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Welcome to UISpace, The University of Ibadan Institutional Repository. A collection of theses, articles, books, videos, images, lectures, papers, data sets and all types of digital content originating from the University of Ibadan Nigeria. This repository is managed by the Kenneth Dike Library University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Evaluation of some commercial antimicrobial ointments on selected bacterial and fungal strains of clinical importance
(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Oguntifa, P. O.; Olaniran, O. B.
Background: Resistance of Klebsiella species to conventional antibiotics is often implicated in increasing nosocomial infections, and is due in part to enzymatic hydrolysis either constitutively and/or inductively. Resistance plasmid factors readily spread mostly through Gram-negative bacterial isolates through conjugative plasmids. This study investigated the presence of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL), profiles of plasmids detected, and resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents among clinical isolates of Klebsiella species from three different sources. Method: Seventy Gram-negative bacterial and lactose fermenters from urine, wounds and sputum specimens from three hospitals in the South West region of Nigeria were studied after identificationwith microbial identification system. Antibiogram was determined using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Phenotypic detection of ESBLproduction was carried out using double-disk synergy tests (DDST). Plasmid DNA were extracted by alkaline lysis method, electrophoresed, viewed by a UV-trans-illuminator, with plasmid size and number determined, following standard protocols Results: Twenty-nine (29) or 41% of the seventy clinical isolates were confirmed as Klebsiella species distributed as: Klebsiella pneumoniae 89.66% (26/ 29); Klebsiella oxytoca 6.89% (2/29) and Klebsiella ozanae 3.45% (1/29). Among the K. pneumoniae isolates, 13 (50%) were from urine, 8 (30.77%) from wounds and 5 (19%) from sputum. Multidrugresistance was observed with the isolates; as 28 (96.5%) were resistance to at least four (4) different classes of antibiotics. Among the 29 isolates, 14 (48.3%) Klebsiella species were ESBL-producers while 15 (51.7%) were non-ESBL producers. The ESBL-producers showed higher antibiotic resistance compared to non-ESBL producers, particularly with respect to β-lactam antibiotics. Plasmid DNA, with sizes range of O.78 - 23 kbp were detected in 17 (58.62%) of the isolates.Conclusion: Multidrug resistance (MDR) phenomenon was observed with Klebsiella species particularly among the ESBL-producers harbouring high-molecular weight plasmids. There is need for routine ESBL-production surveillance and the rational choice of antibiotics for infection management, reduction and containment of spread of antibiotic resistance in clinical settings.
Influence of internet exposure on sexual behaviour of young persons in an urban District of Southwest Nigeria
(AFENET, 2016) Arulogun, O. S.; Arinze, I.; Dipeolu, I. O.
Introduction: The proportion of young people exposed to pornographic materials through the internet in Nigeria is increasing. However, the influence of the exposure on their sexual behaviour has not been fully explored. This study therefore explored the effects of internet exposure on the sexual behaviour of young persons in Ibadan North Local Government Area of southwest Nigeria.
Methods: A survey of 413 young persons was done using a pretested self-administered questionnaire which included questions on internet exposure and its influence on behaviour. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and logistic regression.
Results: Mean age of males was 21.7 ± 3.4 years while that of females was 20.9 ± 3.2 years. Forty-nine percent of the respondents used the internet for the first time between the ages of 15-19 years. Main source of information about the internet was friends (63.3%) and 99.3% accessed the internet from cybercafé. Seventy-two percent had ever stumbled on pornographic sites. Reactions included glancing through before closing (45.2%), closure of the sites (38.5%), and minimizing page to view later (12.5%). Post-exposure influence on behaviour included engagement in oral sex (48.3%), body tattoo (18.3%), having multiple sexual partners (11.6%) and homosexuality (5.0%). More males (95% CI OR =1.245-6.465) and frequent users (95% CI OR =1.168-3.497) were likely to report a change in sexual behaviour.
Conclusion: Internet use was common among the young persons. Interventions aimed at reducing exposure to sexual content on internet targeting young persons especially the males and cybercafé operators are advocated.
Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) and some selected conventional antibiotics on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi
(The medical and dental consultant association of Nigeria, OOUTH, 2020) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu P. A; Kolade, T. T.
Background: Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant used in folkloric medicine in the treatment of Typhoid fever. The public health significance of Salmonella typhi, the aetiologic agent in typhoid fever lies in the increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Objectives: To determine the antimicrobial potentials of the crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi compared with some conventional antibiotics. Methods: Antibiogram was carried out on 25 biochemically confirmed clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi using disc diffusion method of Kirby Bauer. Nauclea latifolia leaves extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus were screened for secondary metabolites. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined by agar dilution method on the isolates Results: The antibiogram of Samonella typhi showed the following resistance patterns: Augmentin® (24.0%), amoxicillin (44.0%), chloramphenicol (32.0%), gentamicin (20.0%), cloxacillin (96.0%), ciprofloxacin (8.0%), erythromycin (60.0%), tetracycline (32.0%) and cotrimoxazole (60.0%). The extracts showed good antibacterial activity on the clinical isolates including those resistant to antibiotics. The MIC of methanol extract ranged from 1.56mg/ml to 6.25mg/ml and 3.13mg/ml to 25.0 mg/ml for ethyl acetate extract with the exceptionof isolates 11, 12, 19 and 20 with high MIC values as 50mg/ml. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts gave a yield of 11.7% and 3.5% respectively. Bioactive secondary metabolites were detected from the extracts. Conclusion: The crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia contained antimicrobial agents that were active on Salmonella typhi which could be used alone and in supportive with conventional antibiotics for therapeutic management of typhoid fever
Antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi and brine shrimp lethality assay of trichilia megalantha harms and trichilia welwitschii C. DC
(Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Adegbenle, T. A.
Increasing resistance of typhoidal Salmonella enterica to conventional antibiotics has caused more cases of typhoid, therapeutic failure, morbidity and mortality; creating the need to search for new and effective antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants. The present study aimed to detect antisalmonella activity and cytotoxicity (safety) status of the stem bark and leaves of two Nigerian medicinal plants, Trichilia megalantha and Trichilia welwitschii. Nine clinical isolates of Salmonella paratyphi, whose antibiogram were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method were used. Antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the clinical isolates were done by agar cup diffusion and agar dilution methods, respectively. Acute toxicity of the extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). All the nine isolates of Salmonella paratyphi were resistant to ß-lactam antibiotics (augmentin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime and ampicillin) but susceptible to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. The crude extracts of the two plants elicited activity against the nine clinical isolates with the bark extracts being more active than the leaf extracts. I. welwitschi was slightly less active than T. megalantha. The MIC and MBC ranged 1.25 -5.0 mg/ ml and 2.5-10 mg/ml, respectively for the plants. The antisalmonella activity of methanolic extracts of both plants were found to be less than that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. With modal cytotoxicity values of 400- 500 ug/ml, the plant parts were considered nontoxic. Therefore, T. megalantha and T. welwitschii could provide a potential source of antibacterial agent(s) for the treatment of Salmonella paratyphoid infections.
Antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi and brine shrimp lethality assay of trichilia megalantha harms and trichilia welwitschii C. DC
(Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Adegbenle, T. A.
Increasing resistance of typhoidal Salmonella enterica to conventional antibiotics has caused more cases of typhoid, therapeutic failure, morbidity and mortality; creating the need to search for new and effective antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants. The present study aimed to detect antisalmonella activity and cytotoxicity (safety) status of the stem bark and leaves of two Nigerian medicinal plants, Trichilia megalantha and Trichilia welwitschii. Nine clinical isolates of Salmonella paratyphi, whose antibiogram were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method were used. Antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the clinical isolates were done by agar cup diffusion and agar dilution methods, respectively. Acute toxicity of the extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). All the nine isolates of Salmonella paratyphi were resistant to ß-lactam antibiotics (augmentin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime and ampicillin) but susceptible to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. The crude extracts of the two plants elicited activity against the nine clinical isolates with the bark extracts being more active than the leaf extracts. I. welwitschi was slightly less active than T. megalantha. The MIC and MBC ranged 1.25 -5.0 mg/ ml and 2.5-10 mg/ml, respectively for the plants. The antisalmonella activity of methanolic extracts of both plants were found to be less than that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. With modal cytotoxicity values of 400- 500 ug/ml, the plant parts were considered nontoxic. Therefore, T. megalantha and T. welwitschii could provide a potential source of antibacterial agent(s) for the treatment of Salmonella paratyphoid infections.