Browsing by Author "ADESIDA, A."

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AN ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF THE RUBBER PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN BENDEL, OGUN AND ONDO STATES OF NIGERIA
(1977-09) ADESIDA, A.
This study attempts to assess the economic performance of the rubber processing industry in Bendel, Ogun and Ondo States of Nigeria. The Nigerian rubber industry which experienced a boom in the early 1950's started to face some serious set-backs during and after the civil war which broke out in 13G7. This set-backs were manifested in form of declining productivity and consequent decline in its contribution to foreign exchange earnings. The study which covers the period 7-1 assesses the economic performance of some rubber processing firms in the three states mentioned above in order to identify some of the factors responsible for the set-backs in the industry. The data used for the study were collected mainly through the use of questionnaires and personal interviews. Other sources of data include Federal office of statistics and ministries of Agriculture and Natural Resources in all the three states. Chapter 1 assesses the economic importance of rubber industry in terms of foreign exchange earnings, employment generation and value added to the Nigerian economy. The rubber industry contributed 6.2 percent of the country's total export earnings in 1363. By 1972, it accounted for 4.7 percent of the country's industrial labour force and Chapter 6 uses non-parametric statistical technique to assess the factors limiting expansion and economic performance of the industry. The major limiting factors are lack of capital and inadequacy of raw materials. Labour is not a limiting factor although the industry i9 short of skilled and managerial personnel. A financial analysis for the industry and the estimation of a profit function for rubber processing industry were the major highlights of chapter seven. The financial analysis shows some weak points in financial management positions of some firms while the profit function shows that volume of sales, and selling expenses are the two major factors affecting profits in the processing industry. Some policy recommendations were advanced and these include the need for individual processors to strive to make use of their under-utilized capacity instead of plant expansion. Also, each processor must upgrade his management capability. The rubber commodity board should (i) appoint a committee to look into the present state of affairs of the rubber industry, establish rubber lumps marketing centres and make provisions for price incentives to producers of natural rubber at all levels.
PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA ON ADRIAMYCIN-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY AND GENOTOXICITY IN RATS
(2013) ADESIDA, A.
Adriamycin, a widely used anti-cancer drug, induces nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity in experimental animals through generation of free radicals. Phenolic phytochemicals in guava leaves possess antioxidant properties. Hence, they could play a protective role in adriamycininduced nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity. The protective effects of Ethanolic Extract of Psidium guajava (EEPG) on adriamycin-induced nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity were investigated in rats. Dried powdered guava leaves (2kg) were extracted with ethanol and concentrated in rotary evaporator to obtain the EEPG. Two hundred male Wistar rats (weighing180g-220g) were divided into control, adriamycin-treated (single dose-20mg/kg and cumulative dose-15mg/kg, i.p), and adriamycin and EEPG-treated (125, 250 and 500mg/kg p.o) animals in pre-, and cotreatments. Genotoxicity test involved bone marrow cytology to identify Micronucleated Polychromatophilic Erythrocytes (MPEs) 24 hrs after treatments. Animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and blood was obtained to determine blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Post-mitochondrial fraction of kidney homogenate was used to evaluate Lipid Peroxidation (LPO), Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), antioxidant enzymes [Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione Reductase (GR)] activities, and glutathione level spectrophotometrically. Antioxidant activity of EEPG was assessed in vitro using 2-2-Azobis-2´ Amidinopropane-Hydrochloride (AAPH)-induced LPO model and Radical Scavenging Activities (RSA) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl, nitric oxide and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals were determined spectrophotometrically. Histological changes in the kidney were assessed using a light microscope. The EEPG was fractionated by column chromatography over silica gel and sephadex LH-20 and its purified compound analysed for chemical structure by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Student’s t-test at p=0.05. About 500g of EEPG was obtained from 2kg of leaves. Renal dysfunction caused by 20mg/kg adriamycin (urea,-7.6μmol/L, creatinine,-11.8μmol/L) was prevented by pre-treatment with EEPG at 250mg/kg (4.9μmol/L, 7.9μmol/L) while antioxidant status was improved significantly by reducing LPO (0.5nmol) and increasing activities of SOD (3.6units), GPx (0.3nmol), catalase (0.1μmol), glutathione-S-transferase (0.3nmol), GR (0.6nmol) and glutathione level (16.0μg/g) when compared with adriamycin-treated rats (0.9nmol, 1.7units, 0.1nmol, 0.04μmol, 0.2nmol, 0.4nmol and 13.9μg/g), respectively. Increase in creatinine by 15mg/kg adriamycin (1.0mg/dL) was reduced by co-treatment with 250 and 500mg/kg EEPG (0.4mg/L, 0.3mg/dL). This reduction was accompanied by increase in glutathione-S-transferase activity (0.11nmol, 0.09nmol) when compared with adriamycin (0.08nmol) and inhibition of CYP3A4 activity (7.9±0.3, 8.2±0.2) when compared with adriamycin (9.0±0.1). Toxicity was profound when adriamycin was administered as cumulative dose. The EEPG (125, 250 and 500mg/kg) decreased the frequency of MPE (11.8, 8.8 and 3.4/1000 MPEs respectively) when compared with 20mg/kg adriamycin (19.3/1000 MPEs). The EEPG showed significant antioxidant activities in vitro through reduction of AAPH-induced LPO-65.3%, RSA in H2O2- 98.7%, nitric oxide-30.1%, DPPH.-70.4% and hydroxyl radicals-72.8% when compared with catechin (39.5%, 62.8%, 32.2%, 44.9% and 55.5%) respectively. Adriamycin induced renal tubular necrosis, while normal renal histology was maintained with EEPG at all doses. The purified compound from EEPG was found to be a triterpene. Ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava protected rats against adriamycin-induced nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity. Free radical scavenging property and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava may be responsible for this protective effect.