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Phytochemical composition, anti-fungal activity of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (Fabaceae) seed extract and acute toxicity testing of formulated herbal ointment
(University of Ibadan, 2023) Ugwuocha, C. F.; Ajayi, T. O.; Odoh, E. U.; Elujoba, A. A.
The growing resistance to conventional dandruff remedies has led to the search for newer and affordable treatments from African medicinal plants. This study evaluates the anti-fungal activity of methanol extract of the seed of Mucuna pruriens L. (DC.) Fabaceae (MP) against Malassezia furfur and Malassezia globosa which have been implicated in dandruff etiology. The MP seed sample was collected from Orba, Enugu State, dried, and pulverized. Macroscopic, microscopic, and phytochemical evaluations of the seed were done. Defatting was done with n-hexane extract and cold maceration with methanol for 72 h (ME extract). The anti-fungal activity of the extracts was determined using the agar dilution method with ketoconazole as standard. Two samples of ointment containing 5% and 10% MP seed methanol extract were prepared with an emulsifying base using a fusion technique. An acute skin toxicity test was carried out by applying the formulation to the skin of albino rats and observations were made. Results: Quantitative phytochemical analysis of secondary metabolites in the MP seed gave: phenolic content (8.3%), alkaloids (0.02%), flavonoids (0.2%), saponins (0.4%), tannins (0.09%). The ME extract inhibited growths of Malassezia furfur (MIC 3 mg/mL) and Malassezia globosa (MIC 2 mg/mL). The 5% and 10% samples of the herbal ointment MPO showed no toxicity or irritancy on the animals. Conclusion: Methanol extract of Mucuna pruriens possess antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur and Malassezia globosa and its ointment appears non-toxic.
Anti-malarial activity of methanol extracts of Anacardium Occidentale linn. (Anacardiaceae) and Psidium Guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) leaves
(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2023) Tejumade, A. O.; Ajayi, T. O.; Adeyemi, A. A.; Elujoba, A. A.
The antiplasmodial activities of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. have been severally reported in literature. β--hematin production is an exclusive method implemented by Plasmodium protozoan parasite to produce very high quantities of redox active free hemoglobin. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of methanol extracts of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. leaves used to treat severe malaria attacks in Nigeria and their impact on the inhibition of β-hematin production. The LD50 values for the leaves of Psidium guajava L. and Anacardium occidentale L. in methanol extracts were >5000 mg/kg and 1600 mg/kg, respectively. On Day 4, Plasmodium berghei-infected mice (NK 65) displayed comparable chemo-suppression of parasitaemia for A. occidentale (73.88%) and P. guajava (72.75%). However, both extracts had lower activities than chloroquine (83.58 %; 20 mg/mL). A. occidentale had a higher inhibition of formation of β hematin, with IC50 of 36.1 ± 0.52 µg/mL than P. guajava with IC50 of l0.25 ± 0.07 µg/mL and chloroquine with IC50 of 2.71±0.39 µg/mL. According to the current study, methanol extracts of the leaves of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. have similar antimalarial effects and are associated with a reduction in β-hematin production. The in vivo antimalarial activity of Psidium guajava L. and Anacardium occidentale L. were equivalent, but Psidium guajava L. possessed a more potent inhibitor of the production of β-hematin.
Genetic variability for and tolerance to anaerobic germination in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(Taylor & Francis, 2021) Asante, M. D.; Ipinyomi, S. O.; Abe, A.; Adjah, K. L.; Aculey, P.; Bam, R. K.; Manneh, B.
Poor germination and seedling establishment under flooded conditions is a major bottleneck in the direct-seeding system of rice. The objectives of this study were to determine the genetic variability for traits associated with anaerobic germination and identify tolerant genotypes. One hundred rice genotypes were screened. Data were collected on survival percentage, shoot length, root length, length of plant above water, and seedling vigor index. Six clusters, which were generally related to the ability of the genotypes to tolerate anaerobic germination, were detected. The first two principal components accounted for 91.1% of the total variation, with survival percentage, seedling vigor index and shoot length being the main discriminatory traits. Genotypic coefficient of variation ranged from 18.21% for shoot length to 50.89% for seedling vigor index. Shoot length and seedling vigor index recorded high broad-sense heritability estimates (>60%), with accompanying high genetic advance as percent of mean (>20%); the latter ranged from 23.12% for root length to 82.21% for seedling vigor index. The high heritability, along with high genetic advance, particularly for shoot length and seedling vigor index, indicated that selection for these traits should be effective in improving tolerance to anaerobic germination. Five tolerant genotypes (OBOLO, ART68-12-1-1-B-B, ART64-31-1-1-B-B, CRI-1-21-5-12, and CRI-Enapa) with high survival percentage (≥70%) under anaerobic conditions were identified. These genotypes could be used to improve commercial rice varieties for tolerance to anaerobic germination.
Effect of Colocasia Esculenta (L.) Schott (Araceae) ethanol leaf extract on sperm concentration in male Wistar rats
(Assiut University, 2023) Ajayi, T. O.; Alade, G. O.; James, K. O.; Ajibesin, K. K.
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (Araceae) is a staple food which supply needed nutrients in Africa and is therefore, employed in ethnomedicine. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the leaf ethanol extract as well as its partitioned fractions (ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous) on some male reproductive parameters such as sperm count, motility and morphology as well as the histology of testes in male Wistar rats after 15 days of administration of the extracts/fractions. The ethanol extract showed significant increases of 66 and 213% in sperm concentration at 500 and 1000 mg/kg respectively. This activity was largely retained in the ethylacetate with 200, 213 and 300% in sperm concentration at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively and aqueous fractions with 274 and 657% increase at 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Motility and morphology were not significantly altered. The histology of the tests revealed that spermatozoa cells were the positively affected cells.
Ethnobotanical study of plants used in the management of benign prostate hyperplasia in Ilorin, Nigeria
(African Journals Online, 2023) Gegele, I. B.; Ajayi, T. O.; Attah, A. F.; Moody, J. O.
Background: Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent illness in older men. It is a condition where the prostate becomes enlarged and blocks the ease of urine passage out of the bladder. Around 50% of the male population develops symptoms of BPH around 51- 60 years of age. Current therapeutic management options come with undesirable side effects like weight gain, dizziness, and impotence, hence, the need to source for safer alternatives initiated by the acquisition, recording, and preservation of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. Objective: This study aims to preserve indigenous knowledge by documenting medicinal herbs in use as therapy for BPH. Materials & method: Ethnobotanical survey was carried out in the study areas through interviews using a semi structured questionnaire. Respondents included elderly members of the communities, herbalists, and practitioners of traditional medicine. Quantitative ethnobotany index (Use value index) and descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. Results: 50 respondents were interviewed, 64% were Herb sellers, 22% TMPs, Others 14%. 37 plants belonging to 24 plant families were mentioned in the survey. Methods of preparation of recipes mentioned includes: maceration (37%), decoctions (52%), juice (7%), infusions and paste/powder (4%). Method of administration were majorly oral route. The plant family Fabaceae (19%) had the highest representation. This was followed by the families Annonaceae (8%), Euphorbiaceae (6%), Curcubitaceae, Menispermaceae, Combretaceae, Apocynaceae and Rutaceae with 5% each. Other plant families represented 42% of the total number of plants mentioned. Conclusion: The study areas are endowed with abundant flora which serves as a repository for researchers in the quest to develop less toxic drugs with little or no side-effect for the management of BPH.