Browsing by Author "Anumudu, C."

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A cross-sectional study on urogenital schistosomiasis in children; haematuria and proteinuria as diagnostic indicators in an endemic rural area of Nigeria
(Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, 2014-06) Morenikeji, O.; Qazim, J.; Omoregie, C.; Hassan, A.; Nwuba, R.; Anumudu, C.; Adejuwon, S.; Salawu, O.; Jegede, A.; Odaibo, A.
Background: Rapid and accurate diagnosis is necessary for the management of schistosomiasis in endemic areas. Objective: To assess the burden of urogenital schistosomiasis and the diagnostic efficiency of morbidity indicators of the disease in an endemic rural community of Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted. Urine samples of 487 pupils were screened microscopically for S. haematobium and tested for haematuria and proteinuria using chemical reagent strips. Results: The prevalence and intensity of infection were 57.1% and 45.0 eggs/10 mL urine respectively. Prevalence of infection in male (54.1%) and female (60.3%) individuals showed no significant variation (P>0.05). However, prevalence of infection was age dependent with those in age groups 3-5 and 12-14 years having the least and highest prevalence of infection respectively (P<0.05). Microhaematuria and proteinuria varied significantly with ages of the pupils with least (14.0, 40.0%) and highest (60.0, 80.0%) prevalence recorded in age groups 3-5 and 15-19 years respectively (P<0.05). Proteinuria showed higher sensitivity (80.3%) compared to microhaematuria (73.3%). Conclusion: Schistosomiasis is highly endemic in the study area and the use of microhaematuria and proteinuria for mapping the infected population prior treatment could be adopted.
Differential expression of metallothionein-l and cytochrome p450-2a5 (cyp2a5) in mice in response to lead acetate exposure and industrial effluents in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Sage Publications, 2015) Ndudi, C. C.; Adebayo, A; Anumudu, C.
Metallothionein-1 (MT-1), cytochrome P450-2A (CYP2a) and other genes are involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics such as heavy metals and toxins. Changes in their expression precede overt toxic effects and can serve as a marker for exposure to pollutants. We used a mouse experimental system and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to determine changes in gene expression and the direction of change, in response to exposure to lead acetate (LA) and waste water (WW) from an industrial area in Ibadan. MT-1 and CYP2a5 genes were quickly and highly induced at different exposure periods and concentrations. MT-1 was mostly downregulated by the LA exposure, but upregulated by several folds on exposure to WW. CYP2a5 expression was mostly downregulated with LA exposure. The optimum expression of MT-1 and CYP2a5 genes induced by both LA and WW was at 48 h. We conclude that rapid assays to determine the direction of change in the expression of MT-1 and CYP2a5 could be a fast and reliable method in developing countries for screening humans exposed to pollutants from industrial waste.
Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from naturally infected children in north-central Nigeria using the merozoite surface protein-2 as molecular marker
(Elsevier, 2013) Oyedeji, S. I.; Awobode, H. O.; Anumudu, C.; Kun, J.
Objective: To characterize the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) field isolates in children from Lafia, North-central Nigeria, using the highly polymorphic P. falciparum merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP-2) gene as molecular marker. Methods: Three hundred and twenty children were enrolled into the study between 2005 and 2006. These include 140 children who presented with uncomplicated malaria at the Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia and another 180 children from the study area with asymptomatic infection. DNA was extracted from blood spot on filter paper and MSP-2 genes were genotyped using allele-specific nested PCR in order to analyze the genetic diversity of parasite isolates. Results: A total of 31 and 34 distinct MSP-2 alleles were identified in the asymptomatic and uncomplicated malaria groups respectively. No difference was found between the multiplicity of infection in the asymptomatic group and that of the uncomplicated malaria group (P>0.05). However, isolates of the FC27 allele type were dominant in the asymptomatic group whereas isolates of the 3D7 allele type were dominant in the uncomplicated malaria group. Conclusions: this study shows a high genetic diversity of P. falciparum isolates in North-central Nigeria and is comparable to reports from similar areas with high malaria transmission intensity.
Nutritional anaemia and malaria in pre-school and school aged children
(African Medicine Society and Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria, 2008) Anumudu, C.; Afolami, M.; Nwagwu, M.; Igwe, C.; Keshinro, O.
Background: The most common cause of anemia is a deficiency of iron; but it may also be caused by deficiencies of folates, vitamin B12 and protein. Some anemias are not caused by nutritional factors, but by congenital factors and parasitic diseases such as malaria. This study attempted to estimate the prevalence of anemia among pre-school and school- aged children in two rural areas of Odogbolu Local government area, and to determine whether its cause was nutritional or could be attributed to malaria. Methods: A total of 177 children between the ages of 2 and 11 years were included in the study. Children were examined for malaria parasites by microscopy. The World Health Organization (WHO) age-adjusted cut-off for hemoglobin and hematocrit were used to classify anemia. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for serum ferritin was compared with standard methods of determining iron deficiency. Under- nutrition (stunting, wasting and underweight) was classified according to the National Centre for Health Statistics standards. Values below □ - 2SD were defined as mild-moderate under-nutrition, and those below □ -3SD as severe malnutrition. Results: Most of the children were anemic, 87.1%, having PCV values below the 32% cut-off and 95% with hemoglobin levels lower than the 11g/dl, although parasite prevalence and density were low. Malnutrition was patent; 36% of the children were stunted, 18.3% wasted and 44.2% underweight. Serum ferritin was more sensitive than PCV in detecting anemic children. Although anemia was higher in boys and preschoolers compared to girls and school aged children, the difference was significant only in preschoolers (P = .004). Anaemia was also significantly higher in Irawo village school than in Iloti (P = .0001) Conclusion: The anemia detected in this population may be due more to under-nutrition than to malaria.
Urine turbidity and microhaematuria as rapid assessment indicators for schistosoma haematobium infection among school children in endemic Areas
(Science Publications, 2012) Hassan, A.; Ntiaidem, U.; Morenikeji, O.; Nwuba, R.; Anumudu, C.; Adejuwon, S.; Salawu, O.; Jegede, A.; Odaibo, A.
Problem statement: Urinary schistosomiasis is highly endemic in Nigeria and for effective control measure, an efficient, quick and yet cheap diagnosis should be integrated. This will ensure the proper management of infection due to Schistosoma haematobium in low resource communities of Nigeria. Approach: This cross-sectional study recruited a total of 456 (252 males, 204 females) school children aged 3-20 years between November 2010 and June 2011. Urine samples were examined macroscopically for turbidity and subsequently screened for microhaematuria using diagnostic reagent strips. The microscopic examination of urine samples for schistosome eggs was used as the standard for diagnosis. Results: The prevalence of S. haematobium and geometric mean intensity of infection were 54.8% and 13.9 ± 0.67 eggs/10 mL of urine respectively. The age and sex prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis showed no significant differences (p>0.05). The prevalences of urine turbidity and microhaematuria were 37.1 and 53.9% respectively and these varied significantly across age groups (p<0.05). The sensitivities of urine turbidity and microhaematuria used for the indirect diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis were 54.8 and 59.3 (p>0.05) with their corresponding specificities 80.2 and 65.8% respectively. Intensity of infection was significantly correlated with the indirect diagnostic methods, urine turbidity (r = 0.203, p<0.01) and microhaematuria (r = 0.487, p<0.01). Conclusion: The possible use of urine turbidity as an indicator for rapid diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis in low resource communities is implied.