Browsing by Author "Elujoba, A. A."

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Anti-malarial activity of methanol extracts of Anacardium Occidentale linn. (Anacardiaceae) and Psidium Guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) leaves
(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2023) Tejumade, A. O.; Ajayi, T. O.; Adeyemi, A. A.; Elujoba, A. A.
The antiplasmodial activities of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. have been severally reported in literature. β--hematin production is an exclusive method implemented by Plasmodium protozoan parasite to produce very high quantities of redox active free hemoglobin. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of methanol extracts of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. leaves used to treat severe malaria attacks in Nigeria and their impact on the inhibition of β-hematin production. The LD50 values for the leaves of Psidium guajava L. and Anacardium occidentale L. in methanol extracts were >5000 mg/kg and 1600 mg/kg, respectively. On Day 4, Plasmodium berghei-infected mice (NK 65) displayed comparable chemo-suppression of parasitaemia for A. occidentale (73.88%) and P. guajava (72.75%). However, both extracts had lower activities than chloroquine (83.58 %; 20 mg/mL). A. occidentale had a higher inhibition of formation of β hematin, with IC50 of 36.1 ± 0.52 µg/mL than P. guajava with IC50 of l0.25 ± 0.07 µg/mL and chloroquine with IC50 of 2.71±0.39 µg/mL. According to the current study, methanol extracts of the leaves of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. have similar antimalarial effects and are associated with a reduction in β-hematin production. The in vivo antimalarial activity of Psidium guajava L. and Anacardium occidentale L. were equivalent, but Psidium guajava L. possessed a more potent inhibitor of the production of β-hematin.
Phytochemical composition, anti-fungal activity of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (Fabaceae) seed extract and acute toxicity testing of formulated herbal ointment
(University of Ibadan, 2023) Ugwuocha, C. F.; Ajayi, T. O.; Odoh, E. U.; Elujoba, A. A.
The growing resistance to conventional dandruff remedies has led to the search for newer and affordable treatments from African medicinal plants. This study evaluates the anti-fungal activity of methanol extract of the seed of Mucuna pruriens L. (DC.) Fabaceae (MP) against Malassezia furfur and Malassezia globosa which have been implicated in dandruff etiology. The MP seed sample was collected from Orba, Enugu State, dried, and pulverized. Macroscopic, microscopic, and phytochemical evaluations of the seed were done. Defatting was done with n-hexane extract and cold maceration with methanol for 72 h (ME extract). The anti-fungal activity of the extracts was determined using the agar dilution method with ketoconazole as standard. Two samples of ointment containing 5% and 10% MP seed methanol extract were prepared with an emulsifying base using a fusion technique. An acute skin toxicity test was carried out by applying the formulation to the skin of albino rats and observations were made. Results: Quantitative phytochemical analysis of secondary metabolites in the MP seed gave: phenolic content (8.3%), alkaloids (0.02%), flavonoids (0.2%), saponins (0.4%), tannins (0.09%). The ME extract inhibited growths of Malassezia furfur (MIC 3 mg/mL) and Malassezia globosa (MIC 2 mg/mL). The 5% and 10% samples of the herbal ointment MPO showed no toxicity or irritancy on the animals. Conclusion: Methanol extract of Mucuna pruriens possess antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur and Malassezia globosa and its ointment appears non-toxic.