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Antifungal potential of endophytic Bacillus species isolated from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) against Fusarium oxysporum collected from selected farms in Nigeria
(Taylor and Francis, 2023) Adedire, O. M.; Aduramigba-Modupe, A. O.; Odeniyi, A. O.
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum, is a prevalent and destructive disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Nigeria. The development of safe and efficient biocontrol measures is important for the management of the disease. In this study, the incidence of Fusarium wilt of tomato in four agricultural zones of Oyo State was established through purposive sampling, and the abundance and in vitro biocontrol potential of Bacillus endophytes were determined.
Strains of Fusarium oxysporum and Bacillus endophytes were isolated from tomato plants collected from 21 farms. The in vitro inhibition potential of endophytes was determined through a modified dual-culture assay involving six endophytes and carbendazim (fungicide), arranged in a completely randomized design. Using a disease rating scale of 0–9, the highest wilt severity (6.67) and incidence (39.30%) were observed on Akinware Farm in the Ibadan/Ibarapa agricultural zone of Oyo State. Fusarium oxysporum IB3q caused severe wilt symptoms, including leaf chlorosis, necrosis, vascular discoloration and wilting, on infected Alausa and Ibadan-local tomato varieties.
Thirty-nine strains of Bacillus endophytes were isolated from the tissues of healthy tomato plants. Six of the isolated Bacillus endophytes inhibited Fusarium oxysporum. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Sa08 and Bacillus subtilis Og04 produced inhibition zones of 15.67 mm and 19.43 mm, respectively, against Fusarium oxysporum and caused hyphal disintegration of the pathogen. These isolates produced cell wall-degrading enzymes with relative activities ranging from 0.87 to 5.04.
Based on their in vitro inhibitory potential, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Sa08 and Bacillus subtilis Og04 should be considered as prospective biocontrol agents against seed-borne Fusarium pathogens and Fusarium wilt of tomato.
Performance of testers with contrasting provitamin A content to evaluate provitamin A maize for resistance to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin production.
(Frontiers Media SA, 2023) Mboup, M.; Aduramigba-Modupe, A. O.; Maazou, A.; Olasanmi, B.; Mengesha, W.; Meseka, S.; Dieng, I.; Bandyopadhyay, R.; Menkir, A
This study evaluated the performance of maize testers with contrasting provitamin A (PVA) content for assessing resistance of PVA maize genotypes to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin accumulation. The objective was to identify superior parental lines and tester combinations that could be used in breeding programs to develop maize hybrids with enhanced provitamin A content and reduced susceptibility to aflatoxin contamination.
The results demonstrated that the choice of tester significantly influenced the identification and selection of maize lines with desirable traits. Some tester combinations were more effective in discriminating among genotypes for resistance to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin production, while simultaneously maintaining high provitamin A levels. The study identified promising maize lines that can serve as parents in hybrid development programmes aimed at improving nutritional quality and food safety.
Overall, the findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate testers in maize breeding programmes to facilitate the development of maize varieties that contribute to reducing aflatoxin contamination and combating vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in populations that rely heavily on maize as a staple food.
Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilisers on Fungal Diseases of Maize in a Derived Savanna
(Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2023) Aduramigba-Modupe, A. O.; Ogundipe, W. F.; Aduramigba-Modupe, V. O.
The effectiveness of NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer (NPK) and corresponding levels of an organic-based fertilizer (OBD) on fungal diseases, growth and dry matter yield of maize (Zea mays) was evaluated in a pot experiment conducted at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The treatments consisted of 60, 120 and 180 kg N/ha supplied from OBD fertilizer and NPK, along with an untreated control, arranged in a completely randomized design. Data collected on disease incidence, disease severity and growth parameters were analysed using SAS (2004).
The results showed that all treatments had significant effects on disease severity at P ≤ 0.05. Disease incidence increased with increasing levels of OBD fertilizer, while increasing levels of NPK influenced the severity of attack by Curvularia leaf spot and anthracnose leaf blight diseases. The highest severity scores for Curvularia leaf spot and anthracnose leaf blight (3.50 and 5.00, respectively) were recorded at the 180 kg N/ha NPK application rate.
Increasing levels of OBD fertilizer reduced the severity of Curvularia leaf spot and anthracnose leaf blight diseases, with the lowest severity score for Curvularia leaf spot (2.17) observed under OBD fertilizer application. Plants treated with 60 kg N/ha from NPK and 120 kg N/ha from OBD produced the highest total dry matter yield (58.5 g/plant) and leaf area (4177 cm²/plant), respectively.
The study suggests that OBD fertilizer can serve as an effective alternative to inorganic fertilizer, providing good suppression of fungal diseases while supporting maize growth and productivity.
Assessing the effect of provitamin a on maize field resistance to aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination
(Elsivier, 2024) Mboup, M.; Aduramigba-Modupe, A. O.; Olasanmi, B.; Mengesha, W.; Meseka, S.; Dieng, I.; Menkir, A
Vitamin A deficiency in sub-Saharan Africa is being addressed primarily through crop biofortification. As part of these efforts, several high provitamin A (PVA) maize varieties have been released. However, these varieties are often cultivated in areas where Aspergillus ear rot (AER) and Fusarium ear rot (FER) are prevalent, resulting in contamination with mycotoxins that reduce grain yield and quality. Chronic exposure to mycotoxins poses serious public health risks; therefore, PVA maize varieties should possess resistance to mycotoxin contamination.
In a previous study, 120 PVA hybrids were developed by crossing 60 PVA inbred lines with two testers possessing contrasting PVA content. Several inbred lines resistant to aflatoxin contamination were identified through laboratory-based kernel screening assays. In the present study, 21 PVA inbred lines with varying carotenoid contents were inoculated with toxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides and evaluated in field trials conducted at two locations in Nigeria for resistance to ear rot diseases and mycotoxin production.
The study identified inbred lines resistant to AER, FER, aflatoxin contamination and fumonisin contamination. High-PVA inbred lines were generally less susceptible to ear rots, aflatoxin accumulation and fumonisin contamination than lines with lower PVA content. Significant negative correlations were observed between PVA content and AER (r = −0.28, P < 0.0001), FER (r = −0.37, P < 0.0001), aflatoxin concentration (r = −0.15, P < 0.05) and fumonisin concentration (r = −0.27, P < 0.0001).
Three promising inbred lines exhibited resistance to both aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination. Notably, the inbred line TZI1715 combined resistance to AER, FER, aflatoxin and fumonisin with desirable general combining ability for high β-carotene and total PVA content.
These findings suggest that provitamin A-biofortified maize developed to combat vitamin A deficiency may also contribute to reducing exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin, thereby enhancing both nutritional quality and food safety.
Field Responses of Provitamin A Fortified Maize to Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith) Infestations and Natural Enemies
(Nigerian Society for Plant Protection (NSPP), 2025) Alabi, O. Y.; Omogoroye, O. O; Aduramigba-Modupe, A. O.; Sajo, A. K.
The fall armyworm (FAW) has successfully invaded Africa, posing a significant threat to maize production across the continent. In this study, two provitamin A maize varieties, SYN 2 and SYN 13, were evaluated for their performance under fertilised and unfertilised soil conditions against FAW infestation and damage, while monitoring the presence of native parasitoids and predators at the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Nigeria.
The field experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The main plot was treated with or without nitrogen fertiliser (75 kg/ha), while the two maize varieties were assigned to the subplots. Twenty plants per plot were sampled to assess percentage infestation and relative density of larvae. Damage was rated fortnightly using a scale of 1 to 9, and grain yield was determined at harvest. Indigenous parasitoids and predators were assessed from field-collected larvae following standard procedures. The relative abundance and parasitism rate of parasitoids were also determined.
The percentage infestation varied considerably, ranging from 17% in unfertilised SYN 13 to 100% in fertilised SYN 2 and SYN 13 plots. The relative density of FAW larvae ranged from 0.17 ± 0.17 in unfertilised plots to 2.32 ± 0.61 in fertilised plots. Foliar damage ratings ranged from 1.3 in unfertilised SYN 13 to 7.0 in fertilised SYN 13. The highest grain yield (2.3 t/ha) was obtained from fertilised SYN 13.
Two larval parasitoids, Coccygidium luteum and Chelonus sp., were recorded, with Coccygidium luteum exhibiting a parasitism rate of 32.5% and a relative abundance of 92.86%. Insect predators observed included Crematogaster sp., Cheilomenes lunata lunata, Forficula auricularia and Zelus sp..
Fertilised SYN 2 and SYN 13 plots experienced higher larval infestation and foliar damage but produced greater grain yields. The parasitoids identified in this study represent promising biological control agents against FAW, although further investigations are required to assess their effectiveness under field conditions.