies.
the Capital ofIran to investigate association of living A comprehensive review of recorded EMF
near high voltage power lines with occurrence of effects on human health and behaviour conducted by
childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Their Rubtsova et al (1999) included those effects recorded
findings revealed that living close to high voltage power elsewhere in the literature as well as the following:
lines is a risk for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia fatigue, decrease in visual and motor reaction time,
(ALL). Also, the study confirmed that at every more attention and memory deterioration, persistent mental
600 meters far from power lines, there is decrease in disorders, headache, nausea, male sexual dysfunction,
the risk of ALL by 0.61 folds. changes in cardio-respiratory functions, nervous system
Furthermore, Lowenthal et aI. (2007) used a changes, and embryonic death. Epidemiological studies
case-control study of 854 patients aged 0-94 years to show an increased risk of cancer and leukaemia in
determine if there was an increased risk of Lympho children exposed to low frequency electromagnetic-
Proliferative Disorders (LPD) or Myelo Proliferative field and beyond the 5 kV / m and 0.4 T.
Disorders (MPD) associated with residence .s.. 300m From the perspective of physics, Ogunbunmi
from high-voltage power lines in Tasmania, Hobart, in (2010) observes that metallic cloth lines placed under
Australia between 1972 and 1980. The results raised high tension wire stand the risk of being electrified
the possibility that prolonged residence close to high- and can cause death if touched. Ogunleye (2009) offers
voltage power lines, especially early in life, may a biological view by stating that experiments carried
increase the risk of the development ofMPD and LPD out in Europe shows that there are differences in
later. cardiac rhythm between subjects exposed to the
The United Kingdom Stakeholder Advisory electric field and those not exposed to it; and also that
Group on Extremely Low Frequency EMFs (2007, there is a relationship between EPLs and childhood
cited in Dib and Mordjaoui, 2014) established links cancer.
between EMFs and the following adverse effects; Ayeni (2009) cited in Akinrinade (2010)
childhood and adult leukaemia, adult brain cancer, observes that operating business or living in residential
Alzheimer's disease, Lou Gehrig's disease, breast structures exposes occupants to a lot of radiation and
cancer, childhood cancers, depression, electrical vibration coming from the cables day and night and it
sensitivity symptoms, certain types of heart disease, could cause irregular beating of the heart for the
miscarriage and suicide. In a study published in June people living or trading around them. Additional health
2005 by Oxford University Researchers, it was found hazards from the transmission devices are
that the risk ofleukaemia increased by 69% for children disorderliness of body joints and inhibition of the blood
whose home is located within 200 meters of high vessels in the body (Ayeni, 2009).
voltage lines at birth and by 23% for those living at a According to a report by NG (1997),
distance between 200 and 599 meters, compared to encroachment of development into the power lines
those born at more than 600 meters. Macdonald (2001) corridor creates unhealthy and aesthetically
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dissatisfying residential environment. The report lives while twenty (20) people had their legs amputated
advocated prevention of residential development from owing to the snapping of transmission lines. As one of
being established too close to power lines on grounds the measures to mitigate the incidents, the Federal
of quality of amenity, health and safety concerns. Ministry of Power on the 13thMay, 2010, through a
Proximity of property to high tension power lines also letter with Ref. No FMP/w /247N3 drew the attention
affects the economic value of the property. In a study ofOyo State Urban and Regional Planning Board via
of values of residential property close to power lines Oyo State Ministry of Environment and Water
inPortland (USA), Steven and Wolverton (2013) found Resources to the issue of erection of building/
that the selling prices of property close to power lines structures under high tension electric lines. The agency
were about 20% lower than what the property market frowned on the developments as their location was
in the city offered. Similar studies have also established considered dangerous to lives and properties, calling
an association between property values and proximity for a decisive action to be taken by the Oyo State
to high tension power lines (Graham, 2011; Sandy et government. Similarly, the Power Holding Company
al.,2013). of Nigeria (PHCN) on 17thJuly, 2012 warned against
Cases of Electricity Power Lines' Disaster in construction of structures under power lines. The
Nigeria agency observed that despite the existing Oyo State
Not a few Nigerians have lost their lives to electrocution Urban and Regional Planning laws which stipulate
in the recent past (Akinrinade, 2010). As indicated in mandatory distances (set-backs) to various power lines,
Table 1, between 1987 and 2013 in some communities members of the public had continued to violate the
inNigeria, eighty-five (85) people reportedly lost their laws by constructing and occupying structures on the
statutory set-backs, thereby exposing the occupiers
to deleterious effects of overhead transmission line.
Table 1: Overhead Electricity Power Lines (EPLs) Disaster in parts of Nigeria 1987-2013
Place Victims'Record Consequence Date Source
Surulere area,
Lagos State Eighteen (18) Legs amputated 9thOctober, 1987 Akinrinade
(27th March, 2010)
Orile - Agege,
Lagos State One (1) Burnt and later died 6thJune, 1989 Akinrinade (27th
March, 20 10)
Ipaja, Lagos Two (2) traders
and one (1) Instant death 21stApril, 2002 Momoh (30th June,
school girl 2010)
Ojo/Akobo motor
park, Ibadan Un-quantified Instant death 19thMarch, 2009 Federal Ministry of-
Power, (13th May,
2010)
Oginigba area
Trans-Amadi
industrial layout,
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Port Harcourt,
River State. Forty (40) Instant death February, 2010 Guardian and This
Day newspapers
(2010)
Two (2) Legs amputated February, 2010 Guardian and This
Day, 2010
Woji area, Port Harcourt,
River State. Two (2) One died instantly November 13, www.ynaija.com/
while the second one 2012 freakaccident-rnan-el
sustained fatal injury
Oginigba community, Akpor Thirty-two Instant death 13thFeb,2011 Akinrinade (27th
LGA, River State. 02) people March, 2010)
Apata Market, Ibadan, Seven (7) Instant death 25th June, 2012 Authors' field work,
Oyo State 2012
Ikosi area, Lagos State. Two (2) Instant death 3}'t January, 2013 Vanguard (I st
February, 2013)
www.vanguardngr.com
Source: Authors' Compilation (2013)
In spite of EPLs carnage and its attendant (Agbola, 2001). For the 11kv and 33kv cables, Oyo
death toll as indicated in Table 1, physical developments state government gazette stipulates six (6) and eight
continue to spring up under and within their statutory (8) meters ROWs respectively. The statutory right of
right of way. A land use inventory carried out in 2010 ways for 132kv and 330kv are 15meters and 30 meters
by OYSURPB on illegal developments under/near respectively. A surveillance road of 6.0m should be
EPLs revealed that the infringement was noticeable provided as buffer between plot boundaries and Power
virtually in all the 33 local government areas of the Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) electricity line's
state. right of way (OYSURPB, 2010). However, PHCN
standard ROWs specifications are a bit different from
Right-of-Ways (ROWs) to Overhead Electricity those stipulated by the OYSURPB (Table 2). For the
Power Lines & Physical Planning Standards 11Kv and 33Kv lines, a clearance of 5.5 meters must
Generally, planning standards are of two types: be observed on both sides of the line, while for 132 Kv
prescriptive and legislative. While zoning prescribes a clearance of 12.5 meters is required on both sides.
guidelines or specifications for the dimensioning ofland For the 330 Kv cable, a clearance of 50.0 meters is
uses in the preparation of development schemes; required on both sides. This difference, to a certain
planning standards are usually mandatory and inflexible extent, indirectly encourages and enhances the
development of illegal structures under overhead EPLs
and their ROWs.
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Table 2: Statutory Right-of-ways to Different Electric Power Lines
Power Line Cables Statutory Right-of-way by Statutory Right of way by PHCN
OYSURPB
llkv 6.0.metres 5.5 meters
33kv 10.0 meters 5.5 meters
132kv 15.0 meters 12.5 meters
330kv 30.0 meters 50.0 meters
Source: Federal Republic of Nigeria (1990) and Oyo State Urban and Regional Planning Board
(2010)
The Study Setting and Methodology
The study was conducted in four (4) major communities According to the 2006 census figures as
in Akinyele local government area of Ibadan. These released by the National Population Commission (2006),
communities are Arulogun, J. and P., L.A. Adisa and the population of Akinyele local government was
Orogun-Sagbe. Akinyele is a local government area in 211,359. Using 3.2% growth rate from 2006 census
Oyo State, Nigeria. It is one of the eleven local figures, the 2010 estimated population for the local
governments that make up Ibadan metropolis. It is government is 239,745. One salient feature of the
located between latitude 7° 29' to 7°;40' and longitude population is the predominance of Yoruba ethnic group,
ranging from 3° 45' to 4° 04'. It occupies a land area which is over 95% of the total population of the area.
of 464.892km2 with a population density of 516 persons Other notable ethnic groups are Hausa (reside mostly
per square kilometre and situates along the northern in Sasa), Igbo, Edo, Fulani, Nupe, Tivs, Efiks among
region of Ibadan city. It is bounded in the north by others. The major occupation of the people is
Afijio local government area, in the south by Ibadan agriculture owing to a favourable climate and soil
north local government area, in the west by Ido local condition. However, trading and civil service work are
government area, and in the east by Lagelu local now competing with agriculture in the area. There are
government area. The local government is divided into periodic markets in the area where farmers sell their
12 administrative (political) wards. surplus agricultural products.
The study area experiences a tropical type of
climate and a mean annual temperature of about 32° Research Design
C. The relative humidity can be as high as 95% and a This research adopted a descriptive survey design and
total of about 1250 mrn as mean annual rainfall. The utilized a case study approach to achieve its
area is located in the tropical rain forest belt of the objectives.The study made use of data from both
country. Generally, the vegetation in the area is broadly primary and secondary sources. The primary source
dominated by palm trees. The soil of the area were relied on the use of field survey and observation,
formed from rocks of pre-Cambrian basement complex structured questionnaire and key informant interviews.
formation particularly granites, gneisses, quartz-schist, The primary data gathered were supplemented by
biotite gneisses and schist. secondary data from journals, newspapers, websites
and OYSURPB office.
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The Nature and Consequences of Physical Development under Overhead Electricity Power Lines (EPLs) in ibadan
Records of illegal physical developments under Ibadan North (IbN), Ibadan North West (IbNW), and
and within the ROWs to electricity transmission cables Ido having the highest records of 935 (44.9%), of
obtained from the Oyo State Urban and Regional physical developments under and within the ROWs to
Planning Board (OYSURPB) in 2010 revealed a total overhead EPLs.1t also indicates that out of the seven
of2,084 of such structures in 19 (58%) out of the 33 LGAs in Ibadan, Akinyele had the highest number, 297
local government areas of Oyo State, seven of them (129 permanent and 168 temporary) - 31.8%, of illegal
in Ibadan land (Table3).As indicated in Table 3, Ibadan, structures under and near overhead EPLs in Ibadan,
the capital ofOyo State, has seven of its eleven LGAs hence its choice as the case study area.
namely: Akinyele, Egbeda, Ibadan South West (IbSW),
Table 3: Inventory of illegal structures under and within the ROWs of overhead transmission lines in
19 LGAs in Oyo State in 2010
SINo Local Government/
Local Planning Authority Permanent Temporary Total
1 Ibadan South West* 34 07 41
2 Ibadan North* 30 20 50
3 Egbeda* 59 02 61
4 Ibadan North West* 80 22 102
5 OnaAra* 86 95 181
6 Ido* 97 103 203
7 Akinyele* 129 168 297
8 Atiba 53 46 99
9 Kajola 13 59 72
10 Atisbo 8 08
11 Oyo West 88 16 104
12 Itesiwaju 20 26 46
13 Saki West 05 227 232
14 Surulere 38 38
15 Oyo East 145 75 220
16 Ogbomoso South 21 21
17 Ibarapa Central 14 14
18 Iseyin 100 72 172
19 Afijio 08 115 123
Total 955 1,126 2,084
*LGAs in Ibadan Region
Source: Oyo State Urban and Regional Planning Board (20 10)
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of the Planning Officials on the level of awareness of
Questionnaire survey was preceded by the physical the developers of extant planning laws and building
enumeration of structures and: identification of regulations and the consequences of the physical
occupiers of lands under EPLs and their ROWs in development under EPLs were sought.
Arulogun, J. & P., L. A. Adisa and Orogun-Sagbe Quantitative data collected were analyzed by
which were the four communities through which high- the use of descriptive and inferential statistics using
voltage pylons/electric transmission lines passed the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).
across. To test the validity and reliability ofthe research Ethical issue was given consideration as regards active
questionnaire (Saunders et. al., 1997 cited in Yusuf, acceptance of subjects' right to privacy, confidentiality,
2014), it was pre-tested and administered to a pilot and informed consent (Obono et. aI., 2006). The
group of 32 people residing in permanent (16) and researchers endeavored to respect the views of the
temporary (16) structures built under the overhead respondents and ensured that respondents accepted
EPLs in the four communities. The pilot group was, to answer questions voluntarily. The primary data
however, excluded from the final survey and their data collected were not personalized and were handled with
were also not included in the final data for the study. the confidentiality required.
The pre-tested questionnaire ~as successfully
administered by trained field assistants to 160 Presentation of Results and Discussions
respondents representing 53.9% of the population of Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents
occupiers of both permanent and temporary structures This section discusses the demographic and socio-
under overhead power lines and their ROWs, in the economic characteristics of people living under
four (4) communities where high EPLs pass across in electricity transmission lines in Akinyele LGA of
Akinyele LGA. Random sampling method was adopted Ibadan.
in selecting the respondents. Out of the 160
questionnaire administered, only 149 were properly Age-sex Distribution of Respondents
filled while the remaining 11 were discarded giving a The age distribution of residents under EPLs varies
response rate of 93.1 % which was considered as shown in table 4, but a modal value of ages between
significant enough to provide valid and reliable 41-50 years in both temporary and permanent structures
conclusions from the data collected. indicate that they were for the most part mature and
An In-depth Interview (IDI) was conducted thus germane as an understudy of phenomenon on
with the Director of Town Planning in Akinyele Local physical developments under EPLs. The table also
Planning Authority while Key Informant Interviews indicates dominance of male respondents (64 percent)
(KIIs) were held with site inspectors and the over female respondents (36 percent) in permanent
Development Control Officials of the -Planning structures. The fact that household heads were male
Authority. Questions asked included what they is typical of most Nigerian communities. However,
considered to be the causes of developments under under temporary structures, female respondents (51
EPLs, the effects and the efforts of the Planning percent) were slightly above male respondents t49
Authority to stop the practice. Similarly, at the Ministry percent). The insignificant difference here infers that
of Physical Planning and Urban Development, a KII sex is not a factor for encroaching on lands under
session was held with the Director in the Development overhead EPLs.
Control Department. Questions bothering on causes,
consequences and efforts of the Ministry to stop
development under EPLs were asked. The perceptions
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Table 4 : Age-Sex Distribution of Respondents
Age Parameters Permanent Residents Temporary Residents Total
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
18-30years 9 10.7 10 15.4 19 12.8
31-40years 11 13.1 11 16.9 22 14.7
41-50years 30 35.7 21 32.3 51 34.2
51-60years 26 31.0 17 26.2 43 28.9
61years and above 8 9.5 6 9.2 14 9.4
Total 84 100.0 65 100.0 149 100.0
Sex Parameters
Male 54 64.3 32 49.2 86 57.7
Female 30 35.7 33 50.8 63 42.3
Total 84 100.0 65 100.0 149 100.0
Source: Authors' Survey, 2012.
Educational Status and Monthly Income of
Respondents permanently under overhead EPLs. As for temporary
The educational status and monthly income of the residents, 54.5 percent were illiterates while 40 percent
residents under EPLs is shown in table S. The table attained s condary and 7.7 percent had tertia!
reveals that, in case of permanent residents; only 6.0 education. This is a clear indication that lack of
percent were without formal education. About 29.8 education is one of the determining factors for residing
percent attained primary, standard 6 or Arabic under EPLs, coupled with poor enforcement of planning
education. This implies that 35.8 percent of the laws and building regulations. Also, income of residents
respondents were or near illiterates. However, with varied as contained in the table. In the case of
on ly 38.1 percent permanent respondents having permanent respondents, modal respondents earned
tertiary education, it could be inferred that lack of below NI0,000 and this may determine their choice
adequate education and awareness of the attendant location. In the case of temporary residents, the modal
danger was one reason why people built and lived value of respondents earned between NI0,000 - 30,
000; an income value that is grossly small to sustain a
vibrant age bracket in Nigeria.
Table 5: Educational Status and Monthly Income
Education Parameters Permanent Residents Temporary Residents Total
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Primary, St VI or Arabic 25 29.8 30 46.2 55 36.9
Secondary 22 26.2 26 40.0 48 32.2
Tertiary 32 38.1 5 7.7 37 24.8
No formal education 5 6.0 4 .6.2 09 6.0
Total 84 100.0 65 100.0 149 100.0
Income Parameters
< 10,000 39 46.4 16 24.6 55 36.9
10,000 -30,000 17 20.2 23 35.4 40 26.8
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31,000 -50,000 15 17.9 11 16.9 26 17.4
51,000 -70,000 08 9.5 09 13.8 17 11.4
71,000 & above 05 6.0 06 9.3 11 7.4
Total 84 100.0 65 100.0 149 100.0
Source: Authors' Survey, 2012.
Types, Usage and Planning Approval Status of
Developments under overhead: EPLs
Types and Usage of Developments under
overhead EPLs
Basically, there are two types of developments under and educational (13.1percent) land use respectively.
overhead EPLs; permanent and temporary, as shown Smog of other uses of lands under overhead EPLs
in table 6. Also, the table indicated different uses that were noticeable as shown in the table. With respect to
lands under EPLs are used fOT. In the case of temporary land uses, there was the predominance of
permanent land uses, the modal usage of lands was commercial land use (67.7 percent) over other land
for residential purpose (29.8 percent). This is followed uses. This indicates that the quest for economic survival
by commercial (27.4 percent), religious (14.3 percent) is the motive for temporary encroachment under EPLs
Table 6: Types and Usage of Developments under Overhead EPLs
Land Use Parameter Permanent Temporary Total
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Residential 25 29.8 4 6.2 29 19.5
Commercial 23 27.4 44 67.7 67 45.0
Industrial 2 2.4 7 10.8 09 6.0
Educational 11 13.1 5 7.7 16 10.7
Residential and Commercial 3 3.6 3 4.6 06 4.0
Agricultural 2 2.4 2 3.1 04 2.7
Agric. and Residential 1 l.2 01 0.7
Office 2 2.4 02 1.3
Education and Residential 2 2.4 02 1.3
Recreational 1 1.2 01 0.7
Religious 12 14.3 12 8.1
Total 84 100.0 65 100.0 149 100
Source: Authors' Survey, 2012.
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Availability of Approved Development Plan and God" and was "beyond their control." However, 10.8
Planning Approval Status percent each attributed theirs to scarcity of land and
Table 7 indicates that more than half (58.3 percent) relative cheap price of lands under EPLs. In the case
of residents of permanent structures got approval for of temporary residents, the chief reason for staying
their physical developments. Out of this, 29.8 percent under overhead EPLs was given to be lucrative
got temporary approval and 28.6 percent had full business purpose (55.4 percent), and this explains the
approval. However, 41.7 percent had no approval for reason why the major landuse activity in the temporary
their permanent physical developments. This clearly structures was commercial.
indicates very serious laxity on the part of the Town
Planning Officials and the cause for this is explained
in the subsequent paragraph. In the case of temporary
structures, 55.4 percent had temporary approval for
their structures while 44.6 percent did not respond and
deemed to, most probably, have no approval for their
structures
Residents' Reasons for Locating under
Electricity Power Lines
The reasons for the choice location of residents under
overhead EPLs are contained in table 8. A significant
number of permanent residents (53.1 percent)
attributed it to closeness to place of work, while 25.3
percent ascribed their choice location to destiny.
Ascribing it to destiny means that it was "ordained by
Table 7: Availability of Approved Development Plan and Planning Approval Status
Approved Plans --P-e-r-m-a-n-en-t-----------------T-e-m~p-o-r~ar-y-------------------------T-o-ta-l-----
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Available 49 58.3 36 55.4 85 57.0
Not available 35 41.7 29 44.6 64 43.0
Total 84 100.0 65 100.0 149 100.0
Approval status
Temporary 25 29.8 36 55.4 61 40.9
Full approval 24 28.6 24 16.0
No response 35 41.7 29 44.6 64 43.0
Total 84 100.0 65 100.0 149 100.0
Source: Authors' Survey, 2012
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Table 8: Residents' Reasons for Locating under Electricity Power Lines
Reasons Permanent Reasons Temporary Total
Frequency % Frequency % Frequency %
Scarcity of land 9 10.7 Land here is relatively 8 12.3 17 11.4
cheaper
Land here is
relatively cheap 9 10.7 Lucrative business
purpose 36 55.4 45 30.2
Closeness to
place of work 45 53.6 Space availability 4 6.2 49 32.9
Destiny 21 25.0 It is my father's
property 2 3.1 23 14.0
Destiny 4 6.2 4 3.1
Source: Authors' Survey, 2014:
Causes of Physical Developments under
Overhead EPLs AKTPA Town Planning Officials' Perspective on
The results of the IDr conducted with the Director in Structures under EPLs
the Development Control Department in the Ministry Findings from Town Planning Officials of AKTPA
of Physical Planning and Urban Development, and the revealed that owners of structures under overhead
Director of Town Planning in Akinyele Local Planning EPLs obtained planning approvals through presentation
Authority and also the Key Informant Interview (KII) of deceitful, faulty and misleading building plans. In
held with the Development Control Staff of the Planning addition, financial inducement (bribery) to planning
Authority are presented in the next subsection of the officials by developers contributed to the emergence
paper. of physical developments under EPLs. It can,
Questions that the planning authority staff therefore, be inferred that fraud on the part of owners
were asked included what they considered to be the of illegal structures and corruption on the part of town
causes of developments under EPLs, the effects and planning officials constitute very significant factors in
the efforts of the Planning Authority to stop the explaining the development of illegal structures under
practice. Similarly, at the Ministry of Physical Planning overhead EPLs.
and Urban Development, questions bothering on
causes, consequences and efforts of the Ministry to Perceived Effectiveness of Development Control
stop development under EPLs were asked. The on Lands under EPLs by Staff of AKTPA and
perceptions of the Planning Officials on the level of OYSURPB
awareness of the developers of extant planning laws The IDI and KII sessions held with Town Planning
and building regulations and the consequences of Officials at AKTPA and OYURPB indicated that
developments on land under EPLs were also sought. enforcement drives in EPLs areas were ineffective.
The observed high rate of perceived ineffectiveness
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of enforcement drive in the study area was attributed higher in permanent structures (54.8 percent) than in
mostly to political interference, with lack of political temporary structures (40.0 percent). Body joints
will, shortage of manpower, inadequate finance, and dislocation came third in overall rating (16.7 percent)
lack of police back-up. and was still perceived to be more severe in permanent
structures (26.2 percent) than in temporary structures
Perceived Health Effect of Electricity Power (4.6 percent). Skin cancer was rated fourth in the order
Lines of perceived severity (14.7 percent) and was also
As stated in previous paragraphs, existing literature perceived to be more severe in temporary structures
(Momoh, 201Oa201Ob;Davis et aI., 2002; Litvak and (24.6 percent) than in permanent structures (7.1
Foster, 2002; Zhu et aI., 2003 and Ayeni, 2009), percent). The health effect rated least in the study
associate residing under EPLs, with some health area was arthritis (7.3 percent) perceived to be more
challenges, prominent among which are: high blood severe in temporary structures (9.2 percent) than in
pressure, irregular heart beat, skin cancer, body joints permanent structures (6 percent). Although the
dislocation and arthritis. Investigations were conducted observed variations in the perceived severity of health
on prevalence of these health challenges in the study effects of EPLs between temporary and permanent
area, with the view of checking for possible effects of structures could be due to occupants' duration of stay
the nature of the structure (i.e. whether permanent or under overhead EPLs. Further investigations were
temporary) on perceived severity of the health effects. conducted to establish whether the observed variations
The study revealed variations in the perceived were statistically significant or not.
health effects of living under EPLs in the study area
(Table 9). The most prominent health effect on those
residents under EPLs in the area was high blood
pressure (68.0 percent). This was perceived to be
higher in permanent structures (96.5 percent) than
temporary structures (30.8 percent). The next highly
rated health effect of EPLs in the study area was
irregular heart beat (48.0 percent) perceived to be
Table 9: Responses of Occupiers Regarding Effects of Living under EPLs on their Health
Ailments Permanent Structures Temporary Structures Total
No Percent No Percent No Percent
High blood pressure 81 96.0 20 31.0 101 68.0
No high blood pressure 03 4.0 45 69.0 48 32.0
Total 84 100.0 65 100.0 149 100.0
Irregu lar heart beat 46 54.8 26 40.0 72 48.3
Skin cancer 6 7.1 16 24.6 22 15.0
Body joints dislocation 22 26.2 3 4.6 25 17.0
Arthritis 5 6.0 6 9.2 11 7.0
No response 5 6.0 14 21.5 19 13.0
Total 84 100.0 65 100.0 149 100.0
Source: Authors' Survey, 2012
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Using the contents of Table 9, Chi-square (X2) test measures should be taken to mitigate the effects of
was conducted to test the validity or otherwise of the EMFs to the barest minimum. In addition, fraud in the
researchers' hypothesis that 'there is no significant planning agencies should be precisely and decisively
difference in the health challenges faced by residents tackled. Proactive measures are required by planning
in temporary and permanent structures underneath agencies in collaboration with power transmission
overhead EPLs'. The decision rule was that we reject companies geared towards pre-occurrence and re-
Ho if the calculated value of X2 is greater than the occurrence of infringement on ROWs. This is more
table value. The results of the investigation revealed cost effective in both the short and the long run.
and computed X2 = 39.43, tabulated X2 = 9.19, df= 4, The findings from this research revealed the need
P < 0.05. for the government to take holistic approach towards
Since the calculated X2 (39.43) is greater than addressing proliferation of physical developments under
the table X2 (9.19) at P < 0.05, the difference is EPLs and their right-of-ways. Such an approach wou Id
significant. Therefore, there is a significant difference hinge on the adoption and strict enforcement of the
in the distribution of ailments between permanent and extant physical planning standards and the Nigerian
temporary structures. The observed higher incidence Urban and Regional Planning (NURP) law. Whatever
of ailments in permanent structures than in temporary the case may be, development control which aims at
structures might be due to longer period that occupiers preventing the erection orland removal of all forms of
spend in permanent structures 'than in temporary physical developments under overhead EPLs, is an
structures under overhead EPLs. indispensable strategy for remediating the anomalies.
The provisions of Sections 28 to 31 of the NURP law
Conclusion and Recommendations should be evoked and strictly enforced in order to
Conclusion protect the health and safety of people and also improve
The study has provided empirical evidence of the the aesthetics of the environment.
adverse health effects of residing in structures under Buildings located at or near the edge of the ROWs
overhead EPLs. It can thus be concluded that the may face certain impacts from electric field induction.
nature of the structures - whether permanent or These impacts can be mitigated if they are better
temporary- affects the overall health of the residents understood at the time of the land development planning
under overhead EPLs in the study area. stage. Nothing should ever be attached to a transmission
tower or pole, whether temporary or permanent.
Recommendations Storage or use of hazardous materials that are
Urban planners should pay adequate attention to and inflammable, explosive, or corrosive should not be
apply the provisions of space standards, extant planning permitted in or near ROWs.
laws, building regulations and development plans when Through proper public enlightenment, 'political
designing lands that are in close proximity to electricity heavyweights', the elites and the general public shou Id
power lines (EPLs) and their right-of-ways (ROWs). be made fully aware of the deleterious effects that
Similarly, planning agencies should protect such lands overhead transmission lines induce on the occupiers
from misuse and abuse. of use by developments that of lands under them. Such a concerted and routine
are detrimental to the health, safety and security of effort by planning agencies in collaboration with power
the public. Where lands under/near overhead EPLs transmission companies, emergency management
and their ROWs have been developed, as in Akinyele agencies and civil. society organisations will enable
LGA discussed in this paper, adequate and concerted
150
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
The Nature and Consequences of Physical Development under Overhead Electricity Power Lines (EPLs) in lbadan
government secure a 'development free zone' under
overhead EPLs . Once this is achieved, government,
through the power transmission company, must take
immediate physical possession of the land by using
barricaded wires for demarcation of all lands under
overhead EPLs. This is necessary so as to deter likely
intrusion or encroachment on these lands. Also, local
government councils should be made to include the
management and control of lands under overhead
EPLs in their areas of jurisdiction into their urban
management responsibilities by working in synergy and
collaborating with physical planning agencies, the
electricity transmission company and traditional
institutions and civil society groups. In addition, the
Federal Ministry of Power (Electrical Inspectorate
Division) should be made responsible for routine and
comprehensive monitoring of overhead transmission
Iines, basically for time-to-time determination of pylons
that need to be upgraded and reporting cases of
infringement on ROWs to the appropriate government
agency(ies) for necessary actions;
Landscaping is one of the most effective methods
to diffuse the effects of transmission facilities, while
transforming the space within and adjacent to the
ROWs into an aesthetically pleasing amenity to
homeowners. Screening can enhance the quality and
intimacy of the immediate setting by creating the
perception that towers have receded into the distance.
Consideration should, therefore, be given to the use of
green screening in layers with varying heights to match
site circumstances. This will also enhance vegetal
cover and promote climate change mitigation in the
area. Appropriate low growing vegetation can be
located within the ROW, while larger species can be
planted near the edge of the ROW. At the edge of the
ROW, the species must be planted far enough from
the transmission facilities as not to pose a threat to the
facilities (swaying into the wires, etc.). Street planting
can be 'retro-fitted' to existing environments to soften
the visual impact of towers and overhead EPLs.
151
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
\~
~ Ibadan Journal a/the Social Sciences
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