OPPORTI! N ITI ES FOR FIELD RESEARCH AND SHORT COURSE IN HUMAN-ANIMAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN WEST AFRICA First Edition G U IN EA BISSAU BELLO ZARIA NJALA UNIVERSITY, SIERRA LEONE CUTTINGTON UNIVERSITY, SUAKOKO, UBERIA UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LEGON IBADAN, NIGERIA Babasola Oluseyi Olugasa ' f i • Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses CC PZ University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for field research and short course in human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa First Edition (2014) by Babasola Oluseyi Olugasa Principal Investigate^ Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses Senior Lecturer and Consultant Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Published by thè Office of thè Principal Investigator, Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses (CCPZ), University of Ibadan, Nigeria UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities fo r field. research and short course in human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Published in Nigeria by thè Office of thè Principal Investigator Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria © 2014, Babasola Oluseyi Olugasa This is an open access book distributed under thè terms of thè Creative Commons Attribution Licerne which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided thè originai author and source are credited. Printed in Ibadan, Nigeria ISBN 978-978-52971-3-3 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Dedication This book is dedicated to all my teachers who inspired me while learning under them, to my co-Principals, co-investigators and collaborators who sharpened my thoughts and efforts on thè job, and to all my students who challenged and inspired me throughout my career. The book is also dedicated to my family for their ever present support in writing this book. Above all, to thè glory of God Almighty, who inspired a sense of duty in us to care for thè well-being of our neighbourhood in West Africa. Ili UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Acknowledgment The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation funded thè establishment of thè Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, to improve postgraduate training for surveillance of human-animal diseases in West Africa as a priority programme to address major zoonoses challenge in thè sub-region. Administrative oversight for thè project was provided by Professor Isaac F. Adewole, Vice- Chancellor, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Professor Rotimi O. Oderinde (MacArthur Grant Liaison Office - MGLO, University' of Ibadan) and his immediate predecessor in office, Professor Godwin O.S. Ekhaguere, ensured adequate formation and operational supervision of thè grant. Collaboration between veterinary and medicai faculty within thè University of Ibadan was led by Professor Victor O. Taiwo, Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Professor Bankole O. Oke (Former Dean), Professor Gabriel A.T. Ogundipe (Former Dean), Professor Temitope Alonge (Chief Medicai Director, University College Hospital, Ibadan), Professor Ajuwon (Dean, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan) and Professor Oyewale Tomori (President, Nigerian Academy of Science). Sub-regional educational collaboration network was facilitated by Dr. Henrique K. Tokpa (President, Cuttington University, Liberia), Professor Abu Sessey (Vice-Chancellor Njala University, Serria Leone), Professor George K. Aning (Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghana), Professor Albert B. Ogunkoya (Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria), Dr. Ighodalo F. Ijagbone (Director-General, Nigerian Institute of Science Laboratory Technology, Ibadan), Professor Onyebuchi C. Chukwu (Honourable Minister of Health, Federai Republic of Nigeria), Dr. Florence Chenoweth (Honourable Minister of Agriculture, Liberia), Dr. Walter Gweneewale (Honourable Minister of Health and Social Welfare, Liberia), Dr. Muhammed S. Ahmed (Executive Director, National Veterinary Research Institute, Nigeria), and Dr. K. Ibrahim (Chairman, Nigerian Veterinary Medicai Association-Oyo State Branch), Dr. Kwesi B. Darkwa (President, Ghana Veterinary' Medicai Association,2007-2010), Dr. Osei Agyemang Bonsu (President, Ghana Veterinary Medicai Association, 2010-2014). IV UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Materials for curriculum review were provided by experts within and beyond West Africa. They include Professor Gabriel O. Esuruoso (Founding Head, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria), Dr. George W. Beran (Distinguished Emeritus Professor, Iowa State University), Professor Harold L. Russel (Department of Public Health, Saint Georges University, Granada, West Indies), Dr. Bolanle Wahab (Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Ibadan, Nigeria), Dr. George Nipah (former Deputy Director, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Ghana), Dr. Richard Suu-Ire (University of Ghana and immediate past President, Commonwealth Veterinary Medicai Association), and Dr. Saidu Kanu (Head, Department of Animai Science, Njala University, Sierra Leone). Adoption of both revised and newly developed curricula was facilitated by Professor Bankole O. Oke (Former Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria), Professor Francis Egbhokhare (Department of Linguistics and African Languages, University of Ibadan and former Director, Distance Learning Centre, University of Ibadan, Nigeria), Dr. Sola Adedoja (Senior Lecturer, Teacher Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria), Dr. Theodore Brown (Vice-President, Academic Affairs, Cuttington University, Liberia), Professor Samuel A. Agbede (Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria), Professor Victor O. Adetimirin (Head, Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria), Dr. Isaac G. Adeyemi (Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria), Dr. Magbagbeola D. Dairo (Department of Epidemiology and Medicai Statistics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria), Dr. Ayotunde J. Fasunla (Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria) and Mrs. Bamke Okunribido (Consultant, Public Health Project Monitoring). The first and second cohorts of postgraduate students on thè project gained additional field experience through teamwork with thè United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), High Consequence Pathogen Group, facilitated by thè contact persons, Dr. Modupe Oshinubi and Dr. Lora Davies. First participation was in fieldwork to mountain caves in Idanre town, Nigeria for bat trapping. Second was thè selection of CCPZ UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY to host and participate in thè Nigeria Bio-security Engagement Training Programme, funded by thè United States Department of State. These two programmes offered on-site best practices in field research and short course for thè detection and diagnosis of high consequence zoonotic pathogens. The training afforded thè CCPZ team to test-run some of its equipment for zoonoses surveillance. It also provided model instructional materials for training and fieldwork guidelines. Mrs. A. Sanni-Adeniyi (Deputy Director, Zoonoses, Federai Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria) and Professor Albert B. Ogunkoya (Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria) facilitated CCPZ's hosting of thè first intemational Conference on Rabies in West Africa (RIWA), 2012. In-country facilitation of field research in Liberia was by Dr. Charles Mulbah (Dean, College of Agriculture and Sustainable Development, Cuttington University), and in Nigeria by Dr. Olayinka O. Ishola (Acting Head, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan), Dr. Johnson F. Ojo (Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria) and Dr. Olalekan Taiwo (Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Nigeria). Library of instructional resources and template of website were received from Professor James A. Roth (Distinguished Professor of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa). Administrative guidance was received from Professor Abel Idowu Olayinka (Deputy Vice- Chancellor, Academic, University of Ibadan), especially on development of Memorandum of Understanding with collaborating institutions. Also from Professor Arinola Sanya (Deputy Vice-Chancellor Administration, University of Ibadan), Professor Abel Olorunnisola (Dean, Postgraduate School, University of Ibadan, Nigeria), Professor Ayodele E. Oluleye (Former Dean, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria), Professor Boia Udegbe (Director, Office of International Programmes, University of Ibadan, Nigeria) and Dr. Solomon O. Odemuyiwa (Department of Patho-biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskigee University, Alabama). VI UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Support for day-to-day administration of thè Centre was received from all Co-Principal Investigators, Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, namely, Dr. Simeon I.B. Cadmus, Dr. Daniel O. Oluwayelu, Dr. Benjamin O. Emikpe and Dr. Adekunle B. Ayinmode. Typesetting of some materials for this hook was done by Mr. Olajide Michael. Proofreading of thè initial manuscript was done by Dr. Oluwagbemigun Kolade, Mr. Tolulope Moody, Mr. Emeka Odiaka and Dr. Eugene Odigia (each at various times Programme Officer, Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan). Proofreading of thè final manuscript was by Mr. Olusola Akinbodun. This hook was made possible by all thè persons here mentioned and many more. All errors are mine. Babasola Oluseyi Olugasa VII UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Foreword This book highlights thè mandate of thè Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses (CCPZ), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. It describes a Certification Programme based on Participation in Human-Animal Disease Surveillance (CPDS) in West Africa. The rationale for thè programme is founded on thè principal idea that a new System of locai production of manpower is needed to control high consequence zoonotic diseases in West Africa. However, building thè capacity for early detection and surveillance of zoonotic diseases is an on-going process that requires multi-level training. West Africa in thè time past had suffered from lack of inclusive surveillance programmes that would educate thè generai public of thè dreaded zoonotic diseases and hence, thè need to evolve novel training opportunities for personnel in zoonoses contro programme is a panacea. CCPZ certification in human-animal disease surveillance is novel in West Africa. The opportunities presented in this book will enable and engagé graduates to efficiently collaborate with lay citizens and utilize their capabilities in thè effective surveillance of zoonotic diseases in West Africa. Additionally, thè opportunities take thè Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan to excellence in Service. Once graduates are competent in thè surveillance of zoonotic diseases, they will be able to develop locai networks for planning and implementation of disease surveillance, which is necessary to support their control and prevention. The new programmes available for zoonoses surveillance are unique packages to improve public health education, Science and Services in West Africa. Ayotunde J. FasunlaMBC/iB, MSc (Surgery), MD (Gennany), FWACS, FNCORL Sub-Dean (Postgraduate), Faculty of Clinical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria V i l i UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Preface The author gives an account of thè important achievements of thè Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses (CCPZ), University of Ibadan, Nigeria in its first three years of formation. The aim is that, it will serve as a veritable source of knowledge about thè centre, its mode of operation, network and opportunities that are made available, as well as some of its developmental challenges. The CCPZ is a project founded in thè University of Ibadan by thè John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation to improve postgraduate programmes for surveillance of human- animal diseases in West Africa. It was established to address public health education challenges, review and develop curricula that would create opportunities for training skilled manpower, developing community engagement activities that lay members of thè community may associate with as team players in zoonoses detection, surveillance and control for common good. As such, education in this field is multi-level and multi- disciplinary, geared towards making professionals and lay members of thè community to find a connection in thè available information, knowledge and good will, and for playing a timely role in solving thè human-animal disease surveillance challenge in West Africa. This is thè focus of this book, which has been deliberately made simple as possible for all who would find it, pick it and read it to understand thè message and act on it. The author has presented his experience as an insider of thè University of Ibadan community, and has provided explanations on thè formation objectives, actualization, operationalization and sustainability of thè CCPZ. As a result of this, thè document does not necessarily represent thè officiai position of thè CCPZ in all cases. Where thè facts provided represent thè didactic position of thè centre, it was stated with reference made to one or more specific officiai documents. Where information provided represents a personal opinion of thè author, it was so indicated. It is my pleasure to invite all to read this book which offers great insight into addressing a major challenge in West Africa. Olayinka O. Ishola D VM, MPVM, PhD, FCVSN Acting Head, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria IX UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY LIST OF CONTENTS Title page i Publishers' page ii Dedication Hi Acknowledgment iv Foreword viii Preface ix List o f contents x Listoftables xii List offigures xiii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 The formation of Centre for Control and Prevention of 1 Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 1.2 Policy statement on thè place of field research 3 in human-animal disease surveillance 1.3 Concepts and definitions of short course in 6 disease surveillance 1.4 Objectives of human-animan disease 6 surveillance training programme 1.5 Justifications for short course in human-animal 7 disease surveillance 1.6 Conclusion 9 Chapter 2: DEVELOPM ENT OF CURRICULUM FOR HUMAN-ANIMAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE 11 2.1 Background information 11 2.2 Types of curriculum ì3 2.3 University wisdom in thè Service of stakeholders 1-t 2.4 Non-degree and degree programmes 20 2.5 Operationalizing thè new programmes 21 2.6 Conclusion 22 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Chapter 3: A SHORT COURSE IN HUMAN-ANIMAL 23 DISEASE SURVEILLANCE 3.1 Background information 23 3.2 Objectives of thè short course 24 3.3 Requirements for admission 24 3.4 Method of application 26 3.5 Course modules and duration 26 3.6 Mode of instructional delivery 28 3.7 Conclusion 29 Chapter 4: OPPORTUNITIES FOR FIELD RESEARCH IN 31 HUMAN-ANIMAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE 4.1 Background information 31 4.2 Objectives of zoonoses field research 32 4.3 Requirements for admission 33 4.4 Method of application 4.5 Modules in Systematic Epizootiology 33 4.6 Mentoring mode and duration 37 4.7 Conclusion 41 BIBLIOGRAPHY 43 INDEX 50 APPENDIX: Three-Year Formative Report, Centre for Control and 52 Prevention of Zoonoses (CCPZ), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2012-2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBAD N LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Vice-Chancellor, University of Ibadan, Nigeria and invited experts 8 for epizootiology curriculum review workshop, December, 2012 2.1 West African Administrative Board of thè CCPZ 15 2.2 Dean, Postgraduate School, University of Ibadan, thè Dean and Sub-Deans of collaborating Faculties with thè CCPZ team 15 2.3 Cross-sections of thè CCPZ curriculum review workshop 16 2.4 Invited experts and stakeholders at curriculum review workshop with thè Doyen of One-Health, Nigeria 16 2.5 Stakeholders at thè adoption of Curriculum for Human- Animal Disease Surveillance Programme in West Africa 17 2.6 Cardinal academic and professional bodies present at adoption of short course and field research curricula of thè Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, Ibadan, March, 2014 18 3.1 Various stages of renovation, installation and commissioning of CCPZ Leaming Centre, Njala University, Sierra Leone 25 3.2 University of Ibadan CCPZ laboratories with personnel for geo-spatial data analysis and detection of pathogens at thè molecular and immuno-histo-chemical levels 28 3.3 CCPZ partner research laboratories, Ibadan, Nigeria with personnel for genome sequencing and bio-informatics of isolated pathogens in West Africa 29 4.1 President, Cuttington University, Liberia in his office with staff and students of thè University of Ibadan, Nigeria who visited Liberia on field research 34 4.2 Catchment areas for field research in human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa 35 4.3 Success stories of field research in Lassa fever mapping and forecasting, Liberia, 2013 39 4.4 Success stories of field research into rabies-like-illness and spatial pattern of Lassa fever cases among humans, Liberia, 2013 40 \ii UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in VVesf Africa LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Course modules and their durations 26 3.2 Training Modules in Human-Animal Disease Surveillance Certificate Programme 27 4.1 Modules in Systematic Epizootiology for Field Research in Human-Animai Disease Surveillance 34 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities far human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The form ation of Centre management of preventable animal-to- for Control and Prevention of human diseases (zoonoses) in West Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Africa.' The centre offers training and Nigeria research at certificate and postgraduate levels, which was founded on multi-level, multi-disciplinary expertise to build sub- Higher education in West Africa is regional capacity for human resource needed to address thè criticai manpower development in zoonoses containment.^ that confronts thè considerable public The centre's research laboratories focus health challenges in thè sub-region.110 The on emerging, endemie and neglected University of Ibadan, Nigeria successfully diseases, and provide decision support responded to thè need by establishing a systems for sub-regional control and Centre for Control and Prevention of prevention of zoonoses. Zoonoses (CCPZ) in January 2012, to improve postgraduate programmes for surveillance of human-animal diseases in Zoonoses are infections and infestations West Africa. This initiative received that are transmitted from animals to support from thè John D. and Catherine T. humans and vice-versa, under naturai MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, Illinois conditions contributes an estimated 2.4 with a grant for a period of three years billion cases of human illness and 2.2 (2012-2014).11'12 million deaths each year in low and middle income nations of thè world, The Centre is devoted to thè goal of including West Africa. Human-animal improving postgraduate training for diseases, such as anthrax, brucellosis, surveillance of human-animal diseases by cysticercosis, Dengue fever, Ebola virus p rom o tin g co lla b o ra tio n betw een disease, Lassa fever, influenza, rabies, Veterinary and Medicai Schools and tuberculosis and yellow fever are also © Olugasa 2014 01 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa among thè quite preventable health animal-environment interfaces. problems. CCPZ supports postgraduate curricula in hum an-anim al disease CCPZ mission surveillance with training modules that Improve thè health of people, animals include risk mapping and visualization and thè common environment through with geographic information systems robust co llab o rativ e postgradu ate (GIS), data management for analytical training program m es, em pow ering planning, exposure Science, surveillance career professionals to respond more ,statistieal and modelling approaches, e ffectiv ely and effic ien tly to thè molecular epizootiology and to harness containment and control of emerging, indigenous knowledge for zoonotic endemie, and neglected zoonoses in West disease research and control activities. Africa at individuai, community and population levels. The programmes of thè centre are targeted to provide professionals such as The programme is also designed to build veterinarians, physicians, epidemiolo- a criticai m ass of highly trained gists, public health officers, pharmacists, in d iv id u a ls w ith th è p r a c t ic a l ag ricu ltu ra l sc ie n tis ts , ed u cato rs, knowledge, skill and network required economists, pathologists, parasitologists, for sub-regional control and prevention microbiologists, sociologists, extension of zoonoses. Thus, improving field workers and artists to learn together in a re s e a rch c a p a c ity , tra in in g and collaborative way to promote human, mentoring in West Africa. animai and environment health in thè sub-region of West Africa. CCPZ receives applications from candi- dates seeking admission into post­ CCPZ Vision graduate programmes at thè University A world class centre of academic of Ibadan. Training modules include non- excellence in thè surveillance, control and degree certificate short course and prevention of diseases in thè human- elective curriculum for systematic field 02 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Oppcrrtunitics for hxtman-animaì discnsc survdttancc in West Africa restarci!. Each of thè mouules comple- for example, suspected cases of avian, ment other training programmes offered human or swine influenza, rabies or by other academic departments and units Lassa fever in communities in West of thè University of Ibadan, Nigeria and Africa, involving animai and human dense populations constìtute thè usuai thè o th e r c o lla b o ra tin g te r t ia ry activ ities. Laboratory confirm ation institutions in West Africa. Thus, a unique tcchniqucs, including Enzymc-Linked opportunity for learning and acquiring Im m u n o -so rb en t A ssay (E L IS A ), competence in human animai disease Im m unoblotting Assay, Polym erase surveillance is provided at thè University Chain Reaction and whole virus isolation of Ibadan along with major West African and characterization were used in thè collaborators to fili thè existing gaps. confirmation of each of these cases. As a matter of policy, it is criticai to 1.2 Policy statement on thè place of identify thè pathogen or syndrome, thè field research in human-anima! human and animai population at risk of disease surveillance exposure, their locai environment and time of disease occurrence in a s•vf stematic Surveillance of zoonotic diseases at ine collection of data during surveillance. human-animal-environment interface in Following case detection in each of these West Africa, is an ongoing systematic examples of human and animai diseases, collection and analysis of data which thè filling of gaps in surveillance data, leads to clearer understanding of thè correcting thè under-reporting and poor mode of exposure and thè optimal quality reports was a major challenge. strategies that required to effectively and Equally, statistical and m odelling efficiently control, prevent and eliminate a p p ro a c h e s , th è a p p lic a t io n of thè diseases within human and animai geographic information systems and populations. This requires field research. remote sensing applications in exposure In thè process, conducting field Science, veterinary public health and investigations to detect and diagnose, © Olugasa 2014 03 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa zoonosis research and control activities, spatial and statistical methods to analyze hamessing these knowledge and toolkits and develop spatial and time-trend in culturally sensitive manner are policies models that would enable epidemio- ofthe CCPZ team. logists to predict case-pattem of specific diseases at thè human-animal-environ- C C P Z c o n tr ib u te s to z o o n o s e s ment interfaces over a five-year period at surveillance education, practice and a time, such that public health planning developm ent, using evidence-based could be effectively done in each case to planning for control and preparedness in "arrive at thè site of an epidemie before response, based on scientific model. As a thè pathogen gets there". result, field research uses human and animai hospital records, community level To make thè information explicitly clear public participatory approaches to data to thè lay persons in a community, each capture, Global Positioning System forecast and prediction is translated into (GPS), application of remote sensing data thematic map, offering user-friendly cap tured on sa te llite im ages, all visualization of case distribution pattems integrated into Geographic Information within base maps of target communities. Systems (GIS) software as tool for data Developing these knowledge into toolkit e v a lu a t io n and m a n a g e m e n t to for strategie planning and preparedness reasonably fili data gaps in this area of based on forecasts is a landm ark surveillance, which is essential for public achievement in CCPZ's contribution to health and preventive medicine planning zoonotic disease surveillance education activities and delivery. and thè practice and development of their control and prevention. The opportunity The opportunity to model annual of annual zoonoses forecasts available, zoonosis case-pattem and apply it to data-profile and thematic maps would be m ake forecast as w ell as spatial used for predictions at designated distribution predictions opens an endless Geospatial Information Infrastructure o p p o r tu n ity fo r f ie ld re s e a rc h . (GII), notably at thè Centre for Control Subsequently, field research utilizes geo- 04 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa and Prevention of Zoonoses (CCPZ), 5. National Veterinary Research University of Ibadan. The results shared Institute, Vom, Plateau State with relevant agencies for targeted 6. Nigerian Institute of Science response in form of informative, user- Laboratory Technology, Ibadan friendly maps will be uploaded and 7. Nigerian Medicai Association hosted on thè internet at thè zoonoses 8. Nigerian Veterinary Medicai map pavilion, with accessibility to Association lecturers, students and lay members of thè community in West Africa. Ghana 1. Ghana Veterinary Medicai Association Lecturers and supervisore are drawn 2. Kwame Nkruma University of Science from all participating institutions. The and Technology, Kumasi programme rely on joint teaching, 3. Ministry of Food and Agriculture, research and supervision of students. The Accra CCPZ promotes collaboration between 4. Ministry of Health, Accra Veterinary and Medicai Schools and 5. University of Ghana, Legon, Accra Services in thè sub-region to train personnel for competence in human- Liberia animal disease surveillance and control. 1. Cuttington University, Suakoko, Bong County C ollaboratin g institutions zvithin 2. Ministry of Agriculture, Monrovia, and beyond W est A frica Montserrado County 3. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Nigeria Monrovia, Montserrado County 1. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 4. Central Agricultural Research 2. Federai Ministry of Agriculture, Institute, Suakoko, Bong County Abuja, Federai Capital Territory (FCT) 3. Federai Ministry of Health, Abuja, Sierra Leone FCT 1. Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone 4. National Zoonoses Centre, University 2. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and of Ibadan Food Security, Freetown © Olugasa 2014 05 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-mimaì disease surveiilance in West Africa 3. Ministry of Health and Sanitation, students attend courses or take final Freetown examinations, not taking minor breaks into account (UNESCO, 2012). While this United States o f America mav be shorter than 12 months, it is Center for Food Security and Public usuallv not less than 9 months within Health, lowa State University, Ames, WestAfrica. lowa However, a short course may be one day Opportunities for thè certificate of to 3 months in duration. The concept of participation and non-degree post­ graduate research with multi-level, short course focuses on block teaching, multi-disciplinarv expertise in zoonosis which refers to a 'block' of time, such as a surveillance and control are provided number of weeks that is devoted to a through this collaboration network. particular topic or prescribed set of Research laboratories within CCPZ learning objcctives and outeomes. It can network focus on emerging, endemie and also indicate a way of organizing thè neglected diseases, and provide decision training day using long class periods support systems for sub-regional control (more than 60 minutes, often 90-minutes and prevention of zoonoses. and sometimes much longer) to include more activities and materials to engagé 1.3 Concepts and definitions of short trainees in field surveillance and course in disease surveillance laboratory detection of zoonotic diseases. The concept of short course emanated from both social and economie costs 1.4 O bjectives of hum an-anim al consideration in undertaking a regular disease surveillance training academic year of study, especially among program m e career individuals. An academic year is considered to be thè annual teaching or 1.4.1 Zoonosis surveillance training (ZST) exam ination period during which enables participants to refresh their skilis or develop new skilis, and to keep in touch with latest research and 16 ©Olup.isn 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa knowledge in efforts to improve locai 1.5 Justification for short course in or regional disease surveillance; hum an-anim al disease surveillance 1-4.2. ZST offers culturally adaptive curriculum contents specific to key Failure to pay adequate attention to thè locations in West Africa for human- control of many of thè endemie human animal disease surveillance; animai diseases in thè developing countries has led to their classification as ! 4.3. It offers vocational knowledge and neglected diseases by thè World Health skills in thematic map design, it is Organization (WHO). Outbreaks of used in d ise a se ca se p a ttern in fection s and d iseases naturally visualization and description along transm itted betw een hum ans and space (spadai) and time (temporal) animals in West Africa have often had variables within a locai or national negative health impaets, that bordered on environment; social and economie disaster. The need to produce adequate number of skilled 1 4.4 ZST offers knowledge, skills and manpower in thè surveillance, control right attitude towards laboratory and prevention of zoonotic diseases is a detection and diagnosis of specific major justification for short-courses and diseases within thè sub-region. field research programme in West Africa. 1.4.5 It offers statistical and modeling W ith thè Constant and inevitable tech n iq u es for a n a ly z in g and interaction of man and animals, zoonotic predicting case-pattern of disease diseases remain a genuine threat to over foreseeable future; human health and survival of their livestock, com panion anim als and 1.4.6 It builds teamwork for monitoring locai and regional case response. Olugasa 2014 07 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa wildlife. Indeed, zoonotic diseases have been described as thè mairi threat to human survival in thè twenty-first century and beyond (Smith et al., 2011). For instance, it has been dem onstrated that Marburg and Ebola viruses which are zoonotic diseases can cause heavy casualties when there is an outbreak, often have their origins in animals (mostly wild animals). M any p r e v a ilin g z o o n o tic d is e a s e s su ch as a n th ra x , brucellosis, cryptosporidiosis, Figure 1: Vice-Chancellor, University of Ibadan, hydatidosis, influenza, rabies and Nigeria and invited experts for epizootiology tuberculosis, have been found either curriculum review workshop, December, 2012 during normal biomedicai practices or as The Vice-Chancellor, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, a result of sporadic surveys in various Professor Isaac F. Adewole (R-L: third on front row) p arts of W est A frica . S c ie n tif ic received delegates to thè First International Conference on Rabies in West Africa (RIWA) and Related information on such diseases remains Curriculum Review Workshop of thè CCPZ, 4-7 epidemiologically fragmentary; hence, December, 2012. Experts here posed are (R-L): Mr. Roland Suluku (Njala University, Sierra Leone), planning for their proper control or Professor Albert B. Ogunkoya (Ahmadu Bello containment is limited. A number of University, Zaria, Nigeria), Mrs. A. Sanni-Adeniyi (thè em erging zoonoses such as avian Federai Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria), Dr. George Nipah (thè Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Accra, influenza are being introduced into new Ghana), Dr. Richard Suu-lre (University of Ghana. areas, often across geographic borders, Legon). (Second row, R-L): Professor Harold L. Russel where they were previously absent and (University of thè West Indies, Granada), Dr. K. Oyewola (Vice-President, Nigerian Veterinary Medicai are termed emerging diseases. Association), Dr. Babasola O. Olugasa (CCPZ), Mr. O.M. Oladejo (Director, University of Ibadan Public In most cases, animals play an essential Communication), Mr. David O. Ayegba (Ahmadu Bello University, Zana). (Third row R-L), Dr. Simeon I.B. role in maintaining thè infection in nature Cadmus (CCPZ, University of Ibadan, N igeia) and Dr. Kolade Oluwagbemigun (CCPZ Programme Officer). 08 C CXugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveiltance in W• est A• firica and contribuite in varying degrees to thè l.óC onclu sion distribution and actual transmission of in fe c tio n in hum an and an im ai To this end, CCPZ is an intemational hub populations. These diseases have a for tra in in g and research in thè variety of transmission mechanisms that surveillance of human-animal diseases in may be direct, such as in rabies and West Africa. CCPZ trains people to anthrax, or indirect, via vectors, food, identify thè causai agents, associated risk water and thè environment, as in thè case factors and their containment promotion of bovine tuberculosis and cysticercosis. in such a way that leads to certification Some of thè diseases, such as brucellosis, and field research on a non-degree basis, et cetera, also have multiple routes of yet helping candidates to fulfil degree infection. requirements at thè postgraduate level. Thereby, provides enabling environment Short courses is suitable for individuals for them to excel in degree programmes. who are working in public health departments and are interested in some CCPZ's mission is to build capacity for of thè topics covered, and wish to leam containment of endemie, emerging and more, refresh or modemize their skills in neglected zoonoses in West Africa selected areas often find this programme th ro u g h in c lu s iv e le a rn in g th at meeting their professional needs. In strengthens inter-University collabora- addition, a short course attended prior to tion, increase postgraduate enrolment in enrolment in a regular postgraduate epizootiology oriented programmes and course could be a great advantage. The provide incentives for m entoring, CCPZ short course is particularly helpful research and Service delivery in zoonoses and recommended for Epidemiologists, surveillance across board of West Africa. E p iz o o t io lo g is t s , G e o g r a p h e r s , Physicians, Veterinarians, researchers, Over thè three-year period of September scientists, Animai Health Extension 2011 to September 2014, thè John D. and Officers and Health Sociologists, teachers Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in Agriculture, Public Health, Medicai supported thè University of Ibadan to and Veterinary Medicai Colleges. © Olugasa 2014 09 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunitifs far famm-mrimaì eumriiinvre iti We?t Africa improve its postgraduate training in thè Tlie established non-degree short course surveillance of human-animal diseases in and field research programmes are West Africa. The project was implemen- already providing added value-chain ted under three headings namely: through increased operational visibilitiy, curricula development; training, research student and faculty interest for partic- and conferencing; and com m unity ipation in disease surveillance and engagement. During this period, thè control at thè human-animal-environ- M aster of Scien ce E p izoot-io logy ment interfaces. Case referrai and curriculum in thè D epartm ent of utilization of expertise in facilitation of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive countrywide programmes for strength- Medicine was revised by selected sub- ening zoonosis education and Service, regional experts and stakeholders in One- has accorded thè project national and H ca lth e d u c a tio n , p ra c tic e and sub-rcgional recognition. development. io e CHugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities far human-anima! disease surveillance in West Africa Chapter 2 DEVELOPMENT OF CURRICULUM FOR HUMAN-ANIMAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE 2.1 Background inform ation training program m es for zoonoses surveillance, control and prevention, In Teramo, Italy, 1999, a tripartite especially in thè developing countries.4 In commission convened by World Health 2001, thè WHO/FAO/OIE experts noted Organization (WHO),3' 4 ” " adopted a that thè concept of a National Zoonoses consensus definition for Veterinary Centre at thè Department of Veterinary Public Health as thè contributions to thè Public Health and Preventive Medicine, physical, mental and social well-being of University of Ibadan in offering training humans through an understanding and to improve programmes for surveillance applications of veterinary Science. It was of human-animal diseases at multi-levels. believed that this new definition was is a welcome development.4 more consistent with thè originai WHO definition of health and also with thè Based on this background, and right from its formation, thè goal of thè CCPZ was to values, goals and targets of thè WHO facilitate a systematic review of multi- vision "Health for all in thè 21 st century". level training to complement thè Master of Science in Epizootiology curriculum The group considered thè contributions for a team approach to problem solving, that Veterinary Public Health could make research, control program m es and to human health on global basis, with an communication, essential to ensure that emphasis on developing countries. The veterinary contributions to thè improv- United Nations has expressed a policy on ement of human health would be both significant and sustainable. The centre ©Olugasa 2014 11 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveilìance in West Africa was to facilitate such review and Medicine, University of Ibadan to ensure cu rr ic u lu m d e v e lo p m e n t in thè a consensus review and recommendation Department of Veterinary Public Health on a curriculum that would improve and Preventive Medicine, University of post-graduate training for surveilìance of Ibadan; by faculty and staff of thè human-animal diseases in West Africa. department, along with selected sub- Their recommendation was adopted in regional experts and stakeholders in One- principle by thè department, November, H e a lth e d u c a tio n , p ra c tic e and 2013. development, through regional' meetings and w orkshops. The revised and A curriculum was developed for a developed curricula would be suitable Certificate of Participation in Human- for training of physicians, veterinarians, Animal Disease Surveilìance. This paved epidemiologists, public health workers, a way for thè first cohort of ten trainees agriculturists, statisticians, educators, under thè Short Course Certificate economists, pathologists, parasitologists, training in September, 2014. Subject to geographers, sociologists, extension their recommendations, published July workers and artists in novel task-sharing 2013 in Epizootiology and Animai Health strategies in human-animal disease in West Africa (EAHWA), a sub-regional surveilìance in West Africa. decision-support joumal, thè experts' review and originai research papers have In 2012, a workshop of invited experts on informed CCPZ stakeholders' 2014 policy curriculum review and development was on curriculum for West Africa that would convened by a Sub-Committee of thè allow lay community members and Centre for Control and Prevention of Community Health Officers at thè Z oonoses (CCPZ), w ith term s of prim ary care level to be offered reference to work with thè Department of admission and enrolled to participate in Veterinary Public Health and Preventive non-degree Certificate training program- 12 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities far human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa me on human-animal disease surveil- lays thè foundation for comprehensive lance. Their participation in task-sharing educational reforms aimed at achieving along pre-exposure monitoring and post- quality learning outcom es. Hence, exposure treatm ent com pliance in curriculum review processes require confirmed case could reduce mortality fre q u e n t in v o lv e m e n t o f p u b lic due to neglected zoonoses significantly. A discussion and consultation with all typical example was rabies elimination in stakeholders. thè Philippines (Beran, 2013). The papers may be summarized into thè The recommendations by CCPZ expert three major types of curriculum in order advisors, adopted by thè Stakeholders in to focus thè review process, provide March 2014, corroborated a tripartite e v id e n c e fo r p o lic y m a k e rs and report by thè World Health Organization administrators to see thè choices, adopt (WHO), World Organization for Animai thè wisdom upon which they were made H ealth (O IE) and thè Food and as a benchm ark in developm ental Agriculture Organization (FAO) that initiatives for meeting teaching and people in developing countries can learning needs. significantly im prove their health ou tco m es by novel ta sk -sh a rin g 2.2.1 Competency-based curriculum strategies in thè control of zoonoses A curriculum that emphasizes what thè (WHO/FAO/OIE, 2001). learners are expected to do rather than mainly focusing on what they are 2.2 Types of curriculum expected to learn. In principle, such a After painstaking perusal of thè adopted curriculum is learner-centred and curricula review, experts and teachers of adaptive to thè changing needs of human-animal disease surveillance had students, teachers and society. It implies unanimously agreed that thè curriculum that learning activities and environments © Olugasa 2014 13 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-atiimal disease surveillance in West Africa necessary for living and working are chosen for leamers to acquire and independence of leamers with cognitive apply thè knowledge, skills and attitudes impairment. s. 34,54.55.57 to situations they encounter in everyday life, as pointed out by Esuruoso (2013), 2.2.5 Culturally responsive curriculum Olugasa and Fasunla (2013)," Beran A curriculum that respects learners' (2013),25 and Benavot (2002).w cultures and prior experiences. It acknowledges and values thè legitimacy 2.2.2 Core curriculum of different cultures,"'4"*'1 not just thè This is thè whole and or entire body of dom inant culture of a society. It knowledge, skills and attitudes of a incorporates cultural aspects into thè particular subject expected to be leamed curriculum, rather than adding it on as an by all students. Generally, it is a set of extra or separate module or course. subjects and leaming areas that are common to all students in disease 2.3 U niversity wisdom in thè surveillance, such as epidem iology Service of stakeholders (epizootiology) and bio-metrics.1 "141 4454 Esuruoso (2013)/' provided a logie path 2.2.3 Elective curriculum for programme formulation and curricu­ Courses or subjects are elective when lum adaptation (pie chart of human leam ers are perm itted to choose wisdom) to optimize manpower training, according to their interests and needs. in human-animal disease surveillance."M v Typically offered in tertiary education 5 4 Fl e op in ed that knowl ed ge , level to complement thè core curriculum experience and thè judicious use of both which all leamers must follow.1 I'"4 ’4 "' - with divine grace are ultimately needed to structure a curriculum and operate it in 2.2.4 Functional curriculum a cycle of development, implementation, Aspecially designed curriculum aimed at evaluation and revision to ensure that a teaching important skills deemed to be curriculum is up-to-date and relevant. 14 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Figure 2.1: West African Administrative Board of thè CCPZ (from 2nd L- R ): Dr. SIB Cadmus (Co-Principal Investigator), Professor G.A.T. Ogundipe (Head, Department of Veterinarv Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan), Dr. K.B. Darkwa (President, Ghana Veterinary Medicai Association), Dr. B.O. Olugasa (Principal Investigator), Professor G.O.S. Ekhaguere (MacArthur Grant Liaison Officer, University of Ibadan), Mrs. O. A. Sanni-Adenivi (Deputv Director, Federai Ministrv of Health, Abuja, Nigeria), Professor V.O. Taiwo (Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan) Professor A.B. Ogunkoya (Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria), Professor George K. Aning (Dean, Veterinary School, University of Ghana, Legon), Dr. George Nipah (Deputy Director, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Accra, Ghana), Dr, Adekunle B. Ayinmode (Co-PI) and Dr. Saidu Kanu (Head, Department of Animai Science, Njala University, Sierra Leone). Figure 2.2: Dean, Postgraduate School, University of Ibadan, thè Dean and Sub-Deans, collaborating faculties and thè CCPZ team after a round-table discussion with Professor G.O.S. Ekhaguere, MacArthur Grant Liaison Officer, March 2012. © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBA AN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Figure 2.3: Cross-sections of thè CCPZ curriculum review workshop. (A) Opened by thè Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academics), University of Ibadan, Professor Abel Idowu Olayinka, with thè Dean of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Professor V.O. Taiwo and thè Chief Medicai Director, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Professor Temitope Alonge. (B) Experts from Ghana and Nigeria (C and D) gave thè history. professional, academic and developmental insights to curriculum for human-animal disease surveillance. Figure 2.4: Invited experts and stakeholders at curriculum review workshop with thè Doyen of One-Health, Nigeria, Professor Gabriel Oluwole Esuruoso (Founding Head, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan), after thè opening session, International Conference Centre, University of Ibadan. December 2012. 6 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities fór human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa (A) Figure 2.5: Stakeholders at thè adoption of Curriculum for Human-Animal Disease Surveillance Programme in West Africa. The meeting was chaired by Professor Bankole Oke (Former Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan), Co-Chaired by Professor Rotimi Oderinde (MacArthur Grant Liaison Officer, University of Ibadan), and discussions moderated by Professor Francis Egbokhare, (Former Director, Distance Learning Centre, University of Ibadan, Nigeria). (B) Discussants from Agriculture, Education, Science, Human and Veterinary Medicine backgrounds and thè Office of International Programmes, University of Ibadan were present at thè stakeholders' meeting. Professor Victor O. Adetimirin, Dr. Sola Adedoja, Dr. Ayotunde Fasunla, Dr. Johnson F. Ojo, Dr. Isaac G. Adeyemi, Mrs. 'Bamke Okunribido, Mrs. Bolaji Bankole and members of thè CCPZ Team. © Olii gasa 2014 17 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa (A) Consultane Public Health Project Monitoring and Evaluation responded to thè curricula for adoption (B) The Chairman, Nigerian Veterinary Medicai Association, Oyo State, endorsed thè curricula for adoption (C) Professor of Epizootiology, wildlife and fish diseases, University of Ibadan, supported thè curricula for adoption. Figure 2.6: Cardinal academic and professional bodies present at adoption of short course and field research curricula of thè Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, Ibadan, March, 2014 8 © Olii gasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Based on a clear understanding of thè COMMUNIQUE OF THE GOVERNING BOARD shared roles and responsibilities in thè The Interim Goveming Board of thè Centre for funded project to improve postgrad­ Control and Prevention of Zoonoses (CCPZ) in West uate programmes for human-animal Africa met at thè University of Ibadan on Thursday, disease surveillance, and its teaching3" thè 9th of August, 2012 to deliberate on progress made since thè inception of CCPZ project which is a consensus on modification was supported by thè John D and Catherine T Mac Arthur reached. Six courses in Systematic Foundation. The overall objective of thè project is to Epizootiology were recommended by improve graduate programmes in thè surveillance of human-animal diseases in West Africa. The Board thè CCPZ p ro ject team to thè observed that thè activities as reported by thè Departm ent of Veterinary Public implementation committee, at thè meeting of 8 August 2012 were in line with project objectives and Health and Preventive Medicine for commendable. It observed that in view of thè need to adoption and presentation for approvai involve not only thè anglophone West African by thè Board of thè Postgraduate School countries, fellowship awards must be made to include postgraduate students from francophone and Senate of thè University of Ibadan. WestAfrica. In thè light of thè foregoing, it would be Involvement of govemment agencies at national and regional levels shall be pursued through thè advantageously right to set thè records activities of aNetworking Committee. Research and straight on thè constitution, review and training improvement shall be driven by a committee for effective development of a robust curriculum for recommendation of thè sub-committee global health education and research in West Africa. constituted for thè review of thè In so doing, thè project shall achieve thè set curricula and thè adoption of thè same objectives advanced by thè University of Ibadan and its collaborating Universities and national agencies, by thè stakeholders and West African private organizations in West Africa and Board to operate first as non-degree significantly increase global safety against zoonoses. short course and elective field research modules in Systematic Epizootiology The Vice-Chancellor, University of Ibadan shall for surveillance of human-animal communicate thè composition of thè Project Goveming Board and objectives of thè CCPZ to thè diseases in West Africa. We there fore respective colleague Vice-Chancellors as well as substantiate thè status here adopted national and regional bodies. with information from thè Board for thè benefit of thè doubt. [Available in thè first annualreportof CCPZ, 2012]. © Olugasa 2014 19 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa CCPZ's grant administration, vested in as relates to disease surveillance at thè thè M acA rthur Foundation G rant human-animal-environment interfaces. Implementation Committee (MFGIC), is The MFGIC serves as a feedback as wcll chaired by thè Vice-Chancellor. Other as forward looking mechanism for thè members are Deputy Vice-Chancellor achievement of CCPZ goals, and reports (A d m in is tr a t io n ) , D ep u ty V ice - to thè University Council. C hancellor (A cadem ic), R eg istrar, 2.4 Non-degree and degree Bursar, University Librarian, Provost of program m es thè College of Medicine, thè MacArthur Grant Liaison Officer, Chairpersons/ A non-degree programme was adopted Principal Investigators of all thè activity- as a strategy in actualizing thè new specific sub-committees of thè MFGIC, programmes. The nature of public health Director of thè University Management challenges associated with zoonoses in Information System (MIS), and thè West Africa requires novel manpower Programme Officer, MacArthur Grant training and development methods that Liaison Office. are more flexible than offered in conventional degree programmes. A The Development Committee, Senate non-degree programme offers flexible and Council of thè University of Ibadan and practical modules for individuals by tradition, recognize thè importance of who are unable to be off their jobs for a innovation that brings about new considerable length of time. The short approaches and Solutions into academic course modules, which may be delivered and professional programmes. Review as distance learning or as on-campus non- and revision which aim to identify gaps degree-programmes meet thè noveltv and weaknesses with a view to increasing required. Being competence focussed, efficiency through reform on existing and as obtain in vocational training, non- curriculum is bottom-line to this. CCPZ's degree ensures thè right environment for new programmes have been developed addressing locai manpower challenges. putting all these provisions into account 20 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Other programmes already exist to cater Major programmes already exist to cater for thè needed academic degrees in for academic and professional degrees in disease surveillance at thè University of disease surveillance at thè University of Ibadan. They include, thè Master of Ibadan. The MFGIC in its wisdom there- Science in Epizootiology (M.Sc. Epizoot.), fore, endorsed thè process of putting into Master of Veterinary Public Health practice, thè non-degree certificate and (M V P H ), M a ste r o f P r e v e n tiv e field research programmes in collabor­ Veterinary Medicine (MPVM), and thè ation with leading West African tertiary Master of Public Health (MPH), Mphil, MPhil-PhD and PhD. Thus, a multi-level, institutions. m ulti-d iscip linary and non-degree options were feasible and adopted. In-service train-the-trainer short course, as well as thè development of new textbooksand fieldwork guidelines were 2.5 O perationalizing thè included in thè project implementation new program m es process. This was adopted for training of physicians, veterinarians, epidem i- The MFGIC endorsed thè process of o lo g is ts , p u b lic h ea lth w o rk ers, putting thè adopted curricula into agriculturists, statisticians, educators, practice in collaboration with leading economists, pathologists, parasitologists, West African tertiary institutions. The microbiologists, geographers, sociologists initiative developed by CCPZ for sub- extension workers and artists in human- regional use is intended to harmonize animal disease surveillance in West curricular contents, offer common Africa. The initiative by CCPZ is intended standards, and assessment in a way to .o harmonize curricular contents, offer foster integration and facilitate thè common benchmarks along multi-level mobility of students and teachers across training programmes in human-animal thè countries. Thus, thè two new disease surveillance competence, a way programmes adopted by stakeholders in to foster integration and facilitate thè CCPZ may in crease su b-reg ion al mobility of students and teachers across network for zoonoses surveillance. thè countries. The two new programmes © Olugasa 2014 21 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa adopted by CCPZ stakeholders may Ibadan MFGIC. increase sub-regional education network The new certificate short course, and thè for excellence in zoonoses surveillance, revised curriculum for field research in with hub at thè University of Ibadan. Systematic Epizootiology have been adopted and become operational in thè 2.6C onclusion 2013/2014 academ ic session in thè University of Ibadan. The first and The Centre for Control and Prevention of second cohorts of students have been Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Nigeria enroled and mentored in field research in has facilitated thè review process for Systematic Epizootiology as non-degree improving postgraduate programmes for programmes. The two curricula will surveillance of human-animal diseases in serve an inclusive training opportunity West Africa. The centre facilitated thè for physicians, veterinarians, epidemi- selection of sub-regional experts and ologists, public health workers, agricult- stakeholders to attend a series of interactive urists, statisticians, educators, sociolo- meetings and workshops for curriculum g is ts , e c o n o m is ts , p a th o lo g is ts , review and development. The process parasitologists and more interested was approved by thè University of individuals in West Africa. 22 ® Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities far human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Chapter 3 A SHORT COURSE IN HUMAN-ANIMAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE 3.1 Background inform ation that they can acquire and apply thè knowledge, skills and attitudes to The short course in thè Centre for Control situations seen in everyday life. The pro­ and Prevention of Zoonoses on Human- gramme is grouped into three modules; Animal Disease Surveillance is a four- Module I provides an introduction to week long programme, designed to train human-animal disease surveillance and and build competence of participants in safety levels in surveillance, Module II community data gathering towards thè provides basic applications of specialized detection and diagnosis of pathogens and tools and methods, Module III provides thè control of diseases at thè human- Consolidated practical exercises, with animal-environment interfaces. Surveill­ individuai or group mini-project. On ance is thè ongoing systematic collection, successful completion of thè three analysis and interpretation of health data, modules, a Certificate of Participation in and including timely dissemination*' "’ of Human-Animai Disease Surveillance is thè resulting information to those who awarded to trainees. need it for action.55 56 60 The short course in surveillance, therefore, covers thè The short course is offered twice a year, or fundamentals of planning, implement- once every semester at thè University of ation and evaluation of thè control and Ibadan Centre for Control and Preven­ prevention of zoonoses atall levels. tion of Zoonoses, and at Njala University Leaming Centre. The programme may be The short course was adopted by CCPZ attended at any of thè two locations in stakeholders on 28 March 2014. The aim West Africa. Thus promoting equity in of thè short course was to focus on what access to disease surveillance training as a participants are expected to do in disease liberal art and Science for career persons surveillance at thè community level, so in public health Service in West Africa. © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunitiesfor human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa It is also for persons intending a career in and humans for laboratory tests, community health planning and practice, detection and diagnosis; who would like to build their knowledge 3.2.4. Use Global Positioning System and skills in thè surveillance of diseases (GPS) to record geographic coord- of humans and animals. inates of locations of case exposure; 3.2.5. Conduct laboratory diagnosis of 3.2 O bjectives of thè short course pathogens involved; The fundamental objective of thè short 3.2.6 Map and evaluate thè data collected course is for trainees to have thè in space and time using Geographic opportunity to participate in thè field and Information Systems (GIS) and laboratory-based activities that are offer clear interpreta tion of thè case involved in hum an-anim al disease pattern, exposure and spread; surveillance and to build relevant skills. 3.2.7. Prepare a culturally responsive Trainees will gain effective knowledge pian to work with community in and competence in acquiring data from outbreak management; thè community, and using thè data to 3.2.8. Prepare a public health campaign detect and respond to priority zoonoses. pian for vaccination of animals or By participating, candidates would humans against priority zoonosis; acquire knowledge in hands-on learning 3.2.9. Evaluate successes or failures of of identified risk factors and exposure investigation and response. events, which will enable them to 3.2.10. Review ethical issues in a visit to respond to thè burden of zoonoses, redu- a facility with zoonosis outbreak. cing associated illness in West Africa. 3.3 Requirem ents for adm ission The specific objectives are to enable part- icipants to: Applicants must have completed a first degree in Agriculture, Biological Science, 3.2.1. Identify cases and events of Comm unity Health, Environm ental zoonosis, including outbreaks Science, Health Geography, Medicine, within locai community; Veterinary Science or related progra- 3.2.2. Report suspected case, or event of mmes to be eligible for admission into thè zoonosis to public health officials; short course in human-animal disease 3.2.3. Collect specimens from animals surveillance programme in West Africa. 24 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY t k c e r t u c a t e T R A M fc c e n t r i . | p * r l W * I V IP.'J#». * * fH V U v . « « C U T I* . * » W W -S".» . - | ZIAJS atMkOB* T»t n vv*s » . m i * HXSDtO Qr*p I : t x fw setm o» r x of Sc=p * l ì «£ Dft $MM p STtVfNS CMC C-IRSL. OC! - TX MpSp HGH COWSWMÉfl HI VP T0 0l£AW CMG ON u TX i n MAV W . ■ i (A) Certificate Training Centre, Njala University (B) Commencement of leaming centre renovation of readine desks and posters (D Demonstration of learning aids (E) Sign board on Njala University campus (F) Faculty brief on use of Leaming Centre Figure 3.1: Various stages of renovation, installation and commissioning of CCPZ Learning Centre, Njala University, Sierra Leone, Aprii - June, 2014 © Olugasa 2014 25 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunìties for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Disease surveillance, effective planning for Application form should be obtained its control and thè implementation in West from thè centre's webpage at www.ccpz. Africa requires skills at multi-levels. As a ui.edu.ng, completed and forwarded with result, thè World Health Organization two referee letters to thè: encouraged training of lowlevel public health manpower. The choice of Zoonoses Programme Officer, Surveillance Advisors, or Community CCPZ, A-306 Faculty of Veterinary Health Advisors is a novel strategy of thè Medicine Building, Farm Road, CCPZ short course. Hence, surveillance University of Ibadan, Ibadan.Nigeria education is operated as a non-degree certificate credit transfer between thè If selected, participants or their institut- University of Ibadan, Nigeria and Njala ions will be responsible for travel, accom- University, Sierra Leone on this basis for modation and living expenses during thè more effective control and prevention of entire training period. However, training priority zoonotic diseases, including materials on thè field, classroom and rabies, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, Lassa laboratory are free of charge. fever and Ebola virus disease in West Afric. 3.5 Course modules and duration 3.4 M ethod of application Successful applicants will be exposed to APPLICATION FOR ADMISSIONINTO training modules in thè following areas: SHORT COURSE IN HUMAN-ANIMAL Table 3.1: Course modules and their durations DISEASE SURVEILLANCE Module Titlc Durai ion The centre advertises for applications from eligible candidates seeking admission into Module I Introduction to 1 week thè Short Course in Human-Animal Human-Animai Disease Surveillance programme at thè Disease University of Ibadan and Njala University. SurveillanceModule II Basic application 1 week The training is held twice a year (each of special ized semester of an academic session) and offers toolsand methods unique opportunities for learning and Module III Practìcal 2 weeks acquiring competence to serve in human- consolidati on exercises animal disease surveillance in West Africa. 26 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Table 32: Training Modules in Human-Ani mal Disease Surveillance Certificate Programme Introduction General Introduces thè training objectivesof thè short course in Human- to Human- introduction Animal Disease Surveillance Programme DiscusesWest African Bio- .Animai security Engagement Programmes, thè role of One-Heallh Approach and Communilv Surveillarre Advisors. Disease Fundamentals Provides an overview of what zoonoses aie, identifying some priority Surveillance of zoonoses endemie, emerging and neglected zoonoses, their causai agents, signs, svmptoms and risk factors. Approaches How to detect a case of zoonosis, using a protocol each for medicai, to diaenosis environmental and socicvcultural detection to diaenosis. Spatri! Provides 'nfarmation atout wheresparifìccasesol zoonoses happen, distribution why they oocur, what thè risk factors are, how exposures are category- and risk factors ized; and common saps inexposure peredbtion and indieenousbeliefs. Control and How knowledgecan motivate change in individuai and community preventian resporee to risk of exposure to some priority zoonoses and s top them. Prìnrinles and nracticesof biosafetv. biosecuritv ani hiocontainment Basic applicat ion of spedalizec tools and methods Geographic Geographic Geograpitie referencing of zoonosis case at point of exposure (location) Information referoncing using Global Positioning System (GPS). Use of aerial photograph to Svstems (CìiS) and spatial enhancepopulation catsus, and identify exposure location. Non-spatial application^ analvsis data collection and use in risk analvsis and thematic map desien. Moleculai Pathogen Laboratory-based diagnosisofpathogens bv genome detection, using Tools contLnrfltory Polymerase Chain Keaction and sequencing of genome extracted from applica tions diaenosis pathoaensfrotnfidd survevs. Usaeeand valuesofthe FTA cards. lndigenous lndigenous Information aboutpopularly held beiiefsabout priority zoonoses. The knowiedge knowiedge differerces between faetsand opinion about priority zoonoses, among applica tions and beiiefs indieenousbeliefs and common caos inexposure perception. Statistics Time-series in Use of time-$erie> analysis, linear and spadai regression techniques for aoolications fora-astine nredictine caseoattern o f maior zoonoses. Monitoring and Project Use* of participatory evaiuation methods in assessing project status and Evaluabon appraisal progress towards realization of sei obiectivesand expected outoomes. SkiU-building opportunities Practical Practical One week of rota ti on between thè GIS and diagnostic laboratories for consolidahon exerrìses practical consolidation in thè use of soedfic tools and methods. Mini-Proiect Re Two weeks of individuai or crroun researrh nrnierts © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillartce in West Africa (A) Geo-spatial data analysis laboratory, (B) Project Students and Community CCPZ, University of Ibadan, Nigeria Surveillance Advisors deliberate (C) Molecular epizootiology Laboratory (D) Project Student gathering CCPZ, University of Ibadan, Nigeria Community data on site Figure 3.2: University of Ibadan CCPZ laboratories with personnel for geo-spatial data analysis and detection of pathogens at thè molecular and immuno-histo-chemical levels 3.6 M ode of instructional delivery in demonstration of various levels of personal safety equipment use. Second Each cohort of participants receives a week to mentor by hands-on exercises is range of instructional delivery modes by face-to-face delivery. Participants are that include a week of lectures, delivered encouraged to ask as many questions as during face-to-face contact hours. This is possible which play an important role in thè mode of introduction of thè course. effective leaming and Science inquiry Intermittent use of video recordings of both for thè participants and thè teachers. special interest cases and events are used a UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveiUance in West Africa (A) Genome sequencing experts and short course (B) Bio-informatics Laboratory participants, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2014 Facility, Ibadan, Nigeria (C) Dedicated bio-science research laboratories with skilled personnel, Ibadan, Nigeria Figure 3.3: CCPZ partner research laboratories, Ibadan, Nigeria with personnel for genome detection, sequencing and bio-informatics of isolated pathogens in West Africa The performance of individuai and group 3.7C onclusion mini-projects ensure dose interactions with thè community, Community Surve- The short course in thè Centre for Control illance Advisors and among cohort and Prevention of Zoonoses brings members. In this way participant are able together, leading sub-regional experts to to optimize leaming opportunities and expand access to human-animal disease build relevant skill through experiential surveillance education and practice of learning during thè short course. preventive planning, with attention to Instructional materials for class use and rural areas. The training is adopted by laboratory manuals were selected from stakeholders in Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra global best resources, and adapted to thè Leone and Liberia. The multi-discip- needs of adults in West Africa. The course linary backgrounds of teachers from mainstreams problem solving approach. W estA fn a^ n cn ^ eyon cH ^ ^ tren g d ^ ^ UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa By policy, thè Centre for Control and monitoring and control of human-animal Prevention of Zoonoses, University of diseases. Ibadan and thè collaborators predict that thè control of endemie, emerging and The Certificate of Participation awarded neglected zoonotic diseases offers a very on completion of thè training is a non- reai and highly cost-effective opportunity degree status. Yet, thè knowledge for alleviating poverty, and curtailing accruable, and thè competence built are human-animal diseases in remote rural capable of making thè participants more and marginalized peri-urban commun- effective and efficient responders to thè ities in West Africa. Their control also burden of zoonoses in West Africa. The offers food security and public health to short course is strategie and unique as a thè people of West Africa. Experts have criticai number of West African-trained agreed that thè skills required by disease physicians continues to migrate to richer surveillance personnel in West Africa is countries and cities. Expanding thè access notably at multi-levels. The training of to human-animal disease surveillance m ulti-d iscip linary and m ulti-level education and monitoring of locai personnel, including public health aides, communities in thè short- and long-term, in status of Community Surveillance fulfills thè WHO recommendation on Advisors is a novel strategy in building short training for mid-level Service locai capacity. The short course thus fills a providers, resident in West Africa. criticai gap in manpower training for thè 30 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Chapter 4 OPPORTUNITIES FOR FIELD RESEARCH IN HUMAN-ANIMAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE 4.1 Background inform ation as a set of elective courses that were speci- fically designed to enable competence Field research at thè Centre for Control building for Master of Science students in and Prevention of Zoonoses involves a Epizootiology programme521,17 at thè range of well-defined inquiry methods, University of Ibadan. The six modules including thè direct observation, intervi- (Table 4.1) of thè programme hamess ewing, case record reviewing and clinical multiple research techniques, to enable a specimens' analysis. The essence of CCPZ more effective com m unity-oriented field research curriculum is to combine disease surveillance training, which is thè strengths of various methods484' in designated as non-degree elective sociologie and epidemiologie inquiries to programme in Systematìc Epizootiology gain thè most complete understanding of 5211 for field research in human-animal case-pattems of diseases at thè human- animal-environment interfaces. More so disease surveillance. is thè combination of these with geogra- phic, statistical and molecular diagnostic The field research modules are offered methods, without necessarily having to once a year (in thè first semester). The choose one approach over another in modules are specifically for students on investigation4849. This enables ampie Master of Science in Epizootiology prog­ opportunity for triangulation111 4849 in ramme. However, students on related analysis and modeling of past, present programmes, who show high motivation and future epidemics. towards field research are encouraged to apply. The centre mentors students to The CCPZ project team adopted field build their competence in thè design and research in hum an-anim al disease implementation of field research, with surveillance programme, January 2013 special interest in thè triangulation of © Olugasa 2014 31 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa analyses in order to make reliable and The specific objectives are: accurate predictions2725,29. Such that, thè public health team could be guided to 4.2.1 Hamessing sociologie methods to arrive at thè site of an epidemie before thè investigate community know- pathogen gets there. The first cohort of ledge, attitude and practices beneficiary students on this programme associated with priority diseases; were enrol-led in thè 2013/2014 academic 4.2.2 Hamessing geographic tools and session and mentored in Liberia from methods to map priority zoonotic March to July, 2013 (before thè formai diseases; 4.2.3 Identify geographic risk factors a d o p tio n o f thè p ro g ram m e by associated with zoonotic diseases; stakeholders) with some major success 4.2.4 Biotechnology indigenization for stories herein reported. surveillance and rapid detection of zoonotic pathogens; 4.2 O bjectives of field research 4.2.5 Review and evaluate existing in hum an-anim al disease surveillance policies to m itigate zoonotic diseases; 4.2.6 Hands-on spatio -temporal data The main objective of field research in capture and information analysis human-animal disease surveillance is to for zoonoses spread visualization; provide a window of opportunities for 4.2.7 Hands-on isolation, character- self and community development in har- ization and diagnosis of selected nessing thè unlimited benevolence of thè zoonotic pathogens. community to key into a range of study 4.2.8 Hands-on planning of biological designs and methods to investigate risk management against priority disease occurrence beyond thè bio­ zoonoses; m edicai Science ap p lica tio n s, for 4.2.9 Hands-on world-wide-web-based communi ty-oriented skills and capacity c o m m u n i t y i n f o r m a t i o n building.4'101217-2” 1'”'35,57 60 dissemination on human-animal disease and their control. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa 4.3 Requirements for admission of application would be considered towards final selection of participants. Eligibility for admission into thè non- Each applicant must satisfy thè guideli- degree elective programme in Systematic nes for admission into thè University of Epizootiology modules for field research Ibadan, by pocessing at least five credits in human-animal disease surveillance is at one sitting in thè General Certificate of based primarily on admission status as a Education (GCE) Ordinary Level, and a postgraduate student in Epizootiology Second Class division or equivalent in programme at thè University of Ibadan, relevant first degree programmes. Nigeria. Students in M.Sc. Epizootiology related programmes in thè University of Ibadan would be equally considered. 4.4 M ethod of application Students enrolled for Epizootiology, The centre advertises for applications Veterinary Epidemiology, Epidemiology from e lig ib le can d id ates seek in g in thè Faculty of Public Health or any admission into thè non-degree elective related d iscip lines in any of thè programme in Systematic Epizootiology collaborating U niversities with thè for field research in Human-Animal University of Ibadan (see pages 5 and 6) are Disease Surveillance at thè University of eligible for admission into thè progra­ Ibadan. The program-me offers unique mme. Such candidates would be offered a opportunity for knowledge and skills V isiting Scholar status, subject to building in thè use of multiple methods approvai by thè Office of International for investigation of disease pattern in Programmes, University of Ibadan. Staff time and space in West Africa. of research institutes and thè various Ministries of Health and Agriculture at The programme is offered once a year in Locai G overnm ent Area, state, or thè first semester. Application form is national level in West Africa are eligible available ordine at www.ccpz.ui.edu.ng. for admission into thè programme. Eligible candidates should download thè form, dully complete it and submit with There is limited number to enrol per a research proposai to thè Programme semester. Therefore, merit and timeliness Officer. (See page 26). (Bninonca 7nu ---------------- UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities fa r human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Figure: 4.1 President, Cuttington University, Liberia in his office with staff and students of thè University of Ibadan, Nigeria who visited Liberia on field research The research team, led by CCPZ Principal Investigator comprised four postgraduate students of thè University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Two were doctoral research fellows in Epizootiology (Liberians) and two were Master's Scholars (Nigerians). Present were faculty from Ibadan. In-country study was facilitated by Dr. Henrique F. Tokpa, (3rd R-L) President, Cuttington University. Table 4.1: Modules in Systematic Epizootiology for field research in Human-Animai Disease Surveillance 34 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animaI disease surveillance in West Africa Figure 4.2: Catchnient areas for field research in human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Selected towns in Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone offer adequate opportunities for field research in thè surveillance of priority diseases at thè human-animal- environs interfaces., Km « m Mpta ftuMiw m OraM Bit— Cti—y. Ofctmfi mé S»*r— m B—f Ci—m 4.5 M odules in Systematic Epizootiology statistics. Displaying health and disease SEP I: Zoonoses Risk Mapping and risk factors on a map. Types and Visualization with GIS classification of human and animai health risks. Creating spatial and spatio- Definitions of Geographic Information in tem poral m odels of "O ne-H ealth " terms of systems, Science and study (GIS). importance. Projecting data in ArcMap. Basic components of GIS. Spatial data Use of disease risk visualization in capture and Storage formats at thè research plans, project report, commu- Human-Animal- Environment interface. H j jy M w U M b outreach, scientific Use of Global Positioning Systems (GPS). publication, monitoring and evaluation Introducing ArcGIS Desktop. Getting programmes. Case study in geodatabase started with maps and data visualization. design, observational data profiling and Displaying data using symbols. Adding their use in estimating pattern of spread non-spatial data into feature attributes. of disease. Analyzing spatial and non-spatial data for geographic association with health Status: Non-degree, Elective Course I in and disease. Spatial and temporal scan Systematic Epizootiology © Olugasa 2014 35 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa SEP II: Geographic data management SEP III: Harnessing indigenous for community health planning knowledge for zoonoses management Developing data profile of priority d is e a s e s a t th è h u m a n -a n im a l- Indigenous concepts about disease and environm ent interfaces to com pre- their ori gin in West Africa. Popularly held hensive level that enables effective beliefs about common diseases at thè planning for community health. The hum an-anim al in terfaces in locai concept of information System and communities. Cultural practices about criteria for operating as decision disease control and cure. Attitudes supporting System (DSS), predictive towards Orthodox Preventive Medicine. su rv e illa n ce and co m p o n en ts of Common gaps in exposure perception. community health planning. Spatial or Implications of traditional, religious and Geographically Weighted Regression linguistic values towards global health and Ordinary Least Square Methods in advances - thè opportunities and disease risk profiling. Use of mapping ch allen g es. In d igen ou s nam es of and v is u a liz a tio n te ch n iq u e s in common diseases, indigenous recipes promoting predictive surveillance and and tools used for their treatment and essential team-work for human-animal control. The nexus between indigenous diseases surveillance and control. Review knowledge, practice and global health o f c o m m u n ity h e a lth p la n n in g advances in West Africa. Commu- approaches and policies. Usuai sources of nication, negotiation and conflict areas. data, means of collection, presentation Traditional mode of comm-unication, mode and expected outcomes to support com m unication m ethods for rural thè operation of a community health development. The value of audiovisual planning committee. Case study in West a id s in c r e a t iv e and e f fe c t iv e Africa.55'w’“'61 Communications among community dwellers. Status: Non-degree, Elective Course II in Systematic Epizootiology Status: Non-degree, Elective Course II in Systematic Epizootiology 36 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillatice in West Africa EPIIV: Molecular Epizootiology for cting case pattern of major zoonoses.28 29 Zoonoses Surveillance Sources and collection of primary data. Descriptive and categorical analysis of field research data. Analytical methods Provides practical applications of thè use and disease modelling techniques within of nucleic acid in thè detection, diagnosis, and between communities. Determining prevention and control of diseases at thè disease transmission index. Hands-on human-animal-environment interfaces. ST AT A statistical application software. Methods used for thè isolation or purification of DNA/RNA from biolo- Status: Non-degree, Elective Course V in gical specimens; thè importance of Systematic Epizootiology purification in thè successful detection of zoonotic pathogens. Use of molecular SEP VI: Monitoring and evaluation of identification tools to preempt emerging Zoonoses control projects zoonotic pathogens. The FTA card tech n o lo g y and safe ty issu es in Use of participatory evaluation methods international shipment of biological to assess project implementation and agents in West Africa. The polymerase progress towards thè realization of set chain reaction (PCR). Gene sequencing objectives and expected outcomes. The and their roles in human-animal disease concept, design and method of monit­oring and evaluation of disease control strains identification. Case studies in projects. Logicai framework approach, m o le c u la r " 42 4 1 4” 4 e p iz o o tio lo g y including setting of goal statement, applications. purpose, objectively verifiable indicators, means of verification, assumptions, Status: Non-degree, Elective Course IV inputs, outcome and impact expected of a in Systematic Epizootiology project. Use of qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods to review project SEP V: Statistical methods for zoonoses status. Case study.12 59 surveillance Status: Non-degree, Elective Course VI Use of time-series analysis, linear and in Systematic Epizootiology spatial regression techniques for predict- © Olugasa 2014 37 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa 4.6 M entoring m ode and duration Experience a sem ester w ith CCPZ in thè West C oast o f A frica The CCPZ Field Research in human- CCPZ invites you to study for a semester animal disease surveillance programme on thè field, m astering System atic encourages and supports students who Epizootiology skills in West Africa. A consider pursuing community studies in unique experience of hands-on surveil­ Systematic Epizootiology mode beyond lance of human-anim al diseases in thè limits of thè classroom curriculum. specially selected countryside locations The CCPZ programme is proud to be in West Africa makes leaming of field affiliated with some of thè leading research a fun. What we may simply cali universities in West Africa and several field research for dummies, in theexplicit experts from multi-disciplinary backg- clarity, depth and blend of outdoor rounds to mentor visiting scholars and adventures that it provides. Participants students in thè specific module of interest would master Systematic Epizootiology among thè CCPZ's set of six training of an endemie, emerging^’ and neglected modules. CCPZ modules is one semester zoonoses, within their naturai ecology. of hands-on in disease surveillance at any Are you interested in West Africa, its of its catchment locations (Figure 4.2). communities, and field research in human-animal diseases? If you answered A and B in Figure 4.3, and A, B, C, D and E yes to this question, then Semester with in Figure 4.4 are some of thè pointed field CCPZ in thè West Coast of Africa is for research projects that past scholars at thè you. Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses have conducted, through Learn thè field applications of direct int- hands-on training towards fulfilling thè erview, field diagnostic kits, geographic requirements for their postgraduate referencing with GPS (Global Positioning degree project. System) and its integration imo GIS at locai Fpidomiologv Stations with CCPZ. 38 ©Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Editor Mapping of Lassa fever cases in post-conflict Liberia, 2008-2012: A descriptive and categorica! analysis of age, gender and seasonal pattern S a i. roetbod. w-bicb uivohnn tbe expreiaioa of LF Libei u i i in rh f r pie rote i o l Latu fevet (LFi. fasci ai j petcrnugr of thr tool over (he 3-vra bern* on# o f thè M ia o Rjvei l'n to a iM R l ' l penod va* uied Pncenugei fot rortespoodtng connine* (b it «re n o n b e a tili jffec ied b\ montlu iraim and drv *rasceti o4 diiìetent vpart fbe durate in We»t Africa ,,ri Li ben j record* vere averaged Fmallv. Are GIS IO 1* *cfr»n» annuii ri»e* siate 19721**1 D u n n | rbe « V ii ranionnirni i Eimronmrnta) Svntrnu Research coartici o f 1989-2003. b r i ll ì i care »ervicet io Insanite. Redlandi Calilo mia. L'SAi m used fot tbecountry w m » imerrupied fot ibout a decade tnap drugn •nd b i l l *̂ *1 Tbis u tua iion eri* expected to aggravate tbe incidane» o l LF A l a le iu lt. Ibernane mapi o f age. gender and ipatial ram ni» n o l b ra lth o f ihe M R U ro u n tfie t dii tribuno ni invaled -.ucngili and «T ik n tu ri endoried a sub-regional *uai»R»r pian o l action of turveillanc» Coonstenth-. caie* pteseated vere (A) Success story on a combination of global positioning System (GPS), geographic information system (GIS), clinical case review and statistics to explain disease pattern Originai Artide Development of a tlme-trend model for analyzlng and predlctlng case-pattern of Lassa fever epidemlcs in Liberia, 2013-2017 B a b a s o l a O. O lu g a s a , Eu g en i» A. O d ig le , M ik e L a w a n l1. fo h n s o n F. 0 ) o J Oepaetmecg of Vetennary Pubbc Health and Preventive Meòtcme. Centrt for Control and Preventori o f Zoonosi, Faculty of Vetenrury Medicine. •Oepartment o f Eptòeemotogy and Medicai Statato*. Facufty of Potèc Health, CoOeqe of Mediane, 'Department of Statato*, Facufty of Science, University o# Ibadan. ibadan. Oyo State. Nqena (o n rn iw d fiK f tnc De Babeiole OC*u9eie,CetibT for Contrai and RreventiooofZoonoiet Department ofVeteewwv RubK Mcafch and Preventive Mcdttne. ioiF«cuftyofVetenn*ry Medk me. Uwvenaty ol Ibadan ibadan. (B) A subsequent analysis and triangulation of Lassa fever cases over five-year trend enabled prediction that was reported by thè Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, and Cuttington University, a open access in Annals of African Medicine. Figure 4.3: Success stories of Lassa fever mapping and forecasting, Liberia, 2013 ©Olugasa 2014 3 9 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa (A) A rubber plantation scene, Liberia (B) Handling clinical specimens 2013 with FTA cards technology (C ) Cross-sectìon of community-based (D) Using FTA card in specimens data gathering, Buchanan, Liberia, 2013 collection on thè field a Sp a lla i and Spati o-iem pocal Lptdcm lotogy H MV1FR i The rubber pian u non environmem and U ru lever epidemici J ir Uberà. 2008-2012: A spjtùl regiession lib a n t i a O h ju ca **■ '. Jo ta I D o tb r ‘ . B jflu d e lr O p in o ' E a g rn r A . O n p r * ‘ )o n u h N ytail Ja h fro o F . O to ' O U U tin T *m o “ « n in n i U m iM * ’ , C h u k i IL IM h lb u . A y c tm à t | t a n t i “ * (E) A report on combinations of field research methods on Lassa fever study Figure 4.4: Success stories of field research into rabies-like-illness and spadai pattern of Lassa fever cases among humans, Liberia, 2013 40 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa D uration of CCPZ field research 4.7C onclusion mentoring is one semester. It is devoted to Systematic Epizootiology hands-on A pparently, fears*5 associated with tutorials and field work in fulfillment of dreaded human-animal diseases can be research project for thè M.Sc. degree allayed when sociologica! methods are programme in Epizootiology and other effectively harnessed into field research related Master's programmes in thè as available in thè Systematic Epizootio­ University of Ibadan, including Master of logy programme of thè Centre for Control Veterinary Public Health, Preventive Vet- and Prevention of Zoonoses, University erinary Medicine, Epidemiology and of Ibadan. The Ebola virus disease45 Medicai Statistics, Virology and many epidem ie, 2014 provided a typical more. example of what dreaded human-animal diseases could be like. The outbreak was characterized by high mortality and The focus of this field study is to develop direct person-to-person spread through competence in research methods in contact. Whereas, there was neither effec- endem ie, em erging and neglected tive vaccines nor drugs of choice for zoonoses surveillance. This will be treatment; thè only credible solution was achieved through a combination of thè use of surveillance, which combine professional and recreational environ- sociological, geographic, statistical and ment, provision of hands-on practicum training on detection, prevention and rapid molecular laboratory detection to achieve early waming and planning for containment of zoonoses, using selected control, through community awareness hotspots of endemie and neglected promotion as panacea to avoid exposure. zoonotic as practicum in thè southern part of Nigeria and in selected countries of West Africa. The project focuses on The success stories in field research training of manpower that will effectively therefore shows thè high importance, understand thè state-of-the-arts in relevance, clarity, simplicity, yet novel, zoonoses detection and control. workable and sustainable value of a community-oriented disease surveill­ ance education. The centre, therefore has delivered its promised mandate to improve © Olugasa 2014 41 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa postgraduate programmes for surveil­ thè West African sub-region. Systematic lance of human-animal diseases in West Epizootiology is a cruciai tool in Africa. This was actualized through thè preventive medicine, used in awareness adoption of essential, competence-based and capacity building towards thè elective courses for thè M.Sc. Epizoo- ambitious goal of "arriving at thè site of tiology programme at thè University of an outbreak before thè pathogen gets Ibadan. It is expected that this new there," Thus, skills are added to identify curriculum will promote itself as people thè pattern of biological risks and how to would key into thè opportunity and manage thè risk and keep community disseminate thè information throughout safe. 42 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportiinities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Chen L, Evans T, Anand S, Boufford JI, O latunji Printers, Ikenne-Rem o, Brown H, et. al. (2004). Human Nigeria. 35 pp resources for health: Overcoming thè 6. Esuruoso GO (1985). Veterinary crisis. Lancet 364:1984-90 epidemiology and economics in thè 2. Hagopian A, Ofosu A, Fatusi A, u n d e r g r a d u a te c u r r ic u lu m . Biritwum R, Essel A, Hart LG, Watts Proceedings of thè 4th International C (2005). 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Resource health and thè control of zoonoses in m a n a g e m e n t a p p r o a c h e s to developing countries. The United education in veterinary epidemio­ N ations Food and A gricu lture lo g y and e c o n o m ic s . K en y a Organization (FAO). http://www. Veterinarian. 18(2), 591. fa o .o r g / d o c r e p / 0 0 6 / y 4 9 6 2 t/ y 4 9 6 2 t 0 2 . h t m # T o p O f P a g e 9. Esuruoso GO (1994). Increasing role ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/ and im p o rtan ce of v e te rin a ry Y4962T / Y4962T00.PDF epidem iology and econom ics in 5. Esuruoso GO (1984). Opportunities for veterinary education, practice and postgraduate studies in preventive development. Keynote paper at thè veterinary medicine. Printed by J. 31st annual conference of thè Nigerian Veterinary Medicai Association © Olugasa 2014 43 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa 10. Esuruoso GO, Ijagbone IF and 15. Olugasa BO and Fasunla AJ (2013). Olugasa BO (2005). Introductory Rabies surveillance programme and Epizootiology, 2nd Edition, Printed by CCPZ inclusive learning model for GLJ Press, Ibadan. Published by addressing one-health educational V e tA c a d e m ic P u b lis h e r s and challenge in West Africa. Epizoo­ Consultants, Ibadan, Nigeria. 322 tiology and Animai Health in West pages Africa. 9(1): 38-51. 11. Smith TC, Harper AL, Nair R, Wardyn 16. Esuruoso GO and Olugasa BO (1999). SE, Hanson BM, Ferguson DD and Socio-economie jurisprudence in thè Dressler AE (2011): Emerging Swine context of modernization of state Zoonoses. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic veterinary Services and privatization Diseases. 11 (9):1225-1234 of veterinary functions in Nigeria. In: 12. Esuruoso GO and Olugasa BO (1997). Proceedings of thè 36th Annual Perspectives in social responsibilities Congress of thè Nigerian Veterinary of p ro fessio n a ls tow ards total M edicai A ssociation (N VM A). wellbeing. VARF Quarterly Bulletin Arewa House, Raduna, Nigeria. 1(1) 1-20 Published by NVMA Raduna, pp 76­ 13. Esuruoso GO and Olugasa BO (1997). 79 A ctu alizatio n of stra teg ies for 17. Olugasa BO, Ijagbone IF and Esuruoso privatized preventive veterinary GO (2012) It is over three decades of Services to nomadic herdsmen in graduate education in Epizootiology southern Nigeria. Epidemiologie et at thè University of Ibadan, Nigeria Sante Animai 31.3.1-3 (1975-2011): is there a need to revise 14. O lugasa BO, O luw ayelu DO, thè curriculum? PanAfrican Medicai Ayinmode AB, Emikpe BO, Ijagbone Journal. 12.70:1-8 IF an d C a d m u s S IB (2 0 1 1 ) . 18. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). 2 0 1 2 . In te r n a t io n a l S ta n d a rd Epizootiology in contemporary global Classification of Education - ISCED health: making a difference in thè 2011. M ontreal: UIS. (Available health of people in West Africa. Nigerian Journal of Epidemiology online). 1(1): 35-42. 44 ©Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunitìes for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa 19. UNICEF (2000). Curriculum report 24. Wahab B (2013) Indigenous know- card . W o rk in g P ap er S e r ie s , ledge and practices associated with Education Section, Program m e rab ies in O yo sta te , N igeria : Division. New York: UNICEF. imperative for global health training 20. Bazemore A, Phillips RL, Miyoshi T at thè U n iv ersity of Ibad an . (2010). H arn essin g geog rap h ic Epizootiology and Animai Health in information Systems (GIS) to enable West Africa. 9(1): 59-69 community-oriented primary care. 25. Beran G (2013) Rabies elimination as a Journal of thè American Board of one-health model for thè tropics. Family Medicine; 23(1):22-31. doi: Epizootiology and Animai Health in 10.3122/jabfm.2010.01.090097. West Africa. 9(1): 8-16 21. Esuruoso GO (2013) Systematic 26. Meslin X-F (2013) Human and dog epizootiology: foretaste of a legacy to rabies control: regional and global preventive veterinary medicine in perspectives. Epizootiology and Ibadan, Nigeria. Epizootiology and Animai Health in West Africa. 9(1): 2-4 Animai Health in West Africa. 9:15-21 27. Olugasa BO and Dogba JB. (2014) 22. Russell H (2013) Emergence of Rabies Mapping of Lassa fever cases in post- in West Africa strategie partnership to c o n flic t L ib eria , 20 0 8 -2 0 1 2 : A improve thè surveillance and control descriptive and categorical analysis of of a neglected zoonosis. Epizootiology age, gender and seasonal pattern. and Animai Health in West Africa. Annals of African Medicine DOI:10. 9(1): 5-7 4103/1596-3519.149890 23. Tekki IS, Okewole PA, Ekong SP, 28. Olugasa BO, Dogba JB, Nykoi JD, Kumbish P, Shamaki D and Ahmed Ogunro BN, Odigie EA,Ojo JF, Taiwo MS (2013) Control of rabies and rabies T, Kamara A, Mulbah CK and Fasunla related viruses in Nigeria: perspec- A. (2014). The rubber plantation tives from thè National Veterinary en v iro n m en t and L assa fe v er Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria. epidemics in Liberia, 2008-2012: Epizootiology and Animai Health in West Africa. 9(1): 59-69 © Olugasa 2014 45 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa A spatial regression. Spatial and 32. Olugasa BO, Cadmus SIB, Oluwayelu S p atio -tem p o ra l Ep id em iology DO, Emikpe BO, Ayinmode AB (2011) 11:163-174. R e s e a r c h an d e d u c a t io n in 29. Olugasa BO, Odigie EA, Lawani M epizootiology for more effective and and Ojo JF (2014) Development of a efficient control of endemie, emerging time-trend model for analyzing and and neglected zoonoses in West predicting case pattern of Lassa fever Africa. Active Concept Note of thè epidemics in Liberia, 2013-2017. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, Annals of African Medicine. DOI:10. Illinois. 99pp 4103/1596-3519.149892. 33. WHO-AFRO, CDC (2010). Integrated Disease Surveillance and District 30. Olugasa BO, Esuruoso GO and Level Training Course, Module 0: Oghre-Ikanone E (2003). Teaching Introduction Module. Prepared by thè animai hygiene at thè University of World Health Organization Regional Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. In: Saltijeral Office for Africa (AFRO) and thè J. (Edited) Proceedings of thè l lth Centers for Disease Control and International Congress on Animai P revention (CD C), B razzav ille , Hygiene, Published by Univasidad Republic of Congo and Atlanta, USA. Autonoma Metropolitan, Mexico 34. Ramirez A., Olugasa, B.O. and City, Mexico. 28-31 October, 2014. D anelle B ick ett-W ed d le (2004) Volume I pages 371-375 Geographic information systems and 31. Olugasa BO and Esuruoso GO (1999). its role in biological risk management. Exploring shared areas of work 4 pp In: Biological Risk Management Systems for veterinary officers and Tools. Published by thè Center for private practitioners in Nigeria: A Food Security and Public Health recipe for success at all levels. In: (CFSPH), Iowa State University, Proceedings of thè 36th Annual Ames, Iowa, USA Congress of thè Nigerian Veterinary 35. Olugasa BO, Aiyedun JO and Emikpe Medicai Association (NVMA). Arewa BO (2011). Prevalence of antibody House, Kaduna, Nigeria. Published against rabies among confined, free by NVMA Kaduna. pp 71-75 roaming and stray dogs in a transit city of Nigeria. Veterinaria Italiana 47 (4): 453-460 46 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for humati-animal disease surveillance in West Africa 36. Adeola OA, Adeniji JA and Olugasa, 41. Alexander KA, Sanderson CE, BO (2009). Isolation of influenza A Marathe M, Lewis BL, Rivers CM, viruses from pigs in Ibadan, Nigeria. Shaman J. Drake JM, Lofgren E, Dato Veterinaria Italiana 45 (3): 383-390 VM, Eisenberg MC, Eubank S (2014). 37. Adeola OA, Adeniji JA and Olugasa, What factors might have led to thè BO (2009). Detection of haemaggluti- emergence of Ebola in West Africa? nation-inhibiting antibodies against PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases human H I and H3 strains of http:/ / blogs.plos.org/ speakingofme influenza A viruses in pigs in Ibadan, dicine/files/2014/11 / Alexanderetal. Nigeria. Zoonoses and Public Health pdf 57(7-8):e89-94 42. Ayinmode AB and Fagbemi BO 38. Olugasa BO, Ogugua AJ, Ijagbone IF (2009). Cryptosporidium zoonosis in Aluko A and Akingbogun AA (2009) Nigeria. African Journal of Biomed­ Sp atia l d istrib u tio n of highly icai Research Voi. 12 (3): 157 -160. pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in 43. Ayinmode AB, Fagbemi BO and Xiao Lagos State, Nigeria. Epizootiology L (2010). Molecular characterization and Animai Health in West Africa 5: of Cryptosporidium spp. in native 69-75 cattle from Nigeria. Parasitology 3 9 . O lu g a s a B O , A iy e d u n JO , Research Voi. 107, No. 4,1019 -1021. Akingbogun AA (2009). Identifica­ 44. Donker-Kuijer MW, de Jong M, Lentz tion of geographic risk factors L (2010). Usable guidelines for usable associated with clinical human rabies websites? An analysis of five e- in a transit city of Nigeria. Epizoo­ government heuristics. Government tiology and Animai Health in West Information Quarterly 27(3): 254-263. Africa Voi. 5 :4 3 -5 2 45. Mitman G (2014). Ebola in a stew of 40. Sopan A, Noh AS, Karol S, Rosenfeld fear. The New England Journal of P, Lee G, Shneiderman B (2012). M ed ic in e , d oi: 10 .1 0 5 6 / N E JM Community health map: A geospat- p i411244 ial and multivariate data visualiz- ation tool for public health datasets. Government Information Quarterly 29(2):223-234 © Olugasa 2014 47 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunitiesfor human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa 46. Cadm us SIB, SV G ordon SV, 50. Ibironke AA, McCrindle CME, Fasina Hewinson RG, Smith NH (2011). FO and Godfroid J. (2008). Evaluat- Exploring thè use of molecular ion of problem s and possible ep idem iology to track bovine Solutions linked to thè surveillance tuberculosis in Nigeria: An overview and control of Bovine Brucellosis in from 2002 to 2004. Veterinary Sub-Saharan Africa, with special Microbiology doi:10.1016/j.vetmic. emphasis on Nigeria. Veterinaria 2011.02.036 Italiana 44 (3): 549 -556. 47. C adm us SIB , A d esokan HK, 51. Akinbami AA, Adewummi AA, Adedokun BO, Stack JA (2010). Rabiu KA, Wright KO, Dosunmu Seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis AO, Dada MO and Adeyemo TA. in trade cattle slaughtered in Ibadan, (2010). Seroprevalence of Toxopl- Nigeria, from 2004-2006. Journal of asma gondii antibodies amongst thè South A frican V eterin ary pregnant women at thè Lagos state Association 81(1): 50-53 U niversity T each ing H osp ital, 48. Cohen N (2011). Field research in Nigeria. Nigeria Post. Grad. J. 17 (2): conflict environments: Methodolo- 164-167. gical challenges and snow ball 52. Ayi I, Edu SAA, Hapea-Kubi KA, sampling. Journal of Peace Research Boamah D, Bossompem KM, Edoh D. 48(4):423-435. (2 0 0 9 ). S e ro -e p id e m io lo g y of 49. Blackstone A (2012). Sociological Toxoplasm osis among pregnant Inquiry Principles: Qualitative and women in thè greater Accra region of Q u a n tita tiv e M ethod s v. 1 .0 . Ghana. Ghana Medicai Journal http://2012books.lardbucket.Org/p 43:107-114. dfs/sociological-inquiry-principles- 53. Jentes ES, Robinson J, Johnson BW et q u a l i ta t iv e -a n d -q u a n t i ta t iv e - al., (2010). Acute arboviral infections methods.pdf in G uinea, W est A frica, 2006. A m erican Jou rn al of T rop ical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (2): 388­ 394. 48 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVER ITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-anìmal diseasc surveillance in West Africa 54. Benavot A (2002). Curricular content 59. FAO (1990). Veterinary public health and (desirable) societal outcomes: reports: guiding principles for perspectives and questions from p la n n in g , o r g a n iz a t io n and comparative educational research. management of veterinary public Prospects. 32(1). health programmes. WHO/FAO 55. Catley A and Leyland T (2001). Collaborating Centre for Research Community participation and thè and Training in Veterinary Public delivery of veterinary Services in Health, Rome. Africa. Preventive Veterinary Medic­ 60. FAO (2001). Electronic conference on ine 49:95-113. veterinary public health and control 56. Jarris PE (2013). State of public health: of zoonoses in developing countries. What health officials and triathletes 1 Nov. - 15 Dee. 2001 (available at have in common. Journal of Public http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agah Health Management and Practice /VPHeconf/home.htm). 19(2): 190-191 61. Olugasa BO (2013). Development of a 57. Millar G (2012). 'Our brothers who g e o sp a tia l data m an ag em en t went to thè bush': Post-identity strategy for modernizing rabies conflict and thè experience of recon- surveillance education, science and ciliation in Sierra Leone. Journal of Service in West Africa. Epizootiology Peace Research 49(5):717-729. and Animai Health in West Africa. 9 58. Olugasa BO (2012). First Annual (2): 152-155 Report, Centre for Control and 62. Olugasa BO (2013). Second Annual Prevention of Zoonoses, University Report, Centre for Control and of Ibadan, N igeria: Im proving Prevention of Zoonoses, University p ostg rad u ate p rogram m es for of Ibadan, Nigeria. A technical report su rv eillan ce of hum an-anim al approved by thè John D and diseases in West Africa. A technical Catherine T MacArthur Foundation, report approved by thè John D and Chicago, Illinois. 51 pp Catherine T MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, Ilinois. 36 pp © Olugasa 2014 49 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa INDEX Assay, 3 Ghana 5, 8 ,15 ,16 ,29 , 35 Aviari influenza, 8 Geographic information System 2 ,3 ,4 Avian, 3, 8 Geospatial Information Infrastructure 4 Best practice Human 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 ,9 ,1 1 , 26, 27, 30,35 Bio-Security Engagement 27 Human-animal 1, 2 ,3 ,4 , 6, 7 ,9 ,1 0 ,1 1 , Cohort, 12, 29 12 ,13 ,14 ,19 , 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 29, 30, Collaborators 3, 30 31, 35 Influenza, 1 ,3 , 8, 26 Collaboration 1, 5 ,6 , 9 ,21 ,43 Indigenous 2, 27, 34, 36, 38 Community Surveillance Advisor 26, 27, 28, In vesti gators, 20 29, 30 Knowledge 2 ,4 ,7 ,14 ,23 ,24 ,27 ,30 ,32 ,33 , Control and prevention, 1, 2 ,4 , 6, 7 ,11 ,12 , 34,36,38 19, 22, 26,27, 29, 31 Lassa fever, 1,3,29 Curriculum 2 ,7 ,8 ,1 0 ,1 1 ,1 2 ,1 3 ,1 4 ,1 9 , 20, 22, 23, 29 Liberia 5,29,32,34,35,38,39,40 Disease surveillance 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ,10 ,11 ,12 , M en to ri 9,28,31,32,38,41 13,14,19, 20,21,23, 24, 28, 29, 33 Model, 2 ,3 ,4 ,7 ,23 ,30 Elective curriculum 2,14 Molecular 2,27,28,31,34,37,41 Elective course 31, 36, 37, 42 Multi-disciplinary expertise, 1,6 Emerging, 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 26, 28 Endemie, 1, 2, 6, 7 ,9 , 26 Neglected, 1 ,6 ,7 ,9 ,13 ,26 ,29 Environment, 2, 3 ,4 , 7, 9 ,10 ,13 , 20, 22, 26, Nigeria 1 ,3 ,5 ,8 ,16,18,22,26,28,29,34,35 27, 28, 30 One-Health, 16,28,30,31 Epidemiology 14, 33,38, 41 D oyenl6 Epizootiology 8 ,9 ,1 1 ,1 2 ,1 4 ,1 8 ,1 9 ,2 1 , 28, Openaccess 39 31,32, 34, 35, 36 ,37 ,3 8 ,4 1 ,4 2 Fellow 33 Personnel 5,28,29,30 Fellowship, 19 Public health, 1, 2, 3 ,4 , 6 ,9 ,1 0 ,1 1 ,2 0 , 21, Field research 2 ,3 ,4 , 7 ,9 ,10 , 21, 22, 29 23, Geo-Spatial 28 Rabies, 1 ,3 ,8 ,9 ,13 ,26 ,27 ,29 50 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for humati-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Research 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,1 2 ,1 8 ,1 9 ,2 2 ,2 7 ,2 9 , United Nations 11, 31,33,34,40 Veterinary public health, 3 ,10 ,11 ,12 , 21, Scholar, 29 29,30 Sierra Leone 5 ,8,15,25,26,29,35 West Africa, 1 ,2 ,3 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,9 ,1 0 ,1 2 ,1 9 ,2 0 , Sociologie 31,32,41 21,22,23,28,29,35 Statistics 27,35,39,41 Wisdom 13,14,21 Swine, 3 Zoonoses, 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9 ,1 1 ,1 2 ,1 3 ,1 9 , 20, « Sy stema tic Epizootiology 19, 31, 33, 34, 35, 21,22,26,27,28,29 36,37,41 Zoonosis 4 ,6 ,10,23,25,26 Time-Trend 14 Triangulation 31, 39 Tubercu losis, 1 ,8 ,9 ,26,29 ® Olugasa 2014 51 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in Wesf Africa APPENDIX UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa APPENDIX THREE-YEAR FORMATIVE REPORT CENTRE FOR CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF ZOONOSES, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, NIGERIA, 2012-2014 Babasola Oluseyi Olugasa DVM, MSc. Epizoot. PhD, DAVES Principal Investigato^ Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine 101 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, 200002 Ibadan, Nigeria Executive Summary A curriculum was developed for a Certificate of Participation in Human- The three-year support from John D. and Animal Disease Surveillance in February, Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation to 2014. Ten trainees were enrolled into thè University of Ibadan for improving post­ first cohort of thè Certificate Programme graduate programmes for thè surveilla­ in September, 2014. The certificate nce of human-animal diseases in West trainees were two graduates of Sociology Africa ends on 315' December, 2014. The two Veterinary Public Health one Health project was implemented under three (3) Policy and Management one Epidemi- broad headings namely: curriculum ology and Medicai Statistics and four development; training, research and Doctor of Veterinary Medicine students. conferencing; and community engage­ Twenty-three students were admitted in ment. During this period, thè M.Sc. Epiz- two cohorts into postgraduate degree ootiology curriculum in thè Department programmes. First cohort comprised, 1 of Veterinary Public Health and Preven­ PhD, 6 MPhil/ PhD and 5 M.Sc. (research) tive Medicine was revised by selected enrolled in October 2012. Four of thè sub-regional experts and stakeholders in M Phil/PhD candidates passed thè One-Health education, practice and conversion to PhD, while 4 M.Sc. candi­ development. It was adopted by thè dates successfully completed thè progra­ department in February, 2014. mme and graduated in November 2014. © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveilìance in West Africa Ten new scientific publications emanateci presented review papers on EVD and from thè first cohort. Rabies at Ghana Veterinary Medicai Association Conference in October, 2014. The second cohort comprised, 4 PhD and 7 M.Sc. Epizootiology students enrolled The established Centre for Control and in Sep tem b er, 2014. P rom otion al Prevention of Zoonoses (CCPZ) progra­ awareness created at thè Nigerian mme is already providing its value Veterinary Medicai Association (NVMA) through increased operational visibility, Conferences (Ado-Ekiti, 2012 and Abuja, university-wide interest, participation in 2013) ensured high attendance at two thè surveilìance and control of diseases at International Conferences organized on th è h u m a n -a n im a l-e n v iro n m e n t thè project, namely Rabies in West Africa interfaces. Case referrals and utilization (RIWA) - December, 2012 and Improving of expertise in facilitation of country- Zoonoses Surveilìance: A One-Health wide programmes for strengthening Approach in June - July, 2013. A training zoonoses education and surveilìance has workshop for butchers was held in Aprii, accorded thè project national and sub- 2014, and a Learning Centre was regional recognition. Nevertheless, some established in Njala University, Sierra shortfalls were experienced within thè Leone, April-May, 2014. The project approved project duration. These hosted thè Nigeria Biosecurity Engage­ included, delay in actual programme ment Training Programme organized by commencement; certificate training and thè United States Centers for Disease operations of a molecular approach to Control and Prevention (CDC) in Ibadan, disease surveilìance. In addition, some N ig e r ia , Ju n e - Ju ly , 2 0 1 4 .P u b lic six months of industriai action in enlightenment about Ebola virus disease Nigerian universities and thè outbreak of prevention (EVDP) in Oyo State, Nigeria EVD in West Africa had impact on thè was conducted on thè platform and in project. It is upon this premise that we do support of thè NVMA in August, 2014. seek a one-year no-cost extension in order The project team co-organized Ebola to fully attain thè project's initial set goal Virus Disease Town hall Discourse at thè and objectives. University of Ibadan, July - August 2014; 54 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Hence, details of thè progress made in thè log ists , g eograp h ers, so c io lo g ists , approved three years, thè lessons learnt extension workers and artists in human- and increasing importance of thè centre in animal disease surveillance in West teaching, research and com m unity Africa. Service delivery in West Africa are enumerated in thè narrative section of Project Objectives this report. The principal objectives of this project are NARRATIVE REPORT as stated below: Project Goal To improve postgraduate programmes 1. Epizootiology Curricula for su rveillance of hum an-anim al • Review existing M.Sc. Epizoot­ diseases in West Africa, through thè d evelop m en t of CCPZ certifica te iology curriculum by selected sub- programme curriculum and systematic regional experts and stakeholders review of M asters of Scien ce in in One-Health education; E p izo o tio lo g y cu rricu lu m in thè • A d o p tio n of re v ise d M .Sc. Department of Veterinary Public Health curriculum by thè Department of and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan: The centre was to facilitate such Veterinary Public Health and review and curriculum development by Preventive Medicine, University of selected sub-regional experts and Ibadan, for approvai by thè stakeholders in One-Health education, Postgraduate School; practice and development, through • Development and adoption of a regional stakeholders' meetings and workshops. The revised and developed curriculum for CCPZ certificate curricula would be suitable for training of training programme in human- physicians, veterinarians, epidem i- animal disease surveillance; ologists, public health workers, agricultu- • Credit transfer on certificate and rists, statisticians, educators, economists, postgraduate programmes to Njala pathologists, parasitologists, mierobio- Leaming Centre. © Olugasa 2014 55 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal discase surveillance in West Africa 2. Training and Research • Build and strengthen laboratory • Enrol participants from multi- com petence for detection and disciplinary backgrounds into d ia g n o s is o f h u m a n -a n im a l Certificate Training Programme in diseases in surveillance; Human-Animal Disease Surveil­ • Developm ent of best practice lance in University of Ibadan, instructional materials and auto- Nigeria and Njala University, tutorial documentaries on human- Sierra Leone; a n im a l d is e a s e s and th e ir • A w ard C C PZ P o s tg ra d u a te surveillance modes in West Africa; Fellowship to students across West • Publishing of research findings in Africa admitted into MPhil/PhD or peer-reviewed joumals. PhD programmes at thè University of Ibadan; 3. Community Engagement • A w ard C C PZ P o s tg ra d u a te • Engender intemational and sub- Scholarship to students across West regional network of CCPZ with Africa admitted into Master of academic institutions, associations S c i e n c e p r o g r a m m e i n and agencies in promotional Epizootiology at thè University of awareness activities about human- Ibadan; animal diseases; • Sponsor Postgraduate Research • Anchor training programmes and Students on zoonoses-related in t e m a t io n a l c o n fe r e n c e s , fieldwork in West Africa, and engaging professionals from human-animal disease surveillance diverse disciplines in bio-security s tu d ie s a c ro s s th è v a r io u s and h u m an -an im al d isea se disciplines at thè University of surveillance; Ibadan • Foster best practice approaches to 56 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunitìes for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa community Service delivery in thè M.Sc. Epizootiology curriculum and prevention and control of zoonoses development of a Certificate Programme in selected hotspots of West Africa; in Human-Animal Disease Surveillance, • P ro v id e p re v e n tio n su p p o rt moderated by a Sub-Committee on response and systems for control Curriculum Review; (ii) Hosting of and prevention of zoonoses, international conferences on one-health through jingles in sub-regional education, practice and development in campaigns and workshops; West Africa; (iii) Establishm ent of • Build and n etw ork reg io n al Leaming Centre in Njala University, capacity for higher education in Sierra Leone; (iv) Enrolm ent and zoonoses investigation, addressing mentoring of first and second cohorts of thè obvious gender gap in thè grad uate stu d en ts in fie ld -b ased available manpower. observational research methods in • PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION human-animal disease surveillance; (v) L a b o ra to ry ca p a c ity b u ild in g in All activities implemented in thè three- geospatial analysis, molecular biology year project life were under thè control of and audio-visual aids; (vi) Sub-regional thè M acA rthur Foundation G rant aw areness p rom otion of tra in ing Implementation Committee, to ensure its programmes and Services available at compliance with essential regulations CCPZ among professional associations; and provisions of thè University in (v i i ) C o m m u n ity e n g a g e m e n t , accordance with thè terms of thè sensitization and training for butchers, MacArthur grant. hunters, bush-meat sellers and town hall discourse about Ebola Virus Disease and Ten major activities were implimented, other human-animal diseases; (viii) including (i) review and adoption of Hosting of Nigeria Bio-security Engage­ © Olugasa 2014 57 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-anitml disease surveillance in West Africa ment Training Programme of thè United surveillance training and fieldwork in States Centers for Disease Control and West Africa. The achievements have Prevention (CDC), June-July, 2014; (ix) created a robust platform for sustaining D e v e lo p m e n t o f b e s t p r a c t ic e th è im p r o v e m e n ts in t r a in in g instructional materials for certificate and programmes for human-animal disease postgraduate program mes; and (x) surveillance in West Africa. Publishing of scientific papers in peer- rev iew ed jo u rn a ls , and refereed KEY ACTIVITIES IMPLEMENTED conferences proceedings. •> 1) Revisioni o f M.Sc. Epizootiology Largely, implemented activities covered Curriculum ami Development o f all aspects of thè approved project. Certificate Curriculum in Human- Significant is thè achievements made in Anirnal Disease Surveillance mentoring doctoral (PhD, MPhil-PhD) The review of Master of Science in fellow s, laboratory capacity built, Epizootiology curriculum involved publications and collaborations with global, regional, national and University stakeholders in govemment and thè of Ibadan experts on thè programme and private sectors, including thè Nigerian academic leaders from start to thè end. Federai Ministry of Health, thè Liberian Major contributions made on needed Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, additions and subtractions from thè then thè Liberian Ministry of Agriculture, utilized curriculum were developed into Rabies in West Africa (RIWA) Network, full peer-reviewed papers and published thè World Health Organization Country under thè authorships of individuai Office in Nigeria, thè United States CDC, leader and experts. Eight lead papers in through its Nigeria Country Office and this regard were published in thè joumal Atlanta Georgia, especially in disease Epizootiology and Animai Health in ©Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa West Africa, volume 9, number 1, h a n d s-o n tim e -tre n d m o d e llin g , January-June, 2013. In addition, thè descriptive and categorical analysis of revised curriculum was prepared into thè data, spatial and linear regression methods). These five modular courses University of Ibadan template, and were designated Systematic Epizoot­ adopted by thè Department of Veterinary iology I-V. Curriculum review workshop Public Health and Preventive Medicine. organized was moderated by a Sub- The essential ingredients that were added Committee with terms of reference to to improve thè curriculum was a set of work with thè Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, courses that could translate thè then U niversity of Ibadan to ensure a single (3 credits) course in Advanced concensus programme that adds global Epizootiology into an operational best p ractice value to thè M .Sc. Systematic Epizootiology with modules Epizootiology curriculum. The revised in (i) Geospatial information infrast- cu rricu lu m Was ad op ted by thè department for approvai by Board of thè ructure and Services (GIIS) in -human- Postgraduate Schóòl of Jhe University of animal disease surveillance (3 cred4 its); (ii) Ibadan. ' • • . • V Hamessing Indigenous Knowledge and ■ - 4 * : Practices for human-animal disease ■In -a d d itio n , The S u b -C o m m itte e surveillance in West Africa (2 credits - developed Certificate Curriculum for Human-Animal Disease Surveillance required); (iii) Molecular Epizootiology ■ t • •(CHADS) based -on inclusive learning approach and techniques in human- that could be com{à(eted in one (1) month animal disease surveillance; (iv) Project oniy. th e new certificate curriculum was Monitoring and Evaluation in Human- adòffted at Stakehólders "meeting in Animal Disease Control (2 credits - February, 2014.' surveillance curriculum ièr^West Afrijj^./ The conference and required); (v) Statistical Methods in -workshop wére'held 4-7 December, 2012. Disease Modelling (2 credits - elective, The forum provided expert review of emphasising statistical approaches and rabies, global and regional best practices ©Olugasa 2014 59 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-anìmal disease surveillance in W est Africa 2) Hosting of International Conferences participation on Improving Zoonoses on One-Health Education, Practice and Surveillance in West Africa: thè One- Development Health Approach. Global, regional and national experts and leaders again The CCPZ team jointly organized Rabies attended thè conference at thè University in West Africa (RIWA) conference with of Ibadan, which was far larger in thè Federai Ministry of Health, Abuja, attendance than thè first conference. One- Nigeria, and a strategie workshop to H ealth N igeria com m uniqué was review human-animal disease in its endorsed and circulated. passive, active and predictive surveil­ lance. Rabies surveillance, research and 3) Establishment ofLeam ing Centre education were prioritized with thè in Njala University, Sierra Leone emergence of a strategie partnership to improve rabies surveillance in West CCPZ Principal Investigator visited Prof. Africa. RIWA network was an originai Felixtina Jonsyn-Ellis, thè Deputy Vice- and unique template of one-health Chancellor, Njala University, Sierra partnership for education, practice and Leone and Dr. Saidu Kanu, thè Head, development. Significant success was Department of Animai Science of thè ach ieved at thè co n feren ce w ith University on 24 Aprii, 2013 to evaluate commitments towards collaborative procedures for setting-up a Leaming hum an-anim al disease surveillance Centre at Njala. A pian was developed for linking academ ia, government and commencement of thè Leaming Centre. private practitioners. RIWA network As a follow-up on thè plans, Njala c o n tr ib u te d to th è re v ie w and University Administration provided a development of M.Sc. curriculum and thè lecture room within thè Department of Certificate Programme of CCPZ for Anim ai Science on thè U niversity Zoonoses Surveillance. Selected lead campus, which was renovated and papers from thè conference have been equipped between 30th Aprii and 13 May published in a peer-review journal. 2014, for permanent use as CCPZ Learning Centre. In all, sixteen (16) desks The second conference of thè centre was and chairs, one desktop and a laptop held June 30 - July 3, 2014 with global computer, an LCD projector, its screen 60 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities far human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa and accessories, a printer, a scanner, a 4) Enrohnent and mentoring ofthe first and photocopier and two standing fans were second cohorts o f postgraduate students installed. In addition, sign posts by thè main road, in front of thè Leaming Centre T w en ty -th ree (23) stu d en ts w ere were fixed. Other items provided admitted in two cohorts under thè include, wall displays about zoonoses postgraduate fellowship/ scholarship certificate program m e, floor cover programme. They were enrolled thus: 1 (linoleum) and window-blinds. Internai PhD, 6 MPhil/PhD and 5 M.Sc. (research) connectivity with thè University Wi-Fi in O ctober 2012. The first cohort links was provided. The facility was com p rised seven N ig e ria n s, two handed over to Professor Abu Sesay Liberians, two Ghanaian and one Sierra (Vice-Chancellor), along with thè Head, Leonean; while thè second cohort (4 PhD Department of Animai Science and other and 7 M.Sc. Epizootiology students) faculty and staff of thè department. enrolled in September, 2014, comprised Present at thè event was thè Associate nine Nigerians and two Liberians. Four Programme Officer, MacArthur Liaison (4) of thè M Phil/PhD candidates O ffice, U niversity of Ibadan (Mr. converted to PhD, while four M.Sc. Oyewale) and thè Project Monitoring and candidates successfully completed thè Evaluation Consultant, CCPZ (Mrs. programme and graduated in November Bamke Okunribido). CCPZ Administ- 2014. The Principal Investigator of this ration is to recru it an A ssociate Project together with first cohort students Programme Officer, who will man thè (two Liberians on MPhil/PhD and two Leaming Centre and coordinate thè N igerians on M asters program me) operation of its C ertificate Credit conducted field and laboratory studies in T ransfer program m e betw een thè Liberia, held meeting with thè President, U n iv e rsity o f Ib ad an and N jala Cuttington University, Liberia, Dr. University through thè Head of thè Henrique Tokpa at his office on 22 Aprii, Department of Animai Science. The 2013. The meeting deliberated on thè unprecedented epidemie of Ebola Virus progress made by Liberian student Disease shortly after thè set-up of thè beneficiaries of thè MacArthur funded centre interrupted thè process. p r o je c t an d s t r e n g t h e n in g o f collaboration between thè two Unive- © Olugasa 2014 61 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa / rsities (Cuttington University, Liberia of Ibadan. The students were subseq- and thè University of Ibadan, Nigeria in uently examined by internai and extemal disease surveillance at thè human- examiners to thè University of Ibadan. animal-environment interfaces. They were all, successful, in thè top of all their classes in thè Department of The President, Cuttington University Veterinary Public Health and Preventive w rote and en d o rsed an o ff ic ia i Medicine. Five scientific papers from correspondence to thè Honourable these studies have been accepted in peer- Minister of Health and Social Welfare and reviewed joumals. One is fully published thè Minister of Agriculture (Liberia) on in ELSEVIER's Spadai and Spatio- th è e d u c a tio n a l p ro g ram m e for t e m p o r a l E p i d e m i o l o g y im p roving hum an-anim al d isease (http://authors.elsevier.eom/a/lQ3Vy surveillance in West Africa. He indicated 6 g w S r-Y L 5 ), fo u r (4) are u n d er thè commencement of joint field work. On preparation for issues in Annals of thè strength of thè officiai corresp­ African Medicine and African Journal of ondence and an application for ethical Medicine and Medicai Sciences. approvai by thè Liberia Biomedicai Research Institute's Ethical Review Board Dr. B.O. Emikpe, a Co-Principal Investì- to enable thè disease surveillance in gator at CCPZ lead field study visits of L ib e r ia . T h e m in is tr ie s g ra n ted four (4) other students in thè first cohort im m ediate ap p rov als. An eth ica l to thè University of Ghana and thè approvai was later granted (Appendix 1). Central Veterinary Laboratory, Accra, Ghana in May-September, 2013. These The four students on fieldwork in disease students on CCPZ scholarship were Dr. surveillance to Liberia completed their Babalola Temilade (Female: MPhil/PhD studies, presented post-field seminars F e llo w , N ig e r ia n ) , D r. A d e o la and submitted a project report and O luw agbem ga (M ale: M Phil/PhD dissertation for M.Sc. and MPhil-PhD Fellow, Nigerian) Dr. Theophilus Odoom conversion to PhD to thè Department of (M ale : G h a n a ia n , M Sc) and Dr. Veterinary Public Health and Preventive T h e o p h ilu s Ja r ik re (M ale : M Sc, Medicine and to thè Centre for Control Nigerian). The four students on visit to and Prevention of Zoonoses, University G h an a co m p le te d th e ir s tu d ie s , 62 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa presented p ost-field sem inar and an epidem iologist/epizootiologist is subm itted officiai project reports/ known by a disease surveillance pavilion dissertation for M.Sc. and MPhil-PhD (where development of maps and thè conversion to PhD to thè Departments of exhibition of pattern of diseases are Veterinary Public Health and Preventive a v a ila b le ) , and a p u b lic h ea lth Medicine, Veterinary Pathology, Veter­ physician/ veterinarian is known by a inary Microbiology and Parasitology, community-based primary health care and to thè Centre for Control and program m e. Disease mapping and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of spatio-temporal analysis at CCPZ fills a Ibadan. Four scientific papers have been criticai gap in teaching, research and submitted to peer-review joumals with community Service. The laboratory has one already in print on Bulgarian Journal eight desktop computers (workstations) of Veterinary Medicine. Three of thè first and a server (on a desktop). A locai cohort of students, including two wireless network provides intercon- Ghanaians and one Nigerian were yet to nectivity for lending ArcGIS 10.1 successfully complete their programmes. laboratory License (Environm ental One Sierra Leonean did not pursue his Systems Research Institute, Redlands programme. California) on thè University of Ibadan web-server for 32 concurrent users. The 5) Laboratori/ capaciti/ building in Geospatial Information Infrastructure at geospatial analysis, tnolecular biology CCPZ operates effectively, providing and audio-visual aids education in contem porary use of In fo rm a tio n and C om m u n icatio n T h ree c r it ic a i la b o ra to r ie s w ere T e c h n o lo g ie s (IC T ) fo r d is e a s e established to build relevant capacities su rv eillan ce to p ostg rad u ate and for disease surveillance education, professional students in thè University of namely in geospatial analysis, molecular Ibadan, and in support of effective biology and audio-visual techniques. planning towards thè control and W hile a surgeon is known by an prevention of diseases in thè sub-region. operating theatre, a physician is known by an in-patient or out-patient clinic, an The CCPZ's molecular biology laboratory anatomist is known by a dissection room, is a bio-safety Level II facility, installed © Olugasa 2014 63 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for humcm-animal disease surveillance in West Africa w ith ca p a b ility for co n v en tio n a l 6) Sub-regional awareness promotion o f p o ly m e ra se -ch a in -re a c tio n (PC R ), training programmes and Services protein and genome electro-phoreses, available at CCPZ among professional digitai documentation System, cold associations Storage at low and ultra-low levels; and capable of extraction and preservation of Two professional association conferences genome, and detection of antigen- in Nigeria (Nigerian Veterinary Medicai a n t i b o d y b y E n z y m e - l i n k e d Association, Ekiti, 2012; Abuja, 2013) and Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The in Ghana (Ghana Veterinary Medicai laboratory was installed in August- Association Congress, 2014 and thè September, 2014. At thè same period, an concurrent second RIWA Conference) audio-visual suite was set-up with high were attended, and at w hich an defini tion video cameras and accessories. exhibition stand was mounted and manned by project personnel to promote The facility is for producing documen- its up-com ing a ctiv ities , tra in ing taries and auto-tutorial instructional p ro g ra m m e s , and o p p o r tu n it ie s materials both for on-campus use in UI available at thè University of Ibadan and distant learning in NU, Sierra Leone, Centre for Control and Prevention of ensuring that thè epidem iological Zoonoses. In particular, thè awareness surveillance operations of thè centre prom otion offered opportunity to contributes to national and sub-region present and build interests of members of Solutions that would address thè public thè N igerian V eterin ary M edicai health challenges in Nigeria and West Association (NVMA) towards thè Rabies Africa. in West Africa (RIWA) conference, scheduled for December, 2012 at thè The facility strategically bridges a gap in University of Ibadan. In addition, thè stren g th en in g thè ce rtifica te and One-Health Conference scheduled for graduate training instructional materials June-July 2013 again at thè University of development of thè centre, and its Ib a d a n w a s p r o m o te d . C C P Z community engagement programmes. information hand-bills were distributed and an exhibition of achievements of thè centre was displayed at thè Ghana 64 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-anìmal disease surveillance in W est Africa Veterinary Medicai Association (GVMA) 7) Community engagement, sensitization Conference 2014. In addition, thè joumal, and training for butchers, hunters, Epizootiology and Animai Health in bush-meat sellers and town hall West Africa volume 9, issue 1 was discourse about Ebola Virus Disease distributed at thè GVMA Accra 2014 and other human-animal diseases because it contained eight scientific papers related to M.Sc. Epizootiology On 29 Aprii, 2014 CCPZ organized and curriculum review at thè University of co n d u cted o n e-d ay se n s it iz a tio n Ibadan, and selected from thè first RIWA workshop for butchers and women Conference, 2012. The impact of this publication distributed was obvious at involved in thè processing and sales of thè second RIWA Conference. meat at slaughter facilities in Oyo State, Nigeria. There were seventy three (73) The papers presented at thè second participants at thè workshop. The RIWA conference, Ghana 2014, were resource persons were drawn from thè officially agreed to be peer-reviewed for possible publication in thè journal Department of Veterinary Public Health Epizootiology and Animai Health in and Preventive Medicine, University of West Africa volume 10, issue 2. CCPZ Ibadan, thè Oyo State Ministries Health donated conference bags and writing and Agricolture, and two Head Butchers. pens to thè GVMA and educational The workshop was coordinated by Dr. materials, including an LCD projector, meat inspection aprons, a pen drive and Sim eon I.B. Cadm us (Co-Principal jotters to each of thè two Veterinary In v estig ator, CCPZ and Head of Schools in Ghana (University of Ghana Veterinary Public Health Unit at thè and Kwame Nkruma University of University of Ibadan) and Professor Science and Technology Veterinary G .A .T . O g u n d ip e , H ead of thè Schools). Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan. Mrs. Abokede, a Matron from thè © Olugasa 2014 65 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Ministry of Health led a discourse on thè outbreak on campus. Attendance at thè butcher's health. The training was forum was compulsory for students, chaired by Professor M.O. Oyeyemi, thè faculty and staff. The event was chaired Dean of Veterinary Medicine, University by thè Vice-Chancellor and anchored by of Ibadan, and Professor R.A. Oderinde, CCPZ and thè Office of International thè MacArthur Grant Liaison Officer, Programmes, University of Ibadan. University of Ibadan were in attendance. CCPZ jingles were approved by thè Vice- The discourse focused on zoonotic Chancellor for use on thè University worms, bacteria and viruses: promoting Radio (Diamond FM) and auditioned personal and public safety in handling daily. animai and their processing for food. On lOth September, 2014 thè NVMA Oyo On 20th July, 2014 follow ing thè State Branch held a one-day sensitization outbreaks of EVD in Guinea, Liberia and workshop for hunters, bush-meat sellers S ierra Leone, CCPZ C o-P rincip al and veterinarians in thè state about risks In v e stig a to r, Dr. A .B. A yinm ode and prevention of Ebola virus disease. develgped a set of 3-minute jingles for The Principal Investigator,- CCPZ wàs community sensitization about EVD, its in v ite d to p re se n t thè H iS tó ry , -*v , r -cause, Clinical signs and mode of Geography and socio-economi^ impact of, ,. . ' transmission for airing on radio. It was thè disease in Nigeria and West Africa. * tproduced. in English, Yoruba, Pidgin The power-point presentatiòn t>y Dr. B.O. "English and Hausa. The jingles were O lu gasa w as ackn ow led g ed ' vyeil * / . assessedj^by Com m unications and researched, efficiently delivered to thè - -Gt^chniqàl egperts and adjudged as catchy target audience in English and thè locai .‘and hi§hty informative. On 21 August, Yoruba language. The attendahcé'àràs 4 -2014 a>town-hall discourse on EVD was about two hundred persons. The powér- .*• held at thè Trenchard Hall, University of point presentatiòn was sh arect'o n • Ibadan to sensitize thè community about Nigerian Veterinary Medicai Associ a^ion, v thè deadly disease, with focus on mail-group by thè Genera! Sèoretary of institutional preparedness in preventing thè association. outbreak on campus and necessary measures to contain it in an event of 66 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa 8) Hosting o f Nigeria Bio-security The CDC-BEP after national evaluation, Engagement Training Programme ofthe selected Ibadan as thè training venue for United States Centres for Disease thè programme. CCPZ made provision Control and Prevention (CDC), for both suitable laboratories and June-July, 2024 eq u ip m en ts w h ich in clu d ed , thè Nigerian Institute of Science Laboratory On 27 November, 2013, a delegation from Technology (NISLT), Samonda, Ibadan thè United States Department of State, for microscopy, Real-Time Polymerase Bio-security Engagement Programme, Chain Reaction and direct immunohisto- visited Professor Julius A. Okojie, chemistry procedures; thè Bio-Science E x e c u t iv e S e c r e t a r y , N a t io n a l C entre, International Institu te for U n iv e rsitie s C om m ission (N U C ), Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan for Nigeria, on modalities for building thè molecular sequencing; and endorsed capacity of laboratory scientists in Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) Nigeria, to monitor, detect and conduct with thè Institute for Lassa fever Research early detection and diagnoses of and Training, Irrua Teaching Hospital, dangerous zoonotic pathogens in Nigeria Irrua, Edo State; for Lassa fever antigens (NUC Bulletin Voi. 8, No. 24,2 December and reagents for use in thè training in 2013). Dr. Modupe Osinubi, of Rabies Ibadan. Thus, thè training utilized P ro g ra m m e , C D C A tla n ta and molecular diagnostic procedures that sp o k esp erso n o f thè d e le g a tio n , were non-dangerous yet efficient in thè subsequently corresponded by email to surveillance of virai pathogens and thè Vice-Chancellor, University of Ibadan ensured thè security of samples as (UI) between 12 and 19 December, 2013, opposed to culturing method. requesting him to support scientists from UI to attend thè training, representing The 120 participants at thè training were scientists from thè south-west Nigeria at draw n from relev an t in stitu tio n s thè train ing . H ow ever, thè Vice- including universities across thè country, C h an cellor, U niversity of Ibadan thè Federai Ministries of Health and assented and committed CCPZ project Agriculture as well as teaching hospitals team to work with thè CDC-BEP team to and other research institutes. The training facilitate and host thè training in Nigeria. end ed w ith thè p re se n ta tio n of ©Olugasa 2014 67 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in W est Africa certificates to participants and resource Human-Animal Disease Surveillance. persons. In appreciation of thè Centre's The instructional materials are being successful hosting of thè training system atically review ed by CCPZ programme, donation of forty (40) academic board. The materials include laboratory equipments which included data profile created from zoonoses recen tly d evelop ed D irect Rapid surveillance in West Africa and others Immunohistochemistry Test (dRIT) kit being profiled by thè Epi-informatics unit by thè CDC for rapid diagnosis and of CCPZ. Three dataprofiles being screening of suspected rabies samples, reviewed are: (1) UI-CU Liberia Lassa smart gel elctrotrophoresis kits and fever Observation Data Profile, 2008­ research materials were made to thè 2012. (2) UI-CU Liberia Rabies-like- CCPZ. The donated items have been illness Observation Data Profile, 2008­ published in thè University of Ibadan 2012 and (3) UI-CU Liberia Tuberculosis Officiai bulletin No. 3450 of November Observation Data Profile, 2008-2012. 2014 page 2. The Principal Investigator of These would be used in thè M.Sc. thè Centre was presented with a E p iz o o t io lo g y an d c e r t i f i c a t e certificate of appreciation by thè CDC p rogram m es. V ideo reco rd in g of (see attachment). The training was laboratory procedures in molecular directly related to thè networking, d ia g n o se s in c lu d in g P C R , gene capacity building and training objeetives sequencing and serology by CCPZ of CCPZ. faculty and collaborators, including thè CDC Bio-security Engagement team 9) Development ofbest practice (approved for use in CCPZ certificate and instructional materials fo r certificate M.Sc. trainings) are equally scheduled for programme review . A uto-tutorial instructional materials on standard operation in Instructional materials on best global disease surveillance are scheduled for production at CCPZ following review of practices adapted to thè sub-region are estab lish ed in stitu tio n a l m odules being compiled for use in thè CCPZ applicable to thè sub-region, into DVDs Certificate training program m e on and compacts disks for transfer to 68 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa Learning Centre, Njala University, Sierra surveillance coverage. One is published Leone. Jingles on Ebola Virus Disease in refereed conference proceedings. Two (EVD) and a movie on "Stop Rabies" (2) are published in Annals of African documentaries are to be used as tutorials Medicine and ten (10) are accepted for a in community engagement. Supplem ent in A frican Journal of M e d ic in e and M ed ica i S c ie n c e s 10) Publication ofscientific papers in high respectively. Some of these publications impact joumals, sub-regional peer- are freely accessible to students and reviewed joumals, and presentation o f faculty in thè sub-region on thè CCPZ papers at intemational conferences webpage, University of Ibadan. A summary of all publications within thè C C PZ su p p o rt o f p o s tg ra d u a te three-year project period is provided in programmes in thè 3-year project period thè logie frame of activity belo w. has resulted in thè mapping, risk assessment, forecasting and improved methods of research and teaching in REALIZATION OF OBJECTIVES Human-Animal Disease Surveillance in West Africa. This information has been A significant progress was made in published in intemational and sub- realization of thè set objectives as regional peer-reviewed joumals. In all, summarized in thè logicai framework twenty six (26) publications have been below. Curriculum review for M.Sc. Epiz­ made in peer-review joumals and shared ootiology programme and development with faculties in thè University of Ibadan of modules for Certificate training, being and collaborating Institutions in West fundamental to improving postgraduate Africa. These include eight (8) papers programmes for zoonoses surveillance published in Epizootiology and Animai have been achieved. The second objective Health in West Africa, one in Spadai and was mentoring, teaching and research in S p a t io - te m p o r a l E p id e m io lo g y zoonoses surveillance, in which first and (ELSEVIER: http://authors.elsevier. second cohorts of postgraduate students com /a/lQ 3V y6gw Sr-YL5), four (4) were admitted for training in novel others are published in various other scientific applications in sub-regional joumals with human-animal disease © Olugasa 2014 69 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in W est Africa field investigations. The third major surveillance skills to be attained in thè objective was to engagé thè community in new curricula. Thus, a zoonosis pavilion best practice apprpaches to disease for community engagement (Olugasa, 2014) ordine is being created to use surveillance at thè hum an-anim al- forecasts and maps of locai communities environm ent interfaces. The CCPZ to show hospitals that will be seeing new research unit on geo-spatial analysis hare cases of specific diseases in years ahead. realized this objective in thè forecasting of case pattern of priority zoonoses (rabies, Lassa fever and Tuberculosis) SIGNIFICANT ACHIEVEMENTS through inclusive learning framework. The accuracy of revised and new T he p ro g ram m e d e v e lo p ed and curricula contents to ensure needed published time-trend models to forecast criticai manpower for addressing thè cases of two virai zoonoses (rabies and public health challenge in thè sub-region Lassa fever) (Jomah et al., 2014; Olugasa et was considered a novel and significant a l, 2014 a and b; 2015 a and b). The case achievement in thè three-year period. The pattems showed striking similarity with development and adoption of these thè pattern of spread and magnitude of curricula marked thè emergence of more effective and efficient human-animal Ebola virus disease, 2014 outbreak in disease surveillance certification and Liberia. This achievement underscored postgraduate programme in West Africa, thè exactness of what a graduate student with hub at thè University of Ibadan, should be able to do by attending thè Nigeria. The timely conversion of four revised postgraduate programme in MPhil-PhD students to full PhD (two M.Sc. Epizootiology and thè Certificate of Liberians, two Nigerians), thè set-up of a Learning C entre in Sierra Leone, Participation in zoonoses surveillance graduation of four of thè first cohort of (Olugasa and Fasunla, 2013) at thè students mentored on MSc/MVPH University of Ibadan CCPZ. We are programme at thè University of Ibadan excited about thè utmost relevance of thè (with best performance in their academic 70 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in W esf Africa p ro g ram m es), w ith h igh q u a lity with partner institutions across West publications from their projects and Africa. h o stin g of N ig e ria B io -s e c u r ity Engagement Programme were all notable achievements in thè three-year period. IMPACT OFGRANT The CCPZ used time-trend modeling to The impact of thè CCPZ has been predict that thè status of Lassa fever (LF) noticeable in thè following areas. in Liberia called for prioritization of its control intervention prior to thè EVD 1. There is significant increase in epidemie. To thè best of our knowledge, enrolment for M.Sc. Epizootiology CCPZ was first sub-regional educational programme in thè University of institution to apply a standardized Ibadan. In thè 2013/2014 academic approach to predict thè trend of LF in s e s s io n , an u n p re ce d e n te d 9 Liberia (Open access on Annals of candidates were admitted into thè African Medicine 14(2), 2015). Model programme in thè Department of toolkit was developed for time-trend V eterin ary P u blic H ealth and analysis and prediction of case pattern of Preventive Medicine as opposed to Lassa fever and later for rabies in Liberia. two or less in previous sessions. These tools may aid strategie planning and preparedness for these diseases. 2. An increase in number of applications, These were landmark achievements of admissions and enrolment of West thè programme that would outlive thè African postgraduate students into three-year funding of thè programme. p o stg rad u ate p rog ram m es for Being a cruciai tool in preventive su rv e illa n ce of h u m an -an im al medicine, CCPZ was positioned for d iseases was recorded in thè capacity building toward thè ambitious 2012/2013 academic session at thè aim of "arriving at thè site of an outbreak University of Ibadan. This trend was before thè pathogen." These were sustained in thè 2013/2014 academic achieved because of thè quality of s e s s io n as r e c o r d e d in th è primary and secondary data available for applications made for admission. modelling from cooperation sustained © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa 3. University-wide attitudinal I P R O J E C T IM P A C T F L O W C H A R T change towards thè use of Curriculum Training. Reserarch Community maps in guiding collabo- Development and Services Engagement ration in disease surveill­ Conferences ance stu d ies has been 1 PhD a pi n 6Mphil'PhO 4 PhD reflected in background GVMA diversity of individuals M Se Curriculum expressing interest in thè 5M Se 7M.Sc NVMA (research) (Epizoot ) certificate training program- me for disease surveillance RIWA from outside thè Faculty of Converted4MPhil Veterinary Medicine; Engagement Graduated 4M.Sc Lcarning Centre in Njala 4. University of Ibadan CCPZ becom ing an attractiv e Certificate Workshop curriculum for Butchers destination for doctoral 10 Tramces (Scp t2014) stu d en ts and resea rch CDC-BEP scientists from Europe and Zoono»©* thè A m ericas that are Pavilton visiting W est Africa to conduct research and seeking collabo- Evaluation to facilitate thè prompt set-up ration on human-animal diseases. of thè up till then delayed establishment of thè Leaming Centre in Sierra Leone's Njala University. The leaming centre was EVALUATION OF IMPLEMENT ATION effectively set-up and made ready for use in May, 2014. There were obvious Sched u le ofA div i ties and Expen di tu res improvements in performance during thè third year in all thè scheduled activities of During thè third year of this project, thè thè program m e and expenditures Project Team engaged thè direct involve- compared to achievements in previous m ent of thè res id en t sp ecia list/ years. consultant in Project Monitoring and 72 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animaì disease surveillance in West Africa The outbreak of Ebola virus disease, a holds increasing role and importance in zoonosis in West Africa, while within thè thè event of EVD epidemie in West catchment of diseases at thè human- Africa, underscoring thè public health animal-environment interfaces, was a v u ln e ra b ility of thè reg ion . The level-4 biosafety disease, beyond thè P ro g ra m m e T eam h as w òn th è planned activities of this programme. confidence of major stakeholders in thè This event necessitated a careful and sub-region. deliberate revision of movements to-and- from affected countries to ensure safety Key Lessons Leam tand Next Step rules for students, staff and faculty. On air and ordine approaches to community The Programme Team's resilience in all participation in research and Services aspeets of managing collaboration across towards control of thè disease was thè sub-region is a major lesson leamt adopted. This might have accounted for that would continue to make thè project additional delays in fully accomplishing successful. While a shortfall in set thè set objectives. On this basis, we seek a objectives were recorded, thè centre has one-year no-cost extension. clearly actualized thè criticai platform and direction for im provem ent in Evaluation ofOverall Targets postgraduate programmes for human- animal disease surveillance as itemized The activities of thè programme have in thè logicai framework herewith generally been significanti accomplish- provided. ed. The programme has made notable impact on thè West African community The next steps include providing and disseminating resource materials for with increased operational visibility in its skills building, recruiting and training three years of operation. The project manpower for zoonoses surveillance and © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa control in thè sub-region. By operation- Team has won thè confidence of its major alizing thè flexible certificate program- stakeholders in thè sub-region. The me, made accessible to desk and field present stage of implementation has officers, laboratory technicians, academic clearly and significanti positioned thè and researchers, through summer and programme as novel and cruciai. online courses on current trends in zoonoses surveillance and control, thè The requested one-year no-cost extension Programme Team hope to sustain its funding window provided by thè John D. educational impact beyond thè funding and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation window of thè MacArthur Foundation. will enable thè programme team to This therefore necessitates a need for a efficien ti optimize operations necessary no-cost extension of thè project. for ensuring an indelible and sustainable continuity of thè robust contributions to C onclusion improvement of postgraduate program- mes for surveillance of human-animal The activities of thè programme have diseases in West Africa. The programme generally been sig n ifican ti implem- will consolidate its sub-regional position ented. The programme is making notable in four key areas viz; delivery of impact in Nigeria and communities permanent best practice instructional within West Africa with increased materials, map design and sharing, operational visibility in its three years of forecast Service delivery, as well as an operation. The project holds increasing online data exchange that shall optimize role and importance in thè event of both thè use of thè short course Certificate current and prospective EVD epidemics Programme in West Africa. in higher education for Science and Instructional materials based on sub- Service integration. The Programme regional data generated and data profile © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportumtìes for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa createci will be compiled for use in In summary, in 2015 thè Centre will certificate and postgraduate progra- provide and dissem inate resource mmes; detailed and prepared as worked materials for skills building, recruiting and training manpower for zoonoses examples in thè textbook on Systematic surveillance and control in thè sub- Epizootiology. The textbook will integ­ region. The programme will consolidate rate instructional materials for use in both capacity built through operationalization certificate and postgraduate curricula in of thè flexible summer and online zo o n o ses su rv e illa n ce . A n n u ally certificate courses on current trends in zoonoses surveillance and control, made harnessed and generated zoonotic data- accessible to desk and field officers, profile and thematic maps would be used laboratory technicians, academics and for case pattern prediction service at researchers. CCPZ. The results being shared and freely accessible as community Service for The programme intends to sustain its engagement of health authorities in educational impact beyond thè funding targeted responses. M aps will be window of thè MacArthur Foundation uploaded and hosted on an internet- and achieve its key goals by embarking based One-Health pavilion (CCPZ-ESRI on thè following in response to priority licensed server) with accessibility to d is e a s e s at th è h u m a n -a n im a l- students, faculty and collaborators in environment interfaces, including EVD W est Africa. The online zoonoses control promotion in West Africa: pavilion will publish materials into mobile (hand-held) android phone 1. Intensify awareness campaign at applications to supplement means of community level for EVD eradication communication such as telephones in through thè production of high syndromic surveillance, augment data impact audio-visual materials; update and capture of zoonotic disease 2. Train C om m unity Su rveillance case patterns. Advisors (CSAs) specifically for EVD case identification, reporting and net­ © Olugasa 2014 75 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opporhinities for human-animal disease surveillance in W est Africa working between affected comm- zoonoses risk factors and cases, report to u n ities , M in istries of H ealth/ thè respective locai surveillance posts at Agriculture and partner agencies; thè com m unity level and records obtained are relayed to CCPZ geo­ 3. Designate more Surveillance Posts database adm inistrator for editing, within Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia and verification and possible authorization Sierra Leone, where CCPZ has into thè zoonoses pavilion. Each CSA collaborators and Leaming Centres shall be trained and supported with for field operations. biosafety logistics for inclusive referrai System in zoonoses surveillance. It is 4. Strengthen community engagement hoped that near-real-time incidence through Citizen Science approach in and/or prevalence of zoonotic diseases zoonoses surveillance and promotion occurring in communities in thè sub- of thè One-Health pavilion as a model region would be captured on feedbacks for postgraduate and certificate from identified Community Surveillance training in human-animal diseases in Advisors. A periodic advisory reports West Africa. shall be produced from thè Certificate Training Programme and CSAs data A certificate short course in zoonoses profile for public health engagement. A surveillance is a priority attention for one-health approach model for passive, C C P Z -C S A s, w ho sha l l i n c l u d e active and predictive surveillance would University Faculty, community members have been established for early waming and healthcare career professionals. System and targeted response by health These would search and identify specific authorities. 76 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animcd disease sun>eillance in West Africa Figure 1: CCPZ hosted thè CDC organized Nigeria Bio-security Engagement Training Programme, in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria front 25 June to3Juiy, 2014 Figure 2: Registration desk at thè Nigeria Bio-security Engagement Training Programme, Conference Centre, University of Ibadan, 25 June to 3 July, 2014 © Olugasa 2014 77 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillatice in W est Africa Figure 3: Group photograph at thè closing session of thè second International Conference and One-Health Exposition of thè CCPZ, held 30 June -3 July 2013, Trenchard Hall, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Figure 4: (L-R) The Chief-Medical Director, University College Hospital, Ibadan, President, Nigerian Academy of Sciences, Principal Lnvestigator of MEPIN, Epizootiology Consultant, CCPZ PI and three Co-PIs at 2nd Annual Conference of CCPZ, July 3,2013. 78 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillancc in West Africa Figure 5: President, Nigerian Academy of Sciences, Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Administration), Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academic), University Librerian, Deans of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health (UI), Director- General, Nigerian Institute of Sicence Laboratory Technology, NVRI staff, CCPZ PI, Co-PI and dignitaries at Opening of 2nd Annual Conference & One-Health Exposition, 30 June-3 Julv, 2013. Figure 6: Field research session conducted by a CCPZ Scholar, Dr. Eugene Odigie, investigating case-pattem and knowledge of Lassa fever in a small town of Nimba County, north-central Liberia, Aprii - May, 2014 © Olugasa 2014 79 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in West Africa GHÂ VETERINARI UUMLUIOCUTm wTH AGIVI & 2 0 TH CONGRESS IMCRGIM IMI Rf-UUCINC /SM O TIC KlUa nid i pugne Rutn u i socio icmoacamTiiici STfTUTC OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT STUOIES. MAOINA I W K 2 0 T N - J 1 S T O C T O B E R 2 0 1 4 G e n e ra l P u b lic is In v itc d ! Figure 7: Honourable Minister of Agriculture, Dr. Agyeman Peku at opening session of Ghana Veterinary Medica] Association's40th Annua! General Meeting and 20th Congress with 2nd Rabies in West Africa (RIWA) Conference, Accra, Ghana, October 2014 Figure 8: Group photo at thè opening session, Ghana Veterinary Medicai Association Annual Conference, attended by thè Principal Investigator, CCPZ, Dr. B.O. Emikpe, Co-Principal Investigator and Mr. Emeka Odiaka, Associate Programme Officer, who manned thè CCPZ Boot. Epizootiology and Animai Health in West Africa is thè yellow hook held by two participants (RIWA delegates) on thè front row, right side. 80 © Olugasa 2014 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Tablc I LOGICAI, FR AM E WORK O FA C TIV IT IES OUTCOME INDICATOR / TARGET S/N A m v r r Y EXPECTED OUTCOME MEANS OF VERIFICATION PROPOSED ACHIEVED 1 1 cadmhip visiti and • Partnership bctwccn locai • Thrcc (3) MOUs to he signed • Thrcc (3) MOUs signed with thrcc Endorscd MOUs are available al the Office of meeting with amJ Interna nonni Insti tutìon* with the thrcc cullaborating collaboratmg Univcrsitics in West International Programmes (OIP). UI and at CCPZ col laburni mi; r.trrngthcncd. Univcrsities in West Africa. Africa, namcly Cuttington University. Sccrctanat dcpartmcnls and University of Ghana and Njala Inxtitulions • Exchange visita conductcd • Thrcc Lettere of Agreement University. Sierra Leone b v sin fi’ and student of the (LoA) io l>e signed with thrcc Cmitre and mllaboraing (jovcrnnicntal Ministries of • Four Lettere of Agreement (LoA) Endorscd LOA» available at CCPZ Secretami Inctitulions, including Njnla Hcailh and Agriculturc signed with thrcc Governmenta l University. Sierra Leone. Ministries of Health and Agneulturc in Postgraduate students and faculties on rcscarch Cuttington University. • Develop n tcaching capacity of West Africa, namcly Federai Ministry visi! lo Nigeria hosted by CCPZ are publishcd in Liberia, University of lilmnu. about 25 Iccturers including of Health. Ahuja, Nigeria; Ministry of Links Newsletter ot the Office of International Accra and University of le e ture rs from the International Agriculturc. Libertà; Ministry of Programmes. University of Ibadan. a» follows: Ibadan. collaboration Institutions. Health and Social Wclfarc. Liberia. Central Vctcnnaiy Lahoratory. Accra, • Volume 9. Scptcmbcr-Decomber. 2012 • Biult tcaching. rcscarch and • Two (2) joint tcaching and Ghana. [Doctoral candidate at University of rncntoring capacity for tlic mcntonng of postgraduatc Wisconsin. Madison, USA Prcscnts Centre studenti on rcscarch visi! to • Two Lettere of Agreement signed with seminar in UI. On page 9 -IO); Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana newly cmcrgtng multidisciplinary non- • M anagcd e ni la boranoli and Nigeria pcracadcmic govcmmcnlnl bodics. namcly “One- • Libcnan Professor hosted lo a reception between partner highcr KSfiiCKL Health"- Nigeria and RIWA (Rabics in on complction of a short training inslitulions and govemment West Africa) network programmo in UI. On page 5-6. ogcncics in West Africa. • Set up a Lcammg Centre in Njala University. Sierra Leone • Two (2) joint tcaching and mcntonng Action photos of mcctings hcld at the Federai of ten ( IO) post gradua te students on Mimstry of Health. Ahuja. Nigena are available at rcscarch visits to Libcna. Ghana, CCPZ sccrctanat and providcd in the Appendix to northem und/or southern Nigeria (his report • Tcaching capacity of 25 Iccturers Sdentile puhlications from restaceli rcports on dniwn from the University of Ibadan studies in Liberia and Ghana are available in CCPZ (12). University of Ghana (2). Njala Sccrctanat. on CCPZ publications wcbpagc, Ul University (3). Cuttington University website, and rcspectivc joumal web links Action (2). Ministries of Health (3) and photos of CCPZ PI'» with the Prcsidcnt, Cuttington Agneulturc (3) in Nigena, Ghana. University. Libena. Deputy Vicc-Chanccllor. Njala Libcna and Sierra Leone University. Sierra Leone and CCPZ Co-Pi with the Head of Central Vetennary Lahoratory. Accra, Ghana are available at the CCPZ secretoria! • Leaming Centro of lò-sitter capacity Njala University acknowicdgcmcm of Leaming with multimedia projector. internet Centre cstablishcd and action photo album are available at the CCPZ sccrctanat 00 UNIVERSITY OF IBAD N LIBRARY connectivity and instructional matcrinls was establishcd in Njala University. SictTa Leone. Agreement and endorscd certificate of apprcciation • Agreement memorandum with thè from the CDC availablc at the CCPZ secretano! United State Centres for Diseasc Donation of forty (40) laboraiury cquipmcnts and Control and Prcvcntion to host and rescorch materni» from the CDC to CCPZ facilitate thè Nigeria Biosecurity availablc on the University of Ibadan bullctin No. Engagement Training Programme 3450 of 03 November 2014 page 2 • Materni Transfer Agreement (M I A) Material Transfer Agreement availablc al the CCPZ signed between thè Ccntrc and sccrctariat Institutc for Lassa fever Research and Training. Irma Tcachtng Hospital, (mia. Edo State. Nigeria. Material Transfer Agreement availablc at the CCPZ sccrctariat • Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) is being dcvclopcd with Singapore Ghana Confcrcnec book of abstracls. action pholo University, facilitatcd by the CDC album and lettere of acknowlcdgemcnt from Ghana Vctcrinary Medicai Associanon, University of • Confcrcnec and instructional material* Ghana and Kwame Nkruma University o f Science donations to Ghana Velcrinary and Technology. (ìhana availablc at the sccrctariat Medicai Association and Universities OUTCOME INDICATOR / TARGET S/N ACTIVITY EXPECTED OUTCOME MEANS OF VERIFICATION PROPOSED ACHIEVED 2 . Curriculum Rcvicw • MSc Epizooliology • To rcvisc thè existing MSc • Existing MSc Epizoo!iology • OIP Newsletter A rcport on curriculum Curriculum rcviscd at thè Epizootiology curriculum curriculum was rcviscd between rcvicw workshop by CCPZ on Human- University of Ibadan. December 5. 2012 and Junc 12.2013 Animul Disca.sc Survcillancc ni the Department of Vctcrinary Public University of Ibadan was pubhshed in Links • Certificato Programme in • To dcvclop a curriculum un Health and Preventive Medicine Newsletter of the Office of International Human-Animai Dìsolsc Certificate in Human-Animai udopted rcviscd curriculum in Programmes. University of Ibadan. as Survcil lune e dcvclopcd Discase Survcil lance l ebruary 2014 follows: • Volume V, September-December. 2012 [Ul hosls first International confcrcnec • Supportai crolli transfer • CCPZ to operaie credit transfer • Rcviscd MSc Epizoo!iology on Rabics in West Africa On page 1 - frutti University of Ibadan tu programmo lo Njaln University curriculum is at the Postgraduaic «); Njttlo University. Sierra for certificate training in School. Ul for board approvai. Leone Humttn-Ammal Di scuse Working documenta video rvcordingv and Survcil lance published rcvicw papere on MSc Epizootiology curriculum are availablc at CCPZ Secrclarial. Rcvised curriculum availablc in CCPZ prospcctus and at the Department of Vctcrinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine. University of Ibadan UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY • Certificate of Participation in Human- Devcloped curriculum for Certificate in Human - Animai Di scase Surv ci (lance in West Animai Disease Surveillance available in CCPZ Africa was devcloped and adopted by prospectus stakeholders in West Africa in Fcbruary 2014. Rcvised MSc Epizootiologu curriculum available at thè Postgraduate School. UI. • Certificate programmo is ready for annual advertisement. selcction of Reviscd curricula available in CCPZ Prospectus at tramees. enrolment and training thè Secretami. • Ten trainccs on Human-Animal Enrolled trainecs on Human-Animal Disease Disease Surveillance werc enrolled in Surveillance certification programmo oro currontly thè first cohort o f certificate on training at thè Centro; prognunmes______________________ OUTCOME IND1CATOR / TARGET S/N ACTfVITY EXPECTED OUTCOME MEANS OF VERIFICATION PROPOSED ACH1EVED 3. Teachmg and • Wcekly seminare presented To hold wcekly seminar Twenty live (25) seminar Scicntifìc seminar prescntations of faculty and mcntonng of presenta ti on (12 seminare in a prescntations delivercd to engagé studcnts before and after field tnps are available in postgraduatc sludents • Ficldwork conducted in seme*ter) engaging Postgraduate Studcnts and thè thè CCPZ Epi-informatics Resourvc Room. in Human-Animal Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone Postgraduatc Studcnts on community on Human-Animal Disease surveillance. and Nigeria CCPZ Scholarehip/Fellowship Disease Surveillance in West Africa in thè approved thrcc yeare Distant Lcaming Centre To conduci two fìcld trips per estàblished in Siena Leone semester to West African Two field trips per student (21 ) to Flight dckets of each student and faculty on field countries on Human-Animal Liberia, Ghana or within Nigeria on trip to Liberia, Ghana and Sierra Leone are Strengthened laboralory Disease investigation hands-on mentorìng in Lassa fevcr, available at CCPZ secretori al. Data profilo capturcd capacity for research and rabies, bmccllosis, tubcrculosis and on field surveillance in Libertà and Ghana are dcvelopmcnt in Human- To ofTcr data analysis support other Human-Animal Disease available at thè Epi-informatics Resource Room at Animal Disease Surveillance at Epi-informatics Laboratory investigation CCPZ. Epi-informatics Laboratory To ofTer diagnostic support at Lcaming Centre coordinator took Lcaming Centro facility documents available at thè established and operational Molccular biology Laboratory delivery o f facility to enroll trainces, CCPZ secretariat bui truncatcd by Ebola Virus Disease Molccular Biology and To develop instmctional epidemie of intemational concem in Diagnostie Laboratories matehals at thè Audio-visual Sierra Leone in Junc 2014; A pcer-reviewed papcr published on Lassa fevcr established and operational Laboratory Surveillance available for free download at wcblink Data profi le and analysis in remote bqpi//«M(hgn,glKVKi.cggv/̂ l Q3Vy6gw$r-YL5 Audio-visual laboratory To present 5 scicntifìc papere scnsing. GIS mapping and timc-trond Powcr-Point prcsentation at GEOVET 2013 established and operational at confercnccs and published in modeling at thè Epi-informatics available on thè weblink - peer-rcvicwed joumals Laboratory studcnts and faculty www.rvcac.uk/Ncws/mcdia/GEOVET- beyond CCPZ prescntations/16-Olugasa.ppt Data sets capturcd, analyzed To engagé thè community in and profi led public Health promotion Immuno-histochemistry diagnosi* Project rcporis submitted by MVPH scholar awarcncss programmes using Direct Rapid beneficiare available at CCPZ and at Department Impactfiil Scicntifìc Immunohistochcmistry Test (dRIT) of Vetennary Public Health and Preventive Confercnccs Conducted kit donated by thè Medicine, University of Ibadan OC UNIVERSI Y OF IBADAN LIBRARY 00 • Model ceni ficaie prognmune by CDC Certificate or Attendancc at confacnces. action (fu nel ed by the USAID) bui hosted photo nlbums. videi» record ings .md instroctional lac11it.itcvi by ( < PZ trmined « ht material* of certificate training programmo*. are hundred and twcnty (120) participants available ai CCPZ Epi -In forma tics s rcsource drawn fmm Human-Animai Discase roora. Survcillancc institutions in Nigeria, certi fi ed in the CDC Nigenan Biosccurity iEnn gagement training programmo June-July 2014. • Production o f a 48-roinutes Jingles available on D\D at ihe CCPZ werc docuincniary titlcd "Stop Rabica'' in previewed by media experts and acade ni ics DVD in Hnglish and Fiench adjudgcd as highly informative and educative documemnncs l'or use in puhlic lieviti cducation • Centro produce*! a jingle on how io ouireach programmo* - July-Scptember 2014 prrvent Eb oia virus di scaso, aired itaily on thè University of Ibadan Diamond I M rodio l’or 2-3 minotes. • CC'PZ scholars. t'cllows and iaculty (t) l.cad poisomng in Northern Nigeria. Nanjeng, prcsenied scienti fic papere at China, ISAM 2013 (ii) Use ofsmalt ruminimi* as In t e r n a t io n a l confercnccs (8| and scntincl for Lcad detection In Zumlar». Nigeria. submitted ten ( IO) papere l'or 2nd CCPZConfcrencc. Ibadan, 2013; (iti) Sparii»- publication in pccr-rcvicwcd joumals tcinporal pattem of Lasta fever in tirand Bassa. Liberia. 2nd CCPZ confcrencc, Ibadan. 2013; (iv) The rubber plantation ermronmcnt and Lassa fever epidemie* in Liberia a sp mal regi essimi, (UOVI 1 2013. London, 1 'K(v) The Centro for Control and Provention of Zoonosc* at «he I tnivereily of Ibadan Irnproving postgraduatc progronimes l'or surveillance of hurnaii-animn! di scase •. in West Africa. Chicago. IL 2013( vi) four papere on Ebola Virus l>isc.ise 11 ). Rabica in Liberia ( I ). Brucellosis in ( ihana ( I ), tabics in Ghana 11 ) were presoti od al ihc Ghana Veterinoiy Medicai Associarion Conferente (vii) Pccr reviewed papers in \nnals o f Afriean Medicine is available at hhtp^/www.annaLsatrnied orty/alicadolpitni asp __ • I letd a con le rene e in I )eeember 2012 Attendancc shed, Hook of Abstract*, photograpl» and one in June-July. 2013 w ith and video documentato n of conferente* are prescntations on tine-Health available al CCPZ. collaboration to improve human aniimd discase surveillance in West Africa. Action photogtaphs aro attae h ed in Appendi x II Professional* front over ni ne (9) • IJI VC’s Special Newsletter discipline* participated in cach confcrencc in 2012 and 2013. A rcpon on fusi animai confcrencc of the CCPZ on human-animul discuse *urveil lance in 'A rei Africa UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY • West African network • To promote octive studenLs • Aclivc panicipation o f postgruduatc held at the University of lbadan was publishcd in cstablished pnrticipation in confcrcnccs: studcnls with about 20 prescntations; Links Newsletter of thè Office of lntcmation.il Programmo», t Iniveniily o f lbadan. as follows: • North-South network • To promote an agenda for • Rabics in West Africa ( RIWA ) Onc- cstablishcd "One-Health" network in Mcalth roundtablc and networking; • Volume 9. Septcmbcr-Deccmbcr. 2012 Nigeria; [UI hosls First International • Sub-remon.il review of • A multidisciplinary roundtablc that conferenceon Rahies in West Africa. On curriculum publrahed • To promote “One-Health*’ cndoracd *T >nc-Health-Nigeria" page 7 - g); colluboration in West African, Memorandum; A rcpon on the second annua 1 confcrcnce of CUP/ • Communique bsucd • To promote paper prcscntations • rhrcc (3) Icad sci enti tic papera from held at the University of lbadan was publishcd in from dcvclopcd and dcveloping North America or Europe wcrc Links Newsletter of thè Office of International • Govcmmcnl-privatc countncs. cnsuring North- prcscnted at each ofthe 2012 and 2013 Programmo», University o f lbadan. as follows: partnership cstablishcd South networking. conferirnecs of the CCPZ; • Volume 10. May-August, 2012 (UI • To publish prucccdings of • R1W A papera < 1 f>) were pub li shed in hosls second International confcrcnce d i i confcrcnce prcscntations; Lpizootiology and Animai Hciilth in Improving human-animai disea.se West Africa volume 9(1 & 2) survcillancc in West Africa: Onc-Hcalth • To releasc a commumque at the • Confcrcnce Commumque Issued Approach On page 7 - 8); end of each confcrcnce • Actuuluecd govcmmcnt-privaie Pubiished in two (2) National Newspapcra partnership in West Africa. • North-South networking actualizcd; • Volume 9(1 2) of l-pi/ootiology and • Sclected papera < 20) from sccund Animai Health in West Africa availahlc at CCPZ Confcrcnce acceptcd for CCPZ secrctan at publication in a supplcmcntary volume of African Journal of Medicine, Junc 2014 OUTCOME INDIOATOR / TARGET S/N ACTIVITY F.XPEC TEI) OUTCOME MEANS OF VERIFICATION PROPOSED ACH1EVED s Po^lgradualc • Five(5i PhD candidate* • To admit 5 PhD studente from • f ighi (8) MPhil l’hD or PhD • Copies ol admisMon lettera are availablc Allo lission. admitted and mentored from West Africa; applicants wcrc olTcred admission; at thè Poslgraduutc School. University Schiitarahip. the target countncs of Siena Only si* (6) acceptcd and cnrolled for of lbadan and at thè CCPZ Secretarla!. Fcllnwahip award.s Leone 1 .1 iberia 1. Ghana 1, • To admit 15 studenLs in each the progrnmmc in 2012 2013; and collal>oniiions Nigeria 2 over 3 acadcmic of the Tirsi two years o f the • First cohort of six (6) MPhil PhD and • Acccplance Lcttcr cndorscd by each of sessioni ol 2011.2012, projcct into the revised MSc. one ( 1 ) PhD candidatcs rcspcctivcly the admitted studenLs are availablc at the 2012/2013 and 2o 13/2014; Epi/ootiologv programmo; wcrc admitted and mentored from the Postgraduate School. UI and at the target countncs of Ghana ( li . Libcna CCPZ Secretami. • A total of 30 studenti • To balancc gender in admission (2) Nigena (2) and Sierra Leone ( 1 ) in admiucd imo thè rcvised with seven (7) fcmelc and 8 (he 2011/2012 ocademic sessioni • Rcccipts o f Tuition Paid to UI MSc. Epizoofiology male candidatcs drawn from • Second cohort o f fcllows which Postgmduate School are availablc at the progranunc over ìwo Sierra Leone. Libcna. Ghana compnsed of the four (4i MPhil/PhD Postgraduate School and ai CCPZ; acadcmic Pession» in the and Nigeria in the 2011/2012 candidato who suecessfully convcrtcd 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 amd 2012/2013 acadcmic wcrc admitted and mentored troni • Board of Post graduate School approvai scsstons rcspcctivcly Libcna (2) and Nigena (2) of thè MPhil/PhD conversimi resulti of rcspcctivcly in the 2012/2013 the tour (4) CCPZ fcllows, effective acadcmic session; A spri 2014 availablc ai 1 ( PZ • First cohort of live (5 ) studenti on Department of Vetcrinary Public Health X J1 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN IBRARY rcscarch phasc on M.Sc. and Preventive Medicine. University of Epizootiology and rclated Ibadan; programmes from Ghana ( 1 ) and Nigeria (4) rcspectively werc paitially • Enrolmcnt courec forms for 2012/ 2013 sponsor ed dunng thè 2012/2013 for cach student is a\ ai lab le at CCPZ. academic session; • Sccond cohort of seven (7) candidatcs • Institutional approvai, rcceipts of tuition from Nigeria (7) werc sponsored, paid lo UI Postgraduatcs School are enrollcd and admittod in thè M.Sc. availablc at thè Postgraduate School and Epizootiology programme for CCPZ for thè 2013/2014 academic 2013/2014 academic session; session availablc at CCPZ, Department • A total of twcnty three(23): femalc 9, o f Vetennary Public Health and Male 14 over thè approvcd ih ree Preventive Medicine, University of years; Ibadan; • PhD ■ 3 Nigcnan. 2 Li beria n • MPhil/PhD = 1 Ghanaian, 2 Libenan. • Admitted candidatcs on thè M.Sc 2 Nigcnan. 1 Sierra Lconean Epizootiology programme currcntly on • M.Sc. * 1 Ghanaian. 11 Nigcnan training availablc at CCPZ, Department of Vetennary Public Health and Preventive Medicine. University of Ibadan. OUTCOME IND1CATOR / TARGET S/N A c n v r rY EXPECTED OUTCOME MEANS OF VERIFICATION PROPOSED ACHIEVED 6. Scientific publication • Papere publishcd in • High-impact International • Olugasa BO. Dogba JB. Nykoi JD. Publishcd papcr availablc on ELSEVIER Spatial Internai tonai (high-impact) joumal Ogunro BN. Odigic EA,Ojo JF. Taiwo and Spatio-tcmporal Epidcmiology website at Pocr-rcvicwcd joumals T. Kamare A. Mulhah CK and Fasulla Al httpy/llhon cUcvicr.com/t/103 V vOgwSr-YU • Sub-rcgional joumal (2014).The mbber ptantabon envirunmcnt E-copy and hard copy of paper availablc at CCPZ • Papcrs publishcd in leading and Lassa fever epidemics in Liberia. Socretariat, University of Ibadan. sub-rcgional joumal • OIP Newsletter* 2008-2012: A spattai rtgrcssion. Spanai and Spatio-temporal Epidcmiology • Papcrs publishcd in Icadtng • UI Special Newsletter 11:163-174. Nigcnan national Joumals • National Newspapers • Olugasa BO and Dogba JB. (201S) Copies of acceptcd papcr under issuc prcparation Mapping of Lassa fever cases in formatted proof for joumal Volume 14(2) availablc post-conflict Liberia. 2008-2012: A at thè CCPZ Sccretanat, University o f Ibadan, and descrìptive and categorica! analysis of listcd on webpage of Annals of African Medicine ai agc, gender and seasonal pattern. Annals of Afìrican Medicine. [Acceptcd 24 Jul 2014 - under issuc preparalio n] • Olugasa BO. Odigic EA Lawani M and Copies of accepted papcr under issuc prcparation Ojo JF (2015) Dcvclopmcnt of a time- formatted proof for joumal Volume 14(2) availablc trend model for analyzing and at thè CCPZ Sccretanat. University o f Ibadan, and prcdicling case pattern of Lassa fever listcd on webpage of Annals of African Medicine at epidemics in Liberia, 2013-2017. IlIlpy/wvm.anMlufmK^otg/^icadpfpnnlatp Annals of African Medicine. [Accepted 14 Jul 2014- under issuc preparando] UNIVERSITY OF IB DAN LIBRARY • Olugasa BO and Fasunla AJ (2013) Copies of VARF Epizootiology and Animai Health Rabics surveillancc programmo and Volume 9(1) thal pubiished sclcclcd papers from CCPZ inclusive leaming model for Epizootiology Currìculum Rcvicw and addrcssing onc-hcalth educational International Confcrence on Rabica in West Africa challcnge in West Africa. Hpizootiology (RIWA) is available al CCPZ Secretarìat. thè and Animai Health in West Afhca. 9( I ): Federai Mimstry of Health. Abuja. Nigeria and at 38-51 World Health Orgamzation. Country Office. Abuja. Nigeria. • Olugasa BO (2014). The geospatial Information infrastmcture al thè Ccntxe Copies of acccpted papera from International for Control and Prcvention of Zoonoses, Confcrence on One-Hcalth Approach to Zoonoses University of Ibadan, Nigeria: an Surveillancc for publication in Afrìcan Journal of emerging and sustainable onc-hcalth Medicine and Medicai Sciences is available at pavilion. Afrìcan Journal of Medicine CCPZ Secretarìat. and Medicai Sciences. [Acccpted July 20141 • Adcsiji, Y O. Oloke. J.K. Emikpe. B O. Copy of publication and CD of confcrence Coker, A.O (2014). Arcobactcr as an proceedings available at CCPZ Secretarìat Paper Emerging opportunistic food bomc available onlinc at pathogen: A review of Literature. yw>£K«ji- Afrìcan Journal of Medicine and HX.org.documcnu.2013/Procccding 2QI3.pdf Medicai Sciences • Jagun A.T . Olopadc J.O. and Taiwo V.O. (2013) Evaluation o f heavy metal level in aheep and goal exposed to lead Copy of paper available al CCPZ Secrctanat and toxicity in Bagega. Za m farà Stale. onlinc at h(tp://tju,uni-sz.bg/bivnVbivm.htm Nigeria. Proccedings of thè I6th International Congress on Animai Hygiene. May 5-9, 2013 Nanjing. China. 360-361 • Jarìkrc TA. Emikpe BO. Folitse RD. Rcvicwen reperì and Acccptance for publication Odoom TK, Fuseini A and Shaibu E, available onlinc on joumal of Veterinary Medicine (2014) Prevalerne of Brucellosi.* in «mali at thè wcblink ruminants in three regions of Ghana. h t tP ^ d x .d o i.P r a / 1 0 .1 1 5 5 / 2 0 1 4 / 9 2 3 5 6 1 Bulgarian Journal o f Veterinary Medicine Copies of acccpted papers from International • Dogba JB. C'admus SIB and Olugasa Confcrence on One-Health Approach to Zoonoses BO (2014). Mapping of Mycobacteri- Surveillancc for publication in Afrìcan Joumal of um tubervulasis casca in post-conflict Medicine and Medicai Sciences is available at Liberia. 2008-2012: A decripti ve and CCPZ Secretarìat. categorica! analysis of age. gender and seasonal pattern. Afrìcan Journal of Medicine and Medicai Sciences, [acccpted July 2014]. J;rj UNIVERSITY OF BADAN LIBRARY Olugasa BO. Okckc OS and Ishola OO Copics of acccpted papera from lniernaiion.il (2014). Gcographic accessi lo sircci food Confcrcncc on onc-Healih Approach to Zoonoses s o u rc fo r dogs and its association with Survdllance for publication in Afncan Journal of spatial pattern of animai bitc miurics in Medicine and Medicai Sciences is avmlablc ai Lnugu. Nigeria. 2005-2011. Alrican CCPZ Secretarla!. Journal of Medicine and Medicai Sciences, (acceptcd 30 Jul 2014) Jomah ND. Ojo JF Odigic AH and Olugasa B( ) 12014 ) Dcvclopmcnt of a tiine-trcnd model for analyzing and Copies of acccpted papers from International predietmg case pattern of rabies-likc- Conference on Onc-Health Approach to Zoonoses illness in Liberia. 2013-2017 African Surveillancc for publication in Afncan Journal of Journal of Medicine and Medicai Medicine and Medicai Sciences is availablc al Sciences.[uccepted July 14] CC'PZ Seeretnnal. Folitse RI). Opoku-Agycmang T. Copies of VARI Epizootiulogy and Animai Health Hmikpc BO. Eyarcfe O D, Aiawalna J. in West Africa Volume ‘>(1) that puhtished S (2014). One-heallh delivery of vetennary sdected papers from CCPZ Epizoouology educata and rahies Snmc as above relatcd viruscs in Nigeria perspeciives from thè National Vetennary Research Institutc.Voin. Nigeria U'pfzootiology and Animai 1 Icaltli in West Africa 9(1 ): UNIVERSITY OF IBAD N LIBRARY 59-69 Same as abovc » Wnhab B (201 3) Indigcnou.s knou Icdge and pr.itfico» associata! uith rjbics iri Sane as abov e Ovo Male. Nigeria imperative for globll hc.ihli training al the Univenitv ol Ibadan Epi/ootiolugy and Animai Health m West Africa. 9( | ): 50-60 Borati (ì (2013) Rabies climmauon a\ a Same a* abovc onc-hcalth model l'or thè tropics. Epizootiology and Animai Health in West Africa 9(1); 8-16 « Mesh» X-l- (201 3) Human and dog Same as abov e cab ics control: (tgjonal and global perspcctivcs Epi/ootiology and Animai Health in West Africa. 9( I ): 2-4 Olugasa B< >. I.mikpc B( ». Oluwayclu (X), Cadmio SIB. Ayinmodc AB and OluwolcOE(2012) Fieli!evaluationof Hard copy of pnper ai ti thè loumal volume mununogemcity of live commercial availablc at t'CPZ Se>;rc'anat and ottUnc al (he vaccine-' agamst Ncwcastlediscare m ueblink - pouhry in Ibadan. Nigeria Nigeria» bMP Jy» » JJQl mfuflmk' ■ Vetennary Journal 53(2)475 482 • Diligasi B< ). Maghine Ih and 1 suruov) GC) (2012) Il is over three decade* o f graduale education in 1 pi/ooiiology al Paper and c-copy of anele a vallai1 le ai CCPZ the Uno crsiiv of Ibadan. Nigeria ( 1975­ Scuota rial and onlinc ai joamal wcblink 2011); is there a neod to revisc th e h'T jvuw n̂ hi nlnvnih enŵ piinc ankIct/PM» ̂ 450 3̂2/curriculum ' P&LiJncan Mei/n al Journal 12 70 1-8 Olugasa B< >. ( Uuwayelu DO. Ayinntodc .\B. l.tmkpe BO. Ijugbonc 11 and Hard copy of a mele atd .-Mire volume ol jouitial Cadmus SIB (2011 ) Epi/notiidogy in ubere il was publishsd is ut araba a I T PZ contcmporarv global hcallh: making a Sccnstariat differente in (he health of pcople in West Africa \'igin,in Jnnm .il o f Kpidt’tmoloi’ v 1(1); 35*42 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Opportunities for human-animal disease surveillance in Wesf Africa NOTES Please send your comment to thè author. It will be considered in further improving thè book. 40 © Olugasa 2014 r UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY