Browsing by Author "Adewumi, M. O."

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A possible risk of environmental exposure to HEV in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Taylor & Francis, 2020-08-13) Olayinka, A.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Omotosho, O.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Odukaye, O.; Bolaji, O.; Ibitoye, I.; Ope-Ewe, O.; Adewumi, M. O.; Adeniji, J. A.
"Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is both a major public health concern and emerging global health concern, with a documented incidence of 20 million, 3.4 million clinical cases, 70,000 deaths, and 3,000 stillbirths. The aetiologic agent, HEV is a primarily enterally transmitted hepatotropic virus. Fecal samples were collected from three selected pig farms across Ibadan, South-west Nigeria. Randomly picked samples were pooled per unit pen and fecal suspensions prepared were subjected to HEV Antigen (Ag) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Molecular probing was done by Reverse Transcription and nested polymerase reaction (RT-nPCR) and deep sequencing. Sequencing was done paired-end for 300 cycles using the HiSeq system. Overall farm prevalence of 66.7% (2/3) and prevalence at individual level of 13.2% (9/68) were recorded. All nine samples positive for the ELISA screen were negative when subjected to RT-nPCR assays. Further, on deep sequencing, no HEV genomic fragment was found in the sample using de-novo assembly. Findings suggest possibly inapparent HEV in the pigs studied or a yet to be identified protein with HEV-Ag cross-reactivity ability on ELISA, thus constituting a possible risk of exposure to HEV infection in the population. Consequently, we recommend prompt intervention to unravel the mystery and break the chain of transmission.
Acute Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Two Geographical Regions of Nigeria
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2017) Ifeorah, I. M.; Bakarey, A. S.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Adewumi, M. O.; Akere, A.; Omoruyi, C. E.; Ogunwale, A. O.; Awokunle, R. F.; Sekoni, D. E.; Adeniji, J. A.
This study was therefore designed to describe acute HEV infection among antenatal clinic attendees and community dwellers from two geographical regions in Nigeria. Seven hundred and fifty plasma samples were tested for HEV IgM by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. The tested samples were randomly selected from a pool of 1,115 blood specimens previously collected for viral hepatitis studies among selected populations (pregnant women, 272; Oyo community dwellers, 438; Anambra community dwellers, 405) between September 2012 and August 2013. One (0.4%) pregnant woman in her 3rd trimester had detectable HEV IgM, while community dwellers fromthe two study locations had zero prevalence rates of HEV IgM.Detection of HEV IgM in a pregnant woman, especially in her 3rd trimester, is of clinical and epidemiological significance.The need therefore exists for establishment of a robust HEV surveillance system in Nigeria and especially amidst the pregnant population in a bid to improve maternal and child health.
Comparison of Algorithms for the Detection of Enteroviruses in Stool Specimens from Children Diagnosed with Acute Flaccid Paralysis
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2017) Adeniji, J. A.; Ayeni, F. A.; Ibrahim, A.; Tijani, K. A.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Adewumi, M. O.
This study was designed to compare both the cell culture dependent and independent enterovirus detection algorithms recommended by the WHO and assess how either might impact our perception of the diversity of enterovirus types present in a sample. Sixteen paired samples (16 isolates from RD cell culture and their corresponding stool suspension, i.e., 32 samples) from AFP cases in Nigeria were analyzed in this study. All the samples were subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, the WHO recommended RT-snPCR, and its modification. Amplicons were sequenced and strains identified. Enterovirus diversity was the same between the isolates and fecal suspension for the control and five of the samples. It was, however, different for the remaining 10 (62.5%) samples. Nine (CV-B4, E6, E7, E13, E14, E19, E29, EV-B75, and EV-B77) and five (CV-A1, CV-A11, CV-A13, EV-C99, and PV2) EV-B and EV-C types, respectively, were detected. Particularly, E19 and EV-B75 were only recovered from the isolates while E14, EV B77, CV-A11, and CV-A13 were only recovered from fecal suspension. Both the cell culture dependent and independent protocols bias our perception of the diversity of enterovirus types present in a sample. Hence, effort should be directed at harmonizing both for increased sensitivity.
"Defining the Enterovirus Diversity Landscape of a Fecal Sample: A Methodological Challenge?"
(MDPI, 2015) Faleye, T. O. C.; Adewumi, M. O.; Adeniji, J. A.
Enteroviruses are a group of over 250 naked icosahedral virus serotypes that have been associated with clinical conditions that range from intrauterine enterovirus transmission withfataloutcome through encephalitis and meningitis, to paralysis. Classically, enterovirus detection was done by assaying for the development of the classic enterovirus-specific cytopathic effect in cell culture. Subsequently, the isolates were historically identified by a neutralization assay.More recently, identification has been done by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). However, in recent times, there is a move towards direct detection and identification of enteroviruses from clinical samples using the cell culture-independent RT semi-nested PCR (RT-snPCR) assay. This RT-snPCR procedure amplifies the VP1 gene, which is then sequenced and used for identification. However, while cell culture-based strategies tend to show a preponderance of certain enterovirus species depending on the cell lines included in the isolation protocol, the RT-snPCR strategies tilt in a different direction. Consequently, it is becoming apparent that the diversity observed in certain enterovirus species, e.g., enterovirus species B(EV-B), might not be because they are the most evolutionarily successful. Rather, it might stem from cell line-specific bias accumulated over several years of use of the cell culture-dependent isolation protocols. Furthermore, it might also be a reflection of the impact of the relative genome concentration on the result of pan-enterovirus VP1 RT-snPCR screens used during the identification of cell culture isolates. This review highlights the impact of these two processes on the current diversity landscape of enteroviruses and the need to re-assess enterovirus detection and identification algorithms in a bid to better balance our understanding of the enterovirus diversity landscape.
Detection of hepatitis B virus isolates with mutations associated with immune escape mutants among pregnant women in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria
(Springer, 2015) Faleye, T .O. C.; Adewumi, M. O.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Omoruyi, E. C.; Bakarey, S. A.; Akere, A.; Awokunle, F.; Ajibola, H. O.; Makanjuola, D. O.; Adeniji, J. A.
Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its associated immune escape mutants (IEMs), is the major vehicle through which a population of chronically infected people who serve as infectious HBV reservoirs is maintained in communities. Therefore, to assess the risk of perinatal transmission, 272 pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics in Ibadan metropolis, southwestern, Nigeria, were screened for HBsAg using ELISA technique. Samples positive for HBsAg were subjected to HBV DNA detection by PCR amplification of the S-gene and amplicon sequencing. Isolates were genotyped and subtyped using a combination of molecular techniques. Fifteen (5.5%) of the pregnant women were positive for HBsAg of which HBV DNA was detected in seven. Five of the isolates were typed as genotype E subtype ayw4 using amino acid residues at positions 122, 127, 134 and 160. Another could only be typed as genotype E subtype ayw4 by further phylogenetic analysis. The remaining one isolate did not belong to any of genotypes A – H. Three of the HBV isolates including the untypable, had mutations in the ‘a’ determinant associated with IEMs. This study confirms the endemicity of HBV, the risk of perinatal transmission and the circulation of genotype E subtype ayw4 in Nigeria. It further demonstrates the presence of IEMs in Nigeria
Detection of Non-Cytopathic Enteroviruses in Supernatant of RD and L20B Cell Cultures
(ResearchersLinks Ltd., 2020-08-29) Adewumi, M. O.; Ogunsakin, T. R.; Ogunrombi, S. B.; Ojeamiren, I.; Olawole, A. S.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Adeniji, J. A.
We investigated the likely presence of enteroviruses in supernatants of cytopathic effect (CPE) negative RD and L20B cell culture tubes in which faecal suspension from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases were cultured. Samples analyzed were collected in 2017 as part of the AFP surveillance program in Nigeria and declared negative for enteroviruses because they did not produce CPE in RD and L20B cell lines. In all, 120 cell culture supernatants (60 each on RD and L20B cell lines) that emanated from 30 stool suspensions (2 samples per case) were analyzed as 60 pools (pooled per case by cell line). Pools were subjected to RNA extraction, RT-snPCR, amplicon sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Eleven and one of the 30 pools of RD and L20B cell culture supernatants, respectively, were positive for the RT-snPCR. Nine of the 11 amplicons from RD and the only from L20B were sequenced and identified as seven EV types; Coxsackievirus A4 (CVA4), CV-A6, CV-A13, CV-A17 (both RD and L20B), CV-B2, Echovirus 9 (E9) and Enterovirus A76 (EVA76). Our findings suggest some enteroviruses are present in and might be replicating in RD cell line without producing CPE. We also report the existence of CV-A6 genotype E (possibly sub-Saharan Africa restricted).
Development of Echovirus 29 Cytopathology in RD Cell Line Might not Happen within 10 Days Post Inoculation
(SciTechnol, 2017) Adewumi, M. O.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Ayinde, O. T.; Ibok, U. I.; Adeniji, J. A.
Classically in enterovirology, isolation in RD cell culture required inoculation and incubation for 14 days before any sample is declared negative for enteroviruses. To reduce the turn-around time for confirming suspected cases of poliomyelitis, in 2010, the required incubation period, post inoculation was reduced to 10days. In this study we set out to determine why an Echovirus 29 (E29) strain we isolated in 2016 showed no cytopathology on RDcell culture despite the fact that other members of the clade to which it belongs do so. We found that the problem was not the 2016 E29 strain but the new 10 days incubation algorithm. To be precise, the 2016 E29 strain did not show cytopathology in RD cell line within the recommended 10 days but replicated with evident cytopathology when allowed to stay in culture for 13 to 14 days. This shows that some samples declared negative for enteroviruses by the 10 days incubation algorithm might be false negatives that will eventually develop cytopathology if allowed to remain in incubation for 13 to 14 days. It is therefore encouraged that those particularly interested in Non-Polio Enteroviruses endeavour to maintain at least 14 days incubation in cell culture in a bid to accommodate the likes of E29 that might need 13-14 days to develop CPE especially when present at low titre.
Direct Detection and Identification of Enteroviruses from Faeces of Healthy Nigerian Children Using a Cell-Culture Independent RT-Seminested PCR Assay
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2016) Faleye, T. O. C.; Adewumi, M. O.; Coker, B. A.; Nudamajo, F. Y.; Adeniji, J.A.
Recently, a cell-culture independent protocol for detection of enteroviruses fromclinical specimen was recommended by theWHO for surveillance alongside the previously established protocols. Here, we investigated whether this new protocol will show the same enterovirus diversity landscape as the established cell-culture dependent protocols. Faecal samples were collected from sixty apparently healthy children in Ibadan,Nigeria. Samples were resuspended in phosphate buffered saline, RNAwas extracted, and the VP1 gene was amplified using WHO recommended RT-snPCR protocol. Amplicons were sequenced and sequences subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Fifteen (25%) of the 60 samples yielded the expected band size. Of the 15 amplicons sequenced, 12 were exploitable. The remaining 3 had electropherograms with multiple peaks and were unexploitable. Eleven of the 12 exploitable sequences were identified as Coxsackievirus A1 (CVA1), CVA3, CVA4, CVA8, CVA20, echovirus 32 (E32), enterovirus 71 (EV71), EVB80, and EVC99. Subsequently, the last exploitable sequence was identified as enterobacteriophage baseplate gene by nucleotide BLAST. Theresults of this study document the first description of molecular sequence data on CVA1, CVA8, and E32 strains present in Nigeria. The result further showed that species A enteroviruses were more commonly detected in the region when cell-culture bias is bypassed.
Efficacy of generic highly Active antiretroviral therapy In HIV-1 infected individuals in Nigeria
(Taylor & Francis, 2015) Adewumi, M. O.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.
CD4 T lymphocyte and plasma HIV RNA parameters have been used to monitor disease progression, and predict clinical course in HIV infection. Initial evaluation of these parameters was conducted in the western countries where accessible ARVs, circulating HIV subtypes and mode of transmission are different from the situation in Nigeria. This study appraised these parameters, and efficacy of generic ARVs. Consenting 106 HIV infected ARV naïve patients were enrolled. CD4 Tlymphocyte and plasma HIV RNA levels were determined at interval for 24 months. Ninety eight (92.5%) of the patients who completed the follow up in strict adherence to therapy guideline were included in the analysis. Baseline median CD4 T lymphocyte increased from 114 (Range: 6–330) to highest 357 (Range: 15–1036) cells/μL at 18 months of therapy, while baseline median plasma viral RNA declined from 4.6 (Range: 2.6–6.0) Log10 copies/mL to undetectable level within three months of therapy. Significant CD4 T-cell restoration and plasma viral RNA decline in the study population demonstrate efficacy of the generic HAART. The importance of combined use of both parameters for evaluation of immunologic and virologic responses to ART was confirmed.
Enterovirus A119 in A Child with Acute Flaccid Paralysis, Nigeria
(MedCrave Group, 2016) Adeniji, J. A.; Oragwa, A. O.; George, U. E.; Ibok, U. I.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Adewumi, M. O.
The oldest EV-A119 record was in 2008 in a chimpanzee in Cameroon and subsequently in more non-human primates and healthy children. Here we report for the first time the detection of EV-A119 in a child with Acute Flaccid Paralysis, thus suggesting possible association with a clinical condition in humans
Epidemiological evaluation of rubella virus infection among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Taylor and Francis, 2015) Adewumi, M. O.; Olayinka, O. A.; Olusola, B. A.; Faleye, T. O.; Sule, W. F.; Adesina, O.
Rubella is a vaccine-preventable, mild rash-inducing viral disease with complications that include a spectrum of birth defects in the developing fetus, especially if the infection is acquired in the early months of pregnancy. Consequently, the primary objective of global rubella control programs is prevention of congenital rubella infection and associated birth defects. Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines, and the elimination of the rubella virus in many developed countries, substantial commitment to rubella control has not been demonstrated in developing countries. This study appraises immunity to rubella, and consequently makes appropriate recommendations aimed at facilitating effective control. A cross-sectional sero-surveillance study was carried out among defined 272 consenting ante-natal clinic attendees in south-western, Nigeria. Prevalence rates of 91.54% and 1.84% were recorded for the anti–rubella virus (anti-RV) IgG and IgM, respectively. Also, 90.7% and 92.3% of the women aged ≤30 years and >30 years, respectively, had detectable anti-RV IgG. No significant association (p = 0.94) was recorded between anti-RV IgG detection and age of the women. Previous exposure and susceptibility of significant fraction of the population to rubella infection were confirmed. Considerable political commitment and promotion of free rubella immunization specifically for women with childbearing potential were recommended.
Evaluation of immunity against poliovirus serotypes among children in riverine areas of Delta State, Nigeria
(Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Society of Nigeria (MMSN), 2011-06-01) Donbraye, E.; Adewumi, M. O.; Odaibo, G. N.; Bakarey, A. S.; Opaleye, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.
Nigeria remains one of the major reservoirs for wild poliovirus transmission despite the reported success in National Immunization Days and acute flaccid paralysis surveillance. Two hundred children aged ≤ 10 years, were enrolled following parental consent from hard-to-reach riverine areas of Delta state of Nigeria to assess the level of protective immunity to poliovirus. Neutralizing antibodies to the three poliovirus serotypes in the serum samples of the children were determined by the beta method of neutralization. Eight (4%) of the children had no detectable antibody, 178 (89%), 180 (90%) and 181 (90.5%) were positive for antibodies to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Overall, 162 (81%) of the children had antibodies to the three poliovirus serotypes at a titre of at least 1:8. The study shows the need for proper monitoring of vaccination coverage in such hard-to-reach riverine areas to achieve the objective of the global eradication of poliovirus.
Expanding the frontiers of bacterial diagnosis through bacteriophage biotechnology
(AIMS Press, 2020) Majumdar, M.; Klapsa, D.; Wilton, T.; Bujaki, E.; Fernandez‐Garcia, E. M. D.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Oyero , A. O.; Adewumi, M. O.; Ndiaye, K.; Adeniji, J. A.; Martin, J.
In a bid to achieve microbial diagnostic precision and reduce diagnostic turn-around time, the development of technologically advanced,novel techniques has been on the rise. There is a gradual phasing out of traditional diagnostic methods by more specific and highly sensitive molecular techniques. Asides from being technically demanding and cost-ineffective, these molecular methods have themselves not fulfilled perhaps the most essential diagnostic criterion of distinguishing between viable and dead bacterial cells. The use of bacteriophages as biorecognition elements for bacterial detectors offers numerous advantages in terms of cost, ease of accessibility, and high specificity binding of bacteriophages to their bacterial host. Biotechnological advancements further give bacteriophage use the leading edge as genetic modification of bacteriophage genome through the fluorescent gene insertion produces reporter bacteriophages. These recombinants can produce detectable fluorescent signals through intracellular lytic action, strictly in metabolically active bacteria cells. Fluorescent labelled enzyme-active and cell wall binding domains of bacteriophages also offer better alternatives to the use of antibodies as diagnostic markers because they are resistant to pH and temperature sensitivities. Overall, bacteriophage-based detection systems are less prone to detection errors and significantly reduce diagnostic time while also attaining high test sensitivity.
Extending the utility of the WHO recommended assay for direct detection of enteroviruses from clinical specimen for resolving poliovirus co‑infection
(BMC Research Notes, 2018) Faleye, T. O. C; Adewumi, M. O.; Ozegbe, N. P.; Ogunsakin, O. E.; Ariyo, G.; Adeshina, F. W.; Ogunga, O. S.; Oluwadare, S. D.; Adeniji, J. A.
Objectives: In a polio-free world there might be reduced funding for poliovirus surveillance. There is therefore the need to ensure that enterovirologist globally, especially those outside the global polio laboratory network, can participate in poliovirus surveillance without neglecting their enterovirus type of interest. To accomplish this, assays are needed that allow such active participation. Results: In this study we describes a sensitive and specific utility extension of the recently recommended WHO RT-snPCR assay that enables independent detection of the three poliovirus types especially in cases of co-infection. More importantly, it piggy-backs on the first round PCR product of the WHO recommended assay and consequently ensures that enterovirologists interested in nonpolio enteroviruses can continue their investigations, and contribute significantly and specifically to poliovirus surveillance, by using the excess of their first round PCR product.
HBV Infection among HIV-infected cohort And HIV-negative Hospital attendees in South Western Nigeria
(African Network for Infectious Diseases (ANID), 2014) Adewumi, M. O.; Donbraye, E.; Odaibo, G. N.; Bakarey, A. S.; Opaleye, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.
"Background: Prevalence, association and probable mode of acquisition of HBV and HIV dual infections have not been fully explored. Thus, HBV intervention plan and services are sometimes exclusively targeted towards HIV-infected population. We investigated HBV infection among HIV-infected cohort in comparison with HIV-negative hospital attendees to ascertain dual infectivity pattern; thereby encouraging appropriat allotment of intervention services. A total of 349 (M=141; F=208; Mean=33.98 years; Range= 0.33-80 years) plasma specimens from two virus diagnostic laboratories in south-western Nigeria were analysed. These include 182 HIV-positive and 167 HIV-negative specimens from ART and GDV laboratories respectively. The specimens were initially screened for detectable HIV antigen/antibody, and subsequently HBsAg by ELISA technique. Overall, HBsAg was detected in 20.92% (95% CI: 16.65-25.19%) of the patients. Also, 24.82% (95% CI: 17.69 31.95%) and 18.27% (95% CI: 13.02-23.52%) HBsAg positivity was recorded for males and females respectively. CHI square analysis showed no association (P=0.14) between gender and prevalence of HBsAg. Similarly, comparison of prevalence of HBsAg by age groups shows no significant difference (P=0.24). Overall, no significant difference (P=0.59) was observed in the prevalence of HBsAg among the HIV-infected cohort and HIV-negative hospital attendees. Results of the study confirm endemicity and comparable rates of HBV infection independent of HIV-status.
Hepatitis B Core IgM antibody (anti-HBcIgM) among Hepatitis B Surface antigen (HBsAg) negative blood donors in Nigeria
(Springer Nature, 2011) Japhet, M. O.; Adesina, O. A.; Donbraye, E.; Adewumi, M. O.
Background: Transfusion associated Hepatitis B virus (TAHBV) continues to be a major problem despite mandatory screening for Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg). Presence of HBsAg is the common method for detecting hepatitis B infection. Unfortunately, this marker is not detected during the window period of the infection. Nigeria being a developing country cannot afford DNA testing of all collected units of blood which serve as the only possibility of achieving zero risk of transfusion associated HBV. Five different serological makers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were therefore assessed to evaluate the reliability of using HBsAg marker alone in diagnosis of HBV infection among blood donors and to detect the serological evidence of the infection at the window period. This will preclude the possibility of transmitting hepatitis B through transfusion of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative blood in Nigeria. Methods: Between July and August 2009, 92 blood donors were enrolled for the study. The prevalence of 5 different markers of Hepatitis B virus infection was detected using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Demographic factors were assessed during the study.Results: HBsAg and its antibody (anti-HBs) was detected in 18 (19.6%) and 14(15.2%) of the 92 blood donors respectively. Anti-HBc IgM was found in 12(13.0%) of the 92 blood donors while Hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) and its antibody (anti-HBe) were detected in 4(8.9%) and 12(26.7%) respectively from 45 donors sampled. HBeAg is a marker of high infectivity and appears after HBsAg. At least one serological marker was detected in 30(32.6%) of the blood donors. Five (5.4%) of the 92 donors had anti-HBc IgM as the only serological evidence of hepatitis B virus infection. Conclusions: The result of this study shows that five donors have anti-HBcIgM as the only serological evidence of HBV infection. Inclusion of anti-HBcIgM in routine screening of blood donors in Nigeria should be encouraged. This is the first study to assess anti-HBcIgM in the country.
Hepatitis B virus infection in low and middle – income Countries: combined serological markers for efficient diagnosis
(Nigerian Society for Microbiology, 2020) Japhet, M. O.; Adesina, O. O.; Olateru-Olugbegi, O.; Adewumi, M. O.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global problem with Asia and sub-Saharan Africa mostly affected. Unfortunately, residual risk of transfusion associated HBV (TAHBV) is greater in low- and middle-income countries where virus prevalence is higher and implementation of Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) and/or anti-HBc testing remain high-priced due to cost and loss of donors/blood products. There is therefore the need for cheaper and practical alternatives to reducing TAHBV. For this study, blood samples were collected from 273 consenting blood donors, aged 18-60 years. Five HBV serological markers: HBV surface and envelope antigens (HBsAg, HBeAg), and HBV core, surface and envelope antibodies (anti-HBc,anti-HBs, HBeAb) were detected using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays. A high anti-HBs prevalence of 37.7% was detected among the donors while HBsAg prevalence was 5.1%, a rate lower than 8% value for high endemic regions to which Nigeria is classified. Among the donors HBcIgM prevalence was 4.8% (13/273), with twelve donors (4.4%; 12/13) having anti-HBc IgM as the only detectable marker of HBV infection. Anti-HBs presence of 200 mIU/mL or more has been reported safe as a transfusion component in anti-HBc-positive blood. A high anti-HBs observed among blood donors in this study could be explored in routine HBV screening of anti-HBc-positive blood donors. Including anti-HBs screening and anti-HBc IgM found as the only HBV infection marker in 12 (4.4%) donors could reduce TAHBV in Nigeria where HBV NAT screening is not affordable and discarding anti-HBc IgG-positive blood not feasible because blood transfusion is critical to treatment of diverse pathologies.
Hepatitis B Virus Serological Markers in a Rural Community in Southeastern Nigeria
(SCIENCEDOMAIN International, 2017) Bakarey, A. S.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Adewumi, M. O.; Akere, A.; Omoruyi, C. E.; Ogunwale, A. O.; Olaleye, V. F.; Awokunle, R. F.; Sekoni, D.E.
Due to the current blood safety algorithm in Nigeria which excludes only Hepatitis B surface Antigenaemia (HBsAg) positive individuals from blood donation, this study was therefore designed to investigate HBV markers of infection in a rural population in southeastern Nigeria. It is a cross sectional community-based study. This study was carried out in Awuda village in Nnobi town of southeastern Nigeria in August 2013. A total of 92 consenting participants were enrolled for the study. The participants were screened for HBsAg, HBeAg, Anti-HBc IgM, Anti-HBc, Anti-HBe and Anti-HBs using ELISA technique and classified into different serological profiles indicative of infection stages. Respondents’ mean age was 26.3(SD +11.5) years and 58 of them were females while 34 were males. An overall prevalence for HBsAg was 1.1% (1/92). The same HBsAg positive individual also had detectable anti-HBe and anti- HBc IgM. Analysis of the results showed 3 (3.3%) of the study participants were positive for both Anti-HBe and Anti-HBc. Also, 12 (13.0%) participants were positive for only Anti-HBc and Anti-HBs antibody. Another 9 (9.8%) participants were positive for only Anti-HBs while 51 (55.0%) had no serological marker for previous exposure to either HBV or HBV vaccine. Altogether, 31(33.7%), 1(1.1%) and 21(22.8%) participants were positive for HBc, HbcIgM and HBs antibodies respectively. This study has demonstrated that at least 1 out of every 3 people in the studied community might have serological evidence of present or past HBV infection. The current dependence of blood safety algorithms which excludes only HBsAg positive individuals is not enough to guarantee safety of blood and/or blood products. More studies are needed to further investigate the theoretical basis of the algorithm.
High Prevalence of Anti-HCV Antibodies Among Pregnant Women in Southwestern Nigeria
(IISTE, 2017) Japhet, M. O.; Donbraye, E.; Adesina, O. A.; Adewumi, M. O.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common cause of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver transplantation. While universal screening for other blood-borne viruses (BBVs) such as HIV and HBV among pregnant women is recommended in Nigeria, no such recommendation exist for HCV in the country. Despite recently developed direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) to cure HCV at high rates and at very high cost, the absence of an HCV vaccine or approved therapy during pregnancy makes prevention of vertical transmission impossible at the moment. Using a commercially available enzyme linked immunoassay technique, prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) was determined among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Southwestern Nigeria. Of the 273 serum samples obtained from the pregnant women 9.5% was positive for anti-HCV antibody. There were differences in anti-HCV prevalence by age and locality. Results of the study confirm endemicity of HCV among pregnant women in the country, consequently, we advocate free screening, among other essential measures for HCV intervention in Nigeria.
High Prevalence Of Anti-Hepatitis A Virus Immunoglobulin G Antibody Among Healthcare Facility Attendees In Osogbo, Nigeria
(Talor&Francis, 2013-01-19) Sule, W. F.; Kajogbola, A. T; Adewumi, M. O.
The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody and associated factors among residents of Osogbo, a town in Nigeria with inadequate environmental sanitation and a shortage of potable water. This is a health facility–based study. Ninety one consenting, asymptomatic attendees of public healthcare facilities in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria, were consecutively selected for this study. Plasma samples of the study participants were tested for the presence of anti-HAV IgG using a HAV Ab Competitive Enzyme Immunoassay test kit. Ninety (98.9%) of the participants were seropositive for anti-HAVIgG antibody; group-specific prevalence was also high, but association of participants’ variables with the prevalence could not be obtained due to limited sample size and high group-specific prevalence. Since the hepatitis A vaccine is not currently used in Nigeria, the chance is high that the HAV IgG antibody–positive individuals were naturally infected; consequently Osogbo can be described as highly endemic for HAV infection.