Browsing by Author "Akinlade, A. T."

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Body weight changes, haematological and serum biochemical indices of West African (WAD) Dwarf rams fed ammonium sulphate fortified diets
(2017) Ososanya, T. O.; Akinlade, A. T.
Weight gain, haematology and serum biochemical parameters of sixteen (16) West African Dwarf (WAD) rams weighing 12.8+0,12 kg were assigned to diets containing 0g/kg, 2.5g / kg, 5.0g/kg and 7.5g/kg levels of ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) as T0, T2.5, T5.0 and T7.5, respectively. The animals were fed the diet and wilted guinea grass in a 60:40. Daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, platelet, lymphocytes, neutrophil, cholesterol, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) values of the rams fed ammonium sulphate fortified diets were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control. Haemoglobin concentration increased in ramsfed ammonium sulphate fortified diets from 14.00-14.68% compared to control. The white blood cell (x 10(6)/mm(3)) varied from T0 (4.3 I) to T7.5(5.15). The lowest packed cell volume (41.00%) was obtained for rams on control diet. Red blood cell (x 10(6)/mm(3))) ranged from T0 (11.86) to T7.5 (13.02) while alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ranged from 10.25 (T0) to 25.25 (T7.5) (x 10(6)µL). The study revealed that inclusion of ammonium sulphate fortified diets of WAD rams up to 7.5g/kg had no deleterious effects on weight gain, haematological and serum indices of WAD rams
Effect of ammonium sulphate fortification on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance of West African dwarf rams
(2016) Akinlade, A. T.; Ososanya, T. O.
Ammonium sulphate (NH(4)2SO(4) is potential source of readily available nitrogen and sulphur which would fill the gap in feed availability to ruminants during the extended annual dry season. Hence, the use of ammonium sulphate becomes a viable alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics due to their effectiveness on ruminant productivity. Therefore, the effect of various inclusion levels of ammonium sulphate on the performance of West African Dwarf (WAD) rams was examined. Sixteen rams weighing 12.8±0.1-2 kg were assigned to four experimental diets containing 0.00, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% levels of ammonium sulphate designated as Tl, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. In a completely randomized design, each rams were fed at 5% of their body weight at 60:40 levels of experimental diet and wilted guinea grass as basal diet. The growth trial lasted for 105 days. The chemical composition of the experimental feed and faecal samples were analyzed, and data on total voluntary feed intake, feed conversion ratio, weight gain, nitrogen utilization, and apparent digestibility were also collected. The parameters on proximate composition of the feed were significantly affected by the inclusion of (NH(4)2SO(4) except for DM, GE, Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P). The values for the parameters increased with increased inclusion of (NH(4)2SO(4). The dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) obtained ranged from 94.15 - 94.69% and 11.00 - 13.40% respectively while the levels of sulphur was between 4.13 - 4.85%. Live weight gain increased with increased inclusion of (NH(4)2SO(4) and ranged from 3.50 - 5.00 kg but did not differ significantly (P>0.05) from each other. The total voluntary feed intake (TVFI) obtained in this study ranged between 59.79 - 62.64 kg and feed conversion ratio (FCR) from 11.96 - 17.90. However, TVFI and FCR decreased with increasing levels of (NH(4)2SO(4) in the diet. Also, acid detergent lignin digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) affected by inclusion levels of ((NH(4)2SO(4) in the treatments. Nitrogen in feed (3.39g/day), faecal nitrogen output (2.62g/day), urinary nitrogen output (0.21g/day) and nitrogen retention (0.56g/day) were insignificantly (P>0.05) difference except percentage nitrogen retained (16.52g/day) which is significantly different (P<0.05) from each other. It is evident that rams on 0.75% ammonium sulphate supplementation had better growth performance, improved nutrient digestibility and nitrogen metabolism, hence substantiating its utilization in ram diet.
Nutrient utilization, ruminal microbial population and fermentation characteristics of West African Dwarf (WAD) rams fed ammonium sulphate fortified diets
(National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2016) Akinlade, A. T.; Ososanya, T. O.
The ruminal microbial population has enormous potential for fibre digestion. Microorganisms are responsible for breakdown of plant cell walls, fungi have better ability to attack lignocellulosic tissues for bacteria to act on it. Ammonium sulphate, a chemical compound that serves as a ready source of nitrogen and sulphur, plays important roles in enhancing rumen microbial activity. Therefore, the effects of ammonium sulphate fortification on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial populations were evaluated. Sixteen (16) West African dwarf (WAD) rams weighing 12.8±0.12kg were assigned to diets containing 0g/100kg (control diet), 250g/100kg, 500g/100kg and 750g/100kg levels of ammonium sulphate (T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively) in a completely randomized design, each ram fed 5% body weight of the diet and wilted guinea grass in a 60:40 ratio for 105 days. At the end of the feeding trial, the effects of the diets on rumen microbial population and fermentation characteristics of the rams were assessed. The fungi population in sheep fed ammonium sulphate fortified diets ranged from 3.37- 4.36 x 10(4) cfu/ml. Acetate, propionate and butyrate in the ammonium sulphate fortified diets ranged from 46.37 - 48.71, 29.41 - 33.25 and 21.00 - 24.75 mmole/100ml respectively. The acetate and butyrate of the ammonium sulphate fortified diets decreased with increasing inclusion levels of ammonium sulphate, while the propionate decreased. Results obtained showed that ammonia nitrogen, fungi, bacteria and acetate were 1.45ppm, 4.36 cfu/ml, 7.01 cfu/ml, 48.71 mmole/100ml respectively, and they were significantly (P<0.05) highest in rams fed diet fortified with 750g/100kg ammonium sulphate. Rams on control diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher values of protozoa, pH, acetate and butyrate (5.96 cfu/ml, 6.82, 48.71 mmole/100ml, 24.75 mmole/100ml) than rams on T2, T3 and T4 because the control diet is not fortified with ammonium sulphate. It was concluded that rams fed 750g/100kg of ammoniumsulphate had greater number of rumen microbes which resulted in higher microbial protein synthesis, hence improved performance and higher body weight gain.
This study was designed to evaluate the performance of West African dwarf rams subjected to varying degree of treated velvet bean for a period of 12 weeks. The impact of roasted velvet bean (RVB) on the performance by ram and digestibility of the feed was evaluated. In a randomized complete block design, twelve rams aged 12 and 18 months old with initial weight of 13.67- 14.25kg were randomly allotted into 3 treatments on diets A (0% RVB), B (25% RVB) and C (50% RVB). Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were measured. Similarly, in the digestibility trial, 3 animals per treatment were placed in metabolic cages for 14 days of stabilization and 5 days of collection. Treatment effects as affected by varying levels of velvet bean was significant for final live weight gain with values varying from 29.86kg(diet B) to 34.20kg (diet C). Also, the mean live weight gain follows the same trend with the highest mean live weight gain obtained for animals on diet C and the least mean live weight for diet B. The result obtained showed a direct relationship between total feed intake and final live weight gain. Since Mucuna pruriens is available in the dry season therefore, utilization at such period will meet dietary requirement of the sheep.
(International Academic Journals, 2013-07) Ososanya, T. O.; Akinlade, A. T.; Taiwo, A. A.
This study was designed to evaluate the performance of West African dwarf rams subjected to varying degree of treated velvet bean for a period of 12 weeks. The impact of roasted velvet bean (RVB) on the performance by ram and digestibility of the feed was evaluated. In a randomized complete block design, twelve rams aged 12 and 18 months old with initial weight of 13.67- 14.25kg were randomly allotted into 3 treatments on diets A (0% RVB), B (25% RVB) and C (50% RVB). Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were measured. Similarly, in the digestibility trial, 3 animals per treatment were placed in metabolic cages for 14 days of stabilization and 5 days of collection. Treatment effects as affected by varying levels of velvet bean was significant for final live weight gain with values varying from 29.86kg(diet B) to 34.20kg (diet C). Also, the mean live weight gain follows the same trend with the highest mean live weight gain obtained for animals on diet C and the least mean live weight for diet B. The result obtained showed a direct relationship between total feed intake and final live weight gain. Since Mucuna pruriens is available in the dry season therefore, utilization at such period will meet dietary requirement of the sheep.
Volatile fatty acids and microbial load of West African dwarf rams fed ammonium sulphate-fortified diets
(Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, 2016) Akinlade, A. T.; Ososanya, T. O.
Growing West African Dwarf (WAD) rams, aged between 6 and 8 months with mean body weight of 12.80 ± 0.12kg were used to predict rumen microbial population and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) for 105 days. The growing WAD rams were randomly allotted to four dietaiy treatments with four rams per treatment group in a completely randomized design. The compared experimental diets were: Each group was assigned to experimental diet shown below and ammonium sulphate at inclusion level of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5g/kg (NH(4)2SO(4) were added to it as Tl, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Results showed that, rumen ammonia nitrogen coneentration (1.17mg/100ml), rumen bacteria (7.17cfu/ml), rumen fungi (4.47 cfu/ml), rumen pH (6.82) and propionate acid (33.25mmol/100ml) were significantly (P < 0.05) highest in growing rams on T4 compared to other treatment diets. Rumen temperature (38.95°C), rumen protozoa (5.39ml), acetic acid (21.51%) and butyric acid (12.85%) were significantly (P < 0.05) better in growing WAD rams on Tl. Propionate formation can be considered as a competitive pathway for hydrogen use in the rumen and it ranges from 19.25-22.41 mmole/100ml and is statistically difference because sulphate reducing bacteria compete with methanogenic archaea for hydrogen when sulphate is present Also, ammonium sulphate can be referred to as anti-methanogenic compounds because it reduces the protozoal numbers in the rumen and it ranges from 5.36 to 5.95 mi. It was concluded that, ammonium sulphate fortified diets is a potential source of readily available nitrogen and sulphur which enhances the growth of microbial population due to their high solubility and ability to be rapidly degraded to NH(3) in die rumen thereby enhancing ruminant productivity especially when fed at 7.5g/kg (NH(4)2SO(4).