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Formulation of Diclofenac Sodium Emulsion Using Colocynthis Citrullus L. (Melon) Seed Oil
(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists (WAPCP), 2019) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Oluyemi T. T.; Odeku O. A
Background: Melon seed obtained from the fruit of Colocynthis citrullus L. is widely used in Nigeria as a soup thickener. The seed has a high oil yield (42-57%) which has been largely unexplored as excipient in pharmaceutical formulations. Objectives: To evaluate melon seed oil as a drug carrier in emulsion using diclofenac as a model drug. Methods: Melon seed oil was extracted and the physicochemical properties were characterised. The emulsions were prepared using the traditional wet and dry gum methods, and all the emulsions were evaluated using viscosity measurements, creaming rate, and in-vitro drug release. Results: Melon seed oil had a pale yellow colour, with characteristic taste, and a neutral pH. Melon seed oil exhibited higher acid, saponification and ester values than castor oil but lower iodine value indicating an edible non-drying oil, unsusceptible to auto-oxidation. Both oils achieved a great degree of emulsification with globule size < 15mm μm. Emulsions of melon seed oil were generally less viscous with a higher degree of creaming compared to castor oil emulsions. Diclofenac emulsions prepared with melon seed oil, however, were more viscous and gave the highest release of diclofenac irrespective of the method of preparation. Only diclofenac emulsion prepared with melon seed oil using the wet gum method had > 70 % release within 45 minutes thus meeting the official specification. Conclusion: Melon seed oil functioned as a drug carrier for diclofenac. Thus, it will find application in pharmaceutical emulsions.
Features and outcome of surgical management of spinal tumors in a cohort of nigerian patients
(Elsevier Inc, 2014) Adeolu, A. A.; Oyemolade, T. A.; Salami, A. A.; Adigun, T. A.; Malomo, A. O.; Akang, E. A.; Shokunbi, M. T.
OBJECTIVE: There is a dearth of information on operated
cases of spinal tumors in patients in sub-Saharan Africa.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the histologic
pattern, anatomic distribution, and extent and outcome of
surgery of Nigerian patients with spinal tumors.
METHODS: This retrospective study comprised a cohort
of Nigerians who underwent surgery for spinal tumors.
Data obtained included patient demographics, duration of
symptoms, anatomic location, imaging findings, Frankel
grading before and after surgery, and type and outcome of
surgery. Univariate analysis was performed, and results
were compared with results from other parts of the world.
RESULTS: There were 59 patients (male-to-female ratio
1:1.1) with a bimodal age distribution. The highest (20.34%)
incidence was seen in the 20e29 age group. More than half
(58.06%) of the patients presented with a duration of
symptoms of at least 6 months (duration of symptoms was
>12 months in 35.48%). Motor deficit was present in 97.73%
of patients at presentation. Functional grading was Frankel
A in 38.10% of patients, Frankel C in 26.19%, Frankel B in
16.67%, Frankel D in 16.67%, and Frankel E in 2.38%. The
tumors were mostly in the thoracic region (65.45%), and
58% were extradural in location. Gross total tumor excision
was performed in 50.88% of the cases, and subtotal
resection was performed in 24.56%. Spinal stabilization
was performed in 17.86% with spinous process wiring and
vertical strut being the most common method of stabilization
(80%) among this group. Metastasis was the most
common histologic tumor type (23.21%). Meningioma
accounted for 12.50% of tumors, and ependymoma,
astrocytoma, and hemangioma each accounted for 7.14%.
The most common source of metastasis was the prostate
(38.46%). Postoperatively, 45% of patients improved
neurologically, 52.5% remained the same, and 2.5% deteriorated.
There was no perioperative mortality.
CONCLUSIONS: Metastasis was the most common
histologic type of spinal tumor in this study, and the
most common location was extradural. The outcome was
satisfactory in most cases with neurologic function
remaining the same or improving after surgery in most
patients.
Formulation of Diclofenac Sodium Emulsion Using Colocynthis Citrullus L. (Melon) Seed Oil
(2019) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Oluyemi T. T.; Odeku O. A
Background: Melon seed obtained from the fruit of Colocynthis citrullus L. is widely used in Nigeria as a soup thickener. The seed has a high oil yield (42-57%) which has been largely unexplored as excipient in pharmaceutical formulations. Objectives: To evaluate melon seed oil as a drug carrier in emulsion using diclofenac as a model drug. Methods: Melon seed oil was extracted and the physicochemical properties were characterised. The emulsions were prepared using the traditional wet and dry gum methods, and all the emulsions were evaluated using viscosity measurements, creaming rate, and in-vitro drug release. Results: Melon seed oil had a pale yellow colour, with characteristic taste, and a neutral pH. Melon seed oil exhibited higher acid, saponification and ester values than castor oil but lower iodine value indicating an edible non-drying oil, unsusceptible to auto-oxidation. Both oils achieved a great degree of emulsification with globule size < 15mm μm. Emulsions of melon seed oil were generally less viscous with a higher degree of creaming compared to castor oil emulsions. Diclofenac emulsions prepared with melon seed oil, however, were more viscous and gave the highest release of diclofenac irrespective of the method of preparation. Only diclofenac emulsion prepared with melon seed oil using the wet gum method had > 70 % release within 45 minutes thus meeting the official specification. Conclusion: Melon seed oil functioned as a drug carrier for diclofenac. Thus, it will find application in pharmaceutical emulsions.
Correlation of intraoperative cytological and final histological diagnoses
(Wiley, 2014) Salami, A.; Adeleye, A.; Ogun, G.; Adeoye, A.; Adeolu, A.; Okolo, C.; Eze, U.; Abdullahi, Y.; Lawan, A.; Ogunbiyi, J.; Akang, E.; Shokunbi, M.; Azeez, A.; Malomo, A.
Objective: Intraoperative cytology is a cost-effective, rapid, and
easy technique, and studies have shown good correlation
between intraoperative cytology and histology. We undertook
this study to compare the intraoperative cytology diagnoses of
brain lesions made in our unit over a 10-year period with the
definitive histological diagnoses. The aim was to determine the
degree of accuracy of this procedure.
Study design: This is a retrospective study of intraoperative neuropathology
consultation cytology smears or imprints and histology
of 69 cases obtained over a 10-year period. Cytology
smears were stained using both Papanicolaou and Giemsa. Histology
sections were prepared from routine formalin-fixed paraffin-
embedded tissue and stained using H and E method. Each of
the smears and histology samples were assessed by at least two
pathologists. Cytological diagnosis was correlated with final histological
diagnosis. The sensitivity and specificity of cytological
diagnosis was evaluated using final histological diagnosis as
gold standard.
Results: Correlation was strongest with inflammatory lesions followed
by low-grade neoplasms. High-grade neoplasms also
showed good concordance, but the degree of correlation was
lower than in the other categories. Misdiagnosis was commonest
with benign tumors.
Conclusion: Intraoperative cytology is a relatively simple, reliable,
and accurate diagnostic technique and should be more
commonly used, particularly in low-resource settings. Diagn.
Cytopathol.
Development of directly compressible excipients from Phoenix dactylifera (Date) mucilage and microcrystalline cellulose using co-processing techniques
(2018) Akin-Ajani, O. D; Ajala, T. O; Okoli, U. M.; Okonta, O
The objective of this study was to harness the excipient potential of date mucilage by co-grinding and co-fusing with avicel for enhanced performance in the directcompression of metronidazole. Co-grinding and co-fusing of parent polymers were done using established methods and excipients were used in the direct-compression of metronidazole tablets. The shape and surface morphology of the particles of date mucilage (DAM) and co-processed excipients were generally granular, rough and irregular. There was a significant improvement in the disintegration of tablets prepared using the coprocessed excipients in comparison to that prepared using DAM alone. The disintegration time for tablets prepared using co-fused excipients was lower than that of co-grinded additives although the differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Generally, the co-processed excipients improved the mechanical and disintegration properties of the tablets produced compared to tablets prepared using DAM alone and could be further developed as direct compression excipients