NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS VOLUME 25,2011 ETF-SUPPORTED PRODUCTION Published by The Genetics Society of Nigeria IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY COPYRIGHT GENETICS SOCIETY OF NIGERIA, 2011 ISSN 0189-9686 PRINTED IN NIGERIA BY MASTER PRINTS INC., KADUNA. 08033146904, 08097241505 IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY TABLE O F CONTENTS ARTICLE PAGE THE STATE OF COLA NITIDA /IMPROVEMENT FOR KOLANUT (SEED) YIELD IN NIGERIA MORAKINYO, J.A. 1 - 10 AFRICAN RICE GALL MIDGE (ORSEOLIA ORYZIVORA HARRIS AND GAGNE) RESISTANCE GENE TAGGING STUDIES IN RICE (ORYZA GLABERRIMA STEUD) MAJI, A. T., SINGH, B. N., AKEN'OVA, M. E., FATOKUN, C. T. AND BENNETT, J. 11-23 INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO AFRICAN RICE GALL MIDGE IN ORYZA GLABERRIMA MAJI, A. T., SINGH, B. N. AKEN'OVA M. E. AND FAWOLE A. 2 4 - 2 9 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF GENETIC VARIABILITY IN POD AND SEED YIELD CHARACTERS OF OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS (L.) MOENCH) GROWN IN DIFFERENT CROPPING SEASONS ADEKOYA, M. A., ADEBISI, M. A., ABDUL-RAFIU, A. M., ARIYO, O. J. AND AYO-VAUGHAN, M. A. 3 0 - 4 6 DEVELOPMENT OF SYNTHETIC MAIZE VARIETIES (ZEA MAYS L) TOLERANT TO STRIGA LUTEA (LOUR) INFESTATION OLAKOJO, S. A., DAUDA, T. AND MAKINDE, J. O. 4 7 - 5 9 FLOW CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS REVEALED PSEUDOGAMY AND GENOMIC IMPRINTING FOR ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT IN APOMICTIC BOECHERA SEED PRODUCTION ALIYU, O. M. AND SHARBEL, T. F. 6 0 - 7 0 PERFORMANCE OF OPEN-POLLINATED MAIZE VARIETIES IN THE DRIER AREAS OF SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA AKANDE, S. R., BALOGUN, M. O., IDOWU, B. AND OLOWOYO, R. B. 7 1 - 7 7 INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION OF LUDW1GIA ABYSSINICA A. RICH. WITH LUDWIGIA DECURRENS WALTER, L. ERECTA (LINN.) HARA, L. HYSSOPIFOLIA (G. DON.) EXCELL AND L. LEPTOCARPA (NUTT.) HARA OZIEGBE, M. AND FALUYI, J. O. 7 8 - 8 5 CORRELATION AND PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS IN VEGETABLE COWPEA ACCESSIONS ALIYU, B. 8 6 - 9 3 \ / i YIELD COMPONENT ANALYSES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE BREEDING OF WEST AFRICAN OKRA {ABELMOSCHUS CAILLEI (A. CHEV) STEVEL) ALAKE, C. O., ARIYO, O. J. AND AYO-VAUGHAN, M. A. 9 4 -1 0 5 GENETIC VARIABILITY AND HERITABILITY OF YIELD COMPONENTS IN COCOYAM IWO, G. A. AND UDOINYANG, S. F. 106-112 COMBATING GENETIC EROSION IN NIGERIAN NATIVE CHICKENS FAYEYE, T. R., AJIBOYE, T. O., OGUNBOSOYE, D. O., ODOFIN, W. T. AND ALADELE, S. E. 113-117 REPEATABILITY ESTIMATES OF SOME GROWTH TRAITS IN FOUR BROILER STRAINS AT DIFFERENT AGES SOLA-OJO, F. E. AND AYORINDE, K. L. 118-123 IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Nigerian J. Genetics 25 (2011) PERFORMANCE OF OPEN-POLLINATED M AIZE VARIETIES IN THE DRIER AREAS OF SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA *Akande, S. R., Balogun, M. O., Idowu, B. and Olowoyo, R. B. Institute o f A gricultural Research and Training, O bafem i A w olow o U niversity, M oor Plantation, Ibadan, O yo State, N igeria A uthor for Correspondence: remiaiibade2002@yahoo.com ABSTRACT The effects o f genotype x environment interactions on grain yield o f six open-pollinated (OP) maize varieties in two locations within the derived and southern Guinea savanna agro­ environments o f southwest Nigeria were investigated using genotype plus genotype x environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis. Significantly higher grain yields and taller plants were observed at llora (derived savanna) than Ballah (southern Guinea savanna). Grain yields ranged from 1.36 to 3.17 t/ha at Ballah and from 1.59 to 3.27 t/ha at llora. Results o f GGE analysis showed that genotype, location and genotype x location interactions accounted for 46.11%, 13.80% and 40.07% o f the total variation, respectively. Two o f the best yielding varieties, DTSR-Y and ACR 91 Swan 1-SR, were well-adapted to llora environment, while TZB- SR SGY was more suitable fo r cultivation at Ballah. Key words: M aize, Grain yield, G G E, D erived savanna, Southern G uinea savanna INTRODUCTION that incoming solar radiation increases Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important with latitude (Kassam and Kowal, 1973), cereal crop for livestock feeds and meaning that dry matter production and human nutrition in Nigeria. Recent data grain yield of maize would be expected suggest that maize is cultivated on total to be greater in the northern drier areas land area of about 4.7 million ha with an than in the southern forest. There is also estimated grain yield of about 1.66 low incidence of biotic stresses such as tonnes per hectare dr a total production diseases because of low relative of about 7.8 million tones (FAO, 2009). humidity in the NGS (Ajibade and Results from many studies carried out in Ogunbodede, 2001; Kim et al., 1993). different parts of the country have shown that regardless of variety grown, highest Hybrid maize varieties have been shown grain yield occurs in northern guinea to have some proven advantages over savanna (NGS) agro-ecology (Fakorede open pollinated (OP) varieties. These et al., 1993). This is because of the advantages include higher grain yield of favorable environmental conditions in about 22 to 44% over OP, higher the zone which favour maize production. shelling%, higher nitrogen-use- These environmental conditions include efficiency and better tolerance to high incident of solar radiation that diseases and fluctuations in enhances photosynthesis, natural and environmental conditions (Kim et al., uniform drying of seeds at time of 1993; Ajibade and Ogunbodede, 2000; harvest which improves quality and Ajibade and Ogunbodede, 2001). The reduces losses (Kim et al., 1993; Ajibade high cost of recommended inputs such as and Ogunbodede, 2001). It was reported seeds, fertilizer and pesticides for hybrid 71 IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Performance of Open-Pollinated Maize Varieties in the Drier Areas of South-Western Nigeria production is however, unaffordable to 1981; Westcott, 1987). One of such many resource poor farmers. Hence, methods used in recent time is genotype many of these farmers still cultivate the plus genotype x environment interaction OP. Since the ultimate goal of every (GGE) biplot analysis. The GGE biplot farmer is to optimize yield under analysis partitions G + GE into principal minimal inputs (Olakojo et al., 2005), it components through singular value is therefore important to evaluate new decomposition of environmentally OP maize varieties at different centred yield data (Yan et al., 2000). The environments to identify high yielding GGE biplot graphically displays the two- genotypes for their use. way data and allows visualization on the interrelationships among each of The differential response of genotypes to varieties, environments and their changes in the environment is referred to interaction. It therefore enables the as genotype x environment interactions breeder to know the performance of (GE) (Comstock and Moll, 1963). genotypes in specific environment. It can Genotype x environment interaction also show the ideal test environment for reduces the association between selecting generally adapted genotypes. phenotypic and genotypic values, The GGE biplot analysis has been resulting in non-stable performance of demonstrated to be effective in genotypes across environments. It is understanding genotype x environment important to understand the nature of GE (Yan et al., 2000; Yan and Hunt, 2001). interaction to be able to select superior Hence, the objectives of this study were genotypes for specific environments to compare the yield performance of six (Sallah et al., 2004). Many methods have open-pollinated maize varieties at two been used to identify and to compare sites within the drier environment of patterns of performance of crop south-west Nigeria and to identify genotypes across environments with the suitable varieties for each of the target aim of describing genotypic responses sites. from multi-environment trials (Byth, MATERIALS AND METHODS in 2004 and 2006 were 1049.8 and Six open-pollinated (OP) maize varieties 1111.0 mm, respectively, while those of were evaluated over two years (2004 and Ballah were 1010.46 and 1208.8 mm for 2006) at Ballah dnd Ilora during the the two years, respectively. The OP growing season. All the maize varieties maize variety seeds were provided by have flint / dent grain type except ACR the International Institute of Tropical 91 Swan 1-SR and ACR 9943-DM SR Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria. which are flint and dent, respectively. Plantings were done in July each year in DTSR-Y, TZB-SR-SGY and ACR 91 a randomized complete block design Swan 1-SR have yellow grains while the with three replicates. Three seeds were others are white. Ilora falls within the planted per hole but thinned to two three derived savanna agro-ecology with weeks after seedling emergence. Each latitude/longitude 7°45’N/3°55'E. Ballah plot consisted of four rows with each is within the southern Guinea savanna row being 5 m long and spaced 0.75 m ecology with latitude/longitude 8°30’ apart with 0.50 m intra-row spacing to N/4°33'E. Total annual rainfalls for Ilora give a plant population of about 53,333 72 IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Nigerian J. Genetics 25 (2011) plants per ha. Primextra (a. i. 300g/L from which grain yield per hectare was metalochlor and 170g/L Atrazine) and estimated at 15% moisture content. Gramozone (200g/L Paraquat) were applied as herbicides at planting and Data collected were subjected to analysis supplemented with manual weeding of variance using general linear model three times before harvest. NPK (GLM) procedure of SAS (1997). Means fertilizer was applied as side dressing were separated using Duncan Multiple three weeks after planting at the rate of Range Test. To display the performance 80 kg nitrogen, 40 kg phosphorous and of each OP variety at each location, 40 kg potassium per ha at each location GGE biplot analysis was used. The GGE for optimum plant growth. biplot was constructed by the two symmetrically scaled principal To reduce border effects, data were components (PCI and PC2) derived collected from the two inner rows. Data from singular value decomposition of collected included days to 50% tasling environmentally centred yield data (Yan and silking, plant and ear heights. At full et al., 2000). Environmental effects were maturity, dried ears were harvested from defined as the combination of the the two central rows, mechanically location and years. shelled to measure grain yield per plot RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Ajibade et al., 2002) for OP maize Average performance of the open varieties evaluated across different pollinated maize varieties across years ecologies of Nigeria. Number of days to and locations are presented in Table 1. 50% tasling and silking ranged from Grain yield ranged from 1.48 to 2.84 t/ha 55.17 to 57.83 and from 58.0 to 60.50 with an average value of 2.18 t/ha. The cm, respectively. Plant and ear heights variety TZB-SR SGY had the highest varied from 157.25 to 168.42 and from grain yield while ACR 9943 DMR SR 64.58 to 70.58 cm, respectively the produced the least. Average grain yield variety CMS8501 had the tallest plants. of 2.32 t/ha had earlier been reported Table 1: Average performance of the OP maize varieties evaluated in the derived and southern guinea savanna agro-ecologies of Nigeria / \ / I Variety Grain yield Days to Days to Plant Ear (t/ha) 50% tasling 50% silking height (cm) height (cm) DTSR-Y 2.44b 55.17a 58.17a 157.253 68.083 TZB-SR SGY 2.84a 57.003 59.50a 162.153 69.76a ACR 91 Swan 1-SR 2.42b 55.42a 58.00a 161.963 65.043 ACR 9943 DMRSR 1.48d 57.58a 60.503 165.553 64.58a TZB-SR 1.94c 55.25a 58.003 158.633 64.54a CMS8501 1.96c 57.83a 60.333 168.423 70.583 Mean 2.18 56.38 59.08 162.33 67.10 S E M 0.03 0.33 0.31 1.59 1.38 a . b. c . d :: \V r a1lu. . es •i n ItTh e sI ameI column with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05). 73 IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Performance of Open-Pollinated Maize Varieties in the Drier Areas of South-Western Nigeria Mean values of the characters evaluated the OP varieties took longer period to in each year at each location are flower at Ballah. At both locations, presented in Table 2. Significantly significantly higher grain yields and higher grain yields and taller plants were taller plants were obtained in 2004 than observed at llora (derived savanna) than 2006. The maize varieties however Ballah (southern guinea savanna), while flowered late in 2006. Table 2: Average values of the agronomic characters of the OP maize evaluated in each year at each location Character Ballah llora Mean Mean SEM Ballah llora 2004 2006 2004 2006 Grain yield 2.43a 1.44b 2.98* 1.86b 1.93b 2.42a 0.37 (t/ha) Days to 56.11b 58.22a 53.17' 58.003 57.173 55.58b 0.47 50% tasling Days to 59.61b 60.56a 55.67' 60.503 60.083 58.08b 0.44 50% silking Plant height 154.44a 140.78b 184.67* 169.41b 147.61b 177.043 2.24 (cm) Ear height 61.613 50.67b 81.22* 74.89b 56.14b 78.063 1.95 (cm)________________________________ _ __________________________________ a b: Values in the same row within the same location with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05) Higher precipitations were received in varieties at the two locations (ha1) 2006 than 2004 hence higher relative Variety Location humidity in the environments of 2006 at Ballah llora both locations. High relative humidity DTSR-Y 1.61c 3.27a caused by excessive rainfall in the forest TZB-SR SGY 3.17a 2.52b was found to be detrimental to maize ACR 91 Swan 1- 1.70c 3.13a grain production (Ajibade and TR Ogunbodede, 2001). However, in the a CR 9943 1.36d 1.59d Sudan savanna ecology of the northern DMRSR part of Nigeria, where water is limiting TZB-SR 2.00b 1.89c and rainfall erratic, significantly higher CMS8501 1.80bc 2.12c grain yield was reported for maize in the Mean 1.93 2.42 year with higher precipitation (Onyibc et S E M 0.04 0.04 al., 2003). Grain yield of each of the a,b' c' d' Values in the same column with different varieties at each location are presented in superscripts differ significantly Table 3. At Ballah, grain yield ranged (P<0.05). from 1.36 for ACR 9943 DMRSR to 3.17 t/ha for TZB-SR SGY, while at The results of the GGE biplot analysis llora, grain yield varied between 1.59 for showed that variation among genotypes ACR 9943 DMRSR and 3.27 t/ha for was responsible for 46.11% of the total DTSR-Y (Table 3). variation due to genotype, location and Table 3: Grain yields of the OP maize genotype x location interaction. 74 IBADAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Nigerian J. Genetics 25 (2011) Genotype x location interaction (91.5%) caused by G + GL interaction explained 40.07% of the variation while with PCI being responsible for 69.50% differences among locations accounted of the variation. In Fig. 1 the dispersion for only 13.81% of the variation. The of the OP maize varieties and the two first two principal components (PCI and locations are shown. PC2) explained most of the variation P C 1 Fig. 1. Biplot of yield of 6 OP maize varieties in 2 locations. The two locations were coded with effect. Two of the best yielding varieties letters A (Ballah) and B (Ilora) while the DTSR-Y (1) and ACR 91 Swan 1-SR (3) maize varieties were denoted with with high PCI values were well adapted Arabic numerals 1 to 7 as in Table 1. to Ilora environment, while TZB-SR Ilora (B) appeared to be the ideal test SGY was more suitable for cultivation at environment for OP maize evaluation as Ballah. Varieties TZB-SR (5) and it had the largest PCI and near zero PC2 CMS8501 (6) were stable in grain values. It was reported that an ideal test production but they were low yielding. environment should have large PCI and ACR 9943-DMRSR had the lowest grain near zero PC2 scores (Yan et al., 2000). yields at the two locations. 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